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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">wCkY8RcLtxPvVf5X5qfQxqG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200519</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201253</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201253</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Comunica&#231;&#227;o Breve</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estratifica&#231;&#227;o de Risco e Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Atividade Simp&#225;tica Card&#237;aca Utilizando Imagem Mioc&#225;rdica com [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG na Denerva&#231;&#227;o Renal</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7065-9773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gracinda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina (FMUC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Nucleares Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Nucleares Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de (ICNAS), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Coimbra</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra (iCBR), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Joana Delgado Silva &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Geral &#8211; Quinta dos Vales, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3041-801, Coimbra <italic>&#8211;</italic> Portugal E-mail: <email>joanadelgadosilva@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Delgado-Silva J, Gon&#231;alves L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Delgado-Silva J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Delgado-Silva J, Moreira AP; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Delgado-Silva J, Moreira AP, Costa G, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>519</fpage>
      <lpage>524</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>25</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <p>A hiperativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico desempenha um papel central na fisiopatologia da hipertens&#227;o. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e investigar o papel da cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica com metaiodobenzilguanidina com <sup>123</sup>I ([<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG) na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular de pacientes com hipertens&#227;o resistente tratados com denerva&#231;&#227;o renal (DR). Dezoito pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo prospectivo (m&#233;dia de idade de 56 &#177; 10 anos, 27,8% mulheres). Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, an&#225;lise geral do sangue e cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com [(<sup>123</sup>I) MIBG] foram realizados antes e seis meses ap&#243;s a DR. Um paciente era considerado respondedor (R) se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o &#8805; 5 mmHg na press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (PAS) m&#233;dia ambulatorial fosse observada no seguimento de seis meses. 66,7% dos pacientes foram R (diminui&#231;&#227;o na PAS de 20,6 &#177; 14,5 mmHg, vs. menos 8 &#177; 11,6 mmHg em n&#227;o-respondedores (NR), p = 0,001). A rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-mediastino (RCM) inicial foi significativamente menor na linha basal no grupo R (1,6 &#177; 0,1 vs. 1,72 &#177; 0,1, p &lt;0,02), mas semelhante em seis meses. Considerando os dois momentos no tempo, o grupo R teve valores iniciais de RCM mais baixos do que o grupo NR (p &lt;0,05). Tanto o RCM tardio quanto a taxa de <italic>washout</italic> foram id&#234;nticos e nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a resposta &#224; DR ou qualquer &#237;ndice de imagem com MIBG foi encontrada. A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal efetivamente reduziu a press&#227;o arterial na maioria dos pacientes, mas a imagem com [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG n&#227;o foi &#250;til na previs&#227;o da resposta. Entretanto, houve evid&#234;ncia de <italic>overdrive</italic> do sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico e, tanto a RCM inicial quanto tardia estavam reduzidas em geral, provavelmente colocando essa popula&#231;&#227;o em um risco maior de eventos adversos.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o Resistente</kwd>
        <kwd>Rim/denerva&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Simp&#225;tico</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio/diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Cintilografia</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzilguanidina</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o (HT) h&#225; muito &#233; reconhecida como uma das principais causas de morte cardiovascular e hospitaliza&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> De acordo com as diretrizes atuais, a HT &#233; definida como resistente quando a terapia farmacol&#243;gica otimizada com tr&#234;s medicamentos anti-hipertensivos, incluindo um diur&#233;tico, &#233; incapaz de efetivamente reduzir a press&#227;o arterial (PA) sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica para &lt;140mmHg e &lt;90mmHg, respectivamente. Acredita-se que sua preval&#234;ncia seja em torno de 5 a 15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> O sistema nervoso simp&#225;tico (SNS) e seu envolvimento na regula&#231;&#227;o circulat&#243;ria foram demonstrados pela primeira vez no s&#233;culo 19, mostrando que a estimula&#231;&#227;o dos nervos renais elevava a PA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> De acordo com esse conhecimento, procedimentos invasivos direcionados ao SNS foram desenvolvidos no in&#237;cio / meados do s&#233;culo 20, mas foram descontinuados devido ao aumento dos efeitos colaterais e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Desde ent&#227;o, o esclarecimento dos mecanismos pelos quais o SNS leva ao descontrole da PA conduziu ao desenvolvimento de um procedimento percut&#226;neo minimamente invasivo que demonstrou reduzir a atividade simp&#225;tica renal e central.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A denerva&#231;&#227;o renal (DR) tem sido objeto de extensa investiga&#231;&#227;o nos &#250;ltimos anos e os &#250;ltimos estudos randomizados de segunda gera&#231;&#227;o demonstraram efic&#225;cia na redu&#231;&#227;o da PA, mas tamb&#233;m seguran&#231;a, em coortes de pacientes com diferentes n&#237;veis de risco cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com <sup>123</sup>I ([<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG) &#233; um an&#225;logo da norepinefrina (NE), marcada com iodo-123, que compartilha o mesmo mecanismo de capta&#231;&#227;o nos nervos pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos. Ap&#243;s a capta&#231;&#227;o, &#233; transportada para as ves&#237;culas de armazenamento de catecolaminas e, por n&#227;o ser metabolizada, permite a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e integridade neuronal atrav&#233;s da aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens planas por c&#226;maras gama. Ao analisar as imagens, dois par&#226;metros semiquantitativos s&#227;o calculados: a rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-mediastino (RCM) inicial e tardia e taxa de <italic>washout</italic> (WR, do ingl&#234;s <italic>washout rate</italic> ). Aumentos na concentra&#231;&#227;o de [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG na fenda sin&#225;ptica se traduziram em WR aumentada e RCM diminu&#237;da.</p>
