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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8T9qBW8DfBMZyBsMWZCXzjc</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200530</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210189</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210189</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Uma Luta Passo a Passo pela Vida em uma Jovem com Embolismo Pulmonar de Alto Risco e Oclus&#227;o Bilateral da Art&#233;ria Renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1064-8698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stefan</surname>
            <given-names>Miruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5489-4052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rimbas</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vornicu</surname>
            <given-names>Rozina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dane&#355;</surname>
            <given-names>Ruxandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vintila</surname>
            <given-names>Vlad Damian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dorobat</surname>
            <given-names>Bogdan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carp</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragos</surname>
            <given-names>Vinereanu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University Emergency Hospital Bucharest</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bucharest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="RO">Rom&#234;nia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Emergency Hospital Bucharest &#8211; Cardiology, Bucharest &#8211; Rom&#234;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bucharest</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="RO">Rom&#234;nia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy &#8211; Cardiology, Bucharest &#8211; Rom&#234;nia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roxana Cristina Rimbas &#8226; University Emergency Hospital Bucharest &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Splaiul Independentei nr. 169, 050098, Bucharest &#8211; Rom&#234;nia E-mail: <email>roxanasisu@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Dragos V; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Vornicu R, D&#259;ne&#355; R, Vintil&#259; VD, Dorob&#259;&#355; B, Carp A; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Vornicu R, D&#259;ne&#355; R, Vintil&#259; VD, Carp A, Dragos V; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Rimbas RC, Dragos V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>530</fpage>
      <lpage>535</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem Multimodal</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os trombos em tr&#226;nsito no &#225;trio direito s&#227;o raros no contexto da embolia pulmonar aguda (EPA) e est&#227;o associados a alta mortalidade e morbidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Deve-se sempre realizar um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (ETT) em pacientes que apresentam dispneia, dor tor&#225;cica e instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Este caso ilustra a import&#226;ncia da avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal por imagem no tratamento de casos dif&#237;ceis com EPA e trombo em tr&#226;nsito no &#225;trio direito, bem como das complica&#231;&#245;es dessa doen&#231;a. A abordagem terap&#234;utica deve ser decidida por equipes multidisciplinares.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
        <p>Uma paciente do sexo feminino, obesa, de 48 anos, com hipertens&#227;o arterial e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 controlados, foi transferida para uma coronariografia em nossa unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), com suspeita de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI) em deriva&#231;&#245;es do ventr&#237;culo direito e inferior e choque cardiog&#234;nico. Ela havia comparecido a outro departamento de emerg&#234;ncia (DE) com dor tor&#225;cica constritiva e dispneia grave que havia come&#231;ado 12 horas antes. Ela havia sido diagnosticada com anemia microc&#237;tica hipocr&#244;mica moderada um ano antes, sem maiores investiga&#231;&#245;es. O exame cl&#237;nico no DE identificou pele p&#225;lida, fria e com sudorese. A press&#227;o arterial (PA) era 80/60 mmHg. Ela apresentava pulso fraco e &#237;ndice de respira&#231;&#227;o de 40/min. O hemograma revelou anemia microc&#237;tica hipocr&#244;mica moderada (Hb 8,2 g/dl), hiperglicemia (309 g/dl), cit&#243;lise hep&#225;tica leve (AST 119 U/L, ALT 75 U/L), aumento da quinase da creatinina e da quinase-MB da creatinina (CK 552 U/L, CKMB 55 U/L), acidose metab&#243;lica com compensa&#231;&#227;o l&#225;tica (pH 7,41, &#225;cido l&#225;tico 5,6 mmol/L, BE-11,4mmol/L, pO2 151mmHg, pCO2 20,9mmHg). A troponina I de alta sensibilidade (hs-cTnI) era de 3558 ng/L e o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral N-terminal (NTproBNP) era 7380 pg/ml. O teste RTPCR SARSCOV2 foi negativo. N&#227;o havia sinais de insufici&#234;ncia renal. O eletrocardiograma demonstrou taquicardia sinusal, bloqueio do ramo do feixe direito incompleto intermitente (BRFD), padr&#227;o S1Q3T3, supradesnivelamento do segmento ST em D3, aVF, V1-V2 e V3R-V5R, e onda T negativa nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V1-V3 (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Material suplementar 1</xref>). O raio X do t&#243;rax revelou cardiomegalia e art&#233;rias pulmonares aumentadas (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Material suplementar 2</xref>). Ela recebeu doses de ataque de aspirina e clopidogrel e foi encaminhada a nosso hospital. Ao ser admitida em nosso DE, a paciente estava em choque cardiog&#234;nico, com suporte de vasopressores e inotr&#243;picos. Ela tamb&#233;m apresentava metrorragia leve. N&#227;o havia sinais de trombose venosa profunda.</p>
