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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">5hBZCzPZgs5jwRtnYHyQk9m</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200536</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220039</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220039</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Foco em Manejo dos Pacientes com Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0561-8999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calderaro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9661-6963</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bichuette</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Dornfeld</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1025-7953</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Pamela Camara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0701-6593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Akira Malta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9041-6250</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4054-1755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6718-8456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Incor</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">HCFMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (Incor) do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (HCFMUSP), S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">CRIB</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">University Hospital Basel</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Basel</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Basel</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel (CRIB), University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital S&#237;rio Liban&#234;s, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital BP Mirante</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital BP Mirante, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: <email>diretrizes@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>536</fpage>
      <lpage>547</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="59"/>
        <page-count count="12"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Foco em Manejo dos Pacientes com Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea &#8211; 2022</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th colspan="2">O relat&#243;rio abaixo lista as declara&#231;&#245;es de interesse conforme relatadas &#224; SBC pelos especialistas durante o per&#237;odo de desenvolvimento deste posicionamento, 2021.</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Especialista</th>
              <th align="left">Tipo de relacionamento com a ind&#250;stria</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Biolab.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Bruno Caramelli</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr.</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Daniela Calderaro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto e Finerinone; Janssen: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Daiichi-Sankyo: Lixiana; Janssen: hipertens&#227;o pulmonar</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Danielle Menosi Gualandro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Francisco Akira Malta Cardozo</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Declara&#231;&#227;o financeira</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>A - Pagamento de qualquer esp&#233;cie e desde que economicamente apreci&#225;veis, feitos a (i) voc&#234;, (ii) ao seu c&#244;njuge/ companheiro ou a qualquer outro membro que resida com voc&#234;, (iii) a qualquer pessoa jur&#237;dica em que qualquer destes seja controlador, s&#243;cio, acionista ou participante, de forma direta ou indireta, recebimento por palestras, aulas, atua&#231;&#227;o como proctor de treinamentos, remunera&#231;&#245;es, honor&#225;rios pagos por participa&#231;&#245;es em conselhos consultivos, de investigadores, ou outros comit&#234;s, etc. Provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>C - Financiamento de pesquisa (pessoal), cujas receitas tenham sido provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luciana Dornfeld Bichuette</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Luciano Moreira Baracioli</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Outros relacionamentos</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Financiamento de atividades de educa&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica continuada, incluindo viagens, hospedagens e inscri&#231;&#245;es para congressos e cursos, provenientes da ind&#250;stria farmac&#234;utica, de &#243;rteses, pr&#243;teses, equipamentos e implantes, brasileiras ou estrangeiras:</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Pamela Camara Maciel</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>Ricardo Alves da Costa</td>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Nada a ser declarado</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <sec>
      <title>1. Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O cuidado de pacientes submetidos &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) e &#224; eventual necessidade de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca precoce &#233; um dos t&#243;picos que gera mais debate em medicina perioperat&#243;ria, pois envolve quest&#245;es importantes sobre o manejo da terapia antitromb&#243;tica, al&#233;m das quest&#245;es habituais de manejo do risco card&#237;aco em coronariopatia. Se, por um lado, &#233; necess&#225;rio lidar com o risco hemorr&#225;gico, inerente &#224; cirurgia e potencializado pelos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios, por outro, &#233; fundamental considerar o aumento do risco de trombose de <italic>stent</italic> , especialmente se o tempo programado de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria (DAPT) for abreviado. Elementos como prem&#234;ncia e porte do procedimento cir&#250;rgico proposto, estado cl&#237;nico do paciente e dados referentes &#224; angioplastia coron&#225;ria, tais como intervalo decorrido, contexto eletivo ou de urg&#234;ncia, resultado prim&#225;rio obtido e tipo de <italic>stent</italic> utilizado, s&#227;o fundamentais para a individualiza&#231;&#227;o das recomenda&#231;&#245;es, ponderando-se o risco hemorr&#225;gico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 1</xref> ) e o risco tromb&#243;tico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores associados a risco elevado de sangramento1-6</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">1) Fatores associados a risco elevado de sangramento</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fatores inerentes ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Baixo risco:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Procedimentos gastrointestinais (p. ex., endoscopia, colonoscopia e c&#225;psula endosc&#243;pica)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Procedimentos cardiovasculares (p. ex., implante de marca-passo/CDI ou troca de gerador, abla&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, cateterismo coronariano por via radial)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Procedimentos dermatol&#243;gicos (p. ex., bi&#243;psia de pele)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Procedimentos oftalmol&#243;gicos (p. ex., cirurgia de catarata)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Procedimento odontol&#243;gicos (p. ex., extra&#231;&#227;o de at&#233; dois dentes e procedimento endod&#244;ntico)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Alto risco:</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Cirurgias com necessidade de anestesia neuroaxial</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Neurocirurgias</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Cirurgias vasculares maiores (p. ex., corre&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma de aorta e endarterectomia carot&#237;dea)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Cirurgias abdominais de grande porte (p. ex., cirurgias de ressec&#231;&#227;o neopl&#225;sica, ressec&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;a diverticular ou inflamat&#243;rias intestinais)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Cirurgias ortop&#233;dicas maiores (p. ex., artroplastia de quadril e joelho)</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>2) Fatores cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;ria de sangramento pr&#233;vio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de anticoagulantes orais</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade avan&#231;ada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Anemia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetopenia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso cr&#244;nico de corticosteroides ou anti-inflamat&#243;rios n&#227;o esteroides</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>CDI: cardiodesfibrilador implant&#225;vel.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fatores de risco associados a trombose de stent e eventos isqu&#234;micos p&#243;s-angioplastia7-12</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fatores de risco associados &#224; trombose de stent</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Suspens&#227;o precoce da DAPT</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Neoplasia</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent farmacol&#243;gico de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular &lt;40%</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Les&#227;o de descendente anterior proximal</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioplastia pr&#233;via</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent em bifurca&#231;&#227;o coronariana</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent de pequeno di&#226;metro</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Reestenose intrastent</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent subdimensionado</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Stent de longo comprimento</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fatores de risco associados a eventos isqu&#234;micos p&#243;s-angioplastia</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade avan&#231;ada</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a coronariana extensa/complexa</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes melito</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DAPT: dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Reconhece-se que, no perioperat&#243;rio, ocorre aumento da trombogenicidade, resultante da agress&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e da resposta inflamat&#243;ria desencadeada por fatores como neoplasia, infec&#231;&#227;o, traumatismo ou isquemia. A maior trombogenicidade j&#225; &#233; identificada como fator de risco para complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares ap&#243;s opera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e a interrup&#231;&#227;o precoce da terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria potencializa ainda mais o risco dessas complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> <bold>Dessa forma, interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas completamente eletivas devem ser realizadas ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino do tempo ideal de DAPT.