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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9zqkLdthvZwNsjK7yXyYCby</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200505</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201085</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201085</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o do Ramo Esquerdo do Sistema His-Purkinje: Experi&#234;ncia Inicial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Forno</surname>
            <given-names>Alexander Romeno Janner Dal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8389-2574</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ternes</surname>
            <given-names>Caique M. P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rech</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o V&#237;tor Ternes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Grazyelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital SOS Cardio</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Florian&#243;polis</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SC</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital SOS Cardio , Florian&#243;polis , SC &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alexander Romeno Janner Dal Forno &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Setor de Arritmias Cardiacas - Andar 2 - Rodovia SC 401, n121. CEP 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brasil E-mail: <email>alexanderdalforno@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Dal Forno ARJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Dal Forno ARJ, Damasceno G; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Dal Forno ARJ, Ternes CMP, d&#8217;Avila A; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Rech JVT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Dal Forno ARJ, Ternes CMP, d&#8217;Avila A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Nascimento HG, Lewandowski A, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>505</fpage>
      <lpage>516</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita convencional aumenta o risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em portadores de marca-passo. A estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo (RE) do sistema His-Purkinje pode evitar os desfechos indesejados da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Analisar retrospectivamente os desfechos intraoperat&#243;rios, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e os dados cl&#237;nicos do seguimento inicial de pacientes submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram avaliados os par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos do implante e eventuais complica&#231;&#245;es precoces de 52 pacientes consecutivos submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia alfa adotado foi igual a 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> 52 pacientes foram submetidos a estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE do sistema His-Purkinje, obtendo sucesso em 50 procedimentos. 69,2% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino e a mediana e intervalo interquatil da idade no momento do implante foi de 73,5 (65,0-80,0) anos. A dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS pr&#233;-implante foi de 146 (104-175) ms e de 120 (112-130) ms ap&#243;s o procedimento. O tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi de 78 (70-84) ms. A amplitude da onda R foi de 12,00 (7,95-15,30) mV, com limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 0,5 (0,4-0,7) V &#215; 0,4 ms e imped&#226;ncia de 676 (534-780) ohms. O tempo de procedimento foi de 116 (90-130) min e o tempo de fluoroscopia foi de 14,2 (10,0-21,6) min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo &#233; uma t&#233;cnica segura e fact&#237;vel. Nesta casu&#237;stica, apresentou alta taxa de sucesso, foi realizada com tempo de procedimento e fluoroscopia baixos e obteve medidas eletr&#244;nicas adequadas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita &#233; a modalidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o mais utilizada em todo o mundo para corre&#231;&#227;o de dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV). Entretanto, este tipo de estimula&#231;&#227;o aumenta o risco de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, pode piorar a classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (CFIC) e aumentar a necessidade de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o por insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) em at&#233; 20% dos pacientes em 4 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O risco desses eventos adversos aumenta quando a estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular se faz necess&#225;ria &gt; 40% do tempo e em pacientes com disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular pr&#233;via ao implante, principalmente quando a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado excede 150 ms. V&#225;rios s&#237;tios alternativos j&#225; foram explorados na tentativa de evitar os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular muscular, sem uma comprova&#231;&#227;o real de benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico ou ecocardiogr&#225;fico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Nesses pacientes, a terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (TRC) pode amenizar ou reverter os efeitos delet&#233;rios da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita ao reduzir a dissincronia intra e interventricular, tal como ocorre em pacientes com bloqueio de ramo esquerdo (BRE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como alternativa &#224; TRC convencional, pode ser utilizada a estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje em qualquer uma de suas por&#231;&#245;es, tanto inicial como no feixe de His ou mais distal, como no ramo esquerdo (RE). Na estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, o eletrodo ventricular direito &#233; fixado pr&#243;ximo ao &#225;pice do Tri&#226;ngulo de Koch, permitindo a captura seletiva &#8211; ou n&#227;o &#8211; do sistema His-Purkinje proximal. Dessa forma, ao recrutar o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o, restabelece a fisiologia normal da ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular, prevenindo os efeitos indesejados da estimula&#231;&#227;o convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Essa t&#233;cnica, no entanto, apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es. Em muitos casos, a energia necess&#225;ria para capturar o feixe de His &#233; muito alta quando comparada com a energia necess&#225;ria &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o convencional do ventr&#237;culo direito, resultando em uma deple&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida da bateria do marca-passo (MP) principalmente em pacientes com bloqueios intra ou infra-hissiano e bloqueio distal de RE. Al&#233;m disso, a atividade ventricular intr&#237;nseca medida pelo dispositivo (onda R) pode ser de muito baixa amplitude na posi&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, dificultando a programa&#231;&#227;o do MP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como uma alternativa &#224; t&#233;cnica de estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, em 2017, Huang et al. descreveram o primeiro caso de estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o diretamente no RE em paciente ineleg&#237;vel para estimula&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do feixe de His.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nessa abordagem, o eletrodo ventricular direito (geralmente o mesmo eletrodo que se destina ao implante no feixe de His) &#233; fixado profundamente no septo interventricular, atingindo a regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, permitindo a estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje atrav&#233;s da ativa&#231;&#227;o do RE. Essa modalidade de estimula&#231;&#227;o resulta em complexos QRS com dura&#231;&#227;o equivalente &#224; da estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, com menor limiar de captura e onda R adequada, facilitando a programa&#231;&#227;o do MP e permitindo uma durabilidade da bateria semelhante &#224; dos MP convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O presente estudo tem por objetivo apresentar o resultado cir&#250;rgico e eletrocardiogr&#225;fico imediato e do seguimento cl&#237;nico precoce dos primeiros 52 pacientes submetidos a implante de MP para estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o com estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do ramo esquerdo do sistema His-Purkinje em um centro de refer&#234;ncia em eletrofisiologia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, retrospectivo em um centro para avalia&#231;&#227;o de viabilidade de um s&#237;tio alternativo de estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o His-Purkinje. Foram consideradas quatro categorias de inclus&#227;o para o estudo: implante prim&#225;rio, implante secund&#225;rio, limiar elevado de MP hissiano (&gt;2,0 V x 1,0 ms) e ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Foram considerados implantes prim&#225;rios todos os pacientes em que a inten&#231;&#227;o inicial da interven&#231;&#227;o era a estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE do sistema His-Purkinje, e secund&#225;rios todas as interven&#231;&#245;es em que a inten&#231;&#227;o inicial era a estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His e n&#227;o houve sucesso devido a limiar elevado transoperat&#243;rio (limiar &gt;2,0 V ou pacientes com BRE com limiar &gt;2,5 V com corre&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxograma de estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema His-Purkinje distal &#8211; ramo esquerdo. Pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de marca-passo que apresentavam QRS estreito ou bloqueio em n&#237;vel nodal e apresentavam limiares de captura do His maior que 2 V X 1,0 ms ou maior que 2,5 V X 1,0 ms para corre&#231;&#227;o de bloqueios de ramo preexistente eram encaminhados para implante mais distais junto ao ramo esquerdo (RE) (implante secund&#225;rio). Pacientes com bloqueio intra ou infra-hissianos documentados por estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, eram encaminhados diretamente para estimula&#231;&#227;o distal (chamado implante prim&#225;rio). Nos casos de insucesso, o paciente era encaminhado para estimula&#231;&#227;o convencional septal ou estimula&#231;&#227;o biventricular. MP: marca-passo; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BRE: bloqueio do ramo esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos 52 pacientes consecutivos submetidos a implante de MP com estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE em um centro de refer&#234;ncia. Todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido (TCLE) antes do procedimento. Este &#233; um estudo retrospectivo com coleta de informa&#231;&#245;es dos registros m&#233;dicos do implante no Hospital SOS C&#225;rdio realizado de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki e aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Instituto de Cardiologia do estado de Santa Catarina por meio do Certificado de Apresenta&#231;&#227;o de Aprecia&#231;&#227;o &#201;tica n&#186; 36517420.7.0000.0113 com parecer favor&#225;vel n&#186; 4.293.667. Foram avaliados sucesso agudo do procedimento, complica&#231;&#245;es precoces e necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo tinham indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de MP de acordo com a Diretriz Brasileira de Dispositivos Card&#237;acos Eletr&#244;nicos Implant&#225;veis (DCEI) e do ACC/AHA/HRS de 2018, submetidos ao procedimento de estimula&#231;&#227;o de RE entre agosto de 2019 e novembro de 2020 em um centro m&#233;dico de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica de implante do eletrodo septal para estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo</title>