        <p>O ETT de emerg&#234;ncia foi realizado, de acordo com nossas diretrizes internas, antes de a paciente ser encaminhada para o laborat&#243;rio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o. Surpreendentemente, este procedimento apresentou c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas extremamente dilatadas, com regurgita&#231;&#227;o tric&#250;spide grave, septo interventricular achatado, acinesia da parede livre do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) com contratilidade apical preservada (sinal de McConnell) e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD (TAPSE = 14 mm), hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, com sinais de d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo. Havia um trombo m&#243;vel serpiginoso muito longo que se estendia do &#225;trio direito (AD) ao &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) em uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, atrav&#233;s das v&#225;lvulas mitral e a&#243;rtica ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ; <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">V&#237;deo 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Material suplementar 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">4</xref>). Foi iniciada a infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de heparina n&#227;o fracionada e o suporte vasoativo foi continuado. A tomografia computadorizada revelou embolia pulmonar grande com um trombo pulmonar em sela que se estendia a todos os ramos das art&#233;rias pulmonares esquerda e direita, ocluindo as art&#233;rias quase completamente. A TC tamb&#233;m confirmou a presen&#231;a de uma massa intracard&#237;aca heterog&#234;nea densa que se estendia do AD ao AE por um defeito de septo interatrial ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Nesse ponto, foi confirmada a EP de alto risco com trombo intracard&#237;aco extremamente m&#243;vel.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico. Pain&#233;is A, B &#8211; vista do eixo longo paraesternal mostrando trombo grande serpiginoso estendendo-se do &#225;trio esquerdo, atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula mitral, ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Pain&#233;is C, D &#8211; vista modificada de 4 c&#226;maras mostrando as c&#226;maras card&#237;acas direitas aumentadas e o trombo m&#243;vel que se estende do &#225;trio direito ao &#225;trio esquerdo, cruzando uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial, atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula mitral. AO: aorta; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito: VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Tomografia computadorizada tor&#225;cica. Painel A - se&#231;&#227;o transversal mostrando grande embolia pulmonar com trombo nas principais art&#233;rias pulmonares esquerda e direita. Painel B - Imagem de reconstru&#231;&#227;o mostrando a oclus&#227;o das principais art&#233;rias pulmonares e oligoemia perif&#233;rica. Painel C - se&#231;&#227;o transversal mostrando o defeito de septo atrial com o contraste fluindo do &#225;trio direito aos &#225;trios esquerdos. Painel D - se&#231;&#227;o transversal mostrando o trombo no &#225;trio direito. Painel E - se&#231;&#227;o transversal mostrando o trombo se estendendo para o &#225;trio esquerdo. Painel F - se&#231;&#227;o transversal mostrando o trombo na fossa oval. AP: art&#233;ria pulmonar; APD: art&#233;ria pulmonar direita; APE: art&#233;ria pulmonar esquerda; AO: aorta; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; AD: &#225;trio direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; DSA: defeito de septo atrial; FO: fossa oval.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Comprovou-se que o diagn&#243;stico de STEMI inferior estava incorreto e, consequentemente, n&#227;o foi realizada a coronariografia.</p>
        <p>A paciente tinha um &#237;ndice de gravidade da embolia pulmonar simplificado (sPESI) de 2, que indicava um risco de mortalidade de 30 dias de 10,9% [1]. Por outro lado, a paciente tinha alto risco de sangramento (anemia moderada, metrorragia leve cont&#237;nua, e doses de ataque de aspirina e clopidogrel). Embora a tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica representasse um risco duplo de emboliza&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica e sangramento, a paciente apresentava sinais graves de baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco e disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD. Optou-se pela tromb&#243;lise sist&#234;mica com alteplase com infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de heparina n&#227;o fracionada, considerando que n&#227;o havia possibilidade de embolectomia no local e a condi&#231;&#227;o do paciente era potencialmente fatal.</p>