</bold> Entretanto, algumas situa&#231;&#245;es, mesmo sem configurar urg&#234;ncia, requerem individualiza&#231;&#227;o de conduta por serem tempo-sens&#237;veis: o adiamento a m&#233;dio prazo compromete o progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a de base. Essa &#233; a situa&#231;&#227;o da maioria das indica&#231;&#245;es de cirurgia oncol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>Registros prospectivos apontam que entre 4,4% e 11% dos pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP necessitam de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca ao longo do primeiro ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Dados recentes de grande registro italiano, com seguimento prospectivo de 39.362 pacientes p&#243;s-ICP, evidenciaram que, j&#225; nos primeiros 6 meses, 5,1% dos pacientes necessitaram de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, e 9,1% deles tinham sido operados ao final do primeiro ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A recomenda&#231;&#227;o da DAPT, com associa&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e um inibidor de P2Y12 (clopidogrel, ticagrelor ou prasugrel) ap&#243;s ICP, varia conforme o contexto cl&#237;nico (doen&#231;a arterial aguda ou cr&#244;nica) e tipo de <italic>stent</italic> utilizado. Em pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP na vig&#234;ncia de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), recomenda-se a manuten&#231;&#227;o por 12 meses, podendo a terapia ser reduzida para 6 meses ou estendida, levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o o risco individual de sangramento, bem como o risco isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> J&#225; no contexto de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o atual &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o de DAPT durante tempo m&#237;nimo de 4 a 6 semanas para <italic>stents</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gicos, e geralmente de 3 a 12 meses para os <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos, com abrevia&#231;&#227;o excepcionalmente em 30 dias, a depender do risco de sangramento e gera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>stent</italic> implantado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fora do contexto perioperat&#243;rio, muito se discute acerca da extens&#227;o da terapia antitromb&#243;tica, notadamente ap&#243;s SCA, para redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Contudo, na interface perioperat&#243;ria, o mais comum &#233; termos que lidar com o intervalo m&#237;nimo de seguran&#231;a para interromper a DAPT, ainda que transitoriamente, para, posteriormente, reinici&#225;-la.</p>
      <p>S&#233;rie emblem&#225;tica de 40 pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca nas primeiras 6 semanas ap&#243;s ICP com <italic>stent</italic> convencional trouxe aten&#231;&#227;o direcionada ao t&#243;pico, em virtude de seus resultados catastr&#243;ficos: 20% de mortalidade,17,5% de infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e 27,5% de sangramento grave no perioperat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Apesar de outras s&#233;ries retrospectivas que analisaram complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares perioperat&#243;rias em pacientes com ICP e <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> terem mostrado menor incid&#234;ncia absoluta de eventos, refor&#231;aram o conceito do impacto do intervalo entre os procedimentos no progn&#243;stico, e o intervalo m&#237;nimo de seguran&#231;a variou de 4<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> a 6 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Alguns anos depois, o uso dos <italic>stents</italic> farmacol&#243;gicos de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o foi acompanhado por maiores taxas de trombose tardia, gerando inseguran&#231;a sobre o tempo ideal de DAPT, sendo estabelecida a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima de 1 ano. Para pacientes submetidos &#224; cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca no primeiro ano ap&#243;s ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico de primeira gera&#231;&#227;o, a primeira semana ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o conferiu risco 27 vezes maior de &#243;bito ou IAM que as demais semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Nessa &#233;poca, uma for&#231;a-tarefa das Sociedades de Cardiologia Norte-Americanas e do Col&#233;gio Americano de Cirurgi&#245;es estabeleceu que toda cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca eletiva deveria ser adiada at&#233; completar pelo menos 1 ano de terapia, e pacientes com perspectiva de necessitarem de opera&#231;&#227;o em curto prazo n&#227;o deveriam realizar angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Outras s&#233;ries retrospectivas daquela mesma &#233;poca j&#225; sugeriam que os 6 primeiros meses eram os mais cr&#237;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Esses resultados marcantes ainda embasam muitas das recomenda&#231;&#245;es quanto ao manejo perioperat&#243;rio de pacientes com angioplastia coron&#225;ria nos dias atuais.</p>
      <p>Em 2016, Holcomb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> publicaram interessante an&#225;lise retrospectiva de 9.381 procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos n&#227;o card&#237;acos, realizados, em m&#233;dia, 332 dias ap&#243;s ICP. Conclu&#237;ram que a incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos ap&#243;s cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca era maior nos pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> coronariano em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o pareada por caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e que n&#227;o necessitou de angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> (5,7% <italic>vs.</italic> 3,6%; p &lt; 0,001). Por outro lado, o tipo de <italic>stent</italic> &#8211; farmacol&#243;gico ou n&#227;o &#8211; n&#227;o foi uma caracter&#237;stica determinante significativa para o progn&#243;stico (6% <italic>vs.</italic> 5,3%, p = 0,30, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Por fim, o mesmo grupo demonstrou que o contexto cl&#237;nico da ICP influenciou o efeito do intervalo entre os procedimentos para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos perioperat&#243;rios. Assim, para os pacientes que realizaram ICP no contexto de IAM, o risco de complica&#231;&#227;o perioperat&#243;ria era expressivamente maior nos primeiros 3 a 6 meses, sugerindo que o contexto cl&#237;nico era mais relevante que a plataforma do <italic>stent</italic> utilizada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> mostrando a necessidade de mudan&#231;a no paradigma anterior, que indicava prefer&#234;ncia pelo <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico na condi&#231;&#227;o de uma perspectiva de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca no curto ou m&#233;dio prazo.</p>
      <p>Em recente estudo prospectivo e randomizado, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (recoberto com biolimus A9, sem pol&#237;mero) em associa&#231;&#227;o ao uso de DAPT por 1 m&#234;s apresentou resultados melhores que <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico no que diz respeito &#224; incid&#234;ncia de eventos card&#237;acos adversos. Entre os 2.466 pacientes estudados, 278 foram operados no primeiro ano ap&#243;s a ICP, e a an&#225;lise desse subgrupo replicou os dados globais, evidenciando menor necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o-alvo nos pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (HR 0,28, IC 0,08-0,99, p = 0,04). A incid&#234;ncia de &#243;bito card&#237;aco, IAM ou trombose de <italic>stent</italic> foi 4,7% em 1 ano entre os pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico e 10,1% para os pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico (HR 0,46, IC 0,18-1,18; p = 0,09). Um achado adicional foi que o menor intervalo entre a cirurgia e a ICP tinha impacto na incid&#234;ncia de evento card&#237;aco adverso entre os pacientes que receberam <italic>stent</italic> convencional: 14,9% para intervalo &lt; 3 meses <italic>vs.</italic> 4,4% para intervalo de 4 a 12 meses; HR 3.586 (IC 1.012-12.709, p = 0,03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> O intervalo n&#227;o impactou o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes que receberam <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico: 4,69% <italic>vs.</italic> 4,66%, HR 1.056 (IC 0.213-5.232, p = 0.947).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Cabe ressaltar que os procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos ocorreram ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino dos 30 dias de DAPT.</p>
      <p>
        <bold>A previs&#227;o de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o deve motivar a prefer&#234;ncia por <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, conceito antigo e que n&#227;o parece mais adequado frente &#224;s novas evid&#234;ncias.</bold>
      </p>
      <p>A seguir, pretendemos discutir as mais novas evid&#234;ncias sobre encurtamento da dura&#231;&#227;o de DAPT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 3</xref> ) e, finalmente, contextualiz&#225;-las para o perioperat&#243;rio, com proposta ainda n&#227;o incorporada nas &#250;ltimas vers&#245;es da Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Resumo dos principais estudos que testaram DAPT curta (3 meses e 1 m&#234;s) em compara&#231;&#227;o a 12 meses ap&#243;s angioplastia com stent farmacol&#243;gico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Tempo de DAPT</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>Inibidor de P2Y12</th>
                <th>AntiagregaNte mantido ap&#243;s t&#201;rmino da DAPT</th>
                <th>N DAC/sca</th>
                <th>Stent</th>
                <th>Resultado</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>OPTIMIZE, 2013</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">3.119</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">&#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 2.123 SCA: 996 IAMSST:168</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com zotarolimus (Medtronic Inc)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do regime de 3 meses para morte por todas as causas, IAM, AVC ou sangramentos maiores.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>SMART CHOICE, 2019</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">2.912</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel, ticagrelor ou prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">Inibidor P2Y12 (75% clopidogrel)</td>
                <td align="center">DAC:1.250 AI: 958 IAMSST: 469 IAMCSST: 314</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com everolimus (Xience Prime/ Expedition/Alpine) ou sirolimus (Promus Element/ Premier, SYNERGY)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do regime de 3 meses para mortalidade por todas as causas, AVC e IAM. Redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos BARC 2-5.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TWILIGHT, 2019</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">7.119</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 2.503 AI: 2.494 IAMSST: 2.120</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do regime de 3 meses para mortalidade por todas as causas, AVC e IAM. Redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos BARC 2-5.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>TICO, 2020</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">3 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">3.056</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">AI: 926 IAMSST: 1.027 IAMCSST: 1.103</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com sirolimus (Orsiro, Biotronik)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do regime de 3 meses para eventos cardiovasculares. Redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos maiores e menores (TIMI).</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>GLOBAL LEADERS, 2018</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">15 968</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">Ticagrelor</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 8.481 AI: 2.022 IAMSST: 3.373 IAMCSST: 2.092</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com biolimus</td>
                <td align="center">Sem diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significantes em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de morte por todas as causas, IAM e sangramento.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>STOPDAPT-2, 2019</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">1 vs. 12 meses</td>
