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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">QTVtH7CrzBPVCthdCxvSG7H</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022005001213</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000300548</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201361</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201361</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Qual Deve Ser o Tratamento de Primeira Linha para o Fechamento de Persist&#234;ncia de Canal Arterial Hemodinamicamente Significativo em Beb&#234;s Prematuros?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Pediatria</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Health Sciences University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Ankara Bilkent City Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ankara</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Divis&#227;o de Neonatologia, Departamento de Pediatria, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Divis&#227;o de Neonatologia, Departamento de Pediatria, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800, Ankara - Turquia E-mail: <email>drufukcakir@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cakir U; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tayman C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>18</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>3</issue>
      <fpage>548</fpage>
      <lpage>555</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> &#201; importante saber qual medicamento usar como tratamento de primeira linha para fechar o duto.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; comparar a efic&#225;cia e os efeitos colaterais das formas intravenosas (IV) de ibuprofeno e paracetamol e contribuir para a literatura investigando o primeiro medicamento selecionado no tratamento cl&#237;nico da persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial (PCA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Nosso estudo foi realizado entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2019. Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo beb&#234;s prematuros com peso ao nascer (PN) &#8804;1500 g e idade gestacional (IG) &#8804;32 semanas. No per&#237;odo do estudo, todos os beb&#234;s com persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativa (hsPCA) receberam ibuprofeno intravenoso (IV) como resgate como tratamento cl&#237;nico prim&#225;rio ou tratamento com paracetamol IV se houvesse contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o ibuprofeno. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: pacientes que receberam ibuprofeno IV e pacientes que receberam paracetamol IV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Desses pacientes, 101 receberam paracetamol IV e 169 receberam ibuprofeno IV. A taxa de sucesso do fechamento da PCA com o primeiro curso do tratamento foi de 74,3% no grupo de paracetamol IV e 72,8% no grupo de ibuprofeno IV (p=0,212).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados mostram que o paracetamol IV &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto o ibuprofeno IV no tratamento de primeira linha de hsPCA, podendo se tornar o tratamento preferencial para o controle de hsPCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido Prematuro</kwd>
        <kwd>Permeabilidade do Canal Arterial/cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Rec&#233;m-Nascido de Baixo Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Ibuprofeno/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetaminofen/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="38"/>
        <page-count count="8"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativo (hsPCA) &#233; uma causa comum de morbimortalidade que afeta mais de 40% dos beb&#234;s prematuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A hsPCA prolongado interrompe a hemodin&#226;mica sist&#234;mica, causando consequ&#234;ncias cl&#237;nicas negativas, como s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio (SDR), hemorragia pulmonar, displasia broncopulmonar (DBP), diminui&#231;&#227;o da oxigena&#231;&#227;o cerebral, transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento, hemorragia intraventricular (HIV), insufici&#234;ncia renal aguda, intoler&#226;ncia nutricional, enterocolite necrosante (ECN), retinopatia da prematuridade (RP), sepse e tempo prolongado de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar. Portanto, a PCA precisa ser tratada. Se houver sinais cl&#237;nicos de PCA, ela deve ser tratada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar de estar associada a todos esses desfechos negativos, tem-se questionado uma rela&#231;&#227;o causal, uma vez que alguns estudos n&#227;o mostraram redu&#231;&#227;o da maioria dessas comorbidades ou suas consequ&#234;ncias com o tratamento do canal arterial. Vale ressaltar que esses estudos n&#227;o foram elaborados para definir o papel do canal arterial (CA) na predi&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos adversos, mas ainda existem muitas controv&#233;rsias a respeito do tratamento (farmacol&#243;gico, cir&#250;rgico, percut&#226;neo), do momento e dos subgrupos espec&#237;ficos de beb&#234;s prematuros que se beneficiariam com o fechamento do CA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os medicamentos mais utilizados para o fechamento farmacol&#243;gico s&#227;o os inibidores da ciclooxigenase (COX), principalmente a indometacina e o ibuprofeno, que bloqueiam a convers&#227;o do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico em prostaglandinas (PG). O sucesso relatado com ibuprofeno no tratamento da hsPCA &#233; de 70&#8211;85%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Foram relatados efeitos colaterais negativos da terapia com ibuprofeno e indometacina, como vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica, sangramento gastrointestinal e perfura&#231;&#227;o, diminui&#231;&#227;o da agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, hiperbilirrubinemia e insufici&#234;ncia renal, embora sejam raros na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O paracetamol, um inibidor da PG sintase, tamb&#233;m pode ser usado no tratamento de hsPCA quando os inibidores da COX s&#227;o contraindicados ou ineficazes e apresentam poss&#237;veis efeitos colaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O paracetamol se tornou uma alternativa cada vez mais comum ao ibuprofeno, havendo registros de estudos bem-sucedidos sobre paracetamol.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O tratamento farmacol&#243;gico da hsPCA continua sendo um desafio. Reduzir o surgimento de efeitos adversos e a necessidade de ligadura cir&#250;rgica nesta &#225;rea fortaleceu o prop&#243;sito de identificar outros medicamentos adequados que sejam mais seguros e eficazes do que o ibuprofeno para beb&#234;s prematuros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em estudos anteriores, que compararam a efic&#225;cia da terapia com paracetamol e ibuprofeno para hsPCA, foram utilizadas formas orais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Com base nesses estudos, uma metan&#225;lise recentemente publicada na Cochrane afirma que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos antes de qualquer sugest&#227;o de uso rotineiro do paracetamol no tratamento da PCA em rec&#233;m-nascidos. Combinando-se os resultados dos estudos inclu&#237;dos, a taxa de sucesso do paracetamol para fechar uma PCA foi maior do que a do placebo e semelhante &#224; do ibuprofeno e indometacina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O paracetamol parece ter sucesso para a hsPCA devido a possivelmente menos efeitos colaterais como uma op&#231;&#227;o de recupera&#231;&#227;o quando os inibidores de COX falham. No entanto, no tratamento de primeira linha da hsPCA, faltam informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a taxa de sucesso do paracetamol em compara&#231;&#227;o com o ibuprofeno. Portanto, neste estudo, nosso objetivo foi comparar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do ibuprofeno IV e do paracetamol IV para o fechamento farmacol&#243;gico de PCA em beb&#234;s prematuros.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo foi realizado entre janeiro de 2017 e dezembro de 2019 na unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal (UTIN) do Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. Este estudo apresenta desenho retrospectivo. Antes do estudo, obteve-se aprova&#231;&#227;o do comit&#234; de &#233;tica local. Foram inscritos beb&#234;s prematuros com idade gestacional (IG) &#8804;32 semanas, peso ao nascer (PN) &#8804;1500 g, idade p&#243;s-natal &#8805;48 horas e com diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA. Beb&#234;s prematuros com anomalia cong&#234;nita importante, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, cardiopatia cong&#234;nita dependente de ducto, que vieram a &#243;bito nas primeiras 48 horas ap&#243;s o nascimento, foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Demogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis perinatais incluindo IG, PN, sexo, escores de Apgar (1&#186; e 5&#186; minutos), administra&#231;&#227;o de esteroide pr&#233;-natal, tratamento com paracetamol de 2 e 3 cursos, ligadura de PCA, hemorragia gastrointestinal, hemorragia pulmonar, SDR, HIV (grau &#8805;3), ECN (grau &#8805;2), DBP moderada ou grave, RP exigindo terapia a laser, sepse neonatal precoce (SNP), sepse neonatal tardia (SNT), dura&#231;&#227;o de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva (VNI), ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM) e suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (O<sub>2</sub>), dia de terapia nutricional enteral completa, tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar e mortalidade foram registrados para todos os beb&#234;s.</p>