        <p>Houve uma melhoria gradual inicial dos par&#226;metros hemodin&#226;micos ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise. A PA aumentou para 100/60mmHg, com dose baixa de suporte vasopressor, e aumento da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio para 98%. Uma nova ETT n&#227;o detectou trombos intracard&#237;acos (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Material suplementar 5</xref>). Uma hora ap&#243;s o final da tromb&#243;lise, a paciente apresentou dor abdominal intensa, an&#250;ria e hemat&#250;ria, associadas a uma queda dos n&#237;veis de hemoglobina de 2 g/dl. Uma TC abdominal de emerg&#234;ncia demonstrou oclus&#227;o completa de ambas as art&#233;rias renais ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , Pain&#233;is A e B), sem sinais de complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas. Uma equipe multidisciplinar, composta de cardiologistas, radiologistas e intensivistas, optou pela interven&#231;&#227;o por trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o, para salvar a fun&#231;&#227;o renal, apesar do alto risco de hemorragia, com uma clara melhoria do fluxo renal comprovada por imagens, por&#233;m sem melhorias cl&#237;nicas e biol&#243;gicas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , Pain&#233;is C, D, E e F).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Tomografia computadorizada abdominal ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, mostrando a oclus&#227;o de ambas as art&#233;rias renais. Painel A - se&#231;&#227;o transversal - art&#233;rias renais s&#227;o vistas apenas na emerg&#234;ncia, seguidas de oclus&#227;o completa de ambas as art&#233;rias. Painel B - reconstru&#231;&#227;o 3D mostrando aus&#234;ncia de fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas art&#233;rias renais. Pain&#233;is C e D: aus&#234;ncia de fluxo/fluxo baixo nas art&#233;rias renais direita e esquerda, antes da trombectomia. Pain&#233;is E e F: fluxo em ambas as art&#233;rias renais ap&#243;s a trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o bem-sucedida.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Depois do procedimento intervencionista, ela foi transferida para a unidade de terapia intensiva para receber suporte avan&#231;ado e di&#225;lise. A heparina n&#227;o fracionada foi continuada. Entretanto, a paciente desenvolveu grave fal&#234;ncia m&#250;ltipla de &#243;rg&#227;os e morreu 24 horas ap&#243;s a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A EPA de alto risco, com grande trombo hiperm&#243;vel preso em uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial &#233; muito rara e envolve alta mortalidade e morbidade, incluindo uma probabilidade aumentada de embolia paradoxal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste caso, havia um trombo &#8220;em-tr&#226;nsito&#8221;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> que se estendia do AD, tanto atrav&#233;s de uma comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial com o AE e atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula mitral para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quanto atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide para o ventr&#237;culo direito.</p>
      <p>O tratamento ideal desse cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico &#233; muito debatido. As estrat&#233;gias de tratamento incluem tromb&#243;lise, anticoagula&#231;&#227;o, e/ou extra&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, sem consenso sobre a superioridade de qualquer uma delas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A terapia trombol&#237;tica sist&#234;mica &#233; a atitude recomendada para a EP de alto risco (classe I, n&#237;vel B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Como alternativa, a embolectomia pulmonar cir&#250;rgica (classe I, n&#237;vel C) deve ser considerada para pacientes com EP de alto risco, para os quais a tromb&#243;lise &#233; contraindicada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A experi&#234;ncia recente corrobora a combina&#231;&#227;o de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO) e embolectomia cir&#250;rgica, em pacientes com EP de alto risco com ou sem ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A embolectomia cir&#250;rgica demonstrou uma tend&#234;ncia para melhorar a sobrevida, mas o &#237;ndice de mortalidade no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio &#233; alto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ensaios randomizados em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento (cir&#250;rgico ou m&#233;dico) n&#227;o s&#227;o vi&#225;veis devido &#224; raridade da condi&#231;&#227;o, e a literatura se baseia em relatos de casos.</p>
