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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3HdnVTVG7PFNN5hts3qHFJR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001211</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300556</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201243</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201243</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Otimiza&#231;&#227;o da Terapia de Reperfus&#227;o no Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST por Meio de Telemedicina Baseada no WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup></article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zancaner</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Fiaschi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Fonseca de Fran&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinty&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica,Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Centro de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ribeir&#227;o Preto</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia,Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Carlos Henrique Miranda &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. CEP 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Pinty&#225; JP, Miranda CH; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Teixeira AB, Zancaner LF, Ribeiro FFF, Pinty&#225; JP, Miranda CH; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Teixeira AB, Zancaner LF, Ribeiro FFF, Pinty&#225; JP, Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Miranda CH; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Miranda CH; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Teixeira AB, Miranda CH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>556</fpage>
      <lpage>564</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Cerca de 40% dos pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) no Brasil n&#227;o recebem terapia de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> poderia aumentar a porcentagem de pacientes que recebem terapia de reperfus&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal do tipo antes e depois da organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de telemedicina para envio e an&#225;lise do eletrocardiograma atrav&#233;s do WhatsApp&#174; dos pacientes suspeitos de IAMCSST oriundos dos 25 munic&#237;pios integrantes do Departamento Regional de Sa&#250;de de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (DRS&#8722;XIII), para hospital terci&#225;rio que poderia autorizar a transfer&#234;ncia imediata do paciente utilizando o mesmo sistema. O desfechos analisados foram a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o e a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar. Considerou-se valor de p &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram comparados 82 pacientes antes desta rede (1&#186; de fevereiro de 2016 a 31 de janeiro de 2018) com 196 pacientes depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o da mesma (1&#186; de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020). Ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o da rede, houve aumento significativo da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o (60% vs. 92%), risco relativo (RR): 1,594 [intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) 95% 1,331 &#8211; 1,909], p &lt;0,0001 e redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade intra-hospitalar (13,4% vs. 5,6%), RR: 0,418 [IC 95% 0,189 &#8211; 0,927], p = 0,028.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> associou-se a aumento da porcentagem de pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o e a redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supra Desn&#237;vel do Segmento ST (IAMCSST</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coronariana Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicina/tend&#234;ncias</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o/terapia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o a principal causa de mortalidade mundial, inclusive no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) &#233; o respons&#225;vel por grande parte dos eventos fatais dessa etiologia. De acordo com divulga&#231;&#227;o pelo DATASUS, houve 142.982 hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es por IAM no ano de 2018 no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, houve importante redu&#231;&#227;o na morbimortalidade do IAMCSST, principalmente com o desenvolvimento das terapias de reperfus&#227;o (fibrinol&#237;ticos e angioplastia prim&#225;ria).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Contudo, para obten&#231;&#227;o deste benef&#237;cio, &#233; necess&#225;rio o reconhecimento precoce deste evento coronariano, o qual usualmente se baseia na anamnese e no eletrocardiograma (ECG) de urg&#234;ncia, de modo a possibilitar a organiza&#231;&#227;o do r&#225;pido direcionamento desses pacientes para centros terci&#225;rios preparados para oferecer tais modalidades de terapia.</p>
      <p>Registro brasileiro de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas evidenciou que apenas 61,2% dos pacientes com IAMCSST receberam alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o para o tratamento (35,9% recebendo angioplastia prim&#225;ria e 25,3% recebendo terapia fibrinol&#237;tica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ou seja, uma grande porcentagem de pacientes em nosso pa&#237;s, principalmente aqueles oriundos de servi&#231;os p&#250;blicos, ainda n&#227;o recebe terapia de reperfus&#227;o em tempo h&#225;bil, fato que impactar&#225; diretamente na sobrevida e no comprometimento funcional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo desses pacientes e na consequente insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de muitos casos de IAMCSST.</p>
      <p>O objetivo dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o foi avaliar se a implanta&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de telemedicina para envio do ECG de pacientes com suspeita de supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST, utilizando-se de uma plataforma simples de comunica&#231;&#227;o digital (WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>) para an&#225;lise imediata em um centro terci&#225;rio, ocasionaria aumento na porcentagem de pacientes que recebem a terapia de reperfus&#227;o dentro das 12 horas iniciais do IAMCSST. Adicionalmente, avaliou se o impacto da organiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de libera&#231;&#227;o imediata para transfer&#234;ncia hospitalar do paciente suspeito de IAMCSST utilizando-se deste mesmo recurso de comunica&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar acarretada por esse evento coronariano.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Estudo transversal do tipo antes e depois, no qual se comparou a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam a terapia de reperfus&#227;o dentro do per&#237;odo de 12 horas para o tratamento do IAMCSST, antes e depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o de uma rede (Rede Supra) para envio e an&#225;lise &#224; dist&#226;ncia do ECG em suspeitos dessa patologia utilizando-se de uma plataforma acess&#237;vel de comunica&#231;&#227;o digital (WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>) para um centro terci&#225;rio de cardiologia.</p>
      <p>Esta rede englobou os 25 munic&#237;pios integrantes do Departamento Regional de Sa&#250;de de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (DRS-XIII). Nessa fase inicial, optou-se por n&#227;o incluir o munic&#237;pio de Ribeir&#227;o Preto na coleta de dados, pois, devido &#224; sua localiza&#231;&#227;o, este munic&#237;pio j&#225; apresentava maior facilidade inerente de encaminhamento desses pacientes para um hospital terci&#225;rio. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra os munic&#237;pios integrantes da DRS-XIII, assim como a sua subdivis&#227;o em tr&#234;s regi&#245;es denominadas: Horizonte Verde, Aqu&#237;fero Guarani e Vale das Cachoeiras. A central de recebimento desses ECG estava localizada na Unidade Coronariana da Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HC-FMRP/USP), tamb&#233;m localizada no munic&#237;pio de Ribeir&#227;o Preto, e este &#233; um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia para o atendimento e tratamento exclusivo de emerg&#234;ncias para toda essa regi&#227;o.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic>&#8211; Mapa geogr&#225;fico dos munic&#237;pios constituintes do Departamento Regional de Sa&#250;de de Ribeir&#227;o Preto (DRS&#8211;XIII); assim como sua subdivis&#227;o nas regi&#245;es do Horizonte Verde, Aqu&#237;fero Guarani e Vale das Cachoeiras.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa de nosso hospital e seguiu as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Implanta&#231;&#227;o da rede supra</title>