      <p>A longo prazo, um SNS em hiperativa&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica leva a uma falta significativa de fun&#231;&#227;o / redu&#231;&#227;o dos transportadores de NE (aumentando a concentra&#231;&#227;o sin&#225;ptica de NE) e &#224; exaust&#227;o das ves&#237;culas de armazenamento de NE. A quantidade excessiva de catecolaminas card&#237;acas promove fibrose, necrose de cardiomi&#243;citos e predisp&#245;e a eventos arr&#237;tmicos graves. As imagens iniciais obtidas com a cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica com [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG (MIBG-C) caracterizam a capta&#231;&#227;o intersticial, refletindo a integridade dos neur&#244;nios pr&#233;-sin&#225;pticos, enquanto as imagens tardias representam a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos terminais nervosos simp&#225;ticos, refletindo a fun&#231;&#227;o neuronal. A WR representa a capacidade do mioc&#225;rdio de reter MIBG e depende da integridade neuronal e do grau de atividade simp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca e investigar o papel da [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG-C mioc&#225;rdica na estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco cardiovascular de pacientes com HT resistente tratados com DR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Inclu&#237;mos, neste estudo prospectivo de centro &#250;nico, 18 pacientes consecutivos com HT resistente tratados com DR, de maio de 2014 a outubro de 2017. Um hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico abrangente foi registrado em todos os pacientes e HT secund&#225;ria n&#227;o tratada foi exclu&#237;da. A ades&#227;o &#224; terapia medicamentosa foi confirmada por ingest&#227;o testemunhada (os pacientes foram internados na enfermaria de cardiologia por um per&#237;odo de 24 horas). Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o inclu&#237;ram eventos cardiovasculares adversos importantes recentes, displasia fibromuscular, angioplastia renal anterior, taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular &lt;45mL / min / 1,73m<sup>2</sup>, HT secund&#225;ria n&#227;o tratada e pseudo-HT (90 pacientes exclu&#237;dos). Foram inclu&#237;dos pacientes com PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia &gt;135 mmHg (monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial - MAPA). Um total de 108 pacientes com suspeita de hipertens&#227;o resistente verdadeira foram avaliados no ambulat&#243;rio e 90 pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos, de acordo com os crit&#233;rios descritos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica completa, eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico, perfil hematol&#243;gico e bioqu&#237;mico padr&#227;o e MIBG-C, tanto no in&#237;cio do estudo quanto no seguimento de seis meses. Para o procedimento de DR, o sistema multieletrodo EnligHTN (St. Jude Medical, MN, EUA) foi utilizado em 33,3% dos casos e o cateter multieletrodo Symplicity Spyral (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, EUA) em 66,7%. Todos os pacientes receberam seda&#231;&#227;o e analgesia consciente, e a hemostasia da art&#233;ria femoral foi realizada com um dispositivo de fechamento vascular. Antes da MIBG-C, os pacientes foram pr&#233;-tratados com solu&#231;&#227;o de Lugol para bloqueio da tireoide (equivalente a 130 mg de iodo para adultos) ou 500 mg de perclorato de pot&#225;ssio se o paciente fosse al&#233;rgico a iodo. Em seguida, uma inje&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 185 MBq de [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG foi administrada e as imagens planares do t&#243;rax foram adquiridas com uma c&#226;mara gama de duas cabe&#231;as, quinze minutos (imagem inicial) e quatro horas (imagem tardia) ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do radiof&#225;rmaco. A capta&#231;&#227;o de MIBG foi semiquantificada pelo c&#225;lculo da RCM, ap&#243;s tra&#231;ar as regi&#245;es de interesse (ROIs, do ingl&#234;s <italic>regions of interest</italic> ) sobre o cora&#231;&#227;o (incluindo a cavidade) e o mediastino superior (evitando a gl&#226;ndula tireoide) na proje&#231;&#227;o anterior plana. As contagens m&#233;dias por pixel no mioc&#225;rdio foram divididas pelas contagens m&#233;dias por pixel no mediastino. A WR mioc&#225;rdica das imagens iniciais para as tardias tamb&#233;m foi calculada e expressa em porcentagem, sendo a taxa de redu&#231;&#227;o da contagem mioc&#225;rdica ao longo do tempo, entre as imagens iniciais e tardias (normalizadas para a atividade mediastinal). Nenhum dos medicamentos prescritos foi interrompido para a realiza&#231;&#227;o da MIBG-C, devido &#224; alta probabilidade de eventos adversos e, consequentemente, por quest&#245;es &#233;ticas. A resposta &#224; DR foi definida se uma queda na PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia na MAPA &#8805; 5 mmHg fosse observada em seis meses e os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos adequadamente.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram caracterizadas pela determina&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias absolutas e relativas e as vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas pelas m&#233;dias e desvios-padr&#227;o. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o foi verificada e um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significante. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram realizadas atrav&#233;s do Teste de Qui-Quadrado. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar dois grupos. Um modelo linear geral para medidas repetidas foi aplicado para analisar a vari&#226;ncia de cada par&#226;metro, medido antes e depois da DR em cada indiv&#237;duo de dois grupos diferentes, &#8216;respondedor&#8217; e &#8216;n&#227;o respondedor&#8217;. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas utilizando o software SPSS 19.0&#174;, com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para o teste de hip&#243;teses. Este estudo foi aprovado pela Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina de Coimbra e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dezoito pacientes (m&#233;dia de idade 56 &#177; 10 anos, 27,8% mulheres) foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo. Doze pacientes eram &#8216;respondedores&#8217; (R, 66,7%) e seis &#8216;n&#227;o respondedores&#8217; (NR, 33,3%). N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os grupos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas basais. A DR foi bem tolerada por todos os pacientes e nenhuma complica&#231;&#227;o periprocedimento foi detectada. O tempo de fluoroscopia foi significantemente maior no grupo NR (16,3 &#177; 5,5 vs. 26,5 &#177; 18,6 minutos, p &lt;0,04). No seguimento de 6 meses, um paciente apresentou edema agudo de pulm&#227;o, sendo diagnosticado com estenose renal, tratado com sucesso com angioplastia. Este paciente era um &#8216;respondedor&#8217; visto que uma queda &#8805; 5 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia da MAPA foi observada 15 dias ap&#243;s a angioplastia. Uma queda de 20,6 &#177; 14,5 mmHg na PA sist&#243;lica m&#233;dia da MAPA foi observada no grupo R (vs. -8 &#177; 11,6 mmHg no grupo NR, p = 0,001). Embora a PA sist&#243;lica de consult&#243;rio n&#227;o tenha sido considerada para a resposta, devido ao poss&#237;vel &#8216;efeito do avental branco&#8217;, uma queda tamb&#233;m foi observada no grupo R (29,2 &#177; 8,4 mmHg) vs. o grupo NR (13 &#177; 13,4 mmHg) (p = 0,09). Nenhum efeito colateral, como hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, dist&#250;rbios eletrol&#237;ticos ou insufici&#234;ncia renal, foi observado no seguimento de m&#233;dio prazo. Os achados na ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica (em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica, espessura da parede ou fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica biventricular) n&#227;o diferiram significantemente entre os dois grupos, seja na linha basal ou na avalia&#231;&#227;o de 6 meses. As caracter&#237;sticas da linha basal e relacionadas ao procedimento nos grupos de &#8216;respondedores&#8217; e &#8216;n&#227;o respondedores&#8217; em geral, s&#227;o mostradas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais e relacionadas ao procedimento, MAPA basal e evolu&#231;&#227;o de 6 meses e par&#226;metros da cintigrafia com MIBG basal e de seguimento de 6 meses, em geral, grupos &#8216;respondedores&#8217; e &#8216;n&#227;o respondedores&#8217;</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Geral</th>