      <p>A tromb&#243;lise aumenta o risco de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do trombo e emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal. Um relato feito por Chartier et al. mostrou que n&#227;o havia diferen&#231;a significativa entre anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparina, tromb&#243;lise ou remo&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica em termos de mortalidade durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Torbicki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> afirmam que o resultado favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise pode estar relacionado &#224; maior disponibilidade e o curto per&#237;odo entre o diagn&#243;stico e o tratamento. Ferrari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> demonstraram que, ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise, 50% dos co&#225;gulos desapareceram em at&#233; 2 horas, e os demais entre 12 e 24 horas. Alguns estudos afirmam que, no caso de EPA de alto risco com trombo intracard&#237;aco, a melhor atitude terap&#234;utica &#233; a trombectomia cir&#250;rgica, especialmente no caso de pacientes com comunica&#231;&#227;o interatrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, a trombectomia cir&#250;rgica, al&#233;m de n&#227;o estar prontamente dispon&#237;vel em muitos centros, traz o risco de atraso no tratamento, anestesia geral e by-pass cardiopulmonar. Em uma an&#225;lise sist&#234;mica, a trombectomia cir&#250;rgica foi associada a uma mortalidade de 30 dias de 10,8%, significativamente mais baixa se comparada &#224; tromb&#243;lise (26,3%) e &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o (25,6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As diretrizes recomendam o uso de trombol&#237;ticos direcionados por cateter em EP de risco intermedi&#225;rio a alto e o uso de trombectomia direcionada por cateter em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas a trombol&#237;ticos ou terapia trombol&#237;tica fracassada. Entre as abordagens percut&#226;neas que foram usadas separadamente ou em combina&#231;&#245;es em pacientes com contraindica&#231;&#227;o absoluta &#224; tromb&#243;lise est&#227;o: trombectomia por aspira&#231;&#227;o e fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do trombo, trombectomia reol&#237;tica, embolectomia por suc&#231;&#227;o, e tromb&#243;lise assistida por ecocardiograma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, as t&#233;cnicas de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o do trombo implicam em um risco significativo de emboliza&#231;&#227;o distal e proximal. Os cateteres de trombectomia reol&#237;tica funcionam criando um v&#225;cuo por tr&#225;s de uma &#225;rea de jatos de solu&#231;&#227;o salina de alta press&#227;o na ponta do cateter, que permite a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o e a aspira&#231;&#227;o do trombo simultaneamente. A embolectomia por suc&#231;&#227;o &#233; capaz de realizar a retirada do trombo sem os efeitos colaterais associados &#224;s t&#233;cnicas de fragmenta&#231;&#227;o e reol&#237;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A tromb&#243;lise direcionada por cateter com aux&#237;lio de ultrassom, que combina a emiss&#227;o de ultrassom de baixa energia e infus&#227;o de um agente trombol&#237;tico por um cateter contendo v&#225;rios furos laterais, &#233; superior &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o apenas por heparina para melhorar a dilata&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito no per&#237;odo de 24 horas sem grandes complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento, mas continua estando raramente dispon&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme sugerido em diretrizes atuais, essas estrat&#233;gias de tratamento poderiam ter sido de grande valor neste caso. Ainda assim, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos de compara&#231;&#227;o direta entre os v&#225;rios sistemas ou comparando terapias direcionadas por cateter a tromb&#243;lise sist&#234;mica. Portanto, a escolha de modalidade deve ser baseada em experi&#234;ncia local e disponibilidade. Nenhuma das estrat&#233;gias de tratamento mencionadas acima estava dispon&#237;vel em nosso hospital e a paciente estava inst&#225;vel demais para ser transportada a outros hospitais. Al&#233;m disso, o shunt card&#237;aco direita-esquerda e a trombose esquerda concomitante, como era este caso, s&#227;o contraindica&#231;&#245;es absolutas da tromb&#243;lise direcionada por cateter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste caso, optou-se pela tromb&#243;lise sist&#234;mica que estava imediatamente dispon&#237;vel, porque o paciente tinha disfun&#231;&#227;o grave no VD e d&#233;bito card&#237;aco baixo grave.</p>