                <td align="center">3.045</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel ou prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 1.861 AI: 407 IAMSST: 180 IAMCSST: 561</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico de cromo-cobalto elu&#237;do com everolimus (Xience)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do regime de 1 m&#234;s para morte cardiovascular, IAM, AVC, trombose de stent e sangramentos maiores ou menores.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>LEADERS-FREE, 2015</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">DAPT 1 m&#234;s; stent elu&#237;do com biolimus-A9 sem pol&#237;mero vs bare-metal</td>
                <td align="center">2.466</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel</td>
                <td align="center">Escolha do m&#233;dico assistente &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico em 85%</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 1.403 AI: 370 IAMSST: 554 IAMCSST: 105</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com biolimus A9 sem pol&#237;mero (BioFreedom) e bare-metal</td>
                <td align="center">Menor incid&#234;ncia de morte cardiovascular, IAM e trombose de stent no grupo com stent farmacol&#243;gico.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>ONYX ONE, 2020</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">DAPT 1 m&#234;s; Stent elu&#237;do com zotarolimus sem pol&#237;mero vs stent elu&#237;do com biolimus-A9 sem pol&#237;mero</td>
                <td align="center">1.996</td>
                <td align="center">Clopidogrel, ticagrelor ou prasugrel</td>
                <td align="center">Escolha do m&#233;dico assistente &#193;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico em 56,2%</td>
                <td align="center">DAC: 729 AI: 360 IAMSST: 514 IAMCSTT: 108</td>
                <td align="center">Farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com zotarolimus com pol&#237;mero (Medtronic) e stent elu&#237;do com biolimus-A9 sem pol&#237;mero (BioFreedom)</td>
                <td align="center">N&#227;o inferioridade do stent farmacol&#243;gico com pol&#237;mero em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de morte cardiovascular, IAM e trombose de stent.</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica; SCA: s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda; AI: angina inst&#225;vel; IAMSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio sem supradesnivelamento do seguimento ST; IAMCSST: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do seguimento ST; AVC: acidente vascular cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>2. Redu&#231;&#227;o do Tempo de DAPT</title>
      <p>Entre os estudos que testaram 3 meses de DAPT, destaca-se o <bold>OPTIMIZE</bold> ( <italic>Optimized Duration of Clopidogrel Therapy Following Treatment with the Zotarolimus-Eluting Stent in Real-World Clinical Practice</italic> ), que avaliou a n&#227;o inferioridade de 3 meses de DAPT ap&#243;s ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o a 12 meses, e a continuidade da monoterapia antiplaquet&#225;ria era feita com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico. Esse estudo envolveu 3.119 pacientes com DAC cr&#244;nica ou SCA de baixo risco (angina inst&#225;vel ou IAM sem supra ST, ap&#243;s retorno da troponina para n&#237;vel normal) em 33 centros brasileiros. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas no que diz respeito &#224; morte por todas as causas, IAM, acidente vascular encef&#225;lico (AVE) ou sangramentos maiores (6,0% <italic>vs.</italic> 5,8%, p = 0,002 para n&#227;o inferioridade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Em conson&#226;ncia, o <bold>SMART CHOICE</bold> ( <italic>Smart Angioplasty Research Team: Comparison Between P2Y12 Antagonist Monotherapy vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients Undergoing Implantation of Coronary Drug-Eluting Stents</italic> ), conduzido na Coreia, tamb&#233;m demonstrou resultados favor&#225;veis na utiliza&#231;&#227;o de DAPT por apenas 3 meses, com taxas de mortalidade, AVE e IAM n&#227;o inferiores ao grupo que completou 1 ano de DAPT: 2,9% <italic>vs.</italic> 2,5%; p = 0,007 (para n&#227;o inferioridade). Diferentemente do estudo OPTIMIZE, a monoterapia era mantida com o inibidor de P2Y12 (clopidogrel em mais de 75% dos casos) e, nesse estudo, mais da metade dos pacientes realizou ICP no contexto agudo, incluindo 10% de pacientes com IAM com supra do segmento ST.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo TWILIGHT <italic>(Ticagrelor with Aspirin or Alone in High-Risk Patients after Coronary Intervention</italic> ) comparou desfechos hemorr&#225;gicos e isqu&#234;micos em pacientes de alto risco isqu&#234;mico ou hemorr&#225;gico submetidos a ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico, randomizados para DAPT com &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e ticagrelor por 1 ano ou DAPT por 3 meses seguido de monoterapia com ticagrelor. Entre os 7.119 pacientes estudados, 64,8% realizaram ICP no contexto de angina inst&#225;vel ou IAM sem supra do segmento ST e houve redu&#231;&#227;o de 44% da taxa de sangramento clinicamente relevante no grupo com encurtamento da DAPT (4% <italic>vs</italic> . 7,1%, p &lt; 0,001); n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na incid&#234;ncia de IAM, AVE ou morte entre os grupos (3,9% em ambos os grupos, p &lt; 0,001 para n&#227;o inferioridade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No mesmo sentido, recentemente, foram publicados os resultados parciais do estudo EVOLVE short DAPT ( <italic>Evaluation of 3-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in High Bleeding Risk Patients Treated with a Bioabsorbable Polymer-Coated Everolimus-Eluting Stent</italic> ), que avaliou a seguran&#231;a da redu&#231;&#227;o da DAPT, tamb&#233;m para 3 meses, em pacientes com alto risco de sangramento e uso de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;do com everolimus e com pol&#237;mero bioabsorv&#237;vel (Synergy). Depois de 15 meses de seguimento dos 1.487 pacientes que mantiveram apenas &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico ap&#243;s os 3 meses de DAPT, foi verificada a n&#227;o inferioridade do uso de DAPT por 3 meses em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; incid&#234;ncia de morte e IAM (5,6% <italic>vs</italic> . 5,7%, p = 0,0016 para n&#227;o inferioridade), e a taxa de trombose de <italic>stent</italic> foi de apenas 0,2%. Ressalta-se que pacientes com IAM ou les&#245;es complexas n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nesse estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finalmente, a estrat&#233;gia de encurtar DAPT foi testada em pacientes com SCA, incluindo IAM com supra de ST (36% da popula&#231;&#227;o), no estudo TICO ( <italic>Effect of Ticagrelor Monotherapy vs. Ticagrelor with Aspirin on Major Bleeding and Cardiovascular Events in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome</italic> ). Nesse estudo, realizado em 38 centros da Coreia do Sul, em 3.056 indiv&#237;duos submetidos &#224; ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico elu&#237;dos com sirolimus (ORSIRO), foi comparado o uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico + ticagrelor por 3 meses, seguido de monoterapia com ticagrelor, <italic>vs.</italic> 12 meses de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e ticagrelor. Foi observada redu&#231;&#227;o de 34% no desfecho prim&#225;rio composto por sangramentos maiores e eventos cardiovasculares no grupo que utilizou DAPT por apenas 3 meses (3,9% <italic>vs</italic> . 5,9%, HR 0,66, IC 0,48-0,92; p = 0,01). A diferen&#231;a ocorreu em virtude da menor incid&#234;ncia das complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, sem diferen&#231;a significativa na incid&#234;ncia de eventos cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estrat&#233;gia de dura&#231;&#227;o de DAPT ainda mais curta, de apenas 1 m&#234;s ap&#243;s ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico, tamb&#233;m apresenta evid&#234;ncias favor&#225;veis em estudos que inclu&#237;ram propor&#231;&#245;es semelhantes de pacientes no contexto eletivo e agudo. O estudo LEADERS FREE ( <italic>Polymer-free Drug-Coated Coronary Stents in Patients at High Bleeding Risk</italic> ) foi conduzido para comparar os resultados de angioplastia com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico (recoberto com umirolimus, sem pol&#237;mero) e <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, em popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco de sangramento e previs&#227;o de apenas 1 m&#234;s de DAPT. Entre os 2.466 pacientes randomizados e seguidos durante 390 dias, o <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico foi superior em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio de efic&#225;cia, com menor necessidade de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o alvo (5,1% <italic>vs</italic> . 9,8%; p &lt; 0,001), bem como em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio de seguran&#231;a: 9,4% de &#243;bito de causa cardiovascular, IAM ou trombose de <italic>stent</italic> em 390 dias <italic>vs.</italic> 12,9%, HR 0,71; IC 0,56-0,91, p = 0,005. Ressalta-se que, nesse estudo, 16% dos pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos por terem cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca de grande porte planejada para o pr&#243;ximo ano, e, conforme previamente descrito, a seguran&#231;a da estrat&#233;gia se confirmou na popula&#231;&#227;o efetivamente operada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo ONYX ONE ( <italic>Polymer-based or Polymer-free Stents in Patients at High Bleeding Risk</italic> ) demonstrou a n&#227;o inferioridade do <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico com zotarolimus e pol&#237;mero permanente (Resolute Onyx, Medtronic<sup>TM</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico recoberto com umirolimus e sem pol&#237;mero, ap&#243;s 1 m&#234;s de DAPT seguida de terapia antiplaquet&#225;ria &#250;nica, no que diz respeito ao desfecho prim&#225;rio composto de IAM, trombose de <italic>stent</italic> ou morte cardiovascular (17,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 16,9%, p = 0,01 para n&#227;o inferioridade).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, o <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico sem pol&#237;mero, avaliado no estudo LEADERS FREE, foi assumido como comparador de menor trombogenicidade, e n&#227;o mais o <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Outro importante estudo que avaliou o encurtamento de DAPT foi o STOPDAPT-2 <italic>(Short and Optimal Duration os Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Everolimus-Eluting Cobalt-Chromium Stent-2</italic> ), que envolveu pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e SCA e comparou a efic&#225;cia de DAPT por 1 <italic>vs.</italic> 12 meses ap&#243;s implante de <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o com everolimus e pol&#237;mero permanente (Xience), demonstrando a n&#227;o inferioridade da terapia farmacol&#243;gica por 30 dias em rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho composto prim&#225;rio de morte cardiovascular, IAM, AVE, trombose de <italic>stent</italic> , sangramentos maiores e menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> J&#225; o GLOBAL LEADERS ( <italic>Ticagrelor plus aspirin for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy for 23 months vs aspirin plus clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 12 months, followed by aspirin monotherapy for 12 months after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: a multicentre, open-label, randomised superiority trial</italic> ) foi um estudo que tentou demonstrar superioridade da estrat&#233;gia de ticagrelor e &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por 1 m&#234;s, seguida de ticagrelor por 23 meses, em rela&#231;&#227;o a DAPT por 12 meses, seguida de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico por mais 12 meses. N&#227;o foi evidenciada diferen&#231;a significativa na mortalidade global ou incid&#234;ncia de IAM at&#233; 2 anos de seguimento entre os grupos estudados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, os dados do estudo XIENCE Short-DAPT foram apresentados, e demonstrou-se n&#227;o inferioridade em rela&#231;&#227;o a mortalidade e IAM entre as estrat&#233;gias de DAPT de curta dura&#231;&#227;o (1 ou 3 meses) ou longa dura&#231;&#227;o (por at&#233; 12 meses); todos os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; angioplastia eletiva com o <italic>stent</italic> XIENCE, e eram de alto risco para sangramento. O &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico foi mantido como monoterapia ap&#243;s a interrup&#231;&#227;o da DAPT, e, embora 34% dos pacientes tenham sido submetidos &#224; ICP para tratamento de SCA, aqueles com infarto com supra do segmento ST foram exclu&#237;dos, al&#233;m dos pacientes com les&#227;o de tronco de coron&#225;ria esquerda, les&#227;o de enxerto, les&#227;o com trombo, ou at&#233; mesmo tratamento de reestenose de <italic>stent</italic> . Tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos pacientes com programa&#231;&#227;o de cirurgia durante o tempo m&#237;nimo planejado de DAPT (1 ou 3 meses).