        <p>Foi realizada uma consulta inicial junto ao Conselho Regional de Medicina, o qual foi favor&#225;vel &#224; utiliza&#231;&#227;o do WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> para envio do ECG entre m&#233;dicos. O projeto foi apresentado e aprovado na Comiss&#227;o Regional Intergestores da DRS-XIII junto aos secret&#225;rios de sa&#250;de dos munic&#237;pios constituintes.</p>
        <p>Dois treinamentos destinados aos enfermeiros respons&#225;veis pela unidade de pronto-atendimento de cada munic&#237;pio foram realizados para demostrar a import&#226;ncia do diagn&#243;stico precoce e encaminhamento r&#225;pido do paciente com IAMCSST para um hospital terci&#225;rio, visto que nenhum desses mun&#237;cipios dispunha de servi&#231;o de angioplastia prim&#225;ria, e medicamentos fibrinol&#237;ticos estavam dispon&#237;veis somente em quatro deles. Foi realizado treinamento pr&#225;tico de como realizar ECG de qualidade que permita o diagn&#243;stico correto e um question&#225;rio sobre os recursos dispon&#237;veis em cada unidade para o atendimento desses pacientes. Ap&#243;s essas duas atividades, o fluxograma detalhado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> foi apresentado aos m&#233;dicos coordenadores dessas unidades, contendo as orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre o envio do ECG via WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> na suspeita de IAMCSST e a organiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo para transfer&#234;ncia desses pacientes para o hospital de refer&#234;ncia (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma de orienta&#231;&#227;o do funcionamento de rede de telemedicina baseada no WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> para envio de eletrocardiograma (ECG) suspeito de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) e organiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de transfer&#234;ncia deste paciente para o hospital terci&#225;rio. CRM: Conselho Regional de Medicina; UE-HC-FMRP: Unidade de Emerg&#234;ncia do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto; CROSS: Central de Regula&#231;&#227;o de Ofertas de Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Disponibilizou-se, ainda, um telefone celular exclusivo para este tipo de comunica&#231;&#227;o. Os cardiologistas assistentes da unidade coronariana da unidade de emerg&#234;ncia do HC-FMRP/USP ficaram respons&#225;veis pela interpreta&#231;&#227;o desses ECG. Foram criadas duas respostas-padr&#227;o: IAMCSST confirmado, autorizada a transfer&#234;ncia imediata para unidade de emerg&#234;ncia, e IAMCSST n&#227;o confirmado, se necess&#225;rio regular via CROSS (Central de Regula&#231;&#227;o de Ofertas de Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de). No dia 1&#186; de fevereiro de 2018, o n&#250;mero do celular mencionado foi disponibilizado para todos esses munic&#237;pios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados retrospectivos anteriores &#224; instala&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra foram adquiridos por meio de revis&#227;o dos prontu&#225;rios de pacientes hospitalizados em nosso hospital com diagn&#243;stico principal de IAMCSST identificados a partir dos seguintes c&#243;digos internacionais de doen&#231;as (CID-10): I21.0 (infarto agudo transmural da parede anterior do mioc&#225;rdio, I21.1 (infarto agudo transmural da parede inferior do mioc&#225;rdio), I21.2 (infarto agudo transmural do mioc&#225;rdio de outras localiza&#231;&#245;es), I21.3 (infarto agudo transmural do mioc&#225;rdio, de localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada), I22.0 (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente da parede anterior), I22.1 (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente da parede inferior), I22.8 (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente de outras localiza&#231;&#245;es), I22.9 (infarto do mioc&#225;rdio recorrente de localiza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o especificada). Foram analisados somente os casos encaminhados pelos 25 munic&#237;pios constituintes da DRS-XIII em per&#237;odo de 2 anos antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o desta rede de telemedicina. Para defini&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST, foram utilizados os crit&#233;rios da quarta defini&#231;&#227;o universal de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Depois da instala&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra, os dados foram levantados prospectivamente por enfermeira da unidade coronariana que revisava semanalmente as mensagens e os ECG enviados por WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> para essa central e, posteriormente, conferia no prontu&#225;rio de cada paciente as informa&#231;&#245;es necess&#225;rias para este estudo durante o per&#237;odo de 2 anos subsequentes &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o desta rede.</p>
        <p>O desfecho prim&#225;rio avaliado foi a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o (fibrinol&#237;tico, angioplastia prim&#225;ria ou espont&#226;nea) dentro de 12 horas do in&#237;cio dos sintomas de dor tor&#225;cica. Os desfechos secund&#225;rios avaliados foram a taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar e o tempo entre o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica at&#233; o in&#237;cio da terapia de reperfus&#227;o. Para os pacientes com reperfus&#227;o espont&#226;nea ou para aqueles que n&#227;o receberam nenhuma terapia de reperfus&#227;o, considerou-se o tempo entre o in&#237;cio da dor at&#233; a admiss&#227;o hospitalar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para determina&#231;&#227;o do tamanho amostral utilizando-se do teste do Qui-quadrado, assumiu-se uma porcentagem de 50% dos pacientes oriundos dessa regi&#227;o que receberia terapia de reperfus&#227;o antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o dessa rede, com base em dados hist&#243;ricos recentes de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, considerou-se que essa porcentagem se elevaria para 80% depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o dessa rede, detectando-se essa diferen&#231;a com poder de 80% e um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%. Assim, seria necess&#225;ria a inclus&#227;o de no m&#237;nimo 50 pacientes (antes) e 50 pacientes (ap&#243;s) para o teste dessa hip&#243;tese.</p>
        <p>Utilizou-se o teste de Shapiro-Wilk para a avalia&#231;&#227;o do tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio-padr&#227;o, e as demais vari&#225;veis em mediana e intervalo interquartil (IQ). Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, utilizou-se do teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado; e para aquelas com outro tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. As vari&#225;veis qualitativas foram expressas em frequ&#234;ncias e porcentagens. Para compara&#231;&#227;o entre duas ou mais vari&#225;veis qualitativas, utilizou-se do teste do Qui-quadrado. Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da associa&#231;&#227;o entre duas vari&#225;veis, calculou-se o risco relativo (RR), assim como o seu intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC 95%). Considerou-se um p-valor bicaudal &lt;0,05 como estatisticamente significativo. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e a constru&#231;&#227;o dos gr&#225;ficos foram realizadas no <italic>software</italic> estat&#237;stico GraphPad Prism vers&#227;o 7.00 (Calif&#243;rnia, USA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de 1&#186; de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020, foram avaliados os ECG de 1.847 pacientes enviados por meio dessa rede. Suspeitou-se da ocorr&#234;ncia de IAMCSST em 280 (15%) desses exames, o qual foi confirmado em 196 pacientes (11%) ap&#243;s avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e repeti&#231;&#227;o do ECG no cen&#225;rio intra-hospitalar. O tempo entre o recebimento do ECG e o envio da resposta foi inferior a 10 minutos na grande maioria dos casos. As demais caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes cujos ECG foram analisados por esta rede de telemedicina s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes cujos eletrocardiogramas foram enviados pela Rede Supra por meio do WhatsApp&#174; no per&#237;odo de 01 de fevereiro de 2018 a 31 de janeiro de 2020</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th scope="col">n = 1847</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">ECG com supradesn&#237;vel ST suspeito, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">280(15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">ECG com supradesn&#237;vel ST confirmado, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">196(11)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Tempo de resposta, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&lt;10 min</td>