        <p><bold>Via de acesso:</bold> Todos os procedimentos foram realizados sob anestesia geral. A pun&#231;&#227;o da veia axilar guiada por fluoroscopia com ou sem a inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste na veia cubital esquerda foi a via de acesso preferida. Em um dos pacientes, portador de MP h&#225; 8 anos, foi observada oclus&#227;o total da veia subcl&#225;via esquerda. Nesse caso, o implante foi realizado atrav&#233;s da veia axilar direita e o eletrodo tunelizado at&#233; a loja subpeitoral esquerda. Nos demais pacientes, o acesso axilar esquerdo foi obtido sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p><bold>Bainha e eletrodo para estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo:</bold> Ap&#243;s a pun&#231;&#227;o venosa, uma bainha Medtronic C315HIS<sup>&#174;</sup> 69 cm (Medtronic, Minneapolis &#8211; MN) de curva fixa era avan&#231;ada at&#233; o &#225;trio direito com aux&#237;lio de um fio-guia longo (180 cm). Um eletrodo Medtronic <italic>Select Secure</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup> modelo 3830 era posicionado, atrav&#233;s da bainha, no n&#237;vel do anel atrioventricular direito, ap&#243;s discreta rota&#231;&#227;o anti-hor&#225;ria. O polo distal de eletrodo 3830 <italic>Select Secure</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup> Medtronic era exposto para permitir o mapeamento unipolar do eletrograma do feixe de His ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Excepcionalmente, foram utilizados cateteres de eletrofisiologia concomitantemente nos casos que necessitavam a realiza&#231;&#227;o de estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico para confirmar o n&#237;vel do bloqueio (2 casos). Essa posi&#231;&#227;o era fixada em fluoroscopia na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita 30&#176; (OAD) e mantida como refer&#234;ncia durante o mapeamento da regi&#227;o septal direita. A partir dessa posi&#231;&#227;o e ap&#243;s leve rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria, a bainha e o eletrodo 3830 eram, ent&#227;o, avan&#231;ados atrav&#233;s da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide cerca de 1 a 1,5 cm inferoapicalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; da posi&#231;&#227;o em que o eletrograma do feixe de His havia sido registrado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; T&#233;cnica de implante do eletrodo para captura do ramo esquerdo ap&#243;s tentativa de captura do eletrograma de His. O painel superior esquerdo mostra bloqueio atrioventricular (BAV) infra-hissiano 2:1 durante estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial cont&#237;nua com ciclo de 700 ms. Nos batimentos conduzidos, observa-se intervalo AH = 85 ms e HV de 77 ms. No painel central, &#224; esquerda, observa-se cateter decapolar no seio coronariano (SC) que foi utilizado para estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial e cateter quadripolar na posi&#231;&#227;o de His na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior direita a 30&#176;. Esse caso foi realizado concomitantemente com a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico, e podemos visualizar um cateter decapolar no seio coron&#225;rio. O cateter quadripolar foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia para posicionamento do eletrodo de marca-passo (MP) na posi&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His &#8211; pode ser observada corrente de les&#227;o no eletrograma intracavit&#225;rio. Durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua do eletrodo do His, observa-se captura hissiana seletiva sem corre&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio de ramo direito com energia de 5 V e largura de pulso de 1 ms. Com o aumento da energia de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 5 para 6 V, ocorre captura n&#227;o seletiva do His com corre&#231;&#227;o do bloqueio de ramo direito com ciclo de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 1.000 ms. No entanto, o bloqueio volta a ocorrer quando o ciclo de estimula&#231;&#227;o foi diminu&#237;do para 600 ms. Por essa raz&#227;o (limiar alto e persist&#234;ncia do bloqueio de ramo com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 100 bpm [600 ms]), optou-se pelo implante do mesmo eletrodo na regi&#227;o septal mais baixa (painel inferior direito mostrando proje&#231;&#227;o em obl&#237;quo anterior esquerda a 30 graus). Observa-se registro do eletrograma de His no cateter quadripolar e eletrograma do ramo esquerdo (RE) no eletrodo do marca-passo [E1]) 44 ms depois, sugerindo que o bloqueio estivesse entre o His e o local em que foi registrado o potencial do RE. A: eletrograma atrial; p: proximal; d: distal.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nos 10 primeiros casos, foi realizada estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar em &#225;reas supostamente favor&#225;veis &#224; entrada do eletrodo septal definida pela presen&#231;a de complexo QRS com morfologia de &#8220;W&#8221; na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 (e/ou estreitamento do QRS com padr&#227;o de onda R predominante na deriva&#231;&#227;o DI, Rs na deriva&#231;&#227;o DII e rS deriva&#231;&#227;o DIII [ <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ]).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, na experi&#234;ncia dos autores, tal morfologia do complexo QRS podia ser obtida em v&#225;rias posi&#231;&#245;es do septo interventricular em um mesmo paciente, enquanto, em outros, tal padr&#227;o do QRS n&#227;o poderia ser observado, mesmo ap&#243;s extenso mapeamento do septo interventricular direito. Por esta raz&#227;o, nos 42 casos subsequentes, o local selecionado para entrada do eletrodo foi definido apenas pela posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo no septo interventricular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; refer&#234;ncia do local onde um eletrograma de His havia sido registrado.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Varia&#231;&#227;o da imped&#226;ncia durante posicionamento do eletrodo de estimula&#231;&#227;o para captura do ramo esquerdo. Nota-se aumento progressivo da imped&#226;ncia de 560 para 760ohms acompanhado de aumento progressivo da onda R em V1. A medida inicial mostra complexo QRS em V1 com morfologia em &#8220;w&#8221;. &#192; medida que o eletrodo avan&#231;a no septo interventricular em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; regi&#227;o subendoc&#225;rdica do septo interventricular esquerdo, a onda R&#8217; em V1 e a imped&#226;ncia durante estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar aumentam progressivamente. O eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es ilustra a morfologia final do complexo QRS.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Nesses locais, mais rota&#231;&#227;o anti-hor&#225;ria era aplicada &#224; bainha at&#233; que um &#226;ngulo pr&#243;ximo a 90&#176; entre o septo interventricular e a bainha C315HIS<sup>&#174;</sup> fosse observado na proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (OAE) 30&#176;. Uma vez atingida essa posi&#231;&#227;o, o eletrodo 3830 era gentilmente rodado em sentido hor&#225;rio at&#233; sua fixa&#231;&#227;o e leve penetra&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo distal (mecanismo de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa) no septo interventricular. &#192; medida que inser&#231;&#245;es progressivas do eletrodo eram visualizadas, era realizada estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar para avaliar a dura&#231;&#227;o e morfologia do complexo QRS estimulado, o eletrograma local (quando um QRS intr&#237;nseco era dispon&#237;vel) e a medida da imped&#226;ncia. &#192; medida que o eletrodo penetra o septo interventricular, a imped&#226;ncia aumenta gradativamente durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>O eletrodo era, ent&#227;o, avan&#231;ado atrav&#233;s de rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria at&#233; atingir profundidade de cerca de 1 cm em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; extremidade distal da bainha, justaposta ao septo interventricular, na posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda a 30&#176; (OAE). A partir desse ponto, o eletrodo 3830 era conectado ao pol&#237;grafo de eletrofisiologia (EP Tracer<sup>&#174;</sup> Schwarzer Cardiotek, NL) e ao analisador do MP para registro do eletrograma local e a medida da onda R. A morfologia, a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS, e a varia&#231;&#227;o da imped&#226;ncia &#8211; que aumenta gradativamente &#224; medida que o eletrodo penetra o septo interventricular &#8211; eram comparados &#224;quelas obtidas no ponto de entrada do eletrodo durante estimula&#231;&#227;o com energia de 3,0 V &#215; 0,4 ms. Se n&#227;o houvesse crit&#233;rio de captura do RE, o eletrodo era lentamente avan&#231;ado com rota&#231;&#227;o hor&#225;ria adicional de meia a uma volta, e as medidas repetidas at&#233; que esses crit&#233;rios fossem obtidos.</p>
        <p><bold>Crit&#233;rios para definir a captura do ramo esquerdo:</bold> Uma das formas mais aceitas atualmente como crit&#233;rio de captura do ramo esquerdo &#233; a medida do tempo de despolariza&#231;&#227;o completa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, chamado de tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (TAVE). Eletrocardiograficamente, o TAVE corresponde ao intervalo em milissegundos entre a esp&#237;cula de estimula&#231;&#227;o e o pico da onda R em V4, V5 ou V6; quando menor que 90 ms, caracteriza uma despolariza&#231;&#227;o do VE r&#225;pida e atrav&#233;s do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Nos pontos em que era obtido complexo QRS com morfologia sugestiva de captura do RE (morfologia qR ou rsR&#8217; em V1), era realizada estimula&#231;&#227;o com baixa e alta energia (respectivamente, 1,5 V &#215; 0,4 ms e 10 V &#215; 0,4 ms) com o intuito de observar redu&#231;&#227;o adicional da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS e TAVE em milissegundos. Se o local fosse considerado inadequado, o eletrodo seria avan&#231;ado por mais alguns mil&#237;metros at&#233; que n&#227;o houvesse diminui&#231;&#227;o desses intervalos durante estimula&#231;&#227;o com alta energia.</p>
        <p><bold>Manobras para avaliar a captura do ramo esquerdo:</bold> Definiu-se como captura do RE a presen&#231;a de um padr&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fico caracter&#237;stico em V1 (qR ou rqR&#8217;) e pelo menos um dos seguintes crit&#233;rios: 1) Identifica&#231;&#227;o de potencial do RE/Purkinje precedendo o complexo QRS, com intervalo do potencial local at&#233; eletrocardiograma de superf&#237;cie entre 10 e 50 ms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ); 2) manuten&#231;&#227;o do TAVE &lt;90 ms durante estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar com alta e baixa energia; 3) mudan&#231;a progressiva entre o padr&#227;o n&#227;o seletivo e seletivo de captura do RE durante estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar cont&#237;nua com diferentes n&#237;veis de energia; 4) mudan&#231;a do padr&#227;o n&#227;o seletivo para um padr&#227;o muscular septal quando muito pr&#243;ximo ao limiar final de captura; e, por &#250;ltimo, 5) teste com extraest&#237;mulos com resposta muscular pura ou de captura seletiva do RE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Implante de marca-passo para captura do ramo esquerdo em paciente portadora de bloqueio atrioventricular total (BAVT). Paciente do sexo feminino com BAVT e escape com complexo QRS estreito (painel A), submetida a implante de marca-passo (MP) para captura do ramo esquerdo (RE). No painel B, observam-se deriva&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas e o registro intracavit&#225;rio do potencial do RE o com HV=22 ms. A posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo do MP posicionado profundamente no septo interventricular pode ser observada no painel C em obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda a 30 graus. Neste local, a onda R era de 12mV com limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o de 0,4 VX0,4 ms, resultando em um QRS estimulado estreito, id&#234;ntico ao do ritmo de escape, conforme evidenciado pelas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais (V1 a V6) no painel D.