      <p>Mais recentemente, no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19, houve relatos de casos de EPA e trombo em tr&#226;nsito atrav&#233;s de forame oval patente, 28 dias ap&#243;s o aparecimento de sintomas de Covid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O estado pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rio e pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico explica a hipercoagulabilidade associada &#224; infec&#231;&#227;o por SARS-CoV-2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ainda n&#227;o se sabe bem quanto tempo esse estado de hipercoagulabilidade persiste ap&#243;s a recupera&#231;&#227;o da infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> S&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais dados para determinar a dura&#231;&#227;o ideal da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> N&#227;o h&#225; dados relacionados &#224; trombectomia cir&#250;rgica nesse contexto.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Apresenta-se aqui um caso muito raro de embolia pulmonar de alto risco, com um grande trombo hiperm&#243;vel preso em um defeito de septo interatrial e que cruza as v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rtica e mitral, trazendo tamb&#233;m um alto risco de embolia sist&#234;mica. A paciente passou por uma complica&#231;&#227;o emb&#243;lica fatal ainda mais rara ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise sist&#234;mica, a oclus&#227;o bilateral da art&#233;ria renal. Este caso ilustra as decis&#245;es dif&#237;ceis que os cl&#237;nicos podem vir a enfrentar em sua pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Foi necess&#225;rio avaliar os pr&#243;s e os contras da tromb&#243;lise farmacol&#243;gica, uma vez que a embolectomia cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o era uma possibilidade, e as evid&#234;ncias da superioridade da embolectomia cir&#250;rgica em pacientes hemodinamicamente inst&#225;veis com disfun&#231;&#227;o grave do VD ainda s&#227;o controversas. A utilidade da avalia&#231;&#227;o multimodal por imagem em todas as etapas de decis&#227;o de tratamento tamb&#233;m &#233; enfatizada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para verificar as figuras, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%201-2.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao V&#237;deo 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Video%201.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao Material Suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%203.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao Material Suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%204.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao Material Suplementar 5, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%205.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Step-By-Step Fight for Life in a Young Woman with High-Risk Pulmonary Embolism and Bilateral Renal Artery Occlusion</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1064-8698</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Stefan</surname>
            <given-names>Miruna</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5489-4052</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rimbas</surname>
            <given-names>Roxana Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vornicu</surname>
            <given-names>Rozina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dane&#355;</surname>
            <given-names>Ruxandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vintila</surname>
            <given-names>Vlad Damian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Doroba&#355;</surname>
            <given-names>Bogdan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Carp</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandra</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dragos</surname>
            <given-names>Vinereanu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">University Emergency Hospital Bucharest &#8211; Cardiology, Bucharest &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="RO">Romania</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy &#8211; Cardiology, Bucharest &#8211; Romania</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Roxana Cristina Rimbas &#8226; University Emergency Hospital Bucharest &#8211; Cardiology &#8211; Splaiul Independentei nr. 169, 050098, Bucharest &#8211; Romania E-mail: roxanasisu@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Dragos V; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Vornicu R, D&#259;ne&#355; R, Vintil&#259; VD, Dorob&#259;&#355; B, Carp A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Stefan M, Rimbas RC, Vornicu R, D&#259;ne&#355; R, Vintil&#259; VD, Dorob&#259;&#355; B, Carp A, Dragos V; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Rimbas RC, Dragos V.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Multimodal Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Right heart thrombus-in-transit is rare in the context of acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and is associated with high mortality and morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) should always be performed in patients presenting dyspnea, chest pain, and hemodynamic instability. This case illustrates the importance of multimodality imaging in managing difficult cases with APE and right heart thrombus in transit, as well as the complications of this condition. A therapeutic approach should be decided on by multidisciplinary teams.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Case presentation</title>