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recente metan&#225;lise envolvendo 79.073 pacientes analisou a utiliza&#231;&#227;o dos antiplaquet&#225;rios (quatro grupos de DAPT), categorizados pela dura&#231;&#227;o, no que diz respeito a eventos isqu&#234;micos e hemorr&#225;gicos ap&#243;s ICP com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico. A refer&#234;ncia para compara&#231;&#227;o foi a DAPT convencional (12 meses), e os outros grupos foram DAPT estendida (&gt; 12 meses), DAPT m&#233;dia (6 meses) e DAPT curta (&lt; 6 meses). De maneira geral, n&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a na mortalidade entre as diferentes dura&#231;&#245;es de DAPT. A extens&#227;o da DAPT por mais de 1 ano propiciou redu&#231;&#227;o de IAM, por&#233;m, sem benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido favor&#225;vel, exceto para pacientes com SCA e baixo risco de sangramento. Por outro lado, a redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o da DAPT para 1 ou 3 meses foi n&#227;o inferior &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o de 12 meses, ou mesmo de 6 meses, no que diz respeito a eventos isqu&#234;micos. A manuten&#231;&#227;o de monoterapia com inibidor de P2Y12 ap&#243;s curto per&#237;odo de DAPT conferiu o melhor benef&#237;cio l&#237;quido, com redu&#231;&#227;o de sangramentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O conjunto das evid&#234;ncias expostas embasam certa seguran&#231;a para que, no contexto de proposta de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca tempo-sens&#237;vel, em que se configura alto risco hemorr&#225;gico, a DAPT seja abreviada para 3 meses ou at&#233; mesmo 1 m&#234;s. O que, at&#233; h&#225; pouco tempo, se preconizava como ideal aguardar 6 meses entre ICP eletiva com <italic>stent</italic> farmacol&#243;gico e cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca, hoje, seguramente, podemos considerar 3 meses para os <italic>stents</italic> de nova gera&#231;&#227;o. Em situa&#231;&#245;es mais prementes, j&#225; h&#225; evid&#234;ncias para interrup&#231;&#227;o de DAPT em 30 dias, analogamente ao que se faz nesse contexto para pacientes com <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico. Antes desse per&#237;odo, apenas opera&#231;&#245;es n&#227;o card&#237;acas de urg&#234;ncia ou emerg&#234;ncia se justificam ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma para defini&#231;&#227;o do intervalo entre cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca e ICP para pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP eletiva.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>* Interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas n&#227;o card&#237;acas completamente eletivas devem ser realizadas ap&#243;s o tempo ideal de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0536-20039-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para pacientes que realizaram ICP no contexto agudo, o ideal &#233; completar 1 ano de DAPT antes de opera&#231;&#245;es eletivas; entretanto, na necessidade de procedimentos prementes, o intervalo pode ser reduzido para 6 meses e, excepcionalmente, 1 m&#234;s ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma para defini&#231;&#227;o do intervalo entre cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca e ICP para pacientes submetidos &#224; ICP no contexto de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>* Interven&#231;&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas n&#227;o card&#237;acas completamente eletivas devem ser realizadas ap&#243;s o tempo ideal de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0536-20039-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Devido &#224; complexidade do manejo da terapia antitromb&#243;tica no perioperat&#243;rio de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas, a decis&#227;o sobre o encurtamento de DAPT deve levar em conta o risco individual e cir&#250;rgico de complica&#231;&#245;es tromb&#243;ticas e hemorr&#225;gicas, sendo idealmente compartilhada entre o cardiologista cl&#237;nico, o cardiologista intervencionista e a equipe cir&#250;rgica.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>2.1. Recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre Intervalo entre Cirurgia N&#227;o Card&#237;aca Eletiva e Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea</title>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>3. Cuidado Perioperat&#243;rio Imediato</title>
      <sec>
        <title>3.1. Manter um dos Antiagregantes</title>
        <p>Em todas essas situa&#231;&#245;es, apenas um antiagregante deve ser retirado, visto que a retirada de ambos est&#225; relacionada a menor intervalo entre a modifica&#231;&#227;o da DAPT e trombose de <italic>stent</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> &#8211; exce&#231;&#227;o para procedimentos de alt&#237;ssimo risco hemorr&#225;gico, notadamente <bold>neurocirurgias</bold> , em que ambos antiagregantes devem ser suspensos e reiniciados o mais precocemente poss&#237;vel. A recomenda&#231;&#227;o consiste em manuten&#231;&#227;o do &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e retirada do inibidor de P2Y12 alguns dias antes do procedimento, a depender do f&#225;rmaco utilizado. No caso de uso de dupla antiagrega&#231;&#227;o com clopidogrel, deve-se suspender seu uso 5 dias antes do procedimento, com reintrodu&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s certifica&#231;&#227;o de boa hemostasia, em acordo com a equipe cir&#250;rgica. Idealmente, a DAPT n&#227;o deve ser suspensa por per&#237;odo superior a 10 dias no perioperat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Quando em uso do ticagrelor, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o ainda permanece de suspens&#227;o do f&#225;rmaco 5 dias antes do procedimento, apesar do j&#225; conhecido perfil farmacocin&#233;tico de mais r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o da atividade plaquet&#225;ria quando comparado ao uso de clopidogrel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Tal fato &#233; corroborado pelos resultados de suban&#225;lise dos pacientes submetidos &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica do mioc&#225;rdio no estudo PLATO ( <italic>Platelet inhibition and patients Outcomes</italic> ), em que foram analisados indiv&#237;duos randomizados para &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico associado a clopidogrel ou ticagrelor, demonstrando menor taxa de sangramentos no grupo em utiliza&#231;&#227;o da nova gera&#231;&#227;o de inibidores de P2Y12.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> J&#225; o prasugrel deve ser suspenso 7 dias antes de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Com o intuito de avaliar a possibilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo de suspens&#227;o dos inibidores de P2Y12 no contexto pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, foi realizado o estudo PLAT-CABG ( <italic>Platelet Reactivity in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndromes Awaiting Surgical Revascularization</italic> ), que utilizou teste de reatividade plaquet&#225;ria antes de cirurgias de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica em pacientes recebendo &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e clopidogrel, no contexto de SCA. Nesse estudo brasileiro, unic&#234;ntrico, de n&#227;o inferioridade, foi comparado o tempo de suspens&#227;o usual do clopidogrel de 5 dias antes da cirurgia com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o do teste de reatividade plaquet&#225;ria a adenosina difosfato para guiar o momento da cirurgia. Foi verificada, no grupo de interven&#231;&#227;o, redu&#231;&#227;o do tempo para realiza&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico (112 horas <italic>vs</italic> . 136 horas, p &lt; 0,001), sem impacto em rela&#231;&#227;o a eventos hemorr&#225;gicos maiores no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o h&#225; recomenda&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para o uso assistencial sistem&#225;tico dos testes de agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria. Por outro lado, para situa&#231;&#245;es mais prementes, em que n&#227;o h&#225; emerg&#234;ncia cir&#250;rgica, mas com interesse cl&#237;nico (com base em avalia&#231;&#227;o individual) em encurtar a espera em 1 ou 2 dias, pode ser atrativo considerar tal pr&#225;tica desde que em comum acordo com a equipe cir&#250;rgica.</p>
        <p>O conceito de &#8220;terapia de ponte&#8221;, arraigado no cuidado de pacientes que fazem uso de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o oral com varfarina, &#233; lembrado no perioperat&#243;rio de pacientes com DAPT. Entretanto, alguns pontos merecem ressalva. A utiliza&#231;&#227;o de heparina de baixo peso molecular n&#227;o substitui efetivamente a terapia antiagregante, e pode at&#233; mesmo aumentar a incid&#234;ncia de eventos hemorr&#225;gicos e tromb&#243;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de antiagrega&#231;&#227;o parenteral, com meia-vida mais curta (inibidores de glicoprote&#237;na IIb, IIIa), foi testada em s&#233;ries de casos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> constituindo indica&#231;&#227;o classe IIb pelas diretrizes atuais, naquelas situa&#231;&#245;es de risco tromb&#243;tico muito elevado. Sugerimos considerar essa possibilidade apenas para casos muito selecionados, notadamente quando a DAPT &#233; interrompida com menos de 1 m&#234;s, ap&#243;s ICP complicada e em contexto agudo ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para o manejo dos antiagregantes plaquet&#225;rios no perioperat&#243;rio</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Sum&#225;rio de recomenda&#231;&#245;es</th>
                  <th>Classe de recomenda&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th>N&#237;vel de evid&#234;ncia</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Manter o &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico na dose de 100mg ao dia durante todo o perioperat&#243;rio, exceto para neurocirurgias ou procedimentos de risco hemorr&#225;gico proibitivo.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">A</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suspender clopidogrel e ticagrelor 5 dias antes de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Suspender prasugrel 7 dias antes de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Em caso de interrump&#231;&#227;o de DAPT antes do tempo m&#237;nimo ideal, realizar cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas em centros com suporte multidisciplinar e retaguarda hemodin&#226;mica.</td>
                  <td align="center">I</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realizar cirurgias de baixo risco de sangramento na vig&#234;ncia de DAPT se o intervalo decorrido desde a angioplastia for menor do que 3 meses.</td>
                  <td align="center">IIa</td>
                  <td align="center">C</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Utilizar teste de agregabilidade plaquet&#225;ria para abreviar tempo de suspens&#227;o de inibidor de P2Y antes de cirurgias n&#227;o card&#237;acas.</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Para casos de risco tromb&#243;tico muito elevado (menos de 1 m&#234;s de ICP e interrup&#231;&#227;o de DAPT, utilizar tirofiban como terapia de ponte.</td>
