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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8PHrCBzQNC6hZTkZ3Bpnsxw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200488</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201233</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201233</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Sincronia Ventricular na Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Parahissiana: Alternativa por Ativa&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Fisiol&#243;gica (Estimula&#231;&#227;o Indireta do Feixe de His)?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-7912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Andres Di Leoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9640-6862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Domingues</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Manuel Ley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Willes</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Caroline Feltrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Chiari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Vinicius Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lodi</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Orlandini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital S&#227;o Lucas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Facultad de Medicina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Puebla</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="MX">M&#233;xico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla - Facultad de Medicina, Puebla &#8211; M&#233;xico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Eletrofisiologia Londrina</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Londrina</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">PR</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eletrofisiologia Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Andres Di Leoni Ferrari &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul &#8211; Avenida Ipiranga 6690 3<sup>o</sup> Andar - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. CEP 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dileoniferrari@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Di Leoni Ferrari A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Gazzoni GF, LM Domingues, Willes JCF, Cabral GC, Ferreira FVC, Lodi LO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Di Leoni Ferrari A, LM Domingues; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Di Leoni Ferrari A, LM Domingues, Reis G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Reis G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>488</fpage>
      <lpage>502</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (ECA) por captura direta ou indireta do feixe de His resulta em contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincr&#244;nica (ECA fisiol&#243;gica).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Comparar sincronia card&#237;aca, caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas e resultados de par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos entre duas t&#233;cnicas de ECA indireta do feixe de His: a n&#227;o seletiva e a parahissiana.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Interven&#231;&#227;o experimental (novembro de 2019 a abril de 2020) com implante de marca-passo definitivo (MPd) DDD em pacientes com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda &gt; 35%. Foram comparadas a sincronia card&#237;aca resultante mediante algoritmo de an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS e as caracter&#237;sticas t&#233;cnicas associadas a cada m&#233;todo entre ECA hissiana n&#227;o seletiva (DDD-His) e parahissiana (DDD-Var).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> De 51 pacientes (28 homens), 34 (66,7%) foram alocados no grupo DDD-Var e 17 (33,3%), no grupo DDD-His, com idade m&#233;dia de 74 e 79 anos, respectivamente. No grupo DDD-Var, a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (&#237;ndice de sincronia ventricular) mostrou melhora ap&#243;s o implante de MPd (p &lt; 0,001). Ao ECG p&#243;s-implante, 91,2% dos pacientes do grupo DDD-Var mostraram padr&#227;o fisiol&#243;gico de ECA, comprovando ativa&#231;&#227;o similar &#224; do DDD-His (88,2%; p = 0,999). O eixo do QRS estimulado tamb&#233;m foi similar (fisiol&#243;gico) para ambos os grupos. A mediana do tempo de fluoroscopia do implante foi de 7 minutos no grupo DDD-Var e de 21 minutos no DDD-His (p &lt; 0,001), favorecendo a t&#233;cnica parahissiana. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS aumentou nos pacientes do DDD-Var (114,7 ms pr&#233;-MPd e 128,2 ms p&#243;s-implante, p = 0,044). A detec&#231;&#227;o da onda R foi de 11,2 mV no grupo DDD-Var e de 6,0 mV no DDD-His (p = 0,001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A ECA parahissiana comprova recrutamento indireto do feixe de His, mostrando-se uma estrat&#233;gia eficaz e compar&#225;vel &#224; ECA fisiol&#243;gica ao resultar em contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincr&#244;nica similar &#224; obtida por captura hissiana n&#227;o seletiva.