          <p>A 48-year-old obese woman, with controlled arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus was transferred for coronarography to our cardiac care unit (CCU) with presumed ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in the inferior and right ventricle leads, coupled with cardiogenic shock. She was admitted to another emergency department (ED) with constrictive chest pain and severe dyspnea that had started 12h earlier. She was diagnosed with moderate hypochromic microcytic anemia one year before, without further investigations. Clinical exam in ED revealed pale, cold, sweating skin. Blood pressure (BP) was 80/60mmHg. She had a weak pulse and a respiration rate of 40/min. Blood tests showed moderate hypochromic microcytic anemia (Hb 8.2g/dl), hyperglycemia (309mg/dl), mild hepatic cytolysis (AST 119 U/L, ALT 75 U/L), increased creatine kinase and creatine kinase-MB (CK 552 U/L, CKMB 55 U/L), and metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation (pH 7.41, lactic acid 5.6 mmol/L, BE-11.4mmol/L, pO2 151mmHg, pCO2 20.9mmHg). High-sensitivity Troponin I (hs-cTnI) was 3,558 ng/L and N-terminal-pro-brain-natriuretic-peptide (NTproBNP) was 7,380 pg/ml. RTPCR SARSCOV2 was negative. There were no signs of renal impairment. The electrocardiogram showed sinus tachycardia; intermittent incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB); S1Q3T3 pattern; ST-segment elevation in D3; aVF, V1-V2, and V3R-V5R; and a negative T wave in V1-V3 leads (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">Supplementary material 1</xref>). The chest X-ray revealed cardiomegaly and enlarged pulmonary arteries (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">Supplementary material 2</xref>). The patient received loading doses of aspirin and clopidogrel and was sent to our hospital. On admission to our ED, the patient was in cardiogenic shock, on vasopressor and inotrope support. She also had mild metrorrhagia. There were no signs of deep venous thrombosis.</p>
          <p>Emergency TTE was performed, according to our internal guidelines, before sending the patient to the catheterization laboratory. Surprisingly, this procedure showed extremely dilated right heart chambers, with severe tricuspid regurgitation, a flattened interventricular septum, right ventricle (RV) free wall akinesia with preserved apical contractility (McConnell&#8217;s sign), and severe RV dysfunction (TAPSE=14mm), pulmonary hypertension, with signs of low cardiac output. There was a very long serpiginous, mobile thrombus extending from the right atrium (RA) to the left atrium (LA) across an interatrial communication, through the mitral and aortic valves ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ; <xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">Video 1</xref>; <xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">Supplementary material 3</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">4</xref>). A continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin and continued vasoactive support were implemented. A CT scan showed a massive pulmonary embolism with a saddle pulmonary thrombus extending into all the branches of the left and right pulmonary arteries, occluding the arteries almost completely, and confirmed the presence of a heterogenous, dense intracardiac mass extending from the RA to the LA through an interatrial septal defect ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). At this point, high-risk PE with intracardiac extremely mobile thrombus was confirmed.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Transthoracic echocardiography. Panel A, B &#8211; parasternal long axis view showing large, serpiginous thrombus extending from the left atrium, through the mitral valve, into the left ventricle. Panel C, D &#8211; modified 4-chamber view showing enlarged right heart chambers and mobile thrombus extending from the right atrium to the left atrium, across an interatrial communication, through the mitral valve. AO: aorta; LA: left atrium; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle; RV: right ventricle.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Thoracic computed tomography. Panel A - transversal section showing massive pulmonary embolism with thrombus in the main left and right pulmonary arteries. Panel B - Reconstruction image showing occlusion of the main pulmonary arteries and peripheral oligoemia. Panel C - transversal section showing the atrial septal defect with the contrast substance flowing from the right atrium to the left atriums. Panel D - transversal section showing the thrombus in the right atrium. Panel E - transversal section showing the thrombus extending to the left atrium. Panel F - transversal section showing the thrombus in the fosa ovalis. PA: pulmonary artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery; LPA: left pulmonary artery; AO: aorta; RV: right ventricle; RA: right atrium; LV: left ventricle; LA: left atrium; ASD: atrial septal defect; FO: fosa ovalis.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>The diagnosis of inferior STEMI proved to be incorrect, and, consequently, coronarography was not performed.</p>