        <p>Definiu-se SNP como &#8804;72 horas e SNT &gt;ap&#243;s 72 horas em prematuros hospitalizados na UTIN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Diagnosticou-se SDR como necessidade de administra&#231;&#227;o de surfactante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Investigou-se HIV por ultrassonografia craniana realizada durante os primeiros 7 dias de vida (hemorragia intraparenquimatosa + HIV, HIV importante).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de Bell foram usados para o diagn&#243;stico e estadiamento de ECN.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os beb&#234;s que receberam &#8805;30% de oxig&#234;nio com/sem qualquer press&#227;o positiva com 36 semanas de idade p&#243;s-menstrual foram diagnosticados como DBP moderada ou grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A RP foi analisada por oftalmologistas especializados com base na classifica&#231;&#227;o internacional revisitada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Laboratorial e Radiol&#243;gica</title>
        <p>Antes e 24 horas ap&#243;s o primeiro curso do tratamento cl&#237;nico, todos os pacientes foram submetidos a exames de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica, incluindo creatinina s&#233;rica e nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (NUS), aspartato amino transferase (AST) e alanina amino transferase (ALT), assim como estudos de imagem envolvendo ultrassonografia craniana e ecocardiografia (ECO).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Persist&#234;ncia do Canal Arterial Hemodinamicamente Significativo</title>
        <p>Realizou-se ECO em todos os pacientes na 72&#170; hora p&#243;s-natal. Determinou-se o diagn&#243;stico de hsPCA de acordo com crit&#233;rios cl&#237;nicos e ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O exame de ECO foi realizado por um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico. O eco-Doppler foi realizado por transdutor GE Vivid 7 Pro, 10S (GE Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah). A hsPCA foi inicialmente tratada com paracetamol IV ou ibuprofeno IV. Realizou-se ligadura cir&#250;rgica em casos de persist&#234;ncia de hsPCA (ap&#243;s 3 cursos de tratamento com paracetamol ou ibuprofeno). O grupo n&#227;o HsPCA foi selecionado de acordo com os mesmos crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, sendo composto por beb&#234;s sem hsPCA.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial hemodinamicamente significativo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="7">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas</td>
                  <td align="center">Sopro</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Prec&#243;rdio hiperdin&#226;mico</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Pulsos pr&#233;-ductais delimitadores</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Piora do estado respirat&#243;rio</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Press&#227;o de pulso ampla</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Hipotens&#227;o</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Acidose metab&#243;lica</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="5">
                    <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">Raz&#227;o de aumento atrial esquerdo para a raiz da aorta</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Cardiomegalia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Shunt da esquerda para a direita</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Canal aberto (&gt;1,5 mm)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">Revers&#227;o do fluxo nas grandes art&#233;rias p&#243;s-ductais</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tratamento Intravenoso de Paracetamol e Ibuprofeno</title>
        <p>Durante o per&#237;odo do estudo, o tratamento com paracetamol IV ou ibuprofeno IV foi administrado como tratamento farmacol&#243;gico de resgate prim&#225;rio para todos os beb&#234;s com hsPCA. No caso de contraindica&#231;&#227;o de ibuprofeno, iniciava-se o paracetamol. As contraindica&#231;&#245;es para o tratamento com ibuprofeno foram HIV ativa, trombocitopenia ou outros dist&#250;rbios de coagula&#231;&#227;o conhecidos, sepse importante, NEC suspeita ou confirmada, intoler&#226;ncia alimentar, perfura&#231;&#227;o intestinal, comprometimento significativo da fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hiperbilirrubinemia importante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: pacientes que receberam paracetamol IV e pacientes que receberam ibuprofeno IV. Cada paciente eleg&#237;vel recebeu paracetamol IV (Parol, Atabay Ilac Kimya San., Istambul, Turquia) em uma dose de 15 mg/kg a cada 6 horas por 5 dias ou ibuprofeno IV (Intrafen; Gen Ilac, Ancara, Turquia) em uma primeira dose de 10 mg/kg seguida de 5 mg/kg em 24 e 48 horas por 3 dias.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguimento dos Pacientes</title>
        <p>Um dia ap&#243;s o tratamento, realizou-se avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica por cardiologista pedi&#225;trico. Os pacientes com shunt ductal m&#237;nimo foram acompanhados regularmente por um neonatologista e um cardiologista pedi&#225;trico. Os pacientes que conseguiram o fechamento da PCA, mas apresentaram sinais e sintomas de reabertura posterior durante a hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, foram reavaliados ecocardiograficamente e tratados de acordo com os resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e com sua condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica.</p>
        <p>A ingest&#227;o de l&#237;quidos foi iniciada em 70&#8211;80 mL/kg por dia e foi aumentada em incrementos de 10&#8211;20 mL/kg por dia, at&#233; um m&#225;ximo de 150&#8211;160 mL/kg por dia para todos os pacientes inscritos no estudo. A hipotens&#227;o foi tratada com dopamina em pacientes nos quais o tratamento com l&#237;quidos falhou. Realizou-se ventila&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a gravidade do desconforto respirat&#243;rio, utilizando press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua nasal ou VM. Pacientes com SNP ou SNT foram tratados de acordo com o protocolo da UTIN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos Dados</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 17 para Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. O teste U de Mann-Whitney para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas n&#227;o param&#233;tricas em amostras independentes e os testes qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos. Os resultados foram apresentados como mediana (intervalo interquartil) para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas e percentuais e distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncia para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Definiu-se um valor de p bicaudal de 0,05 como ponto de corte para signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No total, 486 beb&#234;s prematuros com PN &#8804;1.500 g e IG &#8804;32 semanas foram admitidos &#224; nossa UTIN durante o per&#237;odo do estudo. De acordo com os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o, 29 beb&#234;s prematuros foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo. Dos 457 beb&#234;s prematuros restantes, 284 beb&#234;s foram diagnosticados com hsPCA. 14 beb&#234;s vieram a &#243;bito antes do in&#237;cio da terapia medicamentosa. Os 270 pacientes restantes com hsPCA, incluindo 101 pacientes recebendo paracetamol IV e 169 pacientes recebendo ibuprofeno IV, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo e analisados. A IG e o PN medianos de todos os pacientes eleg&#237;veis foram 27,7 (2,2) semanas e 1006 (324) g (mediana [intervalo interquartil]), respectivamente. A taxa de hsPCA foi de 62,1% (284/457) entre os beb&#234;s prematuros. A taxa de sucesso do fechamento da PCA com o primeiro curso foi de 74,3% (75/101) no grupo de paracetamol IV e 72,8% (123/169) no grupo de ibuprofeno IV (p=0,212). A taxa de sucesso do fechamento do PCA com o segundo curso foi de 50% (13/26) no grupo de paracetamol IV e 50% (23/46) no grupo de ibuprofeno IV. A necessidade de segundo curso do tratamento foi de 27,5% (26/101) no grupo paracetamol e 27,2% (46/169) no grupo ibuprofeno (p=0,312). A taxa de sucesso do fechamento de PCA com o terceiro curso foi de 53% (7/13) no grupo paracetamol IV e 65% (15/23) no grupo ibuprofeno IV. A necessidade de terceiro curso de tratamento foi de 12,8% (13/101) no grupo paracetamol e 13,6% (23-169) no grupo ibuprofeno (p=0,191). A taxa de ligadura foi de 5,9% no grupo paracetamol e 4,7% no grupo ibuprofeno ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica entre os grupos (p=0,303). Os resultados foram semelhantes entre os grupos paracetamol e ibuprofeno em termos de caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas, desfechos cl&#237;nicos, testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0548-01361-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas Cl&#237;nicas e Demogr&#225;ficas da Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th>Paracetamol (n: 101, 37,4%)</th>