                  <td align="center">IIb</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Realizar terapia de ponte com heparina de baixo peso molecular.</td>
                  <td align="center">III</td>
                  <td align="center">B</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme descrito, o conhecimento e a tecnologia caminham no sentido de encurtar o tempo de DAPT, beneficiando, sobretudo, pacientes de alto risco de sangramento. Contudo, sempre que a DAPT for interrompida antes do planejado, &#233; de fundamental import&#226;ncia que a cirurgia seja realizada em centros com suporte multidisciplinar, para monitoramento cardiovascular e retaguarda hemodin&#226;mica, em caso de complica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>4. Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o Mioc&#225;rdica Profil&#225;tica</title>
      <p>A discuss&#227;o a respeito do intervalo ideal entre interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea e cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca pode ocorrer pela necessidade de cirurgia em paciente com ICP recente ou, eventualmente, no planejamento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria do risco card&#237;aco. Os estudos randomizados que analisaram o impacto da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica profil&#225;tica na redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos isqu&#234;micos em pacientes com planejamento de cirurgia vascular n&#227;o demonstraram impacto significativo da estrat&#233;gia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Dessa maneira, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica &#233; recomendada apenas em indiv&#237;duos com indica&#231;&#227;o inequ&#237;voca ao procedimento, independentemente do contexto perioperat&#243;rio, e n&#227;o deve ser realizada de rotina com objetivo exclusivo de reduzir complica&#231;&#245;es cardiovasculares no perioperat&#243;rio. Nesses casos, para tomada de decis&#227;o, sempre deve-se levar em considera&#231;&#227;o o contexto cl&#237;nico do paciente, progn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a base que levou &#224; indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento cir&#250;rgico, assim como a necessidade de respeitar o intervalo m&#237;nimo de DAPT para as interven&#231;&#245;es coron&#225;rias percut&#226;neas e o risco de sangramento associado &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o. Cabe ressaltar o que previamente j&#225; foi exposto, que a previs&#227;o de cirurgia n&#227;o card&#237;aca n&#227;o deve motivar a prefer&#234;ncia por <italic>stent</italic> n&#227;o farmacol&#243;gico, conceito antigo e que n&#227;o parece mais adequado frente &#224;s novas evid&#234;ncias. Outra quest&#227;o a ser lembrada nas situa&#231;&#245;es de indica&#231;&#227;o de ICP por risco isqu&#234;mico muito elevado e necessidade de opera&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o card&#237;aca tempo-sens&#237;vel &#233; a possibilidade de ICP exclusivamente com bal&#227;o, sem <italic>stent</italic> . H&#225; pouca evid&#234;ncia sobre a estrat&#233;gia, com uso apenas de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico e intervalo de pelo menos 2 semanas at&#233; a opera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; garantia na fase de planejamento de que isso seja vi&#225;vel, pois o <italic>stent</italic> pode ser necess&#225;rio para assegurar o resultado prim&#225;rio da interven&#231;&#227;o, de forma que essa estrat&#233;gia n&#227;o deve ser utilizada rotineiramente.</p>
      <p>As indica&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica devem seguir as recomenda&#231;&#245;es das diretrizes de doen&#231;a coronariana cr&#244;nica e aguda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Realiza&#231;&#227;o:</bold> Grupo de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Perioperat&#243;ria (GAPO) do Departamento de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, Grupo de Estudos de Antitromb&#243;ticos (GEAT) do Departamento de Cardiologia Cl&#237;nica da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia e Sociedade Brasileira de Hemodin&#226;mica e Cardiologia Intervencionista</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Conselho de Normatiza&#231;&#245;es e Diretrizes (2020-2021):</bold> Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p><bold>Nota:</bold> Estas atualiza&#231;&#245;es se prestam a informar e n&#227;o a substituir o julgamento cl&#237;nico do m&#233;dico que, em &#250;ltima an&#225;lise, deve determinar o tratamento apropriado para seus pacientes.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Fevereiro de 2022, vol. 118 (2), p&#225;gs. 536-547</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Na &#8220;Atualiza&#231;&#227;o da Diretriz de Avalia&#231;&#227;o Cardiovascular Perioperat&#243;ria da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia: Foco em Manejo dos Pacientes com Interven&#231;&#227;o Coron&#225;ria Percut&#226;nea &#8211; 2022&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220039, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 118(2): 536-547, na p&#225;gina 543 da vers&#227;o em portugu&#234;s, figura 1, corrigir o texto do quadrado laranja de &#8220;30 dias a &lt; 6 meses&#8221; para &#8220;30 dias a &lt; 3 meses&#8221;. A figura 1 est&#225; correta na vers&#227;o ingl&#234;s.</p>
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    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Update</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Update of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment Guideline: Focus on Managing Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention &#8211; 2022</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0561-8999</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Calderaro</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9661-6963</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bichuette</surname>
            <given-names>Luciana Dornfeld</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1025-7953</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Maciel</surname>
            <given-names>Pamela Camara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0701-6593</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cardozo</surname>
            <given-names>Francisco Akira Malta</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Henrique Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9041-6250</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gualandro</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Menosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4054-1755</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Baracioli</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Moreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3777-1947</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre de Matos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9171-1224</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Serrano</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Vicente</given-names>
            <suffix>Jr.</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo Alves da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6718-8456</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Caramelli</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel &#8211; Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Syrian Lebanese Hospital, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Mirante Portuguese Charity Hospital, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Dante Pazzanese Institute of Cardiology, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Correspondence: Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia &#8211; Av. Marechal C&#226;mara, 360/330 &#8211; Centro &#8211; Rio de Janeiro &#8211; CEP: 20020-907. E-mail: diretrizes@cardiol.br</corresp>
      </author-notes>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">Update of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment Guideline: Focus on Managing Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention &#8211; 2022</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">The report below lists declarations of interest as reported to the SBC by the experts during the period of the development of these statement, 2021.</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Expert</th>
                <th align="left">Type of relationship with industry</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Alexandre de Matos Soeiro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer, Pfizer, Daiichi Sankyo, Biolab.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bruno Caramelli</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carlos Vicente Serrano Jr.</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Daniela Calderaro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto and Finerinone; Janssen: pulmonary hypertension</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto; Daiichi-Sankyo: Lixiana; Janssen: pulmonary hypertension</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Danielle Menosi Gualandro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Francisco Akira Malta Cardozo</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Financial declaration</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>A - Economically relevant payments of any kind made to (i) you, (ii) your spouse/partner or any other person living with you, (iii) any legal person in which any of these is either a direct or indirect controlling owner, business partner, shareholder or participant; any payments received for lectures, lessons, training instruction, compensation, fees paid for participation in advisory boards, investigative boards or other committees, etc. From the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>C - Personal research funding paid by the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry: - Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Henrique Barbosa Ribeiro</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luciana Dornfeld Bichuette</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Luciano Moreira Baracioli</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Other relationships</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Funding of continuing medical education activities, including travel, accommodation and registration in conferences and courses, from the brazilian or international pharmaceutical, orthosis, prosthesis, equipment and implants industry:</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Bayer: Xarelto.</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pamela Camara Maciel</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ricardo Alves da Costa</td>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Nothing to be declared</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>1. Introduction</title>
        <p>The care of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and the eventual need for early non-cardiac surgery is one of the topics that generates the most debate in perioperative medicine, as it involves important questions about the management of antithrombotic therapy, in addition to the usual management issues of cardiac risk in coronary artery disease. On the one hand, the hemorrhagic risk inherent in surgery and potentiated by antiplatelet agents must be managed. On the other, the increased risk of stent thrombosis must also be considered, especially if dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is shortened. Elements such as the urgency and extent of the surgical procedure, the patient&#8217;s clinical status, coronary angioplasty data (eg, the elapsed interval), an elective or emergency context, the primary results, and the stent type are essential for individualizing recommendations, considering both hemorrhagic risk ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 1</xref> ) and thrombotic risk ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Factors associated with high risk of bleeding1-6</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Factors associated with a high risk of bleeding</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>1) Factors inherent to the procedure</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Low risk:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Gastrointestinal procedures (eg, endoscopy, colonoscopy, and capsule endoscopy)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Cardiovascular procedures (eg, pacemaker/ICD implantation or generator replacement, cardiac ablation, radial access coronary catheterization)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Dermatological procedures (eg, skin biopsy)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Ophthalmic procedures (eg, cataract surgery)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Dental procedures (eg, extraction of up to two teeth and endodontic procedures)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>High risk:</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Surgeries requiring neuraxial anesthesia</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Neurosurgeries</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Major vascular surgeries (eg, aortic aneurysm repair and carotid endarterectomy)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Major abdominal surgeries (eg, neoplastic resection surgeries, resections for inflammatory bowel disease or diverticulitis)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <list list-type="simple">