                <td align="center">1.651(89)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">10 a 30 min</td>
                <td align="center">125(07)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">30 a 60 min</td>
                <td align="center">36(02)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&gt;60 min</td>
                <td align="center">35(02)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Faixa et&#225;ria, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&lt;40 anos</td>
                <td align="center">268(15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;40 a &lt;50 anos</td>
                <td align="center">261(14)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;50 a &lt;60 anos</td>
                <td align="center">379(21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;60 a &lt;70 anos</td>
                <td align="center">395(21)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8805;70 anos</td>
                <td align="center">416(23)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">N&#227;o informada</td>
                <td align="center">128(06)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>G&#234;nero, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1.033(56)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">541(29)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td align="center">273(15)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Origem, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Horizonte Verde</td>
                <td align="center">645(35)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Aqu&#237;fero Guarani</td>
                <td align="center">596(32)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">N&#227;o informado</td>
                <td align="center">332(18)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vale das Cachoeiras</td>
                <td align="center">274(15)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ECG: eletrocardiograma; min: minutos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e cl&#237;nicas dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST atendidos em nosso servi&#231;o antes e depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o desta rede s&#227;o expostas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; idade. Apesar de predomin&#226;ncia do g&#234;nero masculino nos dois per&#237;odos analisados, observou-se n&#237;tido aumento da propor&#231;&#227;o do g&#234;nero feminino no segundo per&#237;odo. N&#227;o foi observada qualquer diferen&#231;a em rela&#231;&#227;o aos antecedentes pessoais desses pacientes, assim como em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s paredes do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo acometidas.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes na admiss&#227;o hospitalar antes e depois da implanta&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Antes (n = 82 pacientes)</th>
                <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Depois (n = 196 pacientes)</th>
                <th scope="col">p-valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Demogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="left"> </td>
                <td align="left"> </td>
                <td align="left"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Idade, m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">60 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,676</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">G&#234;nero masculino, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">65(79)</td>
                <td align="center">123(63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,007</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Antecedentes pessoais, fatores de risco</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Hipertens&#227;o arterial, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">46(56)</td>
                <td align="center">112(57)</td>
                <td align="center">0,873</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21(26)</td>
                <td align="center">57(29)</td>
                <td align="center">0,661</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dislipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21(26)</td>
                <td align="center">42(21)</td>
                <td align="center">0,448</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">41(50)</td>
                <td align="center">92(47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,641</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">IAM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">6(07)</td>
                <td align="center">21(11)</td>
                <td align="center">0,383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Angioplastia pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">2(02)</td>
                <td align="center">15(08)</td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">CRVM pr&#233;via, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">0(00)</td>
                <td align="center">00(00)</td>
                <td align="center">1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Exame f&#237;sico na admiss&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">PAS (mmHg), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">135 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">122 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">0,0009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">PAD (mmHg), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">74 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">82 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">FC (batimentos/min), m&#233;dia &#177; dp</td>
                <td align="center">80 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">85 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,072</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">PAS &lt; 90 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">7(09)</td>
                <td align="center">8(04)</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Parede VE acometida, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Anterior</td>
                <td align="center">27(33)</td>
                <td align="center">90(46)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Inferior</td>
                <td align="center">53(65)</td>
                <td align="center">96(49)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Outra</td>
                <td align="center">2(02)</td>
                <td align="center">10(05)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Troponina (&#956;g/L), mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">9,87(3,28-20,09)</td>
                <td align="center">13,50(5,00-30,00)</td>
                <td align="center">0,058</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">
                  <bold>Origem, n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,043</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vale das Cachoeiras</td>
                <td align="center">18(22)</td>
                <td align="center">68(35)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Horizonte Verde</td>
                <td align="center">29(35)</td>
                <td align="center">62(32)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Aqu&#237;fero Guarani</td>
                <td align="center">35(43)</td>
                <td align="center">66(34)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="2">Dura&#231;&#227;o interna&#231;&#227;o (dias), mediana (IQ)</td>
                <td align="center">5(4-9)</td>