                <th>Ibuprofeno (n: 169, 62,6%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade gestacional, semanas,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28 (2,8)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,653</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso ao nascer, g,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">1042 (426)</td>
                <td align="center">1020 (290)</td>
                <td align="center">0,329</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino,<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">53 (52,4)</td>
                <td align="center">79 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,381</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apgar 1 minuto,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apgar 5 minutos,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,153</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Esteroide pr&#233;-natal,<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td align="center">71 (70,2)</td>
                <td align="center">119 (68,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,124</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da VM, dias,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,270</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dura&#231;&#227;o da VNI, dias,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12 (16)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,980</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suplementa&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, dias,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">42 (36)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33)</td>
                <td align="center">0,388</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dia de terapia nutricional enteral completa, dias,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17 (11)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, dias,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">76 (45)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,861</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica; VNI: ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva.<sup>a</sup> Mediana (intervalo interquartil),<sup>b</sup> n (%).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Desfechos cl&#237;nicos dos grupos de estudo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas</th>
                <th>Paracetamol (n: 101, 37,4%)</th>
                <th>Ibuprofeno (n: 169, 62,6%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SDR,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">84 (83,1)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (77,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HIV, grau &#8805;3,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12 (11,8)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (7,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,279</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECN, est&#225;gio &#8805;2,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,524</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DBP,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">22 (21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (20,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,421</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RP,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">15 (14,8)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,255</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SNP,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">18 (17,8)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (16,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,867</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SNT,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">35 (34,6)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (26)</td>
                <td align="center">0,454</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sangramento gastrointestinal,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">-</td>
                <td align="center">4 (2,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,321</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemorragia pulmonar,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (2,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17 (19,8)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (11,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2<sup>o</sup> curso do tratamento,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26 (25,7)</td>
                <td align="center">46 (27,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,312</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3<sup>o</sup> curso do tratamento,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">13 (12,8)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (13,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ligadura do PCA,<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">6 (5,9)</td>
                <td align="center">8 (4,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,303</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup>n (%). DBP: displasia broncopulmonar; SNP: sepse neonatal precoce; PCA: persist&#234;ncia do canal arterial; HIV: hemorragia intraventricular; SNT: sepse neonatal tardia; ECN: enterocolite necrosante; SDR: s&#237;ndrome do desconforto respirat&#243;rio; RP: retinopatia da prematuridade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Avalia&#231;&#227;o dos testes de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal ap&#243;s o primeiro curso de tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Exames laboratoriais</th>
                <th colspan="2">Paracetamol intravenoso</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Ibuprofeno intravenoso</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                <th>P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
                <th>Pr&#233;-tratamento</th>
                <th>P&#243;s-tratamento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>NUS, (mg/dL),<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">40 (24)</td>
                <td align="center">44 (28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,352</td>
                <td align="center">42 (25)</td>
                <td align="center">42 (11-92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,926</td>
                <td align="center">0,667</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina s&#233;rica (mg/dL),<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,5)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,339</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,8 (0,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,116</td>
                <td align="center">0,452</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AST s&#233;rica (Unidades/L),<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">28 (10)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (17)</td>
                <td align="center">0,758</td>
                <td align="center">28 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (15)</td>
                <td align="center">0,995</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ALT s&#233;rica (unidades/L),<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">23 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (13)</td>
                <td align="center">0,571</td>
                <td align="center">24 (14)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (12)</td>
                <td align="center">0,237</td>