          <p>The patient had a simplified Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (sPESI) of 2, which indicated a 30-day mortality risk of 10.9% [1]. On the other hand, our patient had a high risk of bleeding (moderate anemia, on-going mild metrorrhagia and loading doses of aspirin and clopidogrel). Although pharmacologic thrombolysis imposed a double risk of systemic embolization and bleeding, the patient had severe signs of low cardiac output and severe RV dysfunction. We therefore decided in favor of systemic thrombolysis with alteplase, together with a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin, surgical embolectomy being unavailable on site and the condition of the patient life-threatening.</p>
          <p>There was an initial progressive improvement in hemodynamic parameters following thrombolysis. BP raised at 100/60mmHg, with a low dose of vasopressor support, oxygen saturation increasing to 98%. A new TTE showed no intracardiac thrombus (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">Supplementary material 5</xref>). One hour after the end of thrombolysis, she developed severe abdominal pain, anuria, and hematuria, associated with a drop in the hemoglobin level with 2g/dl. An emergency abdominal CT-scan showed complete occlusion of both renal arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> , Panel A and B), without signs of hemorrhagic complications. A multi-disciplinary team, consisting of cardiologists, radiologists and critical care physicians decided to apply the interventional aspiration thrombectomy in order to save renal function, despite high hemorrhagic risk, with a clear imagistic improvement of the renal flow but without clinical and biological improvement ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> Panel C, D, E, and F).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Abdominal Computed Tomography after thrombolysis showing occlusion of both renal arteries. Panel A - transversal section &#8211; renal arteries are seen only at the emergence, followed by complete occlusion of both arteries. Panel B - 3D reconstruction, showing no blood flow in the renal arteries. Panel C and D: the absence of flow/low flow in right and left renal arteries, before thrombectomy. Panel E and F: flow in both renal arteries after successful aspiration thrombectomy.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0530-10189-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>After the interventional procedure, she was transferred to the intensive care unit for advanced support and dialysis. Unfractionated heparin was continued. However, the patient rapidly developed severe multi-organ system failure and died 24 hours after admission.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>High-risk APE, with large hyper-mobile thrombus entrapped in an interatrial communication is very rare and involves high mortality and morbidity, including an increased likelihood of paradoxical embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our case, there was an &#8220;in-transit&#8221; thrombus<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> that extended from the RA, both through an interatrial communication to the LA and through the mitral valve to the left ventricle, as well as through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle.</p>
        <p>Optimal management of such a clinical scenario is much debated. Management strategies include thrombolysis, anticoagulation, and/or surgical extraction, with no consensus over the superiority of one.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Systemic thrombolytic therapy is the recommended attitude for high-risk PE (class I, level B).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> As an alternative, surgical pulmonary embolectomy (class I, level C) should be considered for patients with high-risk PE, in whom thrombolysis is contraindicated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Recent experience supports combining extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) with surgical embolectomy, in patients with high-risk PE with or without cardiopulmonary resuscitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Surgical embolectomy has shown a trend toward improved survival, but the postoperative mortality rate is high.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Randomized trials regarding management options (surgical or medical) are not feasible due to the rarity of the condition, and the literature builds on case reports.</p>