                <td align="center">5(4-9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,845</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>dp: desvio padr&#227;o; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ap&#243;s a implanta&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra, observou-se um aumento estatisticamente significativo da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o para o tratamento agudo do IAMCSST, 49/82 (60,00%) <italic>versus</italic> 180/196 (92,00%), RR: 1,594 (IC 95% 1,331 &#8211; 1,909), p &lt;0,0001 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref>). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tipo de terapia de reperfus&#227;o utilizada no tratamento, observou-se tamb&#233;m aumento estatisticamente significativo na propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes tratados com angioplastia prim&#225;ria; com manuten&#231;&#227;o da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam algum agente fibrinol&#237;tico; ou que apresentaram reperfus&#227;o espont&#226;nea, ou seja, sem tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica ou mec&#226;nica (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando a porcentagem de pacientes que receberam alguma terapia de reperfus&#227;o antes e depois da instala&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra (A), assim como os tipos de terapia de reperfus&#227;o recebidos para o tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) (B). Espont&#226;nea: recanaliza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria/reperfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica espont&#226;nea.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se, ainda, significativa redu&#231;&#227;o na taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar dos pacientes com IAMCSST em nosso servi&#231;o, 11/82 (13,40%) versus 11/196 (5,60%), RR: 0,418 (IC 95% 0,189 &#8211; 0,927), p = 0,028 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A</xref>). Esses valores indicam um n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio para tratar (NNT) de 12, correspondente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao tempo entre o in&#237;cio da dor tor&#225;cica e o in&#237;cio da terapia de reperfus&#227;o, houve redu&#231;&#227;o estatisticamente significativa de 9 h [IQ 6 &#8211; 19] no per&#237;odo anterior, para 4 h [IQ 3 &#8211; 6] no per&#237;odo posterior &#224; rede, p &lt;0,0001.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Gr&#225;fico de barras mostrando a mortalidade intra-hospitalar (A) e box-plot mostrando o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o in&#237;cio da terapia de reperfus&#227;o (B) dos pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesn&#237;vel do segmento ST (IAMCSST) antes e depois da instala&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta investiga&#231;&#227;o mostrou que a organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de telemedicina utilizando plataforma de comunica&#231;&#227;o digital acess&#237;vel (WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>) para o envio do ECG, sua an&#225;lise especializada e a organiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de pacientes com suspeita de IAMCSST para hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento desta patologia associou-se a aumento significativo da propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o, diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo para implementa&#231;&#227;o desta terapia e expressiva redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
      <p>H&#225; in&#250;meras evid&#234;ncias cient&#237;ficas de que o in&#237;cio r&#225;pido da terapia de reperfus&#227;o para o tratamento do IAMCSST reduz significativamente as complica&#231;&#245;es, principalmente pela minimiza&#231;&#227;o do dano mioc&#225;rdico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Partindo dessa observa&#231;&#227;o, a organiza&#231;&#227;o de redes regionais de atendimento a pacientes com IAMCSST &#233; preconizada na tentativa de se agilizar seu tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, porcentagem expressiva de pacientes com IAMCSST ainda n&#227;o recebe terapias de reperfus&#227;o dentro de janela temporal adequada. Assim, registro brasileiro de s&#237;ndromes coronarianas agudas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> mostrou que cerca de 40% dos pacientes com IAMCSST n&#227;o receberam nenhuma terapia de reperfus&#227;o, e que essas taxas ainda podem ser mais elevadas em determinadas regi&#245;es do Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> V&#225;rios fatores explicam esse desempenho, como, por exemplo, a demora do paciente em procurar atendimento m&#233;dico, atraso no diagn&#243;stico e dificuldades nos fluxos regulat&#243;rios para encaminhamento desses pacientes para centros terci&#225;rios de cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a organiza&#231;&#227;o de uma rede de telemedicina pode melhorar o desempenho quanto aos dois &#250;ltimos fatores assim relatados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Com a telemedicina, &#233; poss&#237;vel o envio imediato do ECG para uma central de an&#225;lises, permitindo que este exame seja interpretado por cardiologista experiente e, assim, otimizando-se a transfer&#234;ncia dos pacientes que realmente devem ser encaminhados aos centros terci&#225;rios. Por exemplo, na presente casu&#237;stica, o IAMCSST foi suspeitado somente em 15% de todos os ECG enviados pela rede; dessa maneira, otimizou-se o recurso existente para a transfer&#234;ncia r&#225;pida e o tratamento efetivo deste grupo de pacientes. Previamente &#224; implanta&#231;&#227;o da Rede Supra, o diagn&#243;stico de IAMCSST n&#227;o se confirmava em muitos pacientes j&#225; encaminhados, e isso acaba sobrecarregando o sistema de sa&#250;de e dificultando o encaminhamento dos pacientes que realmente precisavam ser transferidos.</p>
      <p>Os presentes resultados corroboram os de recente revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e metan&#225;lise que inclu&#237;ram 16.960 pacientes e evidenciaram impacto positivo da telemedicina, com redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar, RR: 0,63 (IC 95% 0,55 &#8211; 0,72), p &lt;0,001, assim como redu&#231;&#227;o no tempo porta-bal&#227;o, com diferen&#231;a m&#233;dia de -28 min (IC 95% -35 &#8211; -20 min) para o tratamento do IAMCSST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Nos resultados da presente investiga&#231;&#227;o, &#233; oportuno considerar que a redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade intra-hospitalar observada dever&#225; ser interpretada como resultando da combina&#231;&#227;o do tratamento mais precoce associado &#224; amplia&#231;&#227;o da angioplastia prim&#225;ria como principal terapia de tratamento desses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Os presentes resultados tamb&#233;m se alinham aos de outras experi&#234;ncias brasileiras com o uso da telemedicina no atendimento do IAMCSST. Caluza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mostraram uma redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade de 26,14% para 7,31%, p = 0,0028 em pronto-atendimentos da regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo ap&#243;s a organiza&#231;&#227;o de rede que dispunha de uma central para envio de ECG. Matsuda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar muito parecida com a observada na presente investiga&#231;&#227;o (15,00% <italic>vs.</italic> 5,60%) com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o da telemedicina para o envio do ECG em outra regi&#227;o da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Marcolino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m relataram uma importante redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar (12,30% <italic>vs.</italic> 7,10%), p &lt;0,001 com a organiza&#231;&#227;o de rede de telemedicina para tratamento do infarto na regi&#227;o de Belo Horizonte. Figueiras Filho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m evidenciaram aumento da porcentagem de pacientes com IAMCSST que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o (29,10% <italic>vs.</italic> 53,80%), p &lt;0,001 e redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade em 30 dias (19,80% <italic>vs.</italic> 5,10%), p &lt;0,001 com a organiza&#231;&#227;o de rede para o atendimento do infarto apoiada por recursos de telemedicina na cidade de Salvador.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m da organiza&#231;&#227;o da rede, o estabelecimento de um feedback cont&#237;nuo entre todas as unidades pertencentes a esta rede &#233; um aspecto fundamental. Conforme mostrado em um estudo prospectivo e multic&#234;ntrico alem&#227;o, o <italic>feedback</italic> sistem&#225;tico melhorou os &#237;ndices de qualidade no atendimento ao IAMCSST, inclusive com redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade intra-hospitalar (10,80% vs. 6,80%; p = 0,024).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Aspecto essencial a ser destacado a partir dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o consistiu no uso de plataforma de comunica&#231;&#227;o digital t&#227;o acess&#237;vel como o WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>, de baixo custo para instala&#231;&#227;o/manuten&#231;&#227;o e dispensando treinamento para sua utiliza&#231;&#227;o, o que facilita sobremaneira a sua dissemina&#231;&#227;o para outras regi&#245;es do pa&#237;s. Vale ressaltar que a qualidade da imagem obtida por esta plataforma em nenhum momento foi impedimento para a an&#225;lise do ECG; quando houve dificuldades, elas estavam relacionadas &#224; t&#233;cnica de execu&#231;&#227;o do ECG e n&#227;o &#224; sua transmiss&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, as mensagens de intercomunica&#231;&#227;o dos profissionais, assim como as imagens dos ECG, podem ser arquivadas em registro de seguran&#231;a do sistema.</p>