                <th>R (n=12)</th>
                <th>NR (n=6)</th>
                <th>p valor</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Caracter&#237;sticas gerais basais</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>M&#233;dia de idade (A)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">58,4 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">51,3 &#177; 10,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,17 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo feminino (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diagn&#243;stico de HT (A)</td>
                <td align="center">19 &#177; 7,9</td>
                <td align="center">19,8 &#177; 8,7</td>
                <td align="center">17,5 &#177; 6,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,57 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dislipidemia (%)</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">83,3</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                <td align="center">44,4</td>
                <td align="center">41,7</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,73 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo ativo (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (Kg/m2)</td>
                <td align="center">29,7 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">30 &#177; 4,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,84 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Apneia do sono (%)</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">1 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de medicamentos para HT (n &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,2 &#177; 1,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,79 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espironolactona (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61,1</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">051 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores do canal de c&#225;lcio (%)</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">----</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores (%)</td>
                <td align="center">77,8</td>
                <td align="center">75</td>
                <td align="center">83,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Inibidores da ECA/BRAs (%)</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">91,7</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diur&#233;ticos (%)</td>
                <td align="center">94,4</td>
                <td align="center">91,7</td>
                <td align="center">100</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bloqueadores alfa-2 (%)</td>
                <td align="center">61,1</td>
                <td align="center">58,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,74 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina basal (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">0,88 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,9 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,7 &#177; 0,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,56 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Eco basal e ap&#243;s 6M</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o basal(%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
                <td align="center">0,94 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o 6M (%)</td>
                <td align="center">58 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">0,21 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do SIV basal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 3,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 1,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura do SIV 6M (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">12,9 &#177; 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">13,4 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 1,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da PP basal (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 1,9</td>
                <td align="center">11,5 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,06 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espessura da PP 6M (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">10,2 &#177; 2,3</td>
                <td align="center">10,5 &#177; 2,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,7 &#177; 1,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,48 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AE basal (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">56,4 &#177; 19,5</td>
                <td align="center">53,8 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">61,8 &#177; 11,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,43 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume AE 6M (mL/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">56 &#177; 22,3</td>
                <td align="center">59 &#177; 23</td>
                <td align="center">51 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,51 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E / E &#8216; basal</td>
                <td align="center">11,1 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">9,9 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">13,6 &#177; 3,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>E/E&#8217; 6M</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 3,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,9 &#177; 4</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,95 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>MAPA basal e 6M</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS m&#233;dia basal (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">154,6 &#177; 11,7</td>
                <td align="center">154,5 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">154,8 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,96 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Queda na PAS 6M (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 19,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,6 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">-8 &#177; 11,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD m&#233;dia basal (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">90,7 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">88,2 &#177; 13,5</td>
                <td align="center">95,7 &#177; 14,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,29 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Queda na PAD 6M (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">6,3 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">10,4 &#177; 7,1</td>
                <td align="center">-1,8 &#177; 6,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,004</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca basal (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">0,67 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca 6M</td>
                <td align="center">70 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">68 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center">76 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,44 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Denerva&#231;&#227;o renal</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de abla&#231;&#245;es (n &#177; DP)</td>
                <td align="center">27,2 &#177; 7,7</td>
                <td align="center">28,7 &#177; 8,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 &#177; 6,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,25 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia (min)</td>
                <td align="center">19,3 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">16,3 &#177; 5,5</td>