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Teste com extraest&#237;mulos:</bold> A proximidade entre o valor do limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE e do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco que o circunda ocasionalmente pode dificultar a distin&#231;&#227;o entre a captura do RE e a captura ventricular septal esquerda, pois o complexo QRS estimulado pode representar uma fus&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de estimula&#231;&#227;o dessas duas estruturas. Por esta raz&#227;o, utilizamos rotineiramente o teste de extraest&#237;mulos descrito por Jastrzbski.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O teste consiste em aplicar, com aux&#237;lio do pol&#237;grafo de eletrofisiologia, um ciclo fixo de estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular unipolar de 8 batimentos consecutivos no eletrodo destinado ao RE, seguido de um extraest&#237;mulo com acoplamento progressivamente mais curto. A segunda forma do teste consiste na deflagra&#231;&#227;o de um extraest&#237;mulo isolado, tamb&#233;m, com acoplamento progressivamente mais curto. Conclui-se que h&#225; captura do RE quando ocorre mudan&#231;a na morfologia do complexo QRS, de morfologia de captura n&#227;o seletiva do RE para captura muscular pura ou captura seletiva do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ambas as respostas s&#227;o diagn&#243;sticas, conforme ilustrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> . Outra forma de confirma&#231;&#227;o de captura do RE &#233; a realiza&#231;&#227;o do teste de limiar com larguras de pulso muito pequenas, como 0,1 ou 0,05 ms.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; T&#233;cnica de extraest&#237;mulos por meio do eletrodo do marca-passo para demonstrar captura do ramo esquerdo (RE). O painel A mostra a presen&#231;a de ritmo sinusal com bloqueio do ramo esquerdo (BRE) com dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS de 136 ms (dois batimentos iniciais). Durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE, observa-se redu&#231;&#227;o da dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS para 114 ms com um tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventricular esquerdo (TAVE) de 78 ms. A posi&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo pode ser evidenciada em proje&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda a 30&#176; durante inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste atrav&#233;s da bainha, e um ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico bidimensional ilustra a posi&#231;&#227;o desse mesmo eletrodo por meio do septo interventricular no painel C. Os pain&#233;is D e E ilustram a diferen&#231;a na morfologia do complexo QRS em V1 durante estimula&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua seguida de extraest&#237;mulos com intervalo de acoplamento progressivamente mais curto. Ao contr&#225;rio do que demonstrado no painel E, em que um complexo qR pode ser claramente identificado, o complexo QRS em V1 n&#227;o apresenta a morfologia caracter&#237;stica de captura do RE. No painel D, o per&#237;odo refrat&#225;rio da por&#231;&#227;o muscular do septo interventricular ainda n&#227;o havia sido atingido. Com a diminui&#231;&#227;o do acoplamento do extraest&#237;mulo em 10 ms, observa-se a perda da captura muscular septal e o padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de captura do RE. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Retirada da bainha e conex&#227;o do eletrodo septal ao gerador:</bold> Uma vez confirmada a captura do RE, &#233; realizada inje&#231;&#227;o de pequena quantidade de contraste atrav&#233;s da bainha C315, para contrastar a borda do septo interventricular direito e documentar a profundidade atingida pelo eletrodo no trajeto intraseptal. Nesse momento, a bainha era recuada at&#233; o &#225;trio direito, as medidas eletr&#244;nicas repetidas e a bainha finalmente retirada conforme orienta&#231;&#245;es do fabricante.</p>
        <p><bold>Conectando os eletrodos ao gerador:</bold> Nos casos de BAVT com escape com QRS alargado, devido ao risco de apresentar assistolia durante a manipula&#231;&#227;o intraseptal, o eletrodo inicialmente destinado ao &#225;trio era fixado ao ventr&#237;culo direito e utilizado para estimula&#231;&#227;o provis&#243;ria ventricular e ap&#243;s o implante do eletrodo intraseptal, levado ao ap&#234;ndice auricular direito. Nos casos de MP bicameral e ressincronizador, o eletrodo 3830 era conectado &#224; porta ventricular direita do dispositivo. No &#250;nico caso em que o MP do ramo do esquerdo foi utilizado em um desfibrilador, o eletrodo 3830 foi conectado na porta do ventr&#237;culo direito atrav&#233;s da conex&#227;o IS1/DF1.</p>
        <p>Nos casos de MP dupla c&#226;mara ou de TRC, o eletrodo atrial e o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (seio coronariano) foram posicionados com a t&#233;cnica habitual.</p>
        <p><bold>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica:</bold> As vari&#225;veis inclu&#237;das na an&#225;lise foram sexo, idade, comorbidades, cardiopatia de base, tipo de bradiarritmia, tempo m&#233;dio de <italic>follow-up</italic> , dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante, TAVE, tipo de indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento, tempo de procedimento e fluoroscopia, bem como o limiar de captura (valor do limiar unipolar da estimula&#231;&#227;o &#215; largura de pulso em Volts), imped&#226;ncia do eletrodo e amplitude da onda R. Os par&#226;metros el&#233;tricos dos dois pacientes nos quais a captura do RE n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel foram exclu&#237;dos dessa an&#225;lise.</p>
        <p>A normalidade dos dados foi avaliada por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas de par&#226;metros do implante apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal e foram comparadas com teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon. Os resultados foram descritos em mediana e intervalo-interquartil (IQ) Q1 &#8211; Q3 (percentil 25 &#8211; percentil 75). Foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo um valor de p bicaudal &lt;0,05. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas utilizando o programa R vers&#227;o 3.6.2.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Foram realizados 52 procedimentos. A mediana e IQ da idade dos pacientes foi de 73,5 (65,0-80,0) anos e 69,2% eram do sexo masculino. Quarenta pacientes apresentavam cardiopatia n&#227;o isqu&#234;mica (76,92%), 4 apresentavam cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica (7,69%) e 8 apresentavam cardiopatia induzida por MP pr&#233;vio (15,38%). A caracter&#237;stica do tipo de bradiarritmia dos pacientes est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , e um mesmo paciente pode apresentar mais de um tipo de bradiarritmia. Sete pacientes com FA necessitaram de MP para controle da frequ&#234;ncia ap&#243;s BAVT. Em 63,5% dos implantes (n=33), a inten&#231;&#227;o inicial do procedimento foi o implante prim&#225;rio de MP para estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE. Em 13,5% dos pacientes (n=7), houve a tentativa inicial de estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, e devido a medidas insatisfat&#243;rias obtidas no transoperat&#243;rio (limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o &gt;2 V x 1 ms e/ou onda R &lt;2 mV), optou-se pela estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE &#8211; considerados implantes secund&#225;rios. Em 7,7% dos pacientes (n=4) com MP hissiano pr&#233;vio, houve aumento do limiar de comando &gt; 4,0 V x 1 ms durante o seguimento cl&#237;nico, e 15,4% dos pacientes (n=8) n&#227;o responderam &#224; TRC convencional, tendo sido submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de RE. Foi obtido sucesso em 50/52 pacientes (96,2%), taxa semelhante &#224; demonstrada na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Os dados dos dois pacientes nos quais n&#227;o foi obtida captura do RE n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos nas an&#225;lises seguintes. Dezessete pacientes eram portadores de cardiopatia estrutural com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) menor que 50%. Dos dispositivos implantados, 8 foram ressincronizadores (15,4%), 3 MP unicamerais (5,8%), 3 cardiodesfibriladores bicamerais (5,8%) e 38 MP bicamerais (73,1% dos dispositivos).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos pacientes submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o de ramo esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (N=52)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (69,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (30,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Idade (anos),</bold>
                    <italic>mediana (IQ)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">73,5 (65,0-80,0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>HAS,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39 (75,0%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>DM,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">17 (32,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>CFIC,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA I-II</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (21,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NYHA III-IV</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (78,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cardiopatia de base,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (76,92%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isqu&#234;mica</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,69%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Induzida por MP pr&#233;vio</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15,38%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Tipo de bradiarritmia,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                    <sup>&#182;</sup>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Doen&#231;a do n&#243; sinusal</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV 1&#186; grau</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV 2&#186; grau</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BAV 3&#186; grau</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (46,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FA + BAVT</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (9,6%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>FEVE Basal,</bold>
                    <italic>mediana (IQ)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">56,2 (44,8-67,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Indica&#231;&#227;o,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante prim&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (63,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Implante secund&#225;rio</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (13,5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limiar elevado de MP hissiano</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7,7%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TRC</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (15,4%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Desfecho,</bold>