                <td align="center">0,707</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>ALT: alanina aminotransferase; AST: aspartato amino transferase; NUS: nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue. *valor de p para medidas p&#243;s-tratamento entre os grupos. aMediana (intervalo interquartil).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossos resultados mostraram que o paracetamol IV e o ibuprofeno IV s&#227;o igualmente eficazes quando usados como a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de primeira linha para o fechamento de PCA. Al&#233;m disso, ambos os medicamentos intravenosos foram bem tolerados em termos de efeitos colaterais renais e hep&#225;ticos, e complica&#231;&#245;es gastrointestinais e pulmonares. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; morbimortalidade prematura. Como a maioria (90%) dos casos de HIV e hemorragia pulmonar ocorre antes das 72 horas de vida, qualquer tratamento iniciado al&#233;m desse per&#237;odo n&#227;o deve ser capaz de reduzir sua incid&#234;ncia, portanto, n&#227;o seria de se esperar nenhuma diferen&#231;a entre os medicamentos usados em nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O canal arterial &#233; uma forma&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica vital que conecta a circula&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e sist&#234;mica no feto. Os principais fatores que causam a permeabilidade do CA na vida intrauterina s&#227;o a baixa press&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio, PG e &#243;xido n&#237;trico. O aumento dos n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio e a diminui&#231;&#227;o da prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) imediatamente ap&#243;s o parto permitem o fechamento funcional do canal. A persist&#234;ncia do canal interrompe a hemodin&#226;mica em beb&#234;s prematuros e contribui para a morbimortalidade relacionada &#224; prematuridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Portanto, quando a hsPCA &#233; detectada, dois fatores principais (n&#237;veis de oxig&#234;nio e PG) que propiciam a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o do canal devem ser manipulados para garantir o fechamento do canal. Indometacina, ibuprofeno e paracetamol, que inibem a s&#237;ntese de PG a partir do &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico, proporcionando vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o, s&#227;o usados para o fechamento do canal. A PG sintase &#233; a principal enzima que converte o &#225;cido araquid&#244;nico em PG. Essa enzima possui duas atividades catal&#237;ticas, incluindo COX (-1, -2, -3) e peroxidase. A indometacina e o ibuprofeno inibem as enzimas COX-1 e -2, e o paracetamol inibe a enzima COX-3 e a peroxidase, inibindo assim a s&#237;ntese de PG. Enquanto a peroxidase, a enzima-alvo do paracetamol, pode ser ativada em n&#237;veis baixos de per&#243;xido, a COX, a enzima-alvo do ibuprofeno, &#233; ativada em n&#237;veis mais altos de per&#243;xido. Portanto, o paracetamol &#233; mais eficaz do que o ibuprofeno na hip&#243;xia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando os efeitos colaterais da indometacina e do ibuprofeno, novos m&#233;todos de tratamento foram necess&#225;rios para reduzir a necessidade de ligadura. Considerou-se o paracetamol oral eficaz no tratamento de PCA em 5 pacientes com PCA que n&#227;o responderam ao ibuprofeno na primeira s&#233;rie de casos relatada por Hammerman et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nos primeiros estudos, o paracetamol n&#227;o foi usado como medicamento de primeira linha, mas como alternativa aos casos em que os inibidores da COX eram ineficazes ou contraindicados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Em seguida, o paracetamol foi usado como tratamento de primeira linha para o fechamento do canal arterial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Estudos anteriores foram realizados para investigar a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a do ibuprofeno oral em compara&#231;&#227;o com o paracetamol oral para esclarecer se o paracetamol pode ser usado como tratamento de primeira linha para o fechamento do canal em beb&#234;s prematuros. De forma geral, em estudos anteriores, a efic&#225;cia e a confiabilidade das formas orais de medicamentos usados no tratamento de hsPCA foram avaliadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nosso estudo, al&#233;m de determinar a efic&#225;cia do paracetamol IV no tratamento da hsPCA, teve como objetivo compar&#225;-lo com o ibuprofeno IV. Com base em nossos achados, ao passo que as taxas de fechamento de hsPCA foram de 74,3% com paracetamol IV, essa propor&#231;&#227;o foi de 72,8% com ibuprofeno IV, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos. Em muitos estudos, essa taxa ficou em aproximadamente 70&#8211;85%, semelhante aos resultados de nosso estudo. Resultados semelhantes foram encontrados em nosso estudo para efeitos colaterais, complica&#231;&#245;es e desfechos cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> No entanto, verificou-se que o n&#250;mero de casos nos grupos de estudos anteriores variou de 10 a 80.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Portanto, nossos resultados podem ser mais robustos ou mais fortes e confi&#225;veis do que outros estudos devido ao grande n&#250;mero de casos.</p>
      <p>Embora haja evid&#234;ncias que mostram que o paracetamol &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto o ibuprofeno, h&#225; estudos que encontraram resultados conflitantes. Por exemplo, Lu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostraram que o paracetamol foi menos eficaz do que o ibuprofeno para o fechamento de PCA em rec&#233;m-nascidos, e esse efeito foi reduzido ainda mais em beb&#234;s de muito baixo peso ao nascer (MBPN) ou extremamente baixo peso ao nascer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em um estudo de Sallmon, relatou-se que em paralelo &#224; taxa de fechamento de PCA de 27,5% observada ap&#243;s o tratamento com paracetamol, a taxa de fechamento total de PCA foi de apenas 21,1% ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o de paracetamol em beb&#234;s com MBPB.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, alguns estudos relataram que o paracetamol n&#227;o &#233; t&#227;o eficaz quanto o ibuprofeno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Geralmente, o paracetamol &#233; utilizado como op&#231;&#227;o alternativa em alguns pacientes nos quais o ibuprofeno n&#227;o poderia ser utilizado, como beb&#234;s prematuros com sepse, com estado geral ruim, cujos &#243;rg&#227;os apresentam fun&#231;&#245;es inadequadas. Logicamente, o poss&#237;vel sucesso do paracetamol &#233; diminu&#237;do nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Portanto, como no nosso estudo, seria mais apropriado avaliar que o paracetamol possa ser usado como primeira escolha com base nos resultados de estudos que compararam a efic&#225;cia do paracetamol e do ibuprofeno no tratamento de hsPCA. Nosso estudo mostrou que o paracetamol IV foi similarmente eficaz ao ibuprofeno IV no tratamento de HsPCA. Portanto, sugerimos que o paracetamol IV possa ser usado como o tratamento de primeira linha para hsPCA, bem como o ibuprofeno IV.</p>
      <p>Estudos anteriores compararam a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a das formas orais dos medicamentos para o tratamento de hsPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, existem poucos estudos sobre as formas IV. Um estudo de Roofthooft et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> relatou que o tratamento com paracetamol IV n&#227;o &#233; eficaz para fechamento de PCA em beb&#234;s com MBPN ap&#243;s falha do tratamento com ibuprofeno IV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Neste estudo, a terapia com paracetamol n&#227;o foi recomendada para fechamento de PCA em beb&#234;s &gt;2 semanas de idade ap&#243;s o nascimento. No entanto, relatou-se a efic&#225;cia do paracetamol quando usado como tratamento de primeira linha para PCA. Al&#233;m disso, Valerio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> apontaram que o paracetamol IV &#233; eficaz no fechamento de PCA tanto para terapia de &#8220;aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria&#8221; quanto de &#8220;recupera&#231;&#227;o&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Em outro estudo que comparou o paracetamol IV e o ibuprofeno IV, afirmou-se que o paracetamol poderia se tornar o tratamento preferencial para o tratamento de PCA, principalmente devido ao seu perfil mais favor&#225;vel em termos de efeitos colaterais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nossos resultados tamb&#233;m corroboram essas informa&#231;&#245;es. Al&#233;m disso, os efeitos colaterais do ibuprofeno &#224;s vezes s&#227;o uma desvantagem para sua recomenda&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em alguns estudos, semelhantes aos nossos resultados, relata-se que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;a em termos do perfil de efeitos colaterais do paracetamol e do ibuprofeno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, corroborando os estudos anteriores, verificamos que as taxas de ligadura cir&#250;rgica diminu&#237;ram de forma semelhante em beb&#234;s com hsPCA tratados com paracetamol ou ibuprofeno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, ainda est&#225; sendo investigado qual medicamento ser&#225; administrado da maneira mais segura e eficaz. Apesar de todos esses resultados contradit&#243;rios, uma recente metan&#225;lise publicada na Cochrane por Ohlsson e Shah<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> afirmou que s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos antes do uso rotineiro de paracetamol para o tratamento de primeira linha de hsPCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Acreditamos que os resultados de nosso estudo lan&#231;ar&#227;o luz sobre essa quest&#227;o. De acordo com nossos resultados, quando o paracetamol IV foi administrado como a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de primeira linha para o fechamento de PCA, ele foi considerado t&#227;o eficaz quanto o ibuprofeno IV sem quaisquer efeitos colaterais.