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Marca-Passo Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia por Estimula&#231;&#227;o El&#233;trica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="22"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A evolu&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (ECA) demonstrou que a condu&#231;&#227;o do impulso por meio da ativa&#231;&#227;o muscular n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), principalmente a estimula&#231;&#227;o apical (ECA &#8220;convencional&#8221;), est&#225; associada a efeitos card&#237;acos delet&#233;rios e repercuss&#245;es negativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A ECA convencional soluciona o problema el&#233;trico e hemodin&#226;mico ao restaurar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, por&#233;m causa altera&#231;&#245;es eletromec&#226;nicas decorrentes da dissincronia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A dissincronia se manifesta eletricamente (QRS alargado com padr&#227;o de bloqueio de ramo esquerdo) e mecanicamente (remodelamento card&#237;aco, regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>V&#225;rios estudos ratificaram a viabilidade e os resultados cl&#237;nicos positivos da estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do feixe de His (<italic>direct His-bundle pacing</italic>, DHBP) quando comparada &#224; ECA convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Atualmente, podemos considerar a indica&#231;&#227;o da DHBP para quase todos os dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca. A padroniza&#231;&#227;o dessa t&#233;cnica, por&#233;m, &#233; desafiadora. Alguns crit&#233;rios ainda precisam ser refinados, tais como diferen&#231;as cl&#237;nicas, se presentes, entre estimula&#231;&#227;o seletiva (<italic>selective His-bundle pacing</italic>, S-HBP) e n&#227;o seletiva (<italic>nonselective His-bundle pacing</italic>, NS-HBP)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>do His; os maiores limiares de captura que resultam em desgaste acelerado da bateria do gerador; e os recursos adicionais (bainhas e eletrodos espec&#237;ficos) necess&#225;rios para o posicionamento do eletrodo ventricular em contato com o feixe de His.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, observa-se uma curva de aprendizado trabalhosa, com procedimentos mais longos, taxas de sucesso entre 60 e 90% e, em parte dos casos, dificuldades e complica&#231;&#245;es quanto &#224; programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A estimula&#231;&#227;o parahissiana (<italic>paraHisian pacing</italic>, PHP), por sua vez, apresenta uma curva de aprendizado mais r&#225;pida e de menor custo em termos de materiais, mostrando-se capaz de preservar, de modo similar, a sincronia da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A t&#233;cnica consiste no posicionamento do eletrodo na regi&#227;o mais proximal do septo interventricular (IV) do VD, adjacente ao sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o. Mais reprodut&#237;vel, essa t&#233;cnica &#233; uma alternativa promissora para o conceito de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica ao indiretamente e rapidamente recrutar o sistema His-Purkinje, assemelhando-se &#224; NS-HBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O objetivo deste estudo &#233; analisar comparativamente a sincronia card&#237;aca obtida atrav&#233;s de duas t&#233;cnicas que envolvem uma abordagem indireta do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o para ECA fisiol&#243;gica: a NS-HBP e a PHP.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Metodologia</title>
      <p>Trata-se de um estudo de interven&#231;&#227;o experimental realizado na Unidade de Estimula&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca e Ambulat&#243;rio de Marca-Passos do Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foram selecionados pacientes submetidos a implante de marca-passo definitivo (MPd) de dupla c&#226;mara DDD conforme as diretrizes vigentes,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> que possu&#237;am fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) preservada (&gt; 50%) ou intermedi&#225;ria (36 a 49%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Todos os procedimentos de implante foram realizados pelo mesmo operador principal (ADLF). Todos os participantes assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Exclu&#237;ram-se pacientes com indica&#231;&#227;o de implante de cardiodesfibrilador, cardiodesfibrilador ou MPd multiss&#237;tio ou MPd de c&#226;mara &#250;nica e aqueles com dados incompletos para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: DDD-Var (implante de eletrodo VD parahissiano &#8211; PHP) e DDD-His (eletrodo VD em posi&#231;&#227;o comprovada de captura do feixe de His n&#227;o seletiva &#8211; NS-HBP), sendo o &#250;ltimo guiado por mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico convencional.</p>