                    <italic>n (%)</italic>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sucesso</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (96,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Falha</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3,8%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>&#182;: Os pacientes podem apresentar mais de um tipo de bradiarritmia. HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; MP: marca-passo; TRC: terapia de ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca; CFIC: classe funcional de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; NYHA: New York Heart Association; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Medidas eletr&#244;nicas:</bold> A mediana e IQ da dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi de 146 (104-175) ms. A dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE foi de 120 (112-130) ms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ) com um TAVE de 78 (70-84) ms. O tempo m&#233;dio de procedimento foi de 116 (90-130) minutos com um tempo m&#233;dio de fluoroscopia de 14,2 (10,0-21,6) min. O limiar da estimula&#231;&#227;o para captura do RE foi de 0,5 (0,4-0,7) V &#215; 0,4 ms com uma imped&#226;ncia durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o de 676 (534-780) ohms e uma onda R de 12,00 (7,95-15,30) mV. Em cinco pacientes com BAVT sem escape, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel avaliar a amplitude da onda R.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS antes e ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do ramo esquerdo. Utilizado teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico de Wilcoxon (p=0,001).</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Implantes sem sucesso:</bold> Em dois (2/52) pacientes (3,8%) portadores de miocardiopatia dilatada, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter crit&#233;rios de captura do RE. No primeiro caso, o paciente apresentava di&#226;metros cavit&#225;rios aumentados e FEVE de 38%. Houve dificuldade em manipular a bainha C315, impossibilitando o mapeamento do feixe de His. Ap&#243;s diversas tentativas, fratura de duas bainhas e tempo de procedimento e fluoroscopia prolongados, optamos pelo implante de um ressincronizador convencional com eletrodo ventricular esquerdo no ramo posterolateral do seio coron&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>No segundo paciente, com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE de 59 mm e FEVE de 35%, sem implante pr&#233;vio de MP e com complexo QRS alargado (BAVT infra-hissiano), n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demostrar nenhum dos crit&#233;rios de captura do RE apesar do dif&#237;cil posicionamento e aparentemente posi&#231;&#227;o adequada do eletrodo ventricular. O eletrodo foi substitu&#237;do por um eletrodo convencional de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa, posicionado na regi&#227;o m&#233;dio-septal do ventr&#237;culo direito, por receio de deslocamento devido ao grande n&#250;mero de rota&#231;&#245;es do eletrodo na tentativa de alcan&#231;ar o RE.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap>
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados dos procedimentos e par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos dos marca-passos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (N=50)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (ms), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (104-175)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (ms), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (112-130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAVE (ms), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (70-84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de fluoroscopia (min), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 (10,0-21,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de procedimento (min), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (90-130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limiar (V x 0,4 ms), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,5 (0,4-0,7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imped&#226;ncia (ohms), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">676 (534-780)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda R (mV), mediana (IQ)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,00 (7,95-15,30)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>TAVE: tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Seguimento cl&#237;nico</bold>: Durante o seguimento [mediana e (IQ)] de 8 (3,25-10,00) meses, foi observado deslocamento do eletrodo septal para a por&#231;&#227;o subtric&#250;spide do ventr&#237;culo direito em um paciente que apresentava, ao final do seu procedimento, par&#226;metros completamente normais. Esse paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tico por 30 dias quando, durante o retorno ambulatorial, foi observado complexo QRS alargado e a radiografia de t&#243;rax confirmou o deslocamento. O paciente foi submetido novamente ao implante de estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE e manteve-se clinicamente est&#225;vel, com par&#226;metros est&#225;veis de captura do RE at&#233; sua &#250;ltima consulta de seguimento 6 meses ap&#243;s o reimplante. Nesse caso, houve dificuldade em avan&#231;ar o eletrodo dentro do septo em dire&#231;&#227;o ao RE. A bainha foi, ent&#227;o, avan&#231;ada para permitir maior sustenta&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo e pode ter, inadvertidamente, produzido um alargamento na entrada e em parte do conduto intraseptal, resultando em menor sustenta&#231;&#227;o e eventual deslocamento do eletrodo. A partir dessa observa&#231;&#227;o (paciente 8), a bainha n&#227;o foi mais for&#231;ada contra o septo interventricular. N&#227;o foram observadas outras complica&#231;&#245;es ou deslocamentos no seguimento de curto prazo (30 dias).</p>
        <p>Outro paciente apresentou abscesso de par&#243;tida com bacteremia e hemocultura positiva 2 semanas ap&#243;s o implante. O paciente optou por n&#227;o realizar o explante dos eletrodos e do MP e manter-se em uso cont&#237;nuo de antibioticoterapia. Ap&#243;s 7 meses de medica&#231;&#227;o oral, apresentou sinais de infec&#231;&#227;o da loja quando foi, ent&#227;o, realizada a extra&#231;&#227;o do sistema de MP e eletrodos e implante de MP convencional contralateral ap&#243;s controle adequado da infec&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta &#233; a primeira s&#233;rie brasileira a respeito de estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do ramo esquerdo. Os resultados sugerem tratar-se de t&#233;cnica fact&#237;vel e segura para reestabelecer a ativa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de MP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Achados relevantes e compara&#231;&#227;o com resultados da literatura</title>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s de implante de eletrodo junto ao sistema His-Purkinje em suas por&#231;&#245;es distais, na &#225;rea do RE, de forma transeptal a partir do ventr&#237;culo direito, demonstrou-se um procedimento seguro, fact&#237;vel e com taxa de sucesso alta, independentemente do local de bloqueio que o paciente apresenta. Nesses pacientes, semelhante ao relatado por outros grupos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> as medidas eletr&#244;nicas de sensibilidade e estimula&#231;&#227;o foram consideradas adequadas com a m&#233;dia da onda R de 12 mV e o limiar de captura do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dio de 0,5 &#177; V &#215; 0,4 ms. Como se trata de uma posi&#231;&#227;o dentro do septo interventricular, n&#227;o foi observada a inscri&#231;&#227;o de eletrograma atrial pelo eletrodo 3830 que pudesse interferir na programa&#231;&#227;o de sensibilidade em nenhum dos pacientes. O tempo necess&#225;rio para o implante do eletrodo e do dispositivo e o tempo de fluoroscopia tamb&#233;m estiveram de acordo com os demais achados da literatura e encontram-se muito pr&#243;ximo aos dados dos implantes convencionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o do cora&#231;&#227;o pode ser obtida por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do feixe de His ou do RE do sistema His-Purkinje. O feixe de His apresenta importante varia&#231;&#227;o anat&#244;mica em sua localiza&#231;&#227;o fluorosc&#243;pica, curta extens&#227;o de sua por&#231;&#227;o estimul&#225;vel e localiza&#231;&#227;o peritric&#250;spide usualmente no &#225;pice do triangulo de Koch, junto ao anel atrioventricular direito. Por essa raz&#227;o, n&#227;o raramente, medidas eletr&#244;nicas desfavor&#225;veis &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca s&#227;o obtidas. A onda R baixa, um limiar de estimula&#231;&#227;o mais alto que o da estimula&#231;&#227;o muscular convencional e a presen&#231;a de <italic>farfield</italic> do eletrograma atrial no canal designado ao feixe de His podem resultar em deple&#231;&#227;o precoce da bateria do MP, <italic>oversense</italic> da atividade atrial intr&#237;nseca com possibilidade de inibi&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular/hissiana e impor dificuldades para a programa&#231;&#227;o adequada do MP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a t&#233;cnica de estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His &#233; mais demorada que a t&#233;cnica de implante de MP tradicional, o que pode, eventualmente, aumentar o risco de infec&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Na estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do RE, uma estrutura mais larga e ramificada que o feixe de His, por outro lado, a situa&#231;&#227;o se inverte. O RE &#233; maior que o feixe de His, sendo tecnicamente mais f&#225;cil e reprodut&#237;vel obter a estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s dessa abordagem. Teoricamente, a estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do RE &#233; t&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica para o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quanto a estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His e apresenta melhores par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos de sensibilidade, estimula&#231;&#227;o e maior durabilidade da bateria do MP devido ao limiar de captura menor que o posicionamento do eletrodo no septo proporciona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Outra observa&#231;&#227;o do presente estudo sugere que dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS ap&#243;s estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE varia de acordo com o QRS pr&#233;-implante: pacientes com complexo QRS alargado apresentam um estreitamento ap&#243;s o implante, devido &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o dos bloqueios de ramo subjacentes, enquanto pacientes com QRS estreito apresentam um pequeno alargamento, devido ao tra&#231;ado eletrocardiogr&#225;fico resultante, semelhante ao dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ramo direito (ver <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> ). Isso provavelmente ocorre porque, apesar da ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo dar-se principalmente pelo sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco &#8211; com pequena contribui&#231;&#227;o muscular (captura n&#227;o seletiva) &#8211;, a ativa&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito acontece ap&#243;s condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada at&#233; o feixe de His seguida de ativa&#231;&#227;o anter&#243;grada pelo ramo direito ou, quando a condu&#231;&#227;o retr&#243;grada n&#227;o estiver presente, de forma passiva a partir do septo interventricular. Nessa t&#233;cnica de estimula&#231;&#227;o, o objetivo principal &#233; manter a ativa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Por esse motivo, utilizamos como um dos crit&#233;rios de sucesso o TAVE e n&#227;o a dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS ap&#243;s implante (tempo total de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda e direita).</p>
        <p><bold>Implica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas:</bold> A estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do ramo esquerdo pode diminuir ou talvez evitar a dissincronia causada pela estimula&#231;&#227;o muscular convencional do ventr&#237;culo direito e reduzir as taxas de miocardiopatia induzida pelo MP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nesses casos, a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de um MP de c&#226;mara &#250;nica (como em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial permanente) ou c&#226;mara dupla (pacientes em ritmo sinusal) poderia manter a sincronia intra e interventricular sem necessidade de um eletrodo adicional para o seio coron&#225;rio, bem como os custos de um gerador de TRC. Esse tipo de estimula&#231;&#227;o evitaria ainda os inconvenientes da estimula&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s do seio coron&#225;rio, como tempo maior de procedimento e de fluoroscopia para acesso aos ramos posterolaterais, uso de contraste endovenoso, estimula&#231;&#227;o fr&#234;nica e deslocamento do eletrodo do seio coron&#225;rio em situa&#231;&#245;es de miocardiopatia induzida pelo MP. Os pacientes submetidos &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His proximal que apresentam elevado limiar de captura durante o per&#237;odo de seguimento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio ou dificuldade na programa&#231;&#227;o devido a interfer&#234;ncias do eletrograma atrial e onda R baixa e que necessitam da estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema His-Purkinje encontram uma &#243;tima alternativa na estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do RE, conforme alguns dos pacientes deste estudo.</p>