        <p>Thrombolysis adds the risk of thrombus fragmentation and distal embolization. A report by Chartier et al. showed that there was no significant difference between anticoagulation with heparin, thrombolysis, or surgical removal in terms of in-hospital mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Torbicki et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> stated that the favorable result after thrombolysis could be related to the greater availability and the shorter period from diagnosis to treatment. Ferrari et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> showed that after thrombolysis, 50% of the clots disappeared within 2 hours, and the remainder within 12&#8211;24 hrs. Some studies state that in the case of high-risk APE with intracardiac thrombus, the best therapeutic attitude is surgical thrombectomy, especially in the case of patients with interatrial communication.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, surgical thrombectomy is not readily available in many centers and carries the risk of delay for treatment, general anesthesia, and cardiopulmonary bypass. In a systematic review, surgical thrombectomy was associated with a 30-day mortality of 10.8%, significantly lower when compared to thrombolysis (26.3%) and anticoagulation (25.6%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Guidelines recommend the use of catheter-directed lytics in intermediate-high-risk PE with relative contraindications to thrombolysis and use of catheter-directed thrombectomy in patients with absolute contraindications to thrombolytics or failed thrombolytic therapy. Among the percutaneous approaches that have been used alone or in combination in patients with an absolute contraindication to thrombolysis are: thrombus fragmentation aspiration thrombectomy, rheolytic thrombectomy, suction embolectomy, and echocardiogram-assisted thrombolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, thrombus fragmentation techniques imply a significant risk of distal and proximal embolization. Rheolytic thrombectomy catheters function by creating a vacuum behind an area of high-pressure saline jets at the tip of the catheter, which enables simultaneous thrombus fragmentation and aspiration. Suction embolectomy is capable of achieving thrombus removal without the side effects associated with fragmentation and rheolytic techniques.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ultrasound-assisted catheter directed thrombolysis, which combines emission of low energy ultrasound and infusion of a thrombolytic agent via a multi side-hole containing catheter, is superior to heparin anticoagulation alone in improving right ventricular dilatation within 24 hours, without major bleeding complications, but it is still rarely available.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As suggested in current guidelines, these treatment strategies might have been of great value in our case. Still, there are no published head-to-head trials comparing the various systems or comparing catheter-directed therapy to systemic thrombolysis. Therefore, the choice of modality should be based on local expertise and availability. None of the above-mentioned treatment strategies were available in our hospital, and the patient was extremely unstable to be transported to other hospitals. Moreover, right-to-left cardiac shunt and concomitant left side thrombosis, as in our case, are absolute contraindications to Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present case opted in favor of systemic thrombolysis, which was readily available, because the patient had severe RV dysfunction and severe low cardiac output.</p>
        <p>More recently, in the context of the Covid-19 pandemic, there have been reported cases of APE and thrombus-in-transit straddling a patent foramen ovale, 28 days after COVID symptom onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Pro-inflammatory and pro-thrombotic states explain the hypercoagulability associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> It is not yet well known how long this hypercoagulable state persists after recovery from infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> More data are needed to determine the optimal duration of anticoagulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> There are no data regarding surgical thrombectomy in this context.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This study therefore presents a very rare case of high-risk pulmonary embolism, with a large hyper-mobile thrombus entrapped in an interatrial septum defect, crossing the mitral and aortic valves, also carrying a high-risk of systemic embolism. Our patient experienced an even more rare fatal embolic complication after applying systemic thrombolysis, a bilateral renal artery occlusion. This case illustrates the difficult decisions that clinicians may come across in everyday practice. It was necessary to balance the pros and cons of pharmacological thrombolysis, as surgical embolectomy was not available, and the evidence of the superiority of the surgical embolectomy in hemodynamically unstable patients with severe RV dysfunction is still controvertial. The use of the multi-modality imaging in all steps of treatment decisions is also emphasized.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%201-2.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Video1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Video%201.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Material 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%203.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Material 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%204.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Material 5, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2021-0189_CC_Supplementary%20material%205.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