      <p>A Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC) publicou em 2019 uma diretriz sobre telemedicina na qual deixa claro a import&#226;ncia das tecnologias de informa&#231;&#227;o e comunica&#231;&#227;o para ampliar o acesso aos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, n&#243;s refor&#231;amos que, ap&#243;s o estabelecimento da Lei Geral de Prote&#231;&#227;o de Dados em nosso pa&#237;s, dever&#225; ser realizada uma discuss&#227;o ampliada sobre a seguran&#231;a da troca de informa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica atrav&#233;s do WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi observacional, n&#227;o randomizado; os dados antes da implanta&#231;&#227;o desta rede de telemedicina foram coletados retrospectivamente por meio de registro de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, o que pode ter levado &#224; perda de alguns pacientes. Avaliou-se somente a mortalidade intra-hospitalar, e os desfechos ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar n&#227;o foram analisados. A informa&#231;&#227;o sobre o n&#237;vel social e educacional dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos nessa investiga&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o foi avaliada. Contudo, a organiza&#231;&#227;o dessa rede atuou principalmente no atraso do encaminhamento do paciente dentro do sistema de sa&#250;de, e n&#227;o implantou nenhuma interven&#231;&#227;o para redu&#231;&#227;o do atraso do paciente em procurar a assist&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Assim, consideramos que o n&#237;vel educacional da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada ocasionou pouca repercuss&#227;o nesses resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A implanta&#231;&#227;o de rede de telemedicina baseada em plataforma de comunica&#231;&#227;o acess&#237;vel como o WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> para envio e an&#225;lise do ECG e para organiza&#231;&#227;o do fluxo de encaminhamento do paciente com suspeita de IAMCSST para hospital terci&#225;rio teve imediatos impactos positivos, com aumento da porcentagem de pacientes que receberam terapia de reperfus&#227;o e com menor retardo temporal, al&#233;m de significativa redu&#231;&#227;o da taxa de mortalidade intra-hospitalar.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo faz parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Alessandra Batista Teixeira pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2.951.321. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reperfusion Therapy Optimization in Acute Myocardial Infarction with ST-Segment Elevation using WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>-Based Telemedicine</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Alessandra Batista</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zancaner</surname>
            <given-names>Leonardo Fiaschi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Fernando Fonseca de Fran&#231;a</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pinty&#225;</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Paulo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1090-8165</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Schmidt</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Benedito Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Marin-Neto</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ant&#244;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-5968-4879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Miranda</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Centro de Cardiologia, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Carlos Henrique Miranda &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto - Divis&#227;o de Medicina de Emerg&#234;ncia do Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Rua Bernardino de Campos, 1000. Postal Code 14040-900, Ribeir&#227;o Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: chmiranda@fmrp.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Pinty&#225; JP, Miranda CH; Acquisition of data: Teixeira AB, Zancaner LF, Ribeiro FFF, Pinty&#225; JP, Miranda CH; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Teixeira AB, Zancaner LF, Ribeiro FFF, Pinty&#225; JP, Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA, Miranda CH; Statistical analysis: Miranda CH; Writing of the manuscript: Teixeira AB, Miranda CH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Schmidt A, Maciel BC, Marin-Neto JA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> About 40% of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in Brazil do not receive reperfusion therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> The use of a telemedicine network based on WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> could increase the percentage of patients receiving reperfusion therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> A cross-sectional study analyzed outcomes before and after the organization of a telemedicine network to send the electrocardiogram via WhatsApp&#174; of patients suspected of STEMI from 25 municipalities that are members of the Regional Health Department of Ribeir&#227;o Preto (DRS&#8722;XIII) to a tertiary hospital, which could authorize immediate patient transfer using the same system. The analyzed outcomes included the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy and the in-hospital mortality rate. A p value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> The study compared 82 patients before (February 1, 2016 to January 31, 2018) with 196 patients after this network implementation (February 1, 2018 to January 31, 2020). After implementing this network, there was a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy (60% vs. 92%), relative risk (RR): 1.594 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.331 &#8211; 1.909], p &lt; 0.0001 and decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate (13.4% vs. 5.6%), RR: 0.418 [95%CI 0.189 &#8211; 0.927], p = 0.028.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> The use of WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup>-based telemedicine has led to an increase in the percentage of patients with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy and a decrease in the in-hospital mortality rate.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Acute Coronary Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Telemedicine/trends</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfusion/therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of mortality worldwide, including in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) is responsible for most of the fatal events of this etiology. According to disclosure by DATASUS, 142,982 patients were hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction in 2018 in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In the last decades, the morbidity and mortality of STEMI have greatly reduced, especially with the development of reperfusion therapies (fibrinolytics and primary angioplasty).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, to obtain this benefit, this coronary event must be recognized early, which is usually based on anamnesis and electrocardiogram (ECG), to allow the organization of the rapid referral of these patients to tertiary centers prepared to offer these types of therapies.</p>
        <p>The Brazilian registry of acute coronary syndromes evidenced that only 61.2% of patients with STEMI received reperfusion therapy for treatment (35.9% receiving primary angioplasty and 25.3% receiving fibrinolytic therapy).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Hence, a large percentage of patients in our country, especially those in the public system, still do not receive reperfusion therapy in a timely manner. This directly impacts the survival and functional impairment of these patients&#8217; left ventricle and the consequent heart failure in many STEMI cases.</p>
        <p>The objective of this investigation was to evaluate whether the implantation of a telemedicine network to send the ECG of patients with suspected STEMI through a simple digital communication platform (WhatsApp&#174;) for immediate analysis in a tertiary center increased the percentage of patients receiving reperfusion therapy within the initial 12 hours of the STEMI onset. Additionally, we assessed the impact of organizing the immediate release for hospital transfer of a suspected STEMI patient using the same communication resource on the in-hospital mortality due to this coronary event.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This before-and-after cross-sectional study compares the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy for the treatment of STEMI within a 12-hour period, before and after the implementation of a network (Rede &#8722; Supra) for sending patient data and remote analysis of ECGs of patients with this suspected pathology using an accessible digital communication platform (WhatsApp&#174;) to a tertiary cardiology center.</p>