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es devido ao seu car&#225;ter retrospectivo. Outros par&#226;metros, como d&#233;bito urin&#225;rio por hora, n&#237;vel de bilirrubina dos pacientes nos grupos de tratamento, n&#227;o puderam ser avaliados. Faltam dados que recomendem o tratamento de primeira linha da PCA em termos de morbidades, pois h&#225; outros fatores que devem ser considerados. Por exemplo: o &#250;nico medicamento que p&#244;de reduzir a HIV nos estudos foi a indometacina precoce. Seria mais apropriado mostrar a efic&#225;cia do paracetamol no fechamento da PCA e sugerir estudos multic&#234;ntricos randomizados que pudessem atestar sua seguran&#231;a e capacidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de desfechos cl&#237;nicos negativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Quando o paracetamol foi usado como a op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento de primeira linha para o tratamento cl&#237;nico de PCA, verificou-se que foi t&#227;o eficaz quanto o ibuprofeno. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os dois medicamentos em termos de morbimortalidade prematura. Estudos multic&#234;ntricos randomizados controlados sobre este assunto ajudar&#227;o a determinar o tratamento de primeira linha para hsPCA.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem toda a equipe de enfermagem da unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal do Ankara Bilkent City Hospital.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Zekai Tahir Burak sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 37/2019 / encontro 19.03.2019. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentim</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>What Should be the First-line Treatment for the Closure of Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Premature Infants?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9409-185X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cakir</surname>
            <given-names>Ufuk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tayman</surname>
            <given-names>Cuneyt</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ufuk Cakir &#8226; Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Health Sciences University, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, 06800, Ankara - Turkey E-mail: drufukcakir@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Cakir U; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tayman C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>It is important which medicine to use as a first-line treatment to close the duct.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness and side effects of intravenous (IV) forms of ibuprofen and paracetamol and to contribute to the literature investigating the first drug selected in the medical treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Our study was conducted between January 2017 and December 2019. Premature infants with birth weight (BW) &#8804;1500 g and gestational age (GA) &#8804;32 weeks were included in the study. In the study period, all infants with hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) were given rescue intravenous (IV) ibuprofen as a primary medical treatment or IV paracetamol treatment if there were contraindications for ibuprofen. The patients were divided into two groups: patients receiving IV ibuprofen and patients receiving IV paracetamol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of these patients, 101 were given IV paracetamol and 169 were given IV ibuprofen. The success rate of PDA closure with first-course treatment was 74.3% in the IV paracetamol group and 72.8% in the IV ibuprofen group (p=0.212).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our results show that IV paracetamol is as effective as IV ibuprofen in the first-line treatment of hsPDA, and can become the preferred treatment for the management of hsPDA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Infant, Premature</kwd>
        <kwd>Ductus Arteriosus, Patent/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Infant, Low Birth Weight</kwd>
        <kwd>Ibuprofen/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Acetaminophen/therapeutic use</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality affecting more than 40% of premature babies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Prolonged hsPDA disrupts systemic hemodynamics causing negative clinical consequences such as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), decrease in cerebral oxygenation, neurodevelopmental maturation disorder, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), acute renal failure, nutritional intolerance, necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), sepsis, and prolonged length of hospital stay. Therefore, it needs to be treated. If clinical signs of PDA exist, it should be treated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite being associated with all these negative outcomes, a causative relationship has been questioned since some studies did not show reduction of most of these comorbidities or its consequences with treatment of ductus arteriosus. It is noteworthy that these studies were not designed to define the role of the ductus arteriosus (DA) in the prediction of adverse clinical outcomes but there are still many controversies concerning the treatment (pharmacological, surgical, percutaneous), timing, and the specific subgroups of premature infants that would benefit from the closure of DA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most commonly used drugs aiming at pharmacological closure are cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, mainly indomethacin and ibuprofen, which block the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PG). The success reported with ibuprofen in the treatment of hsPDA is 70&#8211;85%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Negative side effects of ibuprofen and indomethacin therapy such as peripheral vasoconstriction, gastrointestinal bleeding and perforation, decreased platelet aggregation, hyperbilirubinemia and kidney failure have been reported, although they are rare in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Paracetamol, a PG synthase inhibitor, can also be used in the treatment of hsPDA when COX inhibitors are contraindicated or ineffective and have potential side effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Paracetamol has become an increasingly common alternative to ibuprofen, and studies on paracetamol have also been reported to be successful.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The pharmacological treatment of hsPDA remains challenging. Reducing the emergence of adverse effects and the need for surgical ligation in this area has strengthened the purpose of identifying other suitable drugs that are safer and more effective than ibuprofen for premature babies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In previous studies comparing the effectiveness of paracetamol and ibuprofen therapy for hsPDA, oral forms have been used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Based on these studies, recent a Cochrane metanalysis states that studies are needed before any suggestions are made for routine use of paracetamol in the treatment of PDA in the newborns. When the results of the included studies were combined, the success rate for paracetamol to close a PDA was higher than that of placebo and similar to that of ibuprofen and indomethacin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Paracetamol seems to be successful for hsPDA due to possibly fewer side effects as a recovery option where COX inhibitors fail. However, in the first-line treatment of hsPDA, information on the success rate of paracetamol compared to ibuprofen is lacking. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of IV ibuprofen and IV paracetamol for pharmacological closure of PDA in premature infants.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>This study was conducted between January 2017 and December 2019 in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital. This study was designed retrospectively. Ethical committee approval was obtained from the local ethical committee prior to the study. Preterm infants with gestational age (GA) &#8804;32 weeks, birth weight (BW) &#8804;1500 g, postnatal age &#8805;48 hours, and diagnosed with hsPDA were enrolled. Preterm infants with major congenital anomaly, congenital heart disease, ductus dependent congenital heart disease, who died within the first 48 hours after birth, were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Demographic and Clinical Characteristics</title>