      <p>A t&#233;cnica de posicionamento do eletrodo do VD em posi&#231;&#227;o proximal do septo IV para PHP seguiu metodologia previamente descrita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Brevemente, o eletrodo ventricular (cabos bipolares convencionais, de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa, de todos os fabricantes do mercado) foi montado em estilete guia manualmente moldado com curvatura ampla no ter&#231;o distal, seguido de curvatura mais acentuada na por&#231;&#227;o final, com direcionamento posterior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Esquerda: estilete guia manualmente moldado para direcionamento e implante de eletrodo do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) no 1/3 proximal do septo interventricular para a estimula&#231;&#227;o parahissiana. Centro: Operador (ADLF) mostrando compara&#231;&#227;o do formato obtido pela moldagem da guia com a curvatura de uma das bainhas pr&#233;-moldada dispon&#237;vel no Brasil (C315His Medtronic&#8482;). Direita: fluoroscopia obl&#237;qua esquerda mostrando a posi&#231;&#227;o final do eletrodo do VD. Nota-se angula&#231;&#227;o da ponta, perpendicular &#224; coluna. Adaptado de Ortega et al. e J&#250;nior et al.<sup>12,19</sup></italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Guiado por anatomia radiol&#243;gica, em proje&#231;&#227;o p&#243;stero-anterior, o eletrodo foi avan&#231;ado para a art&#233;ria pulmonar e, com o fio guia totalmente inserido, foi tracionado para a via de sa&#237;da do VD. Nessa proje&#231;&#227;o, o septo IV &#233; dividido em tr&#234;s zonas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> a superior (1/3 cranial do VD, entre o abaulamento da art&#233;ria pulmonar e o teto da valva tric&#250;spide), a intermedi&#225;ria e a inferior (1/3 inferior do septo do VD). Em seguida, o posicionamento septal foi confirmado por incid&#234;ncia radiosc&#243;pica em posi&#231;&#227;o obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (entre 30 e 45 graus). Nessa incid&#234;ncia, o eletrodo est&#225; apontando perpendicularmente &#224; coluna, em uma dire&#231;&#227;o oposta &#224; parede livre do VD<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Para confirmar a PHP (grupo DDD-Var), buscou-se o complexo QRS estimulado mais estreito (at&#233; 130 ms e sempre &lt; 150 ms) atrav&#233;s do mapeamento do septo IV pelo eletrodo ventricular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> previamente &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o do <italic>screw-in.</italic> Simultaneamente, em tempo real (intraoperat&#243;rio), sob estimula&#231;&#227;o VVI decrementando desde amplitude = 5 V e largura de pulso = 1 ms, o sistema de an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS &#8211; dispositivo Synchromax&#174; (Exo S.A. Argentina) &#8211; mostrava o &#237;ndice imediato de sincronia (IimeS). O s&#237;tio de PHP com o melhor &#237;ndice era escolhido para a fixa&#231;&#227;o definitiva do cabo do VD.</p>
      <p>O IimeS resulta do processamento gr&#225;fico e matem&#225;tico do sinal promediado da vari&#226;ncia cruzada das deriva&#231;&#245;es DII (septo IV direito) e V6 (parede lateral do VE). Para essa an&#225;lise, o dispositivo Synchromax&#174; utiliza a medida do fluxo de corrente el&#233;trica (volume e sentido) e a an&#225;lise de concord&#226;ncia das deflex&#245;es intrinsecoides dos QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Valores de IimeS &lt; 0,40 s&#227;o considerados normais (sincr&#244;nico); valores de IimeS &gt; 0,41 e &lt; 0,69 s&#227;o considerados dissincronia moderada; e valores de IimeS &gt; 0,7 s&#227;o considerados dissincronia severa (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2A</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Correla&#231;&#227;o da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS e valores normais para um paciente com condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular intacta (deriva&#231;&#245;es II e V<sub>6</sub>). Esquerda: tra&#231;ados de eletrocardiograma. Centro: segmentos QRS sobrepostos (II<sup>qrs</sup> e V<sub>6</sub><sup>qrs</sup>). Direita: an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada das deriva&#231;&#245;es II e V<sub>6</sub>. Os picos dos complexos QRS coincidem, e o sinal de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada mostra o seu m&#225;ximo no tempo 0 (Cor<sub>S</sub> = 0). Cor<sub>S</sub>: deslocamento de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada (ms); Cor<sub>W</sub>: largura de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada (ms); Cor<sub>A</sub>: amplitude de correla&#231;&#227;o cruzada (mV); A<sub>II</sub>: &#225;rea sob a deriva&#231;&#227;o II; AV<sub>6</sub>: &#225;rea sob a deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>6</sub>. Adaptado de Bonomini et al.<sup>22</sup></italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2B</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Curvas com diferentes morfologias obtidas com o Synchromax<sup>TM</sup> de acordo com o &#237;ndice imediato de sincronia obtido em tempo real a partir do local de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial. Tra&#231;os azuis: an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia do QRS da deriva&#231;&#227;o II. Tra&#231;os vermelhos: an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS da deriva&#231;&#227;o V<sub>6.</sub> BRD: Bloqueio de ramo direito; BRE: Bloqueio de ramo esquerdo; TRC: Terapia de Ressincroniza&#231;&#227;o Card&#237;aca; BDAS: Bloqueio Divisional &#226;nterossuperior esquerdo; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>A abordagem e a captura do feixe de His (grupo DDD-His) foram feitas atrav&#233;s de duas vias. Uma atrav&#233;s da introdu&#231;&#227;o femoral de cateter quadripolar para mapeamento eletrofisiol&#243;gico e registro do potencial el&#233;trico de His. A outra ocorreu atrav&#233;s da introdu&#231;&#227;o pela veia cef&#225;lica ou subcl&#225;via de bainhas defect&#237;veis (C315-His, Medtronic, EUA) para o posicionamento do eletrodo de fixa&#231;&#227;o ativa <italic>lumenless</italic> SelectSecure 3830 (Medtronic, EUA) em topografia de His, indicada pelo cateter de eletrofisiologia. Em seguida, confirmou-se a captura do feixe de His seletiva (S-HBP) ou n&#227;o seletiva (NS-HBP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Simultaneamente e de forma n&#227;o invasiva, durante o intraoperatorio, mediante estimula&#231;&#227;o VVI e decrementando a partir de energia de 5 V de amplitude x 1 ms de largura de pulso, realizou-se an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS mediante dispositivo Synchromax&#174; (Exo S.A. Argentina) determinando em tempo real o IimeS, sob as mesmas caracter&#237;sticas metodol&#243;gicas descritas acima na estimula&#231;&#227;o PHP. Os melhores valores da NS-HBP foram selecionados para estudo.