                      <list-item>
                        <p>- Major orthopedic surgeries (eg, hip and knee arthroplasty)</p>
                      </list-item>
                    </list>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>2) Clinical factors</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>History of bleeding</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Use of oral anticoagulants</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female sex</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Advanced age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anemia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thrombocytopenia</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic corticosteroid or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>ICD: implantable cardioverter-defibrillator</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Risk factors associated with stent thrombosis and ischemic events after angioplasty7-12</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Risk factors associated with stent thrombosis</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Early interruption of DAPT</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute coronary syndrome</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neoplasm</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peripheral arterial disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>First-generation drug-eluting stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular ejection fraction &lt;40%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Proximal anterior descending coronary arterial lesion</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous angioplasty</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Coronary bifurcation stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Small-diameter stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-stent restenosis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undersized stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Long stent</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Risk factors associated with ischemic events after angioplasty</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Advanced age</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Acute Coronary Syndrome</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous acute myocardial infarction</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Extensive/complicated coronary heart disease</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic kidney disease</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>DAPT: dual antiplatelet therapy</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>It is recognized that, in the perioperative period, there is an increase in thrombogenicity, resulting from surgical aggression and the inflammatory response triggered by factors such as neoplasia, infection, trauma or ischemia. Greater thrombogenicity has already been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular complications after noncardiac surgeries,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and early interruption of antiplatelet therapy further increases the risk of these complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> <bold>Thus, completely elective surgical interventions must be performed after the ideal course of DAPT has been completed.</bold> However, some time-sensitive situations, even non-urgent ones, can require an individualized approach since medium-term delay can compromise prognosis. This is the case with most referrals for cancer surgery.</p>
        <p>Prospective records show that between 4.4% and 11% of PCI patients require noncardiac surgery during the first year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Recent data from a large Italian registry with prospective follow-up of 39,362 post-PCI patients found that, in the first 6 months, 5.1% of the patients required noncardiac surgery and that 9.1% had undergone a surgery by the end of the first year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The recommendation for DAPT after PCI, an association of acetylsalicylic acid and a P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel), varies according to the clinical context (acute or chronic arterial disease) and stent type. In patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) who are undergoing PCI, 12 months of therapy is recommended, which can either be reduced to 6 months or extended based on the individual risk of bleeding and ischemic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In the context of chronic coronary artery disease (CAD), the current recommendations for DAPT include a minimum of 4 to 6 weeks for bare-metal stents and 3 to 12 months for drug-eluting stents, which in certain cases may be abbreviated to 30 days, depending on the bleeding risk and stent type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Beyond the perioperative context, there is much debate about the length of antithrombotic therapy necessary to reduce ischemic events, especially in ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, the most common issue in the perioperative period is how long DAPT can be safely interrupted before subsequent reinitialization.</p>
        <p>A series of 40 patients who underwent noncardiac surgery in the first 6 weeks after PCI with bare-metal stents brought attention to the topic due to the catastrophic results: 20% mortality, 17.5% acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 27.5% severe perioperative bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although other retrospective series on perioperative cardiovascular complications in PCI patients who received bare-metal stents<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> have shown a lower absolute incidence of events, they reinforced the impact that the interval between procedures has on prognosis, with the minimum safe interval varying from 4<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> to 6 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A few years after these series, first-generation drug-eluting stents were introduced, which were accompanied by higher rates of late thrombosis. This led to uncertainty about the ideal duration of DAPT, resulting in the establishment of a 1-year minimum. In patients who underwent noncardiac surgery in the first year after PCI with a first-generation drug-eluting stent, there was a 27 times greater risk of death or AMI in the first week after the operation than in subsequent weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A task force from several organizations, including the American Heart Association and the American College of Surgeons, then advised that all elective noncardiac surgery should be postponed until at least 1 year of DAPT had been completed, and patients who required an operation in the short term should not undergo angioplasty with a drug-eluting stent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Other retrospective series from that period also suggested that the first 6 months were the most critical.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> These remarkable results still guide many recommendations about the perioperative management of coronary angioplasty patients.</p>
        <p>In 2016, Holcomb et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> published an interesting retrospective analysis of 9,381 noncardiac surgical procedures that were performed an average of 332 days after PCI. They concluded that the incidence of adverse cardiac events after noncardiac surgery was higher in patients with coronary stents than in matched controls who did not require angioplasty with a stent (5.7% vs. 3.6%; p &lt;0.001). On the other hand, the type of stent (drug-eluting or bare metal) did not significantly affect prognosis (6% vs. 5.3%, p = 0.30, respectively).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Finally, the same group of authors demonstrated that the clinical context of PCI influenced the effect of the interval between procedures on the occurrence of perioperative cardiac events. Thus, for patients who underwent PCI in the context of AMI, the risk of perioperative complications was significantly higher in the first 3 to 6 months, which suggests that the clinical context was more relevant than stent type.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> This indicates that a change is needed in the previous paradigm, which preferred non-pharmacological stents for short- or medium-term noncardiac surgeries.</p>
        <p>A recent prospective randomized study found that a drug-eluting stent (polymer-free, coated with BioLimus A9) in association with 1 month of DAPT resulted in fewer adverse cardiac events than bare-metal stents. Of the 2,466 patients, 278 underwent surgery in the first year after PCI, and this subgroup replicated the global data, showing that there is less need for target lesion revascularization with drug-eluting stents (hazard ratio [HR], 0.28; confidence interval [CI], 0.08-0.99; p = 0.04). The incidence of cardiac death, AMI, or stent thrombosis was 4.7% at 1 year among patients with drug-eluting stents and 10.1% for patients with bare-metal stents (HR, 0.46; CI, 0.18-1.18; p = 0.09). An additional finding was that the shorter interval between surgery and PCI affected the incidence of adverse cardiac events among patients who received bare-metal stents: 14.9% for an interval &lt;3 months vs. 4.4% for an interval of 4-12 months (HR, 3.586; CI, 1.012-12,709; p = 0.03).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The interval did not affect the prognosis of patients who received drug-eluting stents: 4.69% vs. 4.66% (HR, 1.056; CI, 0.213-5.232; p = 0.947).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> It is noteworthy that the surgical procedures took place after 30 days of DAPT.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>Predicted noncardiac surgery should not lead to a preference for non-pharmacological stents. This concept no longer seems valid in light of the new evidence.</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Next, we intend to discuss the newest evidence about shortening DAPT ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 3</xref> ) and, finally, to contextualize it for the perioperative period, including a proposal not yet incorporated in the latest versions of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Perioperative Assessment Guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Summary of key studies testing 1 or 3 months vs 12 months of DAPT after drug-eluting stent angioplasty</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left">DAPT DURATION</th>
                  <th align="left">N</th>
                  <th align="left">P2Y12 INHIBITOR</th>
                  <th align="left">ANTIPLATELET USED AFTER DAPT</th>
                  <th align="left">N CAD/aCS</th>
                  <th align="left">Stent TYPE</th>