                <td align="center">26,5 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Cintigrafia card&#237;aca com MIBG</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCM basal 15 min</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,72 &#177; 0,08</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,02</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCM 6M 15 min</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,61 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,70 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,14 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCM basal 4 horas</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,11</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,10</td>
                <td align="center">1,64 &#177; 0,14</td>
                <td align="center">0,22 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>RCM 6M 4 horas</td>
                <td align="center">1,60 &#177; 0,16</td>
                <td align="center">1,59 &#177; 0,12</td>
                <td align="center">1,63 &#177; 0,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,64 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WR basal</td>
                <td align="center">22,7 &#177; 18,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">32,2 &#177; 28,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,13 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>WR 6M</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 16,4</td>
                <td align="center">25,4 &#177; 17,9</td>
                <td align="center">27 &#177; 14,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,86 (ns)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>A: anos; HT: hipertens&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; ECA: enzima de convers&#227;o da angiotensina; BRAs: bloqueadores do receptor da angiotensina; M: meses; SIV: septo intraventricular; PP: parede posterior; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; MAPA: monitora&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; bpm: batimentos por minuto; MIBG: metaiodobenzilguanidina marcada com <sup>123</sup>I; RCM: rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-mediastino; WR: taxa de washout. Os resultados s&#227;o exibidos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP).</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A RCM inicial foi significantemente menor na linha basal do grupo R (1,6 &#177; 0,1 vs. 1,72 &#177; 0,1, p &lt;0,02, IC95% 1,6-1,71), mas n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente do grupo NR em seis meses. Considerando os dois per&#237;odos de tempo, o grupo R teve valores iniciais de RCM mais baixos do que o grupo NR (p &lt;0,05, IC 95% 1,58-1,69). Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; RCM e WR tardias, as diferen&#231;as antes e depois da DR n&#227;o foram significantes entre os grupos. Nenhuma correla&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a resposta &#224; DR ou qualquer &#237;ndice de imagem com [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG foi encontrada, seja na linha basal ou no seguimento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Tabela complementar 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica com MIBG em pacientes submetidos &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o renal (DR). (A) Rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-mediastino (RMC) inicial (15 minutos) e tardia (4 horas) na linha basal e seis meses (6M) ap&#243;s a DR, em &#8216;respondedores&#8217; (R) vs. &#8216;n&#227;o respondedores&#8217; (NR) &#8211; a RMC inicial foi significantemente mais baixa em R, na linha basal; (B) Taxa de washout na linha basal e seis meses ap&#243;s a DR em R vs. NR; (C) e (D) cintilografia com MIBG, proje&#231;&#227;o anterior do t&#243;rax, na linha basal, em um respondedor, aos 15 minutos (C) e ap&#243;s quatro horas (D).</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0519-01253-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo do nosso estudo foi determinar se a DR teve algum impacto na atividade simp&#225;tica mioc&#225;rdica, e tamb&#233;m avaliar a seguran&#231;a do procedimento, uma vez que uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na RCM posteriormente, poderia significar interrup&#231;&#227;o da via simp&#225;tica. Verificamos uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da PA seis meses ap&#243;s a DR, em 66,7% dos pacientes, o que est&#225; de acordo com a efic&#225;cia relatada da t&#233;cnica. N&#227;o foram relatados problemas de seguran&#231;a, exceto em um paciente que foi diagnosticado com estenose da art&#233;ria renal seis meses ap&#243;s a DR, provavelmente devido &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o de radiofrequ&#234;ncia pr&#243;xima a uma placa ateroscler&#243;tica n&#227;o significativa. Determinamos que os respondedores tinham uma RCM inicial basal significativamente mais baixa, o que poderia ser devido &#224; integridade neuronal diminu&#237;da, mas nenhuma mudan&#231;a significante foi observada ap&#243;s seis meses.</p>
      <p>A CMR tardia foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, mas reduzida em compara&#231;&#227;o aos valores relatados em indiv&#237;duos normais (valores normais relatados: 2,2 &#177; 0,3,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> valores de refer&#234;ncia locais 1,9-2,8), tanto na linha basal quanto no seguimento de seis meses, traduzindo-se em um comportamento de hiperatividade simp&#225;tica mantida mesmo ap&#243;s a DR, e provavelmente associada a um maior risco de eventos. A WR tamb&#233;m foi estatisticamente semelhante em ambos os grupos. Entretanto, a WR estava significantemente aumentada em geral, em compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos normais (valores m&#233;dios normais relatados de 10 &#177; 9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> valores de refer&#234;ncia locais 8,5-9,6%), sendo que essa discrep&#226;ncia foi mais evidente em n&#227;o respondedores na linha basal, devido a um poss&#237;vel overdrive simp&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>O SNS &#233; um sistema extremamente complexo, com implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em estados fisiol&#243;gicos e patol&#243;gicos. &#201; caracterizado por m&#250;ltiplos n&#237;veis de a&#231;&#227;o que envolvem regula&#231;&#227;o central, transmiss&#227;o ganglionar, libera&#231;&#227;o e recapta&#231;&#227;o de norepinefrina e resposta de receptores adren&#233;rgicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Dessa forma, n&#227;o existe um m&#233;todo preciso para avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica global e regional, sendo que cada t&#233;cnica tem seus pontos fortes e limita&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>O efeito da DR na atividade simp&#225;tica foi descrito anteriormente. Krum et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> relataram uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 47% na libera&#231;&#227;o de noradrenalina dos nervos simp&#225;ticos renais bilateralmente, ap&#243;s a DR, utilizando o m&#233;todo de dilui&#231;&#227;o de is&#243;topos na noradrenalina renal ( <italic>spillover</italic> ). A MIBG-C foi realizada em pequenas coortes de pacientes com DR para avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica, mas os resultados foram bastante divergentes, relatando diminui&#231;&#245;es na WR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> aumentos na RCM<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> tardia ou nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Esse m&#233;todo de imagem tamb&#233;m tem sido considerado &#250;til para avaliar a atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca no contexto de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, podendo estimar o progn&#243;stico e a resposta ao tratamento. De fato, no estudo ADMIRE-HF, uma taxa significantemente menor de eventos e morte card&#237;aca foi observada em pacientes com um RCM tardia &#8805; 1,6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O que n&#227;o est&#225; claro em nosso estudo &#233; que os n&#227;o respondedores apresentaram evid&#234;ncia de aumento da atividade do SNS, por que eles n&#227;o responderam clinicamente &#224; DR? Haveria outros fatores/sistemas suplantando a contribui&#231;&#227;o do SNS na fisiopatologia da HT? Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma das taxas avaliadas mostrou altera&#231;&#227;o significante no seguimento, traduzindo uma aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios delet&#233;rios dos nervos simp&#225;ticos e, nenhum dos par&#226;metros da MIBG avaliados foram &#250;teis para prever a resposta &#224; DR.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Em primeiro lugar, este &#233; um estudo de centro &#250;nico e o n&#250;mero de pacientes inscritos &#233; pequeno. Em segundo lugar, n&#227;o havia grupo controle. Terceiro, dois sistemas de denerva&#231;&#227;o diferentes foram utilizados, embora ambos fossem do tipo multieletrodo. Por fim, o estudo n&#227;o foi randomizado e, embora o especialista em medicina nuclear fosse altamente experiente, n&#227;o houve valida&#231;&#227;o interna ou externa dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, demonstramos que a denerva&#231;&#227;o renal reduziu significativamente a press&#227;o arterial em uma porcentagem significante de pacientes, mas n&#227;o houve evid&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade simp&#225;tica card&#237;aca observada pela cintigrafia mioc&#225;rdica com [<sup>123</sup>I] metaiodobenzilguanidina. Nenhum dos par&#226;metros de imagem foi &#250;til para prever a resposta &#224; denerva&#231;&#227;o renal. No entanto, tanto a rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o-mediastino inicial quanto a tardia mostraram-se reduzidas, em compara&#231;&#227;o com a popula&#231;&#227;o em geral, provavelmente colocando essa popula&#231;&#227;o em maior risco de eventos. Estudos em larga escala s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para determinar a validade desse m&#233;todo na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos da denerva&#231;&#227;o renal card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem &#224; bioestat&#237;stica Dra. Adriana Belo e &#224; Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia pelo apoio estat&#237;stico a esta investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. World Health Organization (WHO). A global brief on hypertension&#8212; World Health Day 2013.Geneva(Switzerland);2013. p.5-39.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization (WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>A global brief on hypertension&#8212; World Health Day 2013</source>
          <publisher-loc>Geneva(Switzerland)</publisher-loc>
          <year>2013</year>
          <fpage>5</fpage>
          <lpage>39</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Joana Delgado Silva pela Universidade de Coimbra.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Faculdade de Medicina (FMUC) da Universidade de Coimbra sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo CE-031/2014. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>* Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para informa&#231;&#227;o adicional, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2020-1253_supplementary-material-table1.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link> .</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Brief Communication</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Risk Stratification and Cardiac Sympathetic Activity Assessment Using Myocardial [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG Imaging in Renal Denervation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7065-9773</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Delgado-Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Joana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Paula</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Gracinda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gon&#231;alves</surname>
            <given-names>Lino</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina (FMUC), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Medicina Nuclear, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias Nucleares Aplicadas &#224; Sa&#250;de (ICNAS), Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto de Investiga&#231;&#227;o Cl&#237;nica e Biom&#233;dica de Coimbra (iCBR), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Joana Delgado Silva &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital Geral &#8211; Quinta dos Vales, S. Martinho do Bispo, 3041-801, Coimbra <italic>&#8211;</italic> Portugal E-mail: joanadelgadosilva@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Delgado-Silva J, Gon&#231;alves L; Acquisition of data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Delgado-Silva J; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Delgado-Silva J, Moreira AP; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Delgado-Silva J, Moreira AP, Costa G, Gon&#231;alves L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <p>Hyperactivation of the sympathetic nervous system plays a central role in the pathophysiology of hypertension. The aim of this study was to assess cardiac sympathetic activity and investigate the role of myocardial<sup>123</sup>I-labelled meta-iodo benzyl guanidine ([<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG) scintigraphy in cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with resistant hypertension treated with renal denervation (RDN). Eighteen patients were included in this prospective study (mean age 56 &#177; 10 years old, 27.8% females). Transthoracic echocardiogram, general blood analysis and myocardial ([123I] MIBG scintigraphy were performed before and six-months after RDN. A patient was considered a responder (R) if a drop &#8805; 5mmHg on mean systolic ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring was observed at the six-month follow-up. 66.7% of patients were R (drop in systolic BP of 20.6 &#177; 14.5mmHg, vs minus 8 &#177; 11.6mmHg in non-responders (NR), p=0.001). Early heart-mediastinum ratio (HMR) was significantly lower at baseline in the R group (1.6 &#177; 0.1 vs 1.72 &#177; 0.1, p&lt;0.02) but similar at six months. Considering both instants in time, the R group had lower early HMR values than the NR group (p&lt;0.05). Both the late HMR and the washout rate were identical and no significant correlation between response to RDN or any MIBG imaging index was found. Renal denervation effectively lowered blood pressure in the majority of patients but [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG was not useful in predicting the response. However, there was evidence of sympathetic overdrive and, both early and late HMR were overall reduced, probably putting this population at a higher risk of adverse events.</p>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Resistant Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Kidney/denervation</kwd>