          <p>Perinatal variables including GA, BW, gender, Apgar scores (1<sup>st</sup>and 5<sup>th</sup>minutes), antenatal steroids administration, 2- and 3-course paracetamol treatment, PDA ligation, gastrointestinal bleeding, pulmonary hemorrhage, RDS, IVH (grade &#8805;3), NEC (grade&#8805;2), moderate or severe BPD, ROP requiring laser therapy, early-onset neonatal sepsis (EOS), late-onset sepsis (LOS), duration of non-invasive ventilation (NIV), mechanical ventilation (MV) and oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) supplementation, day of full enteral feeding achievement, length of hospital stay and mortality were recorded for all infants.</p>
          <p>EOS was defined as &#8804;72 hours and LOS &gt;after 72 hours in preterm infants hospitalized in the NICU.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> RDS was diagnosed as requirement for surfactant administration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> IVH was searched by cranial ultrasonography performed during the first 7 days of life (intraparenchymal hemorrhage + IVH, large IVH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Bell&#8217;s criteria were used for the diagnosis and staging of NEC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Infants receiving &#8805;30% oxygen with/without any positive pressure at postmenstrual age of 36 weeks were diagnosed as moderate or severe BPD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> ROP was screened by specialized ophthalmologists based on the international classification revisited.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory and Radiological Evaluation</title>
          <p>Before and 24 hours after the first course of medical treatment, all patients were evaluated for renal and liver function tests including serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), aspartate amino transferase (AST), and alanine amino transferase (ALT), as well as imaging studies involving cranial ultrasonography, and echocardiography (ECHO).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus</title>
          <p>ECHO was performed on all patients at postnatal 72<sup>nd</sup>hour. Diagnosis of hsPDA was determined according to clinical and ECHO criteria ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> ECHO examination was performed by a pediatric cardiologist. Doppler ECHO was performed using a GE Vivid 7 Pro, 10S transducer (GE Healthcare, Salt Lake City, Utah). hsPDA was initially treated with either IV paracetamol or IV ibuprofen. Surgical ligation was performed if hsPDA persisted (despite 3 courses of paracetamol or ibuprofen treatment). The non-hsDPA group was selected according to the same exclusion criteria, and consisted of infants without hsPDA.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hemodynamically Significant Patent Ductus Arteriosus</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" rowspan="7">Clinical characteristics</td>
                    <td align="center">Murmur</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Hyperdynamic precordium</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Bounding preductal pulses</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Worsening respiratory status</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Wide pulse pressure</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Hypotension</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Metabolic acidosis</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="5">
                      <bold>Echocardiographic characteristics</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">Increased left atrium to aorticroot ratio</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Cardiomegaly</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Left-to-right shunting</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Large open ductus (&gt;1.5 mm)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">Reversal of flow in postductal major arteries</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intravenous Treatment of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen</title>
          <p>During the study period, IV paracetamol or IV ibuprofen treatment was given as a primary rescue pharmacological treatment to all infants with hsPDA. If ibuprofen was contraindicated, paracetamol was started. Contraindications for ibuprofen treatment were active IVH, thrombocytopenia or other known clotting disorders, severe sepsis, suspected or confirmed NEC, feeding intolerance, intestinal perforation, significant impairment of renal function, and severe hyperbilirubinemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The patients were divided into two groups: patients receiving IV paracetamol and patients receiving IV ibuprofen. Each eligible patient received either IV paracetamol (Parol, Atabay Ilac Kimya San., Istanbul, Turkey) at a dose of 15 mg/kg every 6 hours for 5 days or IV ibuprofen (Intrafen; Gen Ilac, Ankara, Turkey) at an initial dose of 10 mg/kg followed by 5 mg/kg at 24 and 48 hours for 3 days.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patient Follow-up</title>
          <p>One day after the treatment, an ECHO evaluation was performed by a pediatric cardiologist. Patients with minimal ductal shunting were followed up regularly by a neonatologist and a pediatric cardiologist. Patients who achieved PDA closure but had signs and symptoms of reopening later during hospitalization were re-evaluated by ECHO and were treated according to their ECHO findings and clinical condition.</p>
          <p>Fluid intake was started at 70&#8211;80 mL/kg per day and was increased by increments of 10&#8211;20 mL/kg each day, to a maximum of 150&#8211;160 mL/kg per day for all patients enrolled in the study. Hypotension was treated with dopamine for patients in which fluid treatment had failed. Ventilation was supported according to the severity of respiratory distress, using nasal continuous positive airway pressure or MV. Patients with EOS or LOS were treated according to the NICU protocol.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analyses were performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois). Normal distribution of data was performed by using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Mann-Whitney U-test for non-parametric continuous variables in independent samples and chi-square or Fisher&#8217;s exact tests for categorical variables were used for the comparison of the groups. The results were expressed as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables as well as percentage and distribution of frequency for categorical variables. Two-sided p-value of 0.05 was set as the cut-off for statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 486 preterm infants with BW &#8804;1500 g and GA &#8804;32 weeks were admitted to our NICU during the study period. According to the exclusion criteria, 29 preterm infants were excluded from the study. Of the remaining 457 preterm infants, 284 infants were diagnosed with hsPDA. 14 infants died before medical therapy was initiated. The remaining 270 patients with hsPDA, involving 101 patients receiving IV paracetamol and 169 patients receiving IV ibuprofen, were included in the study and analyzed. Median GA and BW of all eligible patients were 27.7 (2.2) weeks and 1006 (324) g (median [interquartile range]), respectively. The rate of hsPDA was 62.1% (284/457) among preterm infants. The success rate of PDA closure with the first course was 74.3% (75/101) in the IV paracetamol group and 72.8% (123/169) in the IV ibuprofen group (p=0.212). The success rate of PDA closure with the 2<sup>nd</sup>course was 50% (13/26) in the IV paracetamol group and 50% (23/46) in the IV ibuprofen group. The 2<sup>nd</sup>course treatment requirement was 27.5% (26/101) in the paracetamol group and 27.2% (46/169) in the ibuprofen group (p=0.312). The success rate of PDA closure with the 3<sup>rd</sup>course was 53% (7/13) in the IV paracetamol group and 65% (15/23) in the IV ibuprofen group. Third course treatment requirement was 12.8% (13/101) in the paracetamol group and 13.6% (23-169) in the ibuprofen group (p=0.191). The ligation rate was 5.9% in the paracetamol group, and 4.7% in the ibuprofen group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). There was no statistical difference between the groups (p=0.303). The results were similar between the paracetamol and the ibuprofen groups in terms of clinical and demographic characteristics, clinical outcomes, hepatic and renal function tests ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> , <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart of the study population. PDA: patent ductus arteriosus.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-03-0548-01361-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and Demographical Characteristics of the Study Population</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Clinical and demographical characteristics</th>