        <p>This network included the 25 municipalities included in the Regional Health Department of Ribeir&#227;o Preto (DRS &#8722; XIII). In this initial phase, it was decided not to include the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto in the data collection, because due to its location, this city already had greater capacity to refer these patients to a tertiary hospital. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the municipalities that are part of DRS&#8722;XIII, as well as their subdivision into three regions, named: Horizonte Verde, Aqu&#237;fero Guarani, and Vale das Cachoeiras. The receiving center for these ECGs was located in the Coronary Unit of the Emergency Department of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas of Ribeir&#227;o Preto Medical School at the University of S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMRP/USP), located in the city of Ribeir&#227;o Preto. This is a tertiary referral hospital for the exclusive care and treatment of emergency cases for this entire region.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Geographic map of the municipalities within the Ribeir&#227;o Preto Regional Health Department (DRS &#8211; XIII); as well as its subdivision into the regions of Horizonte Verde, Aqu&#237;fero Guarani, and Vale das Cachoeiras.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of our hospital and followed the recommendations of the Helsinki declaration.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Implementation of the Supra Network</title>
          <p>An initial consultation was carried out with the Regional Council of Medicine, which was in favor of using WhatsApp&#174; to send the ECG between doctors. The project was presented to and approved by the Regional Intergovernmental Commission of the DRS&#8722;XIII with the health secretariats of the constituent municipalities.</p>
          <p>Two training sessions were conducted with nurses in charge of the emergency care unit in each municipality to demonstrate the importance of early diagnosis and rapid referral of patients with STEMI to a tertiary hospital, since none of these municipalities had primary angioplasty services and fibrinolytic drugs were available in only four of them. A practical training was carried out on how to perform quality ECG, which allows the correct diagnosis and a questionnaire was applied on the resources available in each unit for the care of these patients. After these two activities, the flowchart detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">figure 2</xref> was presented to the coordinators of these units, containing the guidelines on sending the ECG via WhatsApp&#174; when a STEMI was suspected and the operationalization of the transfer of these patients to the referral hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Flowchart to guide the operationalization of the telemedicine network based on WhatsApp<sup>&#174;</sup> for sending electrocardiograms (ECG) of suspected ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) and organization of the transfer flow of this patient to the tertiary hospital. UE-HC-FMRP - Emergency Unit, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Ribeir&#227;o Preto School of Medicine; CROSS &#8211; Center of Regulation for Health Services Offered by the Health Department of the State of S&#227;o Paulo.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>A dedicated cell phone was also made available for this type of communication. The Assistant Cardiologists of the Coronary Unit of the Emergency Department of HCFMRP/USP were responsible for the assessment of these ECGs. Two standard responses were created: confirmed STEMI, immediate transfer to the Emergency Unit was authorized, and unconfirmed STEMI, if necessary was regulated via Health Service Offer Regulation Center (CROSS &#8211; <italic>Central de Regula&#231;&#227;o de Ofertas e Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de</italic>). On February 1, 2018, the dedicated cell phone number was made available to all these municipalities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>Retrospective data prior to the implementation of this network were acquired by reviewing the medical records of patients admitted to our hospital with a primary diagnosis of STEMI, identified through the following international code of diseases (ICD&#8722;10): I21.0 (acute transmural myocardial infarction of anterior wall), I21.1 (acute transmural myocardial infarction of inferior wall), I21.2 (acute transmural myocardial infarction of other sites), I21.3 (acute transmural myocardial infarction of unspecified site), I22.0 (subsequent myocardial infarction of anterior wall), I22.1 (subsequent myocardial infarction of inferior wall), I22.8 (subsequent myocardial infarction of other sites), I22.9 (subsequent myocardial infarction of unspecified site) The only analyzed cases were those referred by the 25 municipalities that comprise the DRS XIII in the two-year period before the implementation of this telemedicine network. The definition for the diagnosis of STEMI followed the criteria of the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
          <p>After the implementation of the Rede Supra, the data were prospectively collected by a nurse from the Coronary Unit who weekly reviewed the messages and ECGs sent to this center via WhatsApp&#174; and subsequently checked the information necessary for this study in all patients&#8217; records during the two years following the implementation of this network.</p>
          <p>The primary assessed outcome was the percentage of patients who received some type of reperfusion therapy (fibrinolytics, primary angioplasty or spontaneous reperfusion) within 12 hours of the onset of chest pain symptoms. The secondary assessed outcomes were the in-hospital mortality rate, as well as the time between chest pain onset and the reperfusion therapy start. For patients with spontaneous reperfusion or for those who did not receive any type of reperfusion therapy, the time between pain onset and hospital admission was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>To determine the sample size using the chi-square test, it was assumed that 50% of patients from this region received reperfusion therapy before this network was implemented, based on recent historical data from our institution. In addition, it was assumed that this percentage would rise to 80% after the implementation of this network, detecting this difference with power of 80% and a significance level of 5%. Thus, the study would need to include at least 50 patients (before) and 50 patients (after) to test this hypothesis.</p>
          <p>The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the type of distribution of quantitative variables. Quantitative variables with normal distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation and the other variables as median and interquartile range (IQR). To compare the two quantitative variables with normal distribution, the unpaired Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic> test was used. The Mann-Whitney test was employed for those with another type of distribution. Qualitative variables were expressed as frequencies and percentages. To compare between two or more qualitative variables, the chi-square test was used. To evaluate the association between two variables, the relative risk (RR) was calculated, as well as its 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A two-tailed p-value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. The statistical analysis and construction of the graphs were performed using the GraphPad Prism statistical software, version 7.00 (CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>From February 1, 2018 through January 31, 2020, the ECG of 1847 patients were sent through this network and evaluated. Of these ECGs, 280 (15%) patients were suspected to have STEMI, which was confirmed in 196 (11%) after clinical evaluation and after the ECG was repeated in the hospital setting. The time between receiving the ECG through WhatsApp&#174; and sending the response was less than 10 minutes in the vast majority of cases. The other characteristics of patients whose ECGs were analyzed through this telemedicine network are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characterization of patients whose electrocardiograms were sent through the Rede Supra via WhatsApp&#174; from February 1, 2018 through January 31, 2020</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col">Characteristics</th>
                  <th scope="col">n = 1847</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">ECG with suspected ST-elevation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">280(15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">ECG with confirmed ST-elevation, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">196(11)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Response time, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&lt; 10 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1651(89)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">10 &#8211; 30 min</td>