        <p>Outro cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico relevante &#233; que o implante distal ao feixe de His com captura direta do RE pode ser utilizado em pacientes ap&#243;s a manipula&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica ou por cateter da valva a&#243;rtica (TAVR), pois esses procedimentos podem estar relacionados a importante dano ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o proximal, potencialmente tornando a estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His desafiadora ou at&#233; mesmo imposs&#237;vel. H&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que a disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular relacionada &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o convencional do ventr&#237;culo direito pode ser mais frequente nesses pacientes, justificando a implementa&#231;&#227;o de terapias destinadas &#224; ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o ventricular de forma precoce nesses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Da mesma maneira, a estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE pode ser preferencialmente utilizada em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial submetidos &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; atrioventricular, reduzindo o risco de miocardiopatia induzida pela estimula&#231;&#227;o ventricular convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>Implantes sem sucesso:</bold> Os dois pacientes nos quais n&#227;o obtivemos sucesso apresentavam importante aumento das cavidades ventriculares direita e esquerda, o que pode ter dificultado o posicionamento da bainha no &#226;ngulo correto junto ao septo interventricular, uma vez que a bainha foi desenhada para facilitar o acesso ao feixe de His em cora&#231;&#227;o de tamanho normal. A curva fixa da bainha pode n&#227;o proporcionar, nesses casos, o alcance necess&#225;rio para permitir acesso ao septo interventricular. Nessas situa&#231;&#245;es, na tentativa de conferir mais estabilidade e sustenta&#231;&#227;o ao conjunto bainha-eletrodo, torque excessivo na manipula&#231;&#227;o pode ter justificado o insucesso nesses casos. Em pacientes previamente submetidos a implantes intravasculares, a redu&#231;&#227;o do calibre do trajeto venoso por fibrose e/ou ader&#234;ncia em virtude da presen&#231;a de eletrodos antigos pode levar &#224; importante redu&#231;&#227;o da mobilidade da bainha, essencial para o adequado posicionamento do conjunto e fixa&#231;&#227;o do eletrodo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>O procedimento de estimula&#231;&#227;o do RE realizado neste trabalho utiliza um eletrodo que n&#227;o foi desenhado especificamente para estimula&#231;&#227;o transeptal, por&#233;m obtivemos uma taxa de sucesso de 96,2%. Trata-se de um trabalho retrospectivo, avaliando um pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes em um &#250;nico centro m&#233;dico, o que n&#227;o permite a compara&#231;&#227;o do efeito cl&#237;nico dessa abordagem com o implante de MP convencional ou do ressincronizador card&#237;aco. Apesar de ser uma t&#233;cnica promissora e de prov&#225;vel grande utilidade cl&#237;nica, faz-se necess&#225;ria uma avalia&#231;&#227;o mais detalhada a longo prazo antes que tal abordagem possa ser incorporada &#224; rotina de implantes em substitui&#231;&#227;o ao MP convencional ou aos ressincronizadores.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo do sistema His-Purkinje &#233; uma t&#233;cnica segura e exequ&#237;vel, com alta taxa de sucesso, realizada com tempo de procedimento e fluoroscopia baixos, e que resulta em tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerdo curto e medidas eletr&#244;nicas adequadas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer ao Dr. Charles Slater pelas sugest&#245;es e pela revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito.</p>
    </ack>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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      <title-group>
        <article-title>Left Bundle Branch Pacing of His-Purkinje Conduction System: Initial Experience</article-title>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rech</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o V&#237;tor Ternes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Helcio Garcia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lewandowski</surname>
            <given-names>Andrei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Damasceno</surname>
            <given-names>Grazyelle</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8769-1411</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>d&#8217;Avila</surname>
            <given-names>Andre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Hospital SOS Cardio, Florian&#243;polis, SC &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Alexander Romeno Janner Dal Forno &#8226; Hospital SOS Cardio - Setor de Arritmias Cardiacas - Andar 2 - Rodovia SC 401, n121. Postal Code 88030-000, Itacorubi, Florian&#243;polis, SC - Brazil E-mail: alexanderdalforno@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Dal Forno ARJ; Acquisition of data: Dal Forno ARJ, Damasceno G; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Dal Forno ARJ, Ternes CMP, d&#8217;Avila A; Statistical analysis: Rech JVT; Writing of the manuscript: Dal Forno ARJ, Ternes CMP, d&#8217;Avila A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Nascimento HG, Lewandowski A, d&#8217;Avila A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Conventional right ventricular pacing increases the risk of atrial fibrillation and heart failure in pacemaker patients. Stimulation of the left bundle branch (LBB) of the His-Purkinje system can prevent the unwanted outcomes of right ventricular pacing.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To retrospectively analyze the intraoperative outcomes, electrocardiographic and clinical data from the initial follow-up of patients submitted to stimulation of the LBB.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>The electronic parameters of the implant and of possible early complications of 52 consecutive patients submitted to stimulation of the conduction system were evaluated. The adopted significance level was 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Fifty-two patients underwent left bundle branch stimulation, with 50 successful procedures; 69.2% of the patients were male, and the median and interquartile range of age at the time of implantation was 73.5 (65.0-80.0) years. The pre-implant QRS duration was 146 (104-175) ms and 120 (112-130) ms after the procedure. The left ventricle activation time was 78 (70-84) ms. The R-wave amplitude was 12.00 (7.95-15.30) mV, with a stimulation threshold of 0.5 (0.4-0.7) V x 0.4 ms and impedance of 676 (534-780) ohms. The procedure duration was 116 (90-130) min, and the fluoroscopy time was 14.2 (10.0-21.6) min.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Cardiac stimulation of the His-Purkinje conduction system through the stimulation of the left bundle branch is a safe and feasible technique. In this study, it showed a high success rate, with low procedure and fluoroscopy periods, achieving adequate electronic measurements.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Cardiac Pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Stimulation Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Right ventricular stimulation is the most used method of stimulation around the world for the correction of atrioventricular (AV) conduction disorders. However, this type of stimulation increases the risk of atrial fibrillation, may worsen the heart failure functional class (HFFC) and increase the need for hospitalization due to heart failure (HF) in up to 20% of the patients in 4 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The risk of these adverse events increases when ventricular stimulation is necessary &gt; 40% of the time, and among patients with ventricular disfunction previous to the implant, especially when the duration of the stimulated QRS exceeds 150 ms. Several alternative sites have already been explored in the attempt to prevent the harmful effects of muscular ventricular stimulation, without real proof of its clinical or ecochardiographic benefits.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In these patients, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may improve or reverse the harmful effects of right ventricular stimulation by reducing the intra and interventricular disynchronization, as it occurs among patients with left bundle branch block (LBBB).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an alternative to conventional CRT, the His-Purkinje conduction system can be used in any of its portions, both initial and in the His or the more distal axis, such as the left bundle branch (LBB). In the stimulation of the His axis, the right ventricular electrode is fixated close to the apex of the Koch&#8217;s triangle, allowing the selective capture &#8211; or not &#8211; of the proximal His-Purkinje system. Therefore, by recruiting the heart conduction system, it reestablishes the normal physiology of ventricular activation, thus preventing the unwanted effects of conventional stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, this technique is limited. In many cases, the necessary energy to capture the His axis is very high when compared to the necessary energy for the conventional stimulation of the right ventricle, thus resulting in the fast discharge of the pacemaker (PM) battery, especially in patients with intra or infra-hisian blocks and distal LBB block. Besides, the intrinsic ventricular activity measured by the device (R-wave) can have very low amplitude in the His axis position, thus making it difficult to program the PM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As an alternative to the technique of the Hix axis stimulation, in 2017, Huang et al. described the first case of conduction system stimulation directly in the LBB, in a patient who was ineligible for the physiological stimulation of the His axis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this approach, the right ventricular electrode (usually the same electrode addressed to the implant in the His axis) is deeply fixated in the interventricular septum, thus reaching the subendocardial region of the left ventricle, allowing the direct stimulation of the His-Purkinje conduction system by activating the LBB. This stimulation modality results in complex QRS, whose duration is equivalent to that of the His axis stimulation, and lower capture threshold and adequate R-wave, thus facilitating PM programming and allowing the durability of the battery to be similar to that of conventional PMs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aims at presenting the surgical and electrocardiographic immediate result of the early clinical follow-up of the first 52 patients who underwent PM implant to stimulate the conduction system, with the direct stimulation of the left bundle branch of the His-Purkinje system, in an electrophysiology reference center.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a descriptive, retrospective study in a center to assess the feasibility of an alternative site of stimulation for the His-Purkinje conduction system. We considered 4 inclusion categories for the study: primary implant, secondary implant, high hisian PM threshold (&gt;2.0 V x 1.0 ms) and resynchronization ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Primary implants were considered for all patients for whom the initial intention of the intervention was the LBB stimulation of the His-Purkinje system; secondary implants were considered as all of the interventions in which the initial intention was the His axis stimulation, without success due to the high transoperative threshold (threshold &gt; 2.0 V or patients with LBB and threshold &gt; 2.5 V, with block correction).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Flowchart of the distal His-Purkinje system stimulation &#8211; left bundle branch. Patients with indication for PM who presented with narrow QRS or node level block, and presenting with His capture thresholds higher than 2V X 1.0 ms, or higher than 2.5V X 1.0ms for the correction of pre-existing branch blocks, were referred for more distal implants with the LBB (secondary implant). Patients with intra or infrahisian block documented by an electrophysiological study were directly sent for distal stimulation (called primary implant). In cases of unsuccess, the patient was referred to conventional septal stimulation or biventricular stimulation. PM: pacemaker; AVB: atrioventricular block; LBBB: left bundle branch block; RV: right ventricle.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Fifty-two consecutive patients were included and underwent a pacemaker implant with LBB stimulation at a reference center. All patients signed the informed consent form before the procedure. This is a retrospective study, with information collected from the medical implant records at Hospital SOS Cardio, performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of Instituto de Cardiologia do Estado de Santa Catarina, through the Certificate of Appreciation n. 36517420.7.0000.0113, with favorable opinion, n. 4.293.667. The following were assessed: acute success in the procedure, early complications and the need for reintervention. The patients included in this study had indication for PC implant, according to the Guidelines for Implantable Electronic Cardiac Devices and ACA/AHA/HRS, 2018, and underwent the LBB stimulation procedure between August, 2019, and November, 2020, at a reference medical center.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Septal electrode placement for left bundle branch stimulation</title>