        <kwd>Sympathetic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial/diagnostic imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Radionuclide Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>3-Iodobenzylguanidine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension (HT) has long been recognized as one of the leading causes of cardiovascular death and hospitalizations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> According to the current guidelines, HT is defined as resistant when optimized pharmacological therapy with three anti-hypertensive drugs, including a diuretic, is unable to effectively lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP) to &lt; 140mmHg and &lt;90mmHg, respectively. Its prevalence is thought to be around 5-15%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its involvement in circulatory regulation was first demonstrated in the 19th century by showing that stimulation of renal nerves elevated BP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> According to this knowledge, invasive procedures targeting the SNS were developed in early/mid-20th century but were discontinued, due to increased side effects and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Since then, clarification of the mechanisms by which the SNS leads to uncontrolled BP conducted to the development of a minimally-invasive percutaneous procedure that has been shown to reduce renal and central sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Renal denervation (RDN) has been the subject of extensive investigation in the past few years and, the latest second-generation randomized trials have demonstrated both the efficacy in lowering BP, but also safety, in cohorts of patients at different levels of cardiovascular risk.<sup>6123</sup>I-labelled meta-iodo benzyl guanidine ([<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG) is an analogue of norepinephrine (NE), labeled with iodine-123, which shares the same uptake mechanism in pre-synaptic nerves. After the uptake, it is transported to catecholamine storage vesicles and, as it is not metabolized, it allows the characterization of cardiac sympathetic activity and neuronal integrity, through planar imaging acquisition using gamma cameras. By analyzing the images, two semi-quantitative parameters are calculated, early and late heart-mediastinum ratio (HMR) and washout rate (WR). Increases in [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG concentration in the synaptic cleft translated into augmented WR and diminished HMR.</p>
        <p>In the long term, a chronic hyperactivated SNS lead to a significant lack of function/reduction of NE transporters (increasing NE synaptic concentration) and to the exhaustion of NE storage vesicles. The excessive amount of cardiac catecholamines promote fibrosis, cardiomyocyte necrosis and predispose to severe arrhythmic events. The early images obtained with myocardial [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG scintigraphy (MIBG-S) characterize interstitial uptake, reflecting the integrity of pre-synaptic neurons, while late images represent the distribution of sympathetic nerve terminals, reflecting neuronal function. The WR represents the ability of the myocardium to retain MIBG and it depends on neuronal integrity and degree of sympathetic activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to assess cardiac sympathetic activity and investigate the role of myocardial [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG-S in cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with resistant HT treated with RDN.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This single-center, prospective study included 18 consecutive patients with resistant HT treated with RDN, from May 2014 to October 2017. A comprehensive medical history was recorded for all patients and untreated secondary HT was excluded. Adherence to drug therapy was confirmed by witnessed intake (patients were admitted to the cardiology ward for a 24-hour period). Exclusion criteria included recent major adverse cardiovascular events, fibromuscular dysplasia, previous renal angioplasty, glomerular filtration rate &lt; 45mL/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>, untreated secondary HT and pseudo-HT (90 patients excluded). Patients with a mean systolic BP &gt;135mmHg (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring &#8211; ABPM) were included. A total of 108 patients with suspected true resistant hypertension were evaluated in the outpatient clinic and 90 patients were excluded, according to the described criteria. All patients underwent a thorough clinical evaluation, electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram, standard hematologic and biochemistry profile, and MIBG-S, both at baseline and at six months follow-up. For the RDN procedure, the EnligHTN multielectrode system (St. Jude Medical, MN, USA) was employed in 33.3% of the cases and the Symplicity Spyral multielectrode catheter (Medtronic Inc., Santa Rosa, CA, USA) in 66.7%. All patients received conscious sedation and analgesia, and femoral artery hemostasis was achieved using a vascular closing device. Before MIBG-S, the patients were pre-treated with Lugol&#8217;s solution for thyroid blockade (equivalent to 130 mg of iodine for adults) or 500mg of potassium perchlorate if the patient was allergic to iodine. Afterwards, an intravenous injection of 185 MBq of [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG was administered, and planar images of the thorax were acquired with a dual-headed gamma camera, fifteen minutes (early imaging) and four hours (late imaging) after the radiopharmaceutical administration. MIBG uptake was semiquantified by calculating the HMR, after drawing ROIs over the heart (including the cavity) and the upper mediastinum (avoiding the thyroid gland) in the planar anterior view. Average counts per pixel in the myocardium were divided by average counts per pixel in the mediastinum. The myocardial WR from the initial to the late images was also calculated, and expressed as a percentage, being the rate of reduction in myocardial counts over time, between early and late imaging (normalized to mediastinal activity). None of the prescribed medications were stopped for the performance of MIBG-S, due to high probability of adverse events and hence ethical issues. Response to RDN was defined if a drop in mean ABPM systolic BP &#8805; 5mmHg was observed at six months and patients were divided into two groups accordingly.</p>
        <p>Categorical variables were characterized by determining the absolute and relative frequencies, and numerical variables through the means and standard deviations. Normality of distribution was checked and a p value of &lt;0.05 was considered significant. Comparisons between groups with regard to the categorical variables were conducted using the Chi-Square Test. Regarding the continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney U Test was used to compare two groups. A general linear model for repeated measures was applied to analyze variance of each parameter, measured before and after RDN in each subject from two different groups, i.e., &#8216;responder&#8217; and &#8216;non-responder&#8217;. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 19.0&#174;, at a 5% significance level for hypothesis-testing. This study was approved by the Coimbra&#8217;s Faculty of Medicine Ethics Committee and all patients signed an informed consent form.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Eighteen patients (mean age 56 &#177; 10 years old, 27.8% female gender) were included in this study. Twelve patients were &#8216;responders&#8217; (R, 66.7%) and six &#8216;non-responders&#8217; (NR, 33.3%). No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding baseline characteristics. RDN was well tolerated by all patients and no peri-procedural complications were detected. Fluoroscopy time was significantly higher in the NR group (16.3 &#177; 5.5 vs 26.5 &#177; 18.6 minutes, p&lt;0.04). At the 6-month follow-up, one patient had an acute pulmonary edema, being diagnosed with renal stenosis, successfully treated with angioplasty. This patient was a &#8216;responder&#8217; as a &#8805; 5mmHg drop in mean ABPM systolic BP was observed 15 days after the angioplasty. A drop of 20.6 &#177; 14.5mmHg in mean ABPM systolic BP was observed in the R group (vs -8 &#177; 11.6mmHg in NR, p=0.001). Even though office systolic BP was not considered for the response, due to a possible &#8216;white-coat effect&#8217;, a drop was also observed in the R group (29.2 &#177; 8.4mmHg) vs the NR group (13 &#177; 13.4mmHg) (p=0.09). No side effects such as orthostatic hypotension, electrolyte disturbances or renal failure were noticed in the medium-term follow-up. The findings in transthoracic echocardiography (regarding diastolic function, wall thickness or biventricular systolic function) did not differ significantly between the two groups, either at baseline or after 6 months assessment. Baseline and procedural-related characteristics of the overall, &#8216;responders&#8217; and &#8216;non-responders&#8217; groups, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Baseline and procedural-related characteristics, ABPM baseline and 6 months evolution and MIBG scintigraphy parameters at baseline and at 6-month follow-up, in the overall, &#8216;responder&#8217; and &#8216;non-responder&#8217; groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Overall</th>