                  <th align="left">ResultS</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>OPTIMIZE (2013)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>3 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>3119</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td>Acetylsalicylic acid</td>
                  <td>CAD: 2123 ACS: 996 STEMI: 168</td>
                  <td>Zotarolimus-eluting (Medtronic)</td>
                  <td>The 3-month regimen was not inferior for all-cause mortality, AMI, stroke, or major bleeding.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>SMART CHOICE (2019)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>3 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>2912</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel, ticagrelor or prasugrel</td>
                  <td>P2Y12 inhibitor (75% clopidogrel)</td>
                  <td>CAD: 1250 UA: 958 STEMI: 469 Non-STEMI: 314</td>
                  <td>Everolimus- (Xience Prime/Expedition/Alpine) or sirolimus- (Promus Element/Premier SYNERGY) -eluting</td>
                  <td>The 3-month regimen was not inferior for all-cause mortality, stroke, or AMI. BARC bleeding scale reduction of 2 to 5 points.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TWILIGHT (2019)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>3 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>7119</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>CAD: 2503 UA: 2494 STEMI: 2120</td>
                  <td>Drug-eluting</td>
                  <td>The 3-month regimen was not inferior for all-cause mortality, stroke, or AMI. BARC bleeding scale reduction of 2 to 5 points.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>TICO (2020)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>3 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>3056</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>UA: 926 STEMI: 1027 Non-STEMI: 1103</td>
                  <td>Sirolimus-eluting (Orsiro Biotronik)</td>
                  <td>The 3-month regimen was not inferior for cardiovascular events. Reduction of major and minor bleeding (TIMI).</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>GLOBAL LEADERS (2018)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>1 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>15,968</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>Ticagrelor</td>
                  <td>CAD: 8481 UA: 2022 STEMI: 3373 Non-STEMI: 2092</td>
                  <td>BioLimus-eluting</td>
                  <td>No significant differences in all-cause mortality, AMI or bleeding.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>STOPDAPT-2 (2019)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>1 vs 12 months</td>
                  <td>3045</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel or prasugrel</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td>CAD: 1861 UA: 407 STEMI: 180 Non-STEMI: 561</td>
                  <td>Cobalt-chromium everolimus (Xience)- eluting</td>
                  <td>The 1-month regimen was not inferior for cardiovascular death, AMI, stroke, stent thrombosis, or major or minor bleeding.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>LEADERS FREE (2015)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>1 month</td>
                  <td>2466</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel</td>
                  <td>Attending physician&#8217;s choice Acetylsalicylic acid (85%)</td>
                  <td>CAD: 1403 UA: 370 STEMI: 554 Non-STEMI: 105</td>
                  <td>Polymer-free BioLimus A9 (BioFreedom)-eluting vs bare-metal</td>
                  <td>Drug-eluting stents had a lower incidence of cardiovascular death, AMI, and stent thrombosis.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>ONYX ONE (2020)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td>1 month</td>
                  <td>1996</td>
                  <td>Clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or prasugrel</td>
                  <td>Attending physician&#8217;s choice Acetylsalicylic acid (56.2%)</td>
                  <td>CAD: 729 UA: 360 STEMI: 514 Non-STEMI: 108</td>
                  <td>Polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting (Medtronic) and polymer-free BioLimus A9-eluting (BioFreedom)</td>
                  <td>The drug-eluting polymer stents were not inferior for cardiovascular death, AMI, or stent thrombosis.</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: chronic coronary disease; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; UA: unstable angina; STEMI: acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation; non-STEMI: acute myocardial infarction without ST segment elevation .</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>2. Early Interruption of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy</title>
        <p><bold>The OPTIMIZE trial,</bold> conducted at 33 Brazilian centers, tested 3 months vs 12 months of DAPT after PCI with second-generation drug-eluting stents, continuing antiplatelet monotherapy with acetylsalicylic acid. Its sample included 3,119 patients with chronic CAD or low-risk ACS (unstable angina or non-ST-elevation AMI after troponin returned to normal levels). No significant differences were found for all-cause mortality, AMI, stroke, or major bleeding (6.0% vs. 5.8%, p = 0.002 for non-inferiority).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Accordingly, the <bold>SMART CHOICE</bold> trial, conducted in Korea, also found no significant differences between 3 months and 12 months of DAPT for mortality rates, stroke, or AMI: 2.9% vs. 2.5%; p = 0.007 (for non-inferiority). Unlike the OPTIMIZE trial, monotherapy was continued with a P2Y12 inhibitor (clopidogrel in more than 75% of cases) and more than half of the patients underwent acute PCI, including 10% with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The TWILIGHT study compared bleeding and ischemic outcomes in patients at high risk of ischemia or bleeding who underwent PCI with drug-eluting stents. The patients were randomized to DAPT with acetylsalicylic acid + ticagrelor for 1 year or DAPT for 3 months followed by ticagrelor monotherapy. Of the 7,119 participants, 64.8% underwent PCI in the context of unstable angina or non-STEMI. There was a 44% reduction in clinically relevant bleeding in the 3-month DAPT group (4% vs. 7.1 %, p &lt;0.001). There was also no difference in the incidence of AMI, stroke or death between the groups (3.9% in both groups, p &lt;0.001 for non-inferiority).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The EVOLVE Short DAPT Study, whose partial results were recently published, evaluated the safety of reducing DAPT to 3 months in patients at high risk of bleeding, as well as the use of everolimus-eluting stents with a bioabsorbable polymer (Synergy). A total of 1,487 patients who received acetylsalicylic acid monotherapy after 3 months of DAPT were followed up for 15 months. It was confirmed that 3 months of DAPT was non-inferior to 12 months regarding mortality and AMI (5.6% vs. 5.7%, p = 0.0016 for non-inferiority), with a stent thrombosis rate of only 0.2%. It is noteworthy that patients with AMI or complex lesions were not included in this study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, the TICO trial tested shortened DAPT in patients with ACS, including STEMI (36% of the population). This trial, which was conducted at 38 centers in South Korea, included 3,056 patients who underwent PCI with an Orsiro sirolimus-eluting stent, comparing acetylsalicylic acid + ticagrelor for 3 months followed by ticagrelor monotherapy with 12 months of acetylsalicylic acid + ticagrelor. A 34% reduction in the primary endpoint (major bleeding and cardiovascular events) was observed in the 3-month group (3.9% vs. 5.9%; HR, 0.66; CI 0.48-0.92; p = 0.01). The difference was due to the lower incidence of bleeding complications, with no significant difference in the incidence of cardiovascular events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Favorable evidence has also been found for even shorter DAPT duration, (ie, 1 month after PCI with drug-eluting stent) in studies with similar proportions of elective and acute patients. The LEADERS FREE trial was conducted to compare the results of angioplasty with either a polymer free umirolimus-eluting stent or a non-pharmacological stent in a population at high risk of bleeding, with only 1 month of DAPT predicted. In the 2,466 patients randomized and followed for 390 days, drug-eluting stents were superior for the primary efficacy endpoint (less need for target lesion revascularization: 5.1% vs. 9.8%; p &lt;0.001) and the primary safety endpoint (death from cardiovascular causes, AMI, or stent thrombosis in 390 days: 9.4% vs. 12.9%; HR, 0.71; CI, 0.56-0.91; p = 0.005). It is noteworthy that 16% of the patients had major noncardiac surgery planned for the next year, and, as previously mentioned, the strategy&#8217;s safety was confirmed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The ONYX ONE trial demonstrated that polymer-based zotarolimus-eluting stents (Resolute Onyx, Medtronic) were not inferior to polymer-free umirolimus-eluting stents after 1 month of DAPT followed by antiplatelet monotherapy for the primary composite endpoint of AMI, stent thrombosis, or cardiovascular death (17.1% vs. 16.9%; p = 0.01 for non-inferiority).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> In ONYX ONE, the polymer-free drug-eluting stent tested in LEADERS FREE was assumed to be a comparator of lower thrombogenicity rather than a bare-metal stent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Another important study that evaluated shortened DAPT was the STOPDAPT-2 trial, which involved patients with stable CAD and ACS and compared the efficacy of 1 vs 12 months of DAPT after second-generation polymer-based (Xience) everolimus-eluting stent implantation. One month of DAPT was not inferior for the primary composite endpoint: cardiovascular death, AMI, stroke, stent thrombosis, and major and minor bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> GLOBAL LEADERS, a multicenter, open-label, randomized superiority trial, tested ticagrelor + aspirin for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy for 23 months vs aspirin + clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 12 months, followed by aspirin monotherapy for 12 months, after implantation of a drug-eluting stent. The trial attempted to demonstrate the superiority of ticagrelor + acetylsalicylic acid for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor for 23 months, over 12 months of DAPT followed by acetylsalicylic acid for another 12 months. However, there was no significant difference in overall mortality or AMI incidence in up to 2 years of follow-up between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, data from the XIENCE Short-DAPT study demonstrated that short-term (1- or 3-month) DAPT strategies were not inferior to long-term (up to 12 months) strategies for mortality or AMI. All patients in this study underwent elective angioplasty with XIENCE stents and were at high risk for bleeding. Acetylsalicylic acid was continued as monotherapy after DAPT was interrupted and, although 34% of patients underwent PCI for ACS treatment, those with STEMI were excluded, in addition to patients with left coronary trunk lesion, graft injury, thrombus injury, or even in-stent restenosis treatment. Patients with a scheduled surgery during the minimum planned DAPT time (1 or 3 months) were also excluded.