                  <td align="center">125(07)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">30 &#8211; 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">36(02)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&gt; 60 min</td>
                  <td align="center">35(02)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Age group, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&lt; 40 years</td>
                  <td align="center">268(15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;40 &#8211; &lt;50 years</td>
                  <td align="center">261(14)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;50 &#8211; &lt;60 years</td>
                  <td align="center">379(21)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8804;60 &#8211; &lt;70 years</td>
                  <td align="center">395(21)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">&#8805;70 years</td>
                  <td align="center">416(23)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Not informed</td>
                  <td align="center">128(06)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Gender, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1033(56)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Female</td>
                  <td align="center">541(29)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Not informed</td>
                  <td align="center">273(15)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Origin, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Horizonte Verde</td>
                  <td align="center">645(35)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Aqu&#237;fero Guarani</td>
                  <td align="center">596(32)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Not informed</td>
                  <td align="center">332(18)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vale das Cachoeiras</td>
                  <td align="center">274(15)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: electrocardiogram; min: minutes.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The demographic and clinical characteristics of patients diagnosed with STEMI treated at our service before and after the implantation of this network are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. There was no difference in relation to age. Despite the predominance of males in the two analyzed periods, the proportion of females clearly increased in the second period. No difference was observed in relation to the personal history of these patients or in relation to the affected left ventricular walls.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Characteristics of patients at hospital admission before and after the implementation of the Rede Supra</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Characteristics</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">Before (n = 82 patients)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">After (n = 196 patients)</th>
                  <th align="left" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal">p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2">
                    <bold>Demographics</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                  <td align="left"> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" colspan="2" rowspan="1">Age, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">60 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.676</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Male gender, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">65(79)</td>
                  <td align="center">123(63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Personal history, risk factors</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(56)</td>
                  <td align="center">112(57)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.873</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Diabetes, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(26)</td>
                  <td align="center">57(29)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.661</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Dyslipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(26)</td>
                  <td align="center">42(21)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.448</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">41(50)</td>
                  <td align="center">92(47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.641</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Prior AMI, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6(07)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(11)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.383</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Prior angioplasty, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2(02)</td>
                  <td align="center">15(08)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Prior CABG, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0(00)</td>
                  <td align="center">00(00)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Physical examination on admission</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">SBP (mmHg), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">135 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">122 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">DBP (mmHg), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">74 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">82 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">HR (beats/min), mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">80 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.072</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">SBP &lt;90 mmHg, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7(09)</td>
                  <td align="center">8(04)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Affected LV wall, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.155</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Anterior</td>
                  <td align="center">27(33)</td>
                  <td align="center">90(46)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Inferior</td>
                  <td align="center">53(65)</td>
                  <td align="center">96(49)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Other</td>
                  <td align="center">2(02)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(05)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Troponin (&#956;g/L), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.87(3.28 &#8211; 20.09)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.50(5.00 &#8211; 30.00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.058</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">
                    <bold>Origin, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Vale das Cachoeiras</td>
                  <td align="center">18(22)</td>
                  <td align="center">68(35)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Horizonte Verde</td>
                  <td align="center">29(35)</td>
                  <td align="center">62(32)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2" rowspan="1">Aqu&#237;fero Guarani</td>
                  <td align="center">35(43)</td>
                  <td align="center">66(34)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="2">Hospital ength of stay (days), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(4 &#8211; 9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5(4 &#8211; 9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.845</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CABG: Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting ; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; LV: left ventricle; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>After the implantation of the Rede Supra, there was a statistically significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy for acute treatment of STEMI, 49/82 (60.00%) <italic>vs</italic>. 180/196 (92.00%), RR: 1.594 (95% CI 1.331 &#8211; 1.909), p &lt;0.0001, as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref>. In terms of the type of reperfusion therapy used in the treatment, a statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of patients treated with primary angioplasty. The proportion of patients who received a fibrinolytic agent or who had spontaneous reperfusion was similar before and after, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Bar graph showing the percentage of patients who received some type of reperfusion therapy before and after the implementation of the Rede Supra (A); as well as the types of reperfusion therapy received for the treatment of acute ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) (B). Spontaneous - coronary recanalization was spontaneous without fibrinolytics or primary angioplasty.