          <p>Access pathway: All of the procedures were carried out under general anesthesia. Fluoroscopy-guided axillary vein puncture, with or without contrast injection in the left cubital vein, was the chosen access pathway. In one of the patients, who has had a PM for 8 years, we observed left subclavian vein total occlusion. In this case, the implant was placed through the right axillary vein, and the electrode was tunneled until the left subpectoral space. In the other patients, the left axillary access carried on without complications.</p>
          <p><bold>Sheath and Electrode for Left Bundle Branch stimulation:</bold> After the venous puncture, a fixed curve Medtronic C315HIS<sup>&#174;</sup>69 cm sheath (Medtronic, Minneapolis &#8211; MN) was inserted through the right atrium, assisted by a long guidewire (180 cm). A Medtronic <italic>Select Secure</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup>electrode, model 3830, was placed, through the sheath, at the level of the right atrioventricular ring, after a discreet counterclockwise rotation. The distal pole of the 3830 <italic>Select Secure</italic> <sup>&#174;</sup>Medtronic electrode was exposed to allow the unipolar mapping of the His axis electrogram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). Exceptionally, electrophysiology catheters were concomitantly used in cases that required an electrophysiological analysis to confirm the block level (2 cases). This position was fixed with fluoroscopy at the right anterior oblique position, 30&#176; (RAO), and maintained as reference while mapping the right septal region. Starting at this position, and after a mild clockwise rotation, the sheath and the 3830 electrode were, then, taken through the tricuspid valve about 1 to 1.5 cm in the inferoapical region, in relation to the position where the electrogram of the His axis had been registered.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Technique to implant the Electrode for the capture of the left bundle branch after an attempt of the His Electrogram Capture &#8211; The left superior panel shows infrahisian AVB 2:1 during continuous atrial stimulation, with a 700 millisecond cycle. In conducted beats, it is possible to observe an AH interval = 85 ms, and HV = 77 ms. In the middle and left panel, we observe a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus (CS), which was used for atrial stimulation, and a quadripolar catheter in the His position, at the right anterior oblique position 30&#186;. This case was conducted together with the performance of an electrophysiological study, and we were able to visualize a decapolar catheter in the coronary sinus. The quadripolar catheter was used as a reference for the placement of the PM electrode in the His axis position &#8211; it is possible to observe the current of the lesion in the intracavity electrogram. During the continuous stimulation of the His electrode, selective hisian capture is observed without the correction of the right bundle branch block, with 5 V of energy and wrist width of 1 ms. When we increase the stimulation energy from 5 to 6V, the non-selective capture of His occurs, with the correction of the right bundle branch block and cycle of stimulation of 1000 ms. But the block occurs again when the stimulation cycle is reduced to 600 ms. Therefore (high threshold and persistence of the branch block with heart rate of 100 bpm [600ms]), the choice was for the implant of the same electrode in the septal lowest region (inferior right panel showing a projection in the left anterior oblique position at 30&#186;). It is possible to observe the His electrogram record in the quadripolar catheter and the LBB electrogram in the PM electrode [E1] 44 milliseconds after, suggesting that the block is between the His and the location where the potential LBB was registered. A: atrial electrogram; p: proximal; d: distal.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>In the first 10 cases, there was unipolar stimulation in areas that were supposedly favorable to the entry of the septal electrode, defined by the presence of the QRS complex, of the &#8220;W&#8221; morphology in V1 derivation (and/or narrowing of the QRS with R-wave pattern being prevalent in derivation DI, Rs in derivation DII and rS in derivation DIII &#8211; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, according to the authors&#8217; experience, such a morphology of the QRS complex could be obtained in several positions of the interventricular septum in a single patient, whereas in others such a pattern could not be observed in the QRS, even after extensive mapping of the right interventricular septum. Therefore, in the 42 subsequent cases, the selected location for the electrode entry was defined only by the placement of the electrode in the interventricular septum in relation to the reference of the site where a His electrogram had been registered.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Variation of impedance during the placement of the stimulation electrode for the capture of the left bundle branch. It is possible to observe a progressive increase of impedance, from 560 to 760 ohms, followed by a progressive increase in the R-wave in V1. The initial measurement shows the QRS complex in V1, with &#8220;w&#8221; morphology. Whereas the electrode advances through the interventricular septum towards the subendocardial region of the left interventricular septum, the R&#8217; wave in V1 and the impedance during unipolar stimulation increase progressively. The 12-lead electrocardiogram illustrates the final morphology of the QRS complex.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>In these locations, more counterclockwise rotation was applied to the sheath until an angle that was close to 90&#186; between the interventricular septum and the C315HIS<sup>&#174;</sup>sheath could be observed in the left anterior oblique projection 30&#186; (LAO). Once this position was reached, the 3830 electrode was gently clockwise rotated until its fixation and mild penetration of the distal electrode (active fixation mechanism) in the interventricular septum. While progressive insertions of the electrode were visualized, the unipolar stimulation was carried out to assess the duration and morphology of the stimulated QRS complex, the local electrogram (when an intrinsic QRS was available) and the impedance measurement. While the electrode penetrates the interventricular septum, the impedance increases gradually during unipolar stimulation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>The electrode, then, was pushed through clockwise rotation until reaching a depth of about 1 cm, in relation to the distal extremity of the sheath, overlapped to the interventricular septum, in the left anterior oblique position at 30&#186; (LAO). After this point, the 3830 electrode was connected to the electrophysiology polygraph (EP Tracer<sup>&#174;</sup>Schwarzer Cardiotek, NL) and to the pacemaker analyzer for the record of the local electrogram and the R-wave measurement. Morphology, duration of the QRS complex, and impedance variation &#8211; which gradually increases while the electrode penetrates the interventricular septum &#8211; were compared to those obtained at the entry point of the electrode during stimulation, with 3.0 V x 0.4 ms energy. If there was no criterion to capture the LBB, the electrode would be slowly introduced, with an additional clockwise rotation of one and a half lap, and the measurements would be repeated until these criteria could be obtained.</p>
          <p><bold>Criteria to define Left Bundle Branch capture:</bold> One of the most accepted capture criterion of the left bundle branch, nowadays, is the measurement of time for the complete depolarization of the left ventricle, called left ventricular activation time (LVAT). In terms of electrocardiography, LVAT corresponds to the millisecond interval between the stimulation spike and the R-wave peak in V4, V5 or V6; when lower than 90 ms, it characterizes the fast depolarization of the LV, through a conduction system. In the points where there was complex QRS with morphology suggestive of LBB capture (morphology qR or rsR&#8217; in V1), stimulation was performed with low and high energy (respectively, 1.5 V x 0.4 ms and 10 V x 0.4 ms), in order to observe the additional reduction of the QRS complex duration and LVAT in milliseconds (MS). If the site was considered as inadequate, the electrode would be inserted for a few more millimeters, until there was no reduction of these intervals during high energy stimulation.</p>
          <p><bold>Maneuvers to assess Left Bundle Branch Capture:</bold> LBB capture was defined as the presence of a characteristic electrocardiographic pattern in V1 (qR or rqR&#8217;) and at least one of the following criteria: 1) Identification of the LBB potential/Purkinje, preceding the QRS complex, with local potential interval until the surface electrocardiogram between 10-50 ms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ); 2) LVAT maintenance &lt; 90ms during the unipolar stimulation with high and low energy; 3) progressive change between the non-selective and selective pattern of LBB capture during unipolar stimulation with different levels of energy; 4) change from the non-selective pattern to a muscular septal pattern when too close to the final capture threshold; and finally, 5) extrastimuli testing and pure muscular response or LBB selective capture.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Pacemaker implant for the Capture of the Left Bundle Branch in a patient with TAVB. Female patient with TAVB and escape, with narrow QRS complex (panel A), submitted to PM implant for the capture of the LBB. Panel B shows electrocardiographic leads and the intracavity record of the LBB potential with HV = 22 ms. The position of the PM electrode, placed deeply into the interventricular septum, can be observed in panel C in the left anterior oblique position at 30&#186;. In this location, the R wave was 12 mV, with stimulation threshold of 0.4VX0.4ms, resulting in a narrow stimulated QRS, identical to that of the escape rhythm, as shown by the precordial leads (V1 to V6) in panel D.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Extrastimuli testing:</bold> The proximity between the threshold stimulation value of the LBB and the heart muscle that occasionally surrounds it may make it difficult to distinguish the LBB capture and the left ventricular septal capture, since the stimulated QRS complex may represent a fusion of the stimulation patterns of both structures. Therefore, we usually use the extrastimuli test described by Jastrzbski.