                  <th>R (n=12)</th>
                  <th>NR (n=6)</th>
                  <th>p value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>General baseline features</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mean age (Y)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">58.4 &#177; 9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">51.3 &#177; 10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.17 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diagnosis of HT (Y)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19.8 &#177; 8.7</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5 &#177; 6.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.57 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyslipidemia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">88.9</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.4</td>
                  <td align="center">41.7</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.73 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Active smoking (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.8</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (Kg/m2)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.7 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">30 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.84 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sleep apnea (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of HT drugs (n&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2 &#177; 1.5</td>
                  <td align="center">5.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.79 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Spironolactone (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">051 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Calcium channel blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">----</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">77.8</td>
                  <td align="center">75</td>
                  <td align="center">83.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ACE inhibitors/ARBs (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">91.7</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diuretics (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">94.4</td>
                  <td align="center">91.7</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Alpha2-blockers (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.1</td>
                  <td align="center">58.3</td>
                  <td align="center">66.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.74 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.88 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7 &#177; 0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Baseline and 6M Echo</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.94 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M ejection fraction (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">58 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">62 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline IVS thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 3.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 1.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M IVS thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.9 &#177; 2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 1.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline PW thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M PW thickness (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2 &#177; 2.3</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5 &#177; 2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7 &#177; 1.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline LA volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">56.4 &#177; 19.5</td>
                  <td align="center">53.8 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">61.8 &#177; 11.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M LA volume (ml/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 &#177; 22.3</td>
                  <td align="center">59 &#177; 23</td>
                  <td align="center">51 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline E/E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">11.1 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">9.9 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6 &#177; 3.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M E/E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 3.5</td>
                  <td align="center">10.9 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.95 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Baseline and 6M ABPM</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline mean SBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">154.6 &#177; 11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">154.5 &#177; 11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">154.8 &#177; 13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Drop in SBP 6M (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 19.2</td>
                  <td align="center">20.6 &#177; 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">-8 &#177; 11.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline mean DBP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">90.7 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">88.2 &#177; 13.5</td>
                  <td align="center">95.7 &#177; 14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.29 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Drop in DBP 6M (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">6.3 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4 &#177; 7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">-1.8 &#177; 6.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline heart rate (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">71 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">73 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.67 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M heart rate</td>
                  <td align="center">70 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">76 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Renal denervation</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of ablations (n &#177; SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.2 &#177; 7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7 &#177; 8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2 &#177; 6.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fluoroscopy time (min)</td>
                  <td align="center">19.3 &#177; 11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">16.3 &#177; 5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">26.5 &#177; 18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiac MIBG scintigraphy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline HMR 15 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.72 &#177; 0.08</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M HMR 15 min</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">1.61 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.70 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline HMR 4 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.11</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.10</td>
                  <td align="center">1.64 &#177; 0.14</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Continuation</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M HMR 4 hours</td>
                  <td align="center">1.60 &#177; 0.16</td>
                  <td align="center">1.59 &#177; 0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">1.63 &#177; 0.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.64 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baseline WR</td>