                  <th>Paracetamol (n: 101, 37.4%)</th>
                  <th>Ibuprofen (n: 169, 62.6%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gestational age, weeks,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.653</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Birth weight, g,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1042 (426)</td>
                  <td align="center">1020 (290)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.329</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male,<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">53 (52.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">79 (47.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.381</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1. min. Apgar,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5. min. Apgar,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.153</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antenatal steroids,<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">71 (70.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">119 (68.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.124</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Duration of MV, days,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.270</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Duration of NIV, days,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.980</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Oxygen supplementation, days,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">42 (36)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (33)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.388</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Day of full enteral feeding, days,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Length of stay in hospital, days,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">76 (45)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.861</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>MV: mechanical ventilation; NIV: non-invasive ventilation.<sup>a</sup>Median (interquartile range),<sup>b</sup>n (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical Outcomes of Study Groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Clinical and demographical characteristics</th>
                  <th>Paracetamol (n: 101, 37.4%)</th>
                  <th>Ibuprofen (n: 169, 62.6%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>RDS,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">84 (83.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (77.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVH, grade &#8805;3,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12 (11.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (7.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.279</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NEC, stage &#8805;2,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.524</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BPD,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">22 (21.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (20.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.421</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ROP,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">15 (14.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (14.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.255</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EOS,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">18 (17.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (16.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.867</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LOS,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">35 (34.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.454</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gastrointestinal bleeding,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (2.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.321</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary hemorrhage,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (2.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortality,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 (19.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (11.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2<sup>nd</sup>course treatment,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26 (25.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (27.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.312</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3<sup>rd</sup>course treatment,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13 (12.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (13.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PDA ligation,<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6 (5.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (4.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.303</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup>n (%). BPD: bronchopulmonary dysplasia; EOS: early neonatal sepsis; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; IVH: intraventricular hemorrhage; LOS: late onset neonatal sepsis; NEC: necrotizing enterocolitis; RDS: respiratory distress syndrome; ROP: retinopathy of prematurity.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Evaluation of hepatic and renal function tests after the first course of treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Laboratory values</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Intravenous paracetamol</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Intravenous ibuprofen</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p-value*</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Pre-treatment</th>
                  <th>Post-treatment</th>
                  <th>Pre-treatment</th>
                  <th>Post-treatment</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dL),<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">40 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.352</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (25)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (11-92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.926</td>
                  <td align="center">0.667</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum creatinine (mg/dL),<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.339</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.8 (0.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.116</td>
                  <td align="center">0.452</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum AST (Units/L),<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">28 (10)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.758</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.995</td>
                  <td align="center">0.844</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Serum ALT (Units/L),<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">23 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.571</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (12)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.237</td>