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The test consists of applying, by using an electrophysiology polygraph, a fixed cycle of unipolar ventricular stimulation of eight paced beats in the electrode addressed to LBB, followed by an extrastimulus with progressive shorter coupling. The second form of the test consists on the deflagration of an isolated extrastimulus, also with progressively shorter coupling. The conclusion is that there is LBB capture when there is a change in the morphology of the QRS complex, from a non-selective capture of the LBB to a pure muscular capture or selective capture of the conduction system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Both are diagnostic answers, as illustrated in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> . Another way to confirm LBB capture is a threshold test with small wrist width, such as 0.1 or 0.05ms.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Extrastimuli technique through the pacemaker electrode to show the left bundle branch capture. Panel A shows the presence of sinus rhythm with LBBB, and duration of the QRS complex of 136 ms (two initial beats). During the LBB stimulation, it is possible to observe a reduction in the duration of the QRS complex, to 14 ms, with left ventricular activation time (LVAT) of 78 ms. The electrode position can be shown in left anterior oblique projection at 30&#186;, during the contrast injection through the sheath, and a bidimensional transthoracic echocardiogram illustrates the position of this same electrode through the interventricular septum in panel C. Panels D and E illustrate the difference in the morphology of the QRS complex in V1 during the continuous stimulation, followed by extrastimuli with progressively shorter coupling interval. As opposed to the demonstrated in panel E, where a qR complex can be clearly identified, the QRS complex in V1 does not present the characteristic morphology of LBB capture. In panel D, the refractory period of the muscular portion of the interventricular septum had not been reached yet. With the reduction of the extrastimulus coupling in 10 ms, we observe the loss of septal muscular capture and the typical LBB capture pattern. Abbreviations: RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Removal of the sheath and connection of the septal electrode to a generator:</bold> Once the LBB capture is confirmed, a small amount of contrast is injected using a C315 sheath to contrast with the right interventricular septum edge and to register the depth reached by the electrode in the intraseptal route. At this moment, the sheath was retreated until the right atrium, the electronic measurements were repeated and the sheath was finally removed, according to the manufacturer&#8217;s orientations.</p>
          <p><bold>Connecting the electrodes to the generator:</bold> In cases of complete atrioventricular block with wide QRS escape, due to the risk of presenting with asystole during intraseptal manipulation, the electrode that was initially destined to the atrium was fixated to the right ventricle and used for temporary ventricular stimulation, and after the implant of the intraseptal electrode, taken to the right auricular appendage. In cases of dual chamber and resynchronization PM, the 3830 electrode was connected to the right ventricular port of the device. In the one case in which the left bundle branch PM was used in a defibrillator, the 3830 electrode was connected to the right ventricular port through a IS1/DF1 connection.</p>
          <p>In cases of dual chamber PM or CRT, the atrial and left ventricular electrode (coronary sinus) were placed with the usual technique.</p>
          <p><bold>Statistical analysis:</bold> The variables included in the analysis were: sex, age, comorbidities, underlying cardiopathy, type of bradyarrhythmia, mean follow-up time, duration of pre and post-implant QRS complex, LVAT, type of indication for the procedure, time of procedure and fluoroscopy, as well as the capture threshold (value of the unipolar stimulation threshold x wrist width in Volts), electrode impedance, and R-wave amplitude. The electric parameters of the two patients in which the LBB capture was not possible were excluded from this analysis.</p>
          <p>Data normality was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The continuous variables of the implant parameters presented non-normal distribution and were compared using the non-parametric Wilcoxon test. The results were described as median and interquartile range (IQR) Q1 &#8211; Q3 (percentile 25 &#8211; percentile 75). A two-tailed p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. All of the analyses were performed using the R software, version 3.6.2.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics:</title>
          <p>Fifty-two procedures were carried out. The median and IQR of the patients&#8217; age was 73.5 (65.0-80.0) years, and 69.2% were male. Forty patients presented with non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (76.92%), 4 presented with ischemic cardiomyopathy (7.69%), and 8 presented with previous PM-induced cardiomyopathy (15.38%). The characteristic of the type of bradyarrhythmia of the patients is described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , and one patient can present with more than one type of bradyarrhythmia. Seven patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) needed a PM to control frequency after complete atrioventricular block (CAVB). In 63.5% of the implants (n=33), the initial intention of the procedure was the primary PM implant to stimulate the LBB. In 13.5% of the patients (n=7), there was an initial attempt to stimulate the His axis, and due to unsatisfactory measures obtained in the transoperative period (stimulation threshold &gt; 2 V x 1 ms and/or R-wave &lt; 2 mV), the choice was for the LBB stimulation &#8211; considered as secondary implants. In 7.7% of the patients (n=4), with previous hisian PM, there was an increase in the command threshold &gt; 4,0 V x 1 ms during clinical follow-up; 15.4% of the patients (n=8) did not respond to conventional CRT, and were submitted to LBB stimulation. Success was obtained in 50/52 patients (96.2%), which is similar to the rates shown in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The data of two patients in which it was not possible to capture the LBB were not included in the following analyses. Seventeen patients had structural cardiomyopathy and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 50%. Of the implanted devices, 8 were resynchronization (15.4%), 3 were single-chamber PM (5.8%), 3 were dual chamber cardioverter defibrillator (5.8%), and 38 were dual chamber PMs (73.1% of the devices).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Demographic characteristics of the patients who underwent left bundle branch stimulation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Total (N=52)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Sex, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (69.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (30.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years), <italic>median (IQR)</italic></td>
                    <td align="center">73.5 (65.0-80.0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SAH, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (75.0%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DM, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (32.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>HFFC, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA I-II</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (21.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NYHA III-IV</td>
                    <td align="center">41 (78.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Underlying cardiopathy, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Non-ischemic</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (76.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ischemic</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.69%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>INduced by previous PM</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (15.38%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Type bradyarrhytmia, n (%)</bold>
                      <sup>&#182;</sup>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sinus node dysfunction</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (5.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1st degree AVB</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>2nd degree AVB</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (13.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>3rd degree AVB</td>
                    <td align="center">24 (46.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AF + TAVB</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (9.6%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Basal LVEF, <italic>median (IQR)</italic></td>
                    <td align="center">56.2 (44.8-67.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Indication, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary implant</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (63.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Secondary implant</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (13.5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High threshold &#8211; hisian PM</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7.7%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRT</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (15.4%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Outcime, n (%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Success</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (96.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Failure</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (3.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>&#182;: The patients may present more than one type of bradyarrhythmia. SAH: Systemic Arterial Hypertension; DM: Diabetes Mellitus; AVB: atrioventricular block; AF: atrial fibrillation; TAVB: total atrioventricular block; PM: pacemaker; CRT: Cardiac resynchronization therapy; HFFC: Heart Failure Functional Class; NYHA: New York Heart Association; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Electronic measurements:</bold> The median and IQR of the duration of preoperative QRS was 146 (104-175 ms). The duration of the QRX complex during LBB stimulation was 120 (112-130) ms ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ), with LVAT of 78 (70-84) ms. The mean duration of the procedure was 116 (90-130) minutes, with mean fluoroscopy time of 14.2 (10.0-21.6) min. The stimulation threshold for LBB capture was 0.5 (0.4-0.7) V x 0.4 ms, with impedance during stimulation of 676 (534-780) Ohms, and R-wave of 12.00 (7.95-15.30) mV. In five patients with CAVB without escape, it was not possible to assess the amplitude of the R-wave.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Duration of the QRS complex before and after the direct stimulation of the left bundle branch. The Wilcoxon non-parametric test was used (p=0.001).</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p><bold>Unsuccessful implants:</bold> In two (2/52) patients (3.8%) with dilated cardiomyopathy, it was not possible to obtain the LBB capture criteria. In the first case, the patient presented with increased cavity diameter and LVEF of 38%. It was difficult to handle the C315 sheath, thus preventing the mapping of the His axis. After several attempts, fracture of two sheaths and prolonged duration of the procedure and fluoroscopy, we chose to use the conventional resynchronization implant with a left ventricular electrode in the posterolateral branch of the coronary sinus.</p>
          <p>In the second patient, with diastolic left ventricular diameter of 59 mm and LVEF of 35%, without previous PM implant and wide QRS complex (infra-hisian CAVB), it was not possible to demonstrate any of the LBB capture criteria despite the difficult placement and apparent adequate position of the ventricular electrode. The electrode was replaced with a conventional active-fixation electrode, placed in the mid-septal region of the right ventricle, due to the possibility of displacement due to the large number of electrode rotations in the attempt to reach the LBB.</p>