                  <td align="center">22.7 &#177; 18.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">32.2 &#177; 28.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.13 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>6M WR</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 16.4</td>
                  <td align="center">25.4 &#177; 17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27 &#177; 14.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86 (ns)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Y: years; HT: hypertension; BMI: body mass index; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARBs: angiotensin receptor blockers; M: months; IVS: intraventricular septum; PW: posterior wall; LA: left atrium; ABPM: ambulatory blood pressure monitoring; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; bpm: beats per minute; MIBG:<sup>123</sup>I-labelled metaiodobenzylguanidine; HMR: heart-mediastinum ratio; WR: washout rate. Results are displayed in mean &#177; standard deviation (SD).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Early HMR was significantly lower at baseline in the R group (1.6 &#177; 0.1 vs 1.72 &#177; 0.1, p&lt;0.02, 95% CI 1.6-1.71) but was not statistically different from the NR group at six months. Putting together both times periods, the R group had lower early HMR values than the NR group (p&lt;0.05, 95% CI 1.58-1.69). Regarding late HMR and WR, differences before and after RDN were not significant between groups. No significant correlation between response to RDN or any [<sup>123</sup>I] MIBG imaging index was found, either at baseline or at the follow-up ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">table 1</xref> , <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app01">supplementary table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Myocardial MIBG scintigraphy in patients submitted to renal denervation (RDN). (A) Early (15 minutes) and late (4 hours) heart-mediastinum ratio (HMR) at baseline and six-months (6M) after RDN, in &#8216;responders&#8217; (R) vs &#8216;non-responders&#8217; (NR) &#8211; early HMR was significantly lower in R, at baseline; (B) Washout rate at baseline and six-months after RDN in R vs NR; (C) and (D) MIBG scintigraphy, thorax anterior projection, at baseline, in a responder, at 15 minutes (C) and at four hours (D).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0519-01253-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The aim of our study was to determine whether RDN had any impact on myocardial sympathetic activity, and also to assess procedure safety, as a significant subsequent decrease in HMR could signify disruption of the sympathetic pathway. We verified a significant reduction in BP six months after RDN, in 66.7% of the patients, which is aligned with the reported efficacy of the technique. No safety issues were reported, except for one patient who was diagnosed with renal artery stenosis six months after the RDN, probably due to radiofrequency delivery next to a non-significant atherosclerotic plaque. We determined that responders had a significantly lower baseline early HMR, which could be due to decreased neuronal integrity, but no significant changes were observed after six months.</p>
        <p>Late HMR was similar in both groups but reduced in comparison to values reported in normal subjects (normal reported values 2.2 &#177; 0.3,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> local reference values 1.9-2.8), both at baseline and at the six-month follow-up, translating into a maintained sympathetic hyperactivity even after RDN, and probably being associated with a higher risk of events. WR was also statistically similar in both groups. However, WR was significantly increased overall, in comparison to normal individuals (normal reported mean values 10 &#177; 9%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> local reference values 8.5-9.6%), with this discrepancy being more evident in non-responders at baseline, due to a possible sympathetic overdrive.</p>
        <p>The SNS is an extremely complex system, with clinical implications in both physiological and pathological states. It is characterized by multiple levels of action that involve central regulation, ganglionic transmission, release and reuptake of norepinephrine and the response of adrenergic receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As such, a precise method to evaluate global and regional sympathetic activity does not exist, with each technique having its strengths and limitations.</p>
        <p>The effect of RND on sympathetic activity has been previously described. Krum et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported a 47% decrease in the release of noradrenaline from the renal sympathetic nerves bilaterally after RDN, using the isotope dilution renal noradrenaline spillover method. MIBG-S has been performed in small cohorts of RDN patients in order to assess sympathetic activity, but results have been rather divergent, reporting decreases in WR,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> increases in late HMR<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> or no change at al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> This imaging method has also been considered useful to evaluate cardiac sympathetic activity in the context of heart failure, being able to estimate both prognosis and response to treatment. Indeed, in the ADMIRE-HF trial, a significant lower event and cardiac death rate was observed in patients with a late HMR &#8805; 1.6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>What is not clear in our study is, given that non-responders had evidence of increased SNS activity, why didn&#8217;t they clinically respond to RDN? Were there other factors/systems superseding the contribution of the SNS in the pathophysiology of HT? Furthermore, none of the evaluated rates altered significantly at follow-up, translating into an absence of deleterious sympathetic nerve disruption and, none of the evaluated MIBG parameters were useful to predict response to RDN.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has some limitations. First, this a single-center study and the number of patients enrolled is small. Second, there was no control group. Third, two different denervation systems were used, even though they were both multielectrode. Finally, the study was not randomized and, even though the nuclear medicine specialist was highly experienced, there was no internal or external validation of the results.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this study we demonstrate that renal denervation significantly reduced blood pressure in a significant percentage of patients, but there was no evidence of reduced cardiac sympathetic activity visible by myocardial [<sup>123</sup>I] meta-iodine benzyl guanidine scintigraphy. None of the imaging parameters were useful to predict response to renal denervation. However, both early and late heart-mediastinum ratio were found to be reduced/lower, compared to the general population, probably putting this population at a higher risk of events. Large-scale studies are needed to determine the validity of this method in the evaluation of cardiac renal denervation effects.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors thank the biostatistician Dr. Adriana Belo and the Portuguese Society of Cardiology for the statistical support to this research.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Joana Delgado Silva from Universidade de Coimbra.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Medicina (FMUC) - Universidade de Coimbra under the protocol number CE-031/2014. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app01">
          <title>* Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For additional information, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2022/11802/2020-1253_supplementary-material-table1.pdf">click here</ext-link> .</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