                  <td align="center">0.707</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AST: aspartate amino transferase; BUN: blood urea nitrogen. *p-value for post-treatment measurements between the groups. a Median (interquartile range).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our results have shown that IV paracetamol and IV ibuprofen are similarly effective when used as the first-line treatment option to close PDA. Moreover, both IV drugs were well tolerated for side effects on kidney and liver, and gastrointestinal and pulmonary complications. Additionally, there was no difference between the groups in terms of premature morbidity and mortality. Since most (90%) IVH and pulmonary hemorrhage cases occur before 72 hours of life, any treatment starting beyond that period should not be capable of reducing their incidence, therefore no difference between the drugs used in our study would be expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Ductus arteriosus is a vital anatomical formation that connects pulmonary and systemic circulation in the fetus. The main factors that cause DA patency in intrauterine life are low oxygen pressure, PG and nitric oxide. Increased oxygen levels and decreased Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) immediately after delivery allow functional ductal closure. Ductal patency disrupts both hemodynamics in premature infants and contributes to prematurity-related morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Therefore, once an hsPDA is detected, two main factors (oxygen and PG levels) that provide vasodilation of the ductus should be manipulated to ensure ductal closure. Indomethacin, ibuprofen and paracetamol, which inhibit PG synthesis from arachidonic acid, thus providing vasoconstriction, are used for ductal closure. PG synthase is the main enzyme that converts arachidonic acid into PG. This enzyme has two catalytic activities, including COX (-1, -2, -3) and peroxidase. Indomethacin and ibuprofen inhibit COX-1 and -2 enzymes, and paracetamol inhibits the enzyme COX-3 and peroxidase, thereby inhibiting PG synthesis. While peroxidase, the target enzyme of paracetamol, can be activated at low peroxide levels, COX, the target enzyme of ibuprofen, is activated at higher peroxide levels. Therefore, paracetamol is more effective than ibuprofen in hypoxia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering the side effects of indomethacin and ibuprofen, new treatment methods were needed to reduce the need for ligation. Oral paracetamol was found to be effective in the treatment of PDA in 5 patients with PDA who did not respond to ibuprofen in the first case series reported by Hammerman et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In the first studies, paracetamol was not used as the first-line drug, but as an alternative drug to cases where COX inhibitors were ineffective or contraindicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Then, paracetamol was used as the first-line treatment to close the ductus arteriosus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Previous studies have been conducted to investigate the efficacy and safety of oral ibuprofen compared to oral paracetamol to clarify whether paracetamol can be used as a first-line treatment for ductal closure in preterm infants. Generally, in previous studies, the efficacy and reliability of oral forms of drugs used in hsPDA treatment have been evaluated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Our study, in addition to determining the efficacy of IV paracetamol in the treatment of hsPDA, aimed to compare it with IV ibuprofen. Based on our findings, whilst hsPDA closure rates were 74.3% with IV paracetamol, this ratio was 72.8% with IV ibuprofen, and there was no difference in both groups. In many studies, this rate was found to be approximately 70&#8211;85%, and was similar to the results of our study. Similar results were found in our study for side effects, complications and clinical outcomes as well.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, it was seen that the number of cases in the groups of previous studies ranged from 10 to 80.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Therefore, our results might be more robust or stronger and reliable than other studies due to a large number of cases.</p>
        <p>Although there is evidence to show that paracetamol is as effective as ibuprofen, there are studies that have found conflicting results. For instance, Lu et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> showed that paracetamol was less effective than ibuprofen for the closure of PDA in newborns, and this effect was reduced even more in very low birth weight (VLBW) or extremely low birth weight babies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, in a study by Sallmon, it was reported that in parallel with the 27.5% PDA closure rate observed after paracetamol treatment, the total closure rate of PDA was only 21.1% following the administration of paracetamol in VLBW infants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In addition, some studies have reported that paracetamol is not as effective as ibuprofen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> Generally, paracetamol is used as an alternative option in selected patients, in which the ibuprofen could not be used, such as preterm infants with sepsis, whose general condition is poor, whose organ functions are not appropriate. Logically, the possible success of paracetamol is decreased for those patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Therefore, as in our study, it would be more appropriate to evaluate that paracetamol can be used as the first choice based on the results of studies comparing the efficacy of paracetamol and ibuprofen in the treatment of hsPDA. Our study showed that IV paracetamol was similarly effective as IV ibuprofen in the treatment of hsPDA. Therefore, we suggest that IV paracetamol can be used as the first-line treatment for hsPDA as well as IV ibuprofen.</p>
        <p>Previous studies have been conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of oral forms of the drugs for the treatment of hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Also, there are limited studies with IV forms. A study by Roofthooft et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> has reported that IV paracetamol treatment is not effective for PDA closure in VLBW babies after failure of IV ibuprofen treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In this study, paracetamol therapy was not recommended for PDA closure for infants &gt;2 weeks of age after birth. However, paracetamol has been reported to be effective when used as a first-line treatment for PDA. Furthermore, Valerio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> have found that IV paracetamol is effective in closing PDA for both &#8220;primary care&#8221; and &#8220;recovery&#8221; therapy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In another IV paracetamol and IV ibuprofen comparison study, it was stated that paracetamol could become the preferred treatment for the management of PDA, mainly due to its more favorable side effect profile.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Our results also supported this information. Also, the side effects of ibuprofen are sometimes a disadvantage for its recommendation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In some studies, similar to our results, it is reported that there is no difference in terms of the side effect profile of both paracetamol and ibuprofen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, supporting the previous studies, we found that surgical ligation rates were similarly decreased in infants with hsPDA treated either with paracetamol or ibuprofen.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, it is still being investigated which drug will be given in the safest and most effective way. Despite all these contradictory results, a recent Cochrane metanalysis by Ohlsson and Shah<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> has stated that further studies are required before routine use of paracetamol for the first-line treatment of hsPDA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> We think that the results of our study will shed light on this issue. According to our results, when IV paracetamol was given as the first-line treatment option for PDA closure, it was found to be as effective as IV ibuprofen without any side effects.</p>
        <p>Our study had some limitations due to its retrospective nature. Other parameters such as hourly urine output, bilirubin level of patients in the treatment groups could not be evaluated. There is lack of data to recommend the first-line treatment of PDA in terms of morbidities, as there are other factors that should be considered. For example: the only drug that could reduce IVH in studies was early indomethacin. It would be more appropriate to show the efficacy of paracetamol in closing PDA and suggest randomized multicenter studies that could certify its safety and capacity of reducing negative clinical outcomes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>When paracetamol was used as the first-line treatment option for the medical treatment of PDA, it was found to be similarly effective as ibuprofen. Additionally, there was no difference between two drugs in terms of premature morbidity and mortality. Multicenter randomized controlled studies on this subject will help to determine the first-line treatment of hsPDA.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank all the nursing staff from the neonatal intensive care unit of Ankara Bilkent City Hospital.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Zekai Tahir Burak under the protocol number 37/2019 and date 19.03.2019. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