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Moreover, the in-hospital mortality rate of patients with STEMI in our service was significantly reduced, 11/82 (13.40%) <italic>vs</italic>. 11/196 (5.60%), RR: 0.418 (95% CI 0.189 &#8211; 0.927), p = 0.028, as depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref>. These values indicate a number needed to treat (NNT) of 12 corresponding to a reduction in mortality. The time between chest pain onset and the reperfusion therapy start was significantly reduced from 9 h [IQR 6 - 19] in the previous period, to 4 h [IQR 3 - 6] in the period after the network implementation, p &lt;0.0001.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Bar graph illustrating in-hospital mortality (A) and boxplot showing the time between symptom onset and the start of reperfusion therapy (B) of patients with confirmed diagnosis of ST-segment elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) before and after the implementation of the Rede Supra.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This investigation found that the implementation of a telemedicine network using an accessible digital communication platform (WhatsApp&#174;) to send the ECG for specialized analysis and the organization of the influx of patients with suspected STEMI to a tertiary referral hospital for treatment of this pathology, was associated with a significant increase in the proportion of patients who received reperfusion therapy, a reduction in the time to implement this therapy, and a significant reduction in the in-hospital mortality rate.</p>
        <p>Scientific evidence has demonstrated that the rapid initiation of reperfusion therapy to treat STEMI significantly reduces complications, mainly by minimizing myocardial damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Based on this observation, the organization of regional care networks for patients with STEMI is recommended in an attempt to expedite their treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In developing countries, such as Brazil, a significant percentage of patients with STEMI still do not receive reperfusion therapies within an adequate time window. Thus, a Brazilian report on acute coronary syndrome<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> showed that about 40% of patients with STEMI did not receive any reperfusion therapy, and these rates may be even higher in certain regions of Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Several factors explain this occurrence, such as the patient&#8217;s delay in seeking medical care, underdiagnosis and difficulties in the regulatory influxes for referring these patients to tertiary cardiology centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> On the other hand, the organization of a telemedicine network can improve performance for these two latter factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Telemedicine facilitates the prompt sending of the ECG to an analysis center, allowing this test to be interpreted by an experienced cardiologist and, thus, optimizing the transfer of patients who really should be referred to tertiary centers. For example, in this case series, STEMI was suspected in only 15% of all ECGs sent through the network, thus optimizing the existing resources for rapid transfer and effective treatment of this group of patients. Prior to the implementation of the Rede Supra, the diagnosis of STEMI was not confirmed in many referred patients, resulting in an overload of the health system and making it difficult to refer patients who really need to be transferred.</p>
        <p>The present results corroborate those of a recent systematic review and meta-analysis that included 16,960 patients and evidenced a positive impact of telemedicine, with a reduction in the in-hospital mortality rate, (RR: 0.63; 95% CI 0.55 &#8211; 0.72, p &lt;0.001), as well as a reduction in door-to-balloon time, with an average difference of -28 min (95% CI -35 &#8211; -20 min) for the treatment of STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> According to the results of the present investigation, the reduction observed for in-hospital mortality should be interpreted as resulting from the combination of the earlier treatment associated with the expansion of primary angioplasty as the main treatment for these patients.</p>
        <p>The present results are also in line with those of other Brazilian authors regarding the use of telemedicine in the care of STEMI. Caluza et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> showed a reduction in mortality from 26.14% to 7.31%, p = 0.0028 in emergency rooms in the metropolitan region of S&#227;o Paulo after the implementation of a network with a central contact to send ECGs. Matsuda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> also detected a reduction in in-hospital mortality very similar to that observed in the present investigation (15.00% vs. 5.60%) with the use of telemedicine to send the ECG in another region of the city of S&#227;o Paulo. Marcolino et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> reported an important reduction in in-hospital mortality (12.30% vs. 7.10%, p &lt;0.001) with the implementation of a telemedicine network for the treatment of infarction in the Belo Horizonte region. Figueiras Filho et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> also observed an increase in the percentage of patients with STEMI who received reperfusion therapy (29.10% vs. 53.80%, p &lt;0.001), and a reduction in 30-day mortality (19.80% vs. 5.10%, p &lt;0.001) with the network implementation for infarction care supported by telemedicine resources in the city of Salvador.</p>
        <p>In addition to the implementation of the network, the establishment of a continuous feedback between all units belonging to this network is a fundamental aspect. A prospective and multicenter German study reported that systematic feedback improved quality indexes in STEMI care, including a reduction of in-hospital mortality (10.80% vs. 6.80%; p = 0.024).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An essential aspect to be highlighted from this investigation was the use of an accessible digital communication platform, such as WhatsApp&#174;, with low-cost installation/maintenance and that does not require training for its use, which greatly facilitates its dissemination to other regions of the country. It is worth mentioning that the image quality obtained by this platform never hindered the analysis of the ECG; when there were difficulties, they were related to the ECG performance technique and not to the ECG transmission. In addition, the intercommunication messages between professionals, as well as the ECG images, can be maintained in the system&#8217;s security record.</p>
        <p>The Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC) published in 2019 a guideline on telemedicine, in which it makes clear the importance of information and communication technologies to expand access to health services in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Furthermore, we reinforce that after the establishment of the General Data Protection Act in our country, an expanded discussion on the security of medical information exchange through WhatsApp&#174; should be conducted.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This was an observational, non-randomized study, and the data before the implementation of this telemedicine network were collected retrospectively through hospitalization records, which may have led to the loss of data from some patients. Only in-hospital mortality was assessed, and outcomes after hospital discharge were not analyzed. Information on the social and educational level of the patients included in this investigation was not evaluated. However, the establishment of this network mainly minimized the delaying in referring the patient within the health system and did not implement any intervention to reduce the patient&#8217;s delay in seeking medical assistance, so the educational level of the studied population had little repercussion on these results.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The implementation of a telemedicine network based on an accessible communication platform, such as WhatsApp&#174;, for sending and analyzing ECGs, and for organizing the referral influx of patients with suspected STEMI to a tertiary hospital had immediate positive impacts, with an increase in the percentage of patients who received reperfusion therapy and with less delay, in addition to a significant reduction in the in-hospital mortality rate.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alessandra Batista Teixeira, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeir&#227;o Preto under the protocol number 2.951.321. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