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A recent meta-analysis of 79,073 patients analyzed the effects of four durations of DAPT on ischemic and hemorrhagic events after PCI with drug-eluting stents. The reference was conventional DAPT (12 months), which was compared with extended DAPT (&gt;12 months), medium-length DAPT (6 months), and short DAPT (&lt;6 months). Overall, no differences in mortality were observed between the durations. Extended DAPT had lower AMI, but no net benefit, except for patients with ACS and a low risk of bleeding. On the other hand, regarding ischemic events, reducing DAPT to 1 or 3 months was not inferior to 12 or 6 months. P2Y12 inhibitor monotherapy after a short period of DAPT provided the best net benefit for bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This evidence provides a degree of security that, for time-sensitive noncardiac surgeries with a high risk of bleeding, DAPT can be shortened to 3 months or even 1 month. Although until recently it was recommended to wait 6 months between an elective PCI with a drug-eluting stent and a noncardiac surgery, 3 months can now be considered for new-generation stents. In more pressing situations, evidence already exists for discontinuing DAPT within 30 days, as is done for patients with non-drug-eluting stents. Before this period, only urgent or emergency noncardiac surgeries are justified ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart for defining the interval between noncardiac surgery and elective percutaneous coronary intervention. EL: evidence level</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>*Completely elective noncardiac surgical interventions should be performed after the optimal period of dual antiplatelet therapy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0536-20039-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>For patients who underwent an acute PCI, the ideal is 1 year of DAPT before elective surgeries. However, when urgent procedures are required, DAPT can be reduced to 6 months and, exceptionally, to 1 month ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart for defining the interval between noncardiac surgery and percutaneous coronary intervention in the context of acute coronary syndrome.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>*Completely elective noncardiac surgeries should be performed after the optimal period of dual antiplatelet therapy.</attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0536-20039-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Due to the complexity of managing antithrombotic therapy in the perioperative period of noncardiac surgeries, the decision to shorten DAPT should consider the individual and surgical risk of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications and should ideally be shared between the clinical cardiologist, the interventional cardiologist, and the surgical team.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>2.1. Recommendations on the Interval between Elective Noncardiac Surgery and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</title>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>3. Immediate Perioperative Care</title>
        <sec>
          <title>3.1. Continue One Antiplatelet Agent</title>
          <p>In all of these situations, only one antiplatelet agent should be removed, since removing both is associated with a shorter interval between DAPT modification and stent thrombosis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> &#8211; except for procedures with very high risk of bleeding, notably <bold>neurosurgeries</bold> , for which both antiplatelet agents should be interrupted and restarted as soon as possible. The recommendation is to continue with acetylsalicylic acid and discontinue the P2Y12 inhibitor a few days before the procedure, depending on the drug. In the case of DAPT with clopidogrel, it must be suspended 5 days before the procedure, with reintroduction after good hemostasis has been certified by the surgical team. Ideally, DAPT should not be suspended for more than 10 days perioperatively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> When using ticagrelor, the recommendation is to suspend the drug 5 days before the procedure, despite the fact that platelet activity recovers faster than with clopidogrel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In the PLATO trial, this was corroborated by a sub-analysis of patients who underwent coronary-artery bypass grafting: among individuals randomized to acetylsalicylic acid + clopidogrel or ticagrelor, there was a lower bleeding rate in the group using new-generation P2Y12 inhibitors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Prasugrel must be discontinued 7 days before noncardiac surgeries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The PLAT-CABG trial assessed reducing the preoperative withdrawal time of P2Y12 inhibitors, using a platelet reactivity test before myocardial revascularization surgeries in patients who received acetylsalicylic acid + clopidogrel in the context of ACS. In this single-center Brazilian non-inferiority study, the normal 5-day presurgical discontinuation of clopidogrel was compared with using an adenosine diphosphate platelet reactivity test to guide the timing of surgery. The time required to perform the procedure was lower in the intervention group (112 hours vs 136 hours, p &lt;0.001), and there was no impact on postoperative major bleeding events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup> Although there are still no specific recommendations on the systematic use of platelet aggregation tests, for more pressing situations when there is no surgical emergency but a clinical interest (based on individual assessment) in shortening the wait by 1 or 2 days, it may be worthwhile to consider such tests, provided common agreement with the surgical team.</p>
          <p>The concept of &#8220;bridging therapy&#8221;, based on care for patients who use oral anticoagulation with warfarin, is reminiscent of the perioperative period of patients on DAPT. However, some differences are worth mentioning. Low-molecular-weight heparin does not effectively replace antiplatelet therapy and may even increase the incidence of hemorrhagic and thrombotic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> On the other hand, parenteral antiplatelet agents, which have a shorter half-life (glycoprotein IIb, IIIa inhibitors), were tested in a case series involving very high thrombotic risk,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B52">52</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B53">53</xref></sup> which is a class IIb recommendation according to current guidelines. We suggest only considering this for very special cases, especially when DAPT is interrupted less than 1 month after complicated PCI in an acute context ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t5001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Recommendations on the management of antiplatelet agents in the perioperative period</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Summary of Recommendations</th>
                    <th>Recommendation class</th>
                    <th>Evidence level</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Maintain acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of 100 mg per day throughout the perioperative period, except for neurosurgeries or procedures with prohibitive risk of bleeding.</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">A</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discontinue clopidogrel and ticagrelor 5 days before noncardiac surgery.</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Discontinue prasugrel 7 days before noncardiac surgery.</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>If the ideal minimum period of DAPT cannot be completed, perform noncardiac surgeries in centers with multidisciplinary and hemodynamic support.</td>
                    <td align="center">I</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Perform surgeries with a low risk of bleeding during DAPT, if the time since angioplasty is &lt;3 months.</td>
                    <td align="center">IIa</td>
                    <td align="center">C</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use a platelet aggregability test to shorten P2Y12 inhibitor discontinuation time before noncardiac surgery.</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>For cases with very high thrombotic risk (&lt;1 month after PCI and DAPT interruption), use tirofiban as a bridging therapy.</td>
                    <td align="center">IIb</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Use low-molecular-weight heparin for bridging therapy.</td>
                    <td align="center">III</td>
                    <td align="center">B</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Thus, research and technological advances are moving towards shortening DAPT, which, above all, benefits patients at high risk of bleeding. However, whenever DAPT is interrupted earlier than planned, the surgery must be performed in a center with multidisciplinary support, including cardiovascular monitoring and hemodynamic backup, in case there are complications.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>4. Prophylactic Myocardial Revascularization</title>
        <p>Debate about the ideal interval between PCI and noncardiac surgery may arise when a patient with a recent PCI requires surgery or when considering myocardial revascularization during preoperative assessment of cardiac risk. Randomized studies have found that prophylactic myocardial revascularization has no significant impact on the occurrence of ischemic events in patients with planned vascular surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B54">54</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B56">56</xref></sup> Thus, myocardial revascularization is recommended only in individuals with an unequivocal indication for the procedure, regardless of perioperative context. It should not be routinely performed just to reduce perioperative cardiovascular complications. In these cases, decision-making must always consider the patient&#8217;s clinical context, the prognosis of the underlying disease, the minimum DAPT period for PCIs, and the risk of bleeding associated with the intervention. It should be reiterated that a predicted noncardiac surgery should not lead to a preference for non-pharmacological stents: this concept no longer seems viable in light of the new evidence. Another possibility for situations in which PCI is indicated due to a very high ischemic risk and a time-sensitive noncardiac surgery is required would be performing PCI with a balloon alone and no stent. Little evidence has been published about such a strategy apart from aspirin monotherapy and an interval of at least 2 weeks until the operation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B57">57</xref></sup> There is no guarantee at the planning stage that this will be feasible, since stenting may be necessary to ensure the primary outcome of the intervention. Thus, this strategy should not be routinely used.</p>
        <p>Specific indications for myocardial revascularization should follow chronic and acute coronary disease guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B58">58</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B59">59</xref></sup></p>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Development:</bold> Perioperative Evaluation Group, Department of Clinical Cardiology, Brazilian Society of Cardiology; Antithrombotics Study Group, Department of Clinical Cardiology, Brazilian Society of Cardiology; and the Brazilian Society of Hemodynamics and Interventional Cardiology</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Council (2020-2021):</bold> Antonio Carlos Sobral Sousa, Aurora Felice Castro Issa, Bruno Ramos Nascimento, Harry Corr&#234;a Filho, Marcelo Luiz Campos Vieira</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Norms and Guidelines Coordinator (2020-2021):</bold> Brivaldo Markman Filho</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p><bold>Note:</bold> These updates are intended to inform, not to replace the clinical judgment of physicians who, ultimately, must determine the appropriate treatment for their patients.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>February 2021 Issue, vol. 118 (2), pages 536-547</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the &#8220;Update of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology&#8217;s Perioperative Cardiovascular Assessment Guideline: Focus on Managing Patients with Percutaneous Coronary Intervention &#8211; 2022&#8221;, with DOI number: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20220039, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 118(2): 536-547, on page 543 of the Portuguese version, Figure 1, correct the text of the orange square from &#8220;30 dias a &lt; 6 meses&#8221; to &#8220;30 dias a &lt; 3 meses&#8221;. Figure 1 is correct in the English version.</p>
        </fn>
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