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do IimeS (Synchromax&#174;), foram registrados, para ambos os grupos, o tempo de fluoroscopia (Rx) dedicado ao procedimento e eletrocardiograma (ECG) de superf&#237;cie intraprocedimento e previamente &#224; alta. A ativa&#231;&#227;o endoc&#225;rdica local do VD confirmou-se atrav&#233;s dos seguintes par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos: medi&#231;&#227;o da amplitude da onda R, teste de limiar de captura unipolar e bipolar por estimula&#231;&#227;o decremental em modo VVI e imped&#226;ncia unipolar e bipolar. Os melhores valores foram selecionados para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos ECG era &#8220;cegada&#8221; ao tipo de metodologia e &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas (pr&#233; e p&#243;s) do implante e do paciente. Para a determina&#231;&#227;o do eixo el&#233;trico dos QRS do ECG p&#243;s-implante, considerou-se fisiol&#243;gica a presen&#231;a de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular da direita para esquerda (QRS positivo nas deriva&#231;&#245;es D1 e AVL) e de cima para baixo (QRS positivo em DII, DIII e AVF), assim como transi&#231;&#227;o (onda R &#8805; S) at&#233; V3-V4 nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de todos os tr&#234;s crit&#233;rios categoriza um eixo fisiol&#243;gico, a presen&#231;a de dois crit&#233;rios categoriza um eixo possivelmente fisiol&#243;gico e a observa&#231;&#227;o de somente um ou nenhum crit&#233;rio categoriza o eixo card&#237;aco como n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gico.</p>
      <p>No grupo DDD-Var, para confirmar PHP sincr&#244;nica semelhante &#224; NS-HBP e descartar estimula&#231;&#227;o muscular ventricular, utilizamos o modelo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico proposto por Burri et al (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>) verificando-se a combina&#231;&#227;o de aus&#234;ncia de <italic>plateau</italic> em D1, aus&#234;ncia de entalhe na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 e dura&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica at&#233; o pico da onda R (RWPT) em V6 &lt; 100 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a dos tr&#234;s par&#226;metros indica ECA fisiol&#243;gica semelhante &#224; NS-HBP e descarta ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular puramente mioc&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de dois desses crit&#233;rios indica ECA provavelmente fisiol&#243;gica, enquanto a presen&#231;a de apenas um crit&#233;rio indica ECA provavelmente n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. Quando todos os elementos estavam ausentes, considerou-se apenas captura do mioc&#225;rdio (ECA mioc&#225;rdica).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f04">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Modelo eletrocardiogr&#225;fico proposto por Burri et al.<sup>26</sup> pela combina&#231;&#227;o de a) aus&#234;ncia de plateau em D1; b) aus&#234;ncia de entalhe (notch) na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1; c) dura&#231;&#227;o da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica at&#233; o pico da onda R (RWPT) em V6 &lt; 100 ms.<sup>28&#8211;30</sup> Os tr&#234;s par&#226;metros presentes (a, b, c) indicam estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial (ECA) fisiol&#243;gica semelhante &#224; NS-HBP e descartam ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular puramente mioc&#225;rdica. A presen&#231;a de dois crit&#233;rios determina ECA provavelmente fisiol&#243;gica, enquanto a presen&#231;a de apenas um crit&#233;rio indica ECA provavelmente n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. A aus&#234;ncia de todos os elementos denota captura puramente do mioc&#225;rdio inespec&#237;fico (ECA mioc&#225;rdica).<sup>28</sup></italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>Para todos os pacientes, apenas na an&#225;lise qualitativa, acompanhou-se a evolu&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica aguda (at&#233; a alta hospitalar) com interesse em complica&#231;&#245;es de causa cardiovascular, especialmente as relacionadas ao implante de MPd.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram analisadas pelo teste exato de Fisher ou teste do qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates, conforme distribui&#231;&#227;o das frequ&#234;ncias nas diferentes categorias, e foram descritas por frequ&#234;ncias e percentuais. A an&#225;lise comparativa entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, antes e depois do procedimento, foram associadas pelo teste de McNemar. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras independentes entre grupos; dentro dos grupos, foram comparadas pelo teste <italic>t</italic> de Student para amostras emparelhadas. As vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica foram comparadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney entre os grupos e pelo teste de Wilcoxon dentro dos grupos. A simetria das vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi analisada pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e descrita pela m&#233;dia e pelo desvio padr&#227;o; em caso de distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica, foi descrita pela mediana e pelos valores m&#237;nimo e m&#225;ximo. Foi considerado um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% para as compara&#231;&#245;es estabelecidas. O <italic>software</italic> SPSS, vers&#227;o 20.0, foi utilizado para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>No per&#237;odo de novembro de 2019 a abril de 2020, foram inclu&#237;dos 51 pacientes no estudo, dos quais 34 (66.7%) foram alocados no grupo DDD-Var e 17 (33.3%), no grupo DDD-His. A idade m&#233;dia foi de 74 anos para o primeiro grupo e de 79 anos para o segundo, sendo a maioria homens (n = 28). A etiologia mais prevalente para o implante de MPd foi o bloqueio atrioventricular total no grupo DDD-Var e a disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal (DNS) no grupo DDD-His. A FEVE era preservada (&gt; 50%) em 40 pacientes (78.4%) e intermedi&#225;ria (36 a 49%) em 11 (21.6%) pacientes. A compara&#231;&#227;o dos grupos &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas dos grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>DDD-Var n = 34</th>
                <th>DDD-His n = 17</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino; n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade em anos; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                <td align="center">74,0&#177;8,9</td>
                <td align="center">79,0&#177;7,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,063</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doen&#231;a de base; n (%)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BAVT</td>
                <td align="center">17 (50,0)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BAV 2&#186; grau</td>
                <td align="center">9 (26,5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3 (17,6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DNS</td>
                <td align="center">8 (23,5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11 (64,7)<sup>b</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada (&gt; 50%); n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">27 (90,0)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,999</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BAVT: bloqueio atrioventricular total; DNS: disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal; DP: desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas associadas pelo teste exato de Fisher ou teste do qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas associadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes. <sup>a,b</sup>: letras diferentes indicam percentuais estatisticamente diferentes.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sincronia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Na amostra total, a an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (Synchromax&#174;) mostrou signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (p &lt; 0,001) do IimeS na compara&#231;&#227;o do pr&#233; e do p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dos 20 pacientes sincr&#244;nicos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, 19 (95,0%) permaneceram sincr&#244;nicos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dos 31 indiv&#237;duos restantes, cinco (9.8%) eram intermedi&#225;rios (IimeS = 0,41-0,69), e 26 (51%) eram n&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos (IimeS &gt; 0,7). Ap&#243;s o implante, 30 (96,8%) tornaram-se sincr&#244;nicos, e apenas um (3.2%) permaneceu intermedi&#225;rio.</p>
        <p>Detalhadamente, dentro do grupo DDD-Var, tamb&#233;m houve varia&#231;&#227;o significativa na categoria de IimeS (p &lt; 0,001) entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-implante. De 26 pacientes n&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos, 25 (96,2%) tornaram-se sincr&#244;nicos e apenas um (3,8%), intermedi&#225;rio. Ainda, dos oito pacientes sincr&#244;nicos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, todos permaneceram sincr&#244;nicos pela medi&#231;&#227;o do IimeS no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. No grupo DDD-His, dos 12 indiv&#237;duos sincr&#244;nicos, 11 (91,7%) permaneceram sincr&#244;nicos, tendo apenas um paciente sido catalogado como n&#227;o sincr&#244;nico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Dos cinco pacientes restantes (n&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos ou intermedi&#225;rios), todos (100%) foram convertidos para sincr&#244;nicos no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante do marca-passo definitivo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DDD-Var</th>
                  <th>DDD-His</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>&#205;ndice de sincronia card&#237;aca</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n = 34</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 17</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Pr&#233;-implante</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>*</bold>