          <p><bold>Clinical follow-up:</bold> During follow-up [median and (IQR)] 8.00 (3.25-10.0) months, it was possible to observe the displacement of the septal electrode to the sub-tricuspid portion of the right ventricle in a patient who presented completely normal parameters at the end of the procedure. This patient remained asymptomatic for 30 days when, at the follow-up appointment in the outpatient clinic, a wide QRS complex was observed, and a thoracic X-ray confirmed the displacement. The patient once again underwent the LBB stimulation implant and remained clinically stable, with stable LBB capture parameters until the last follow-up appointment, six months after the reimplant. In this case, there were difficulties to introduce the electrode inside the septum towards the LBB. The sheath was, then, introduced to provide more support to the electrode, and may inadvertently have produced an enlargement in the entrance and in part of the intraseptal conduct, resulting in less support and possible electrode displacement. Considering this observation (patient 8), the sheath was not forced against the interventricular septum. No other complications or displacements were observed in the short-term follow up (30 days).</p>
          <p>Another patient presented with parotid abscess, bacteremia and positive blood culture two weeks after the implant. The patient chose not to remove the electrodes and the PM, and to remain with the continuous use of antibiotics. After 7 months of oral medication, the patient presented with signs of infection, and then the pacemaker and the electrodes were removed, followed by the conventional contralateral PM implant after the adequate control of the infection.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This is the first Brazilian series about the direct stimulation of the left bundle branch. The results suggest it is a viable and safe technique to reestablish the physiological activation of the left ventricle in patients with indication for PM.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap>
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Results of the procedures and electronic parameters of the pacemakers</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (N=50)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preoperative QRS (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 (104-175)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Postoperative QRS (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 (112-130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVAT (ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (70 - 84)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of fluoroscopy (min), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">14.2 (10.0-21.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time for the procedure (min), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 (90-130)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Threshold (V x 0.4 ms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5 (0.4-0.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Impedance (ohms), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">676 (534-780)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>R-wave (mV), median (IQR)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.00 (7.95-15.30)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LVAT: left ventricular activation time.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><bold>Relevant findings and comparison with results in the literature:</bold> The direct stimulation of the cardiac conduction system through the implantation of an electrode with the His-Purkinje system in its distal proportions, in the LBB region, in a transseptal manner starting in the right ventricle, has proven to be a safe, viable procedure, with high success rates, regardless of the block site presented by the patient. In these patients, similarly to the reports of other groups,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the electronic sensitivity and stimulation measurements were considered as adequate, with mean R-wave of 12mV and mean conduction system capture threshold of 0.5 &#177; V x 0.4 ms. Since this is a position inside the interventricular septum, it was not possible to observe the inscription of the atrial electrogram by the 3830 electrode that could interfere in the sensitivity programming in any of the patients. The necessary period of time for the electrode and device implant and the time of fluoroscopy were also in accordance with the other findings in the literature, and are very close to the data regarding conventional implants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The direct stimulation of the heart conduction system can be obtained through the direct stimulation of the His axis or the LBB of the His-Purkinje system. The His axis presents major anatomical variation in its fluoroscopy location, short extension of its stimulable portion, and peritricuspid location usually at the apex of the Koch&#8217;s triangle, together with the right atrioventricular ring. Therefore, electronic measurements that are unfavorable to cardiac stimulation are not rarely obtained. The low R-wave, a higher stimulation threshold than that of conventional muscular stimulation, and the presence of &#8220;fairfield&#8221; of the atrial electrogram in the channel addressed to the His axis may result in the early discharge of the PM battery, the &#8220;oversensing&#8221; of the intrinsic atrial activity, with possibility of inhibiting the ventricular/hisian stimulation, and the imposition of difficulties for the adequate programming of the pacemaker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Besides,the His axis stimulation technique takes longer than the traditional PM implant, which may increase the risk of infection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, in the direct stimulation of the LBB, a larger and more branched structure than the His axis, the situation is the opposite. The LBB is larger than the His axis, thus being technically easier and more reproducible to obtain the conduction system stimulation through this approach. In theory, the direct stimulation of the LBB is as physiological for the left ventricle as is the stimulation of the His axis, and presents better electronic sensitivity parameters, stimulation and longer durability of the PM battery due to the lower capture threshold than that provided by the placement of the electrode in the septum.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Another observation in this study suggests that the duration of the QRS complex after the LBB stimulation ranges according to the pre-implant QRS: patients with wide QRS complex present narrowing after the implant, due to the correction of the blocks in subjacent branches, whereas patients with narrow QRS present with minor enlargement due to the resulting electrocardiographic design, similar to the conduction disorder by the right bundle branch ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> ). This probably happens because even though the activation of the left ventricle is mainly owed to the intrinsic conduction system &#8211; with minor muscular contribution (non-selective capture) &#8211; the activation of the right ventricle occurs after a retrograde conduction until the His axis, followed by the anterograde activation through the right bundle branch, or, when there is no retrograde conduction, passively starting in the interventricular septum. In this stimulation technique, the main goal is to obtain the physiological activation of the left ventricle. Therefore, one of our success criteria was the LVAT, and not the duration of the QRS complex (total time of left and right ventricular activation).</p>
        <p><bold>Clinical Implications:</bold> The direct stimulation of the left bundle branch may reduce, or maybe prevent the dyssynchrony caused by the conventional muscular stimulation of the right ventricle, as well as reduce the rates of cardiomyopathy induced by the PM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In these cases, the use of a single chamber (such as in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation) or dual chamber PM (patients in sinus rhythm) could maintain the intra and interventricular synchrony without the need for an additional electrode for the coronary sinus, as well as the costs of a CRT generator. This type of stimulation would prevent the inconveniece of the stimulation through the coronary sinus, with longer period for the procedure and fluoroscopy to access the posterolateral branches, use of intravenous contrast, phrenic stimulation and displacement of the electrode in the coronary sinus in situations of pacemaker induced cardiomyopathy. Among the patients submitted to the proximal His axis stimulation who present with high capture threshold during the postoperative follow-up period, or difficulties in the programming due to the interferences of the atrial electrogram and low R-wave, which require the stimulation of the His-Purkinje system, the direct stimulation of the LBB is a great alternative, according to some patients in this study.</p>
        <p>Another relevant clinical scenario is that the distal implant to the His axis, with direct capture of the LBB, can be used in patients after surgical manipulation or through a transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), because these procedures can be related to major damage to the proximal conduction system, potentially making the His axis stimulation more challenging, or even impossible. There is evidence showing that the ventricular dysfunction related to the conventional stimulation of the right ventricle can be more frequent in these patients, thus justifying the implementation of therapies addressed to the early ventricular resynchronization in these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Likewise, the stimulation of the LBB can be preferably used in patients with atrial fibrillation submitted to the AV node ablation, thus reducing the risk of cardiomyopathy induced by conventional ventricular stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p><bold>Unsuccessful implants:</bold> The two patients that were not successful presented with major increase of the right and left ventricular cavities, which may have made it difficult to place the sheath in the correct angle near the interventricular septum, once the sheath was designed to facilitate the access to the His axis in a normal-sized heart. The fixed curve of the sheath may not provide, in these cases, the necessary reach to allow access to the interventricular septum. In these situations, in the attempt to provide more stability and support to the sheath-electrode set, excessive torque in the manipulation may have justified the lack of success in these cases. In patients who had previously undergone intravascular implants, the reduction of the venous route caliber due to fibrosis and/or adherence due to the presence of old electrodes, may lead to a major reduction in the sheath mobility, which is essential for the adequate placement of the set and fixation of the electrode.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The LBB stimulation procedure carried out in this study uses an electrode that was not specifically designed for transseptal stimulation; however, we obtained a 96.2% success rate. This is a retrospective study that assesses a small number of patients in a single medical center, which does not allow the comparison of the clinical effect of this approach with the conventional PM implant or the cardiac resynchronization. Despite being a promising technique, with probable great clinical use, it is necessary to assess it in more detail and in the long term before this approach can be incorporated to the routine of implants to replace conventional PM or resynchronization.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The stimulation of the cardiac conduction system through stimulating the left bundle branch of the His-Purkinje system is a safe and viable technique, with high success rates, carried out with low time of procedure and fluoroscopy, and results in short time of left ventricular activation and adequate electronic measurements.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Dr. Charles Slater for the suggestions and critical review of the manuscript.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