                    </sup>
                    <bold>; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sincr&#244;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23,5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12 (70,6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermedi&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,8)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,8)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (67,6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17,6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>P&#243;s-implante; n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,560</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sincr&#244;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (97,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (94,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Intermedi&#225;rios</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (2,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Valor do IimeS</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-implante<sup>*</sup>; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,00 (0,12-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21 (0,06-1,00)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-implante; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 (0,11-0,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18 (0,11-0,72)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,461</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% varia&#231;&#227;o<sup>&#8224;</sup>; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">-74 (-89-192)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (-77-243)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECG p&#243;s-implante</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 34</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 17</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eixo; n (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fisiol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (76,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (47,1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Possivelmente fisiol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (52,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ECA</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 34</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 17</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Categoria (%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0,915</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fisiol&#243;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (44,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (35,3)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Provavelmente fisiol&#243;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (47,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (52,9)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Provavelmente n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (8,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (11,8)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Crit&#233;rio ausente de ECA fisiol&#243;gica, n (%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">n = 19</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 11</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RWPT &#8805; 100 ms</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (54,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,238</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Plateau</italic> em D1</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (63,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (36,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,299</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><italic>Notch</italic> em V1</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (27,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,999</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Sincr&#244;nicos: &#237;ndice de sincronia card&#237;aca (IimeS) &#8804; 0,40; intermedi&#225;rios: IimeS = 0,41-0,70; n&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos: IimeS &#8805; 0,71. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas associadas pelo teste exato de Fisher ou teste do qui-quadrado com corre&#231;&#227;o de Yates. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o assim&#233;trica associadas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. <sup>&#8224;</sup>% varia&#231;&#227;o = ([valor p&#243;s/pr&#233; valor pr&#233;]/valor pr&#233;)*100. <sup>a,b</sup>: letras diferentes indicam percentuais estatisticamente diferentes. ECA: estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial; ECG: eletrocardiograma; RWPT: pico da onda R. tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o at&#233; pico da onda R do QRS (ms). No &#8220;Crit&#233;rio ausente de ECA Fisiol&#243;gica&#8221; um eventual paciente poderia mostrar mais de um crit&#233;rio.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> tamb&#233;m descreve as diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio. O DDD-Var aglomerava mais pacientes n&#227;o sincr&#244;nicos (67,6% <italic>versus</italic> 17,6% no DDD-His) e menos pacientes sincr&#244;nicos (23,5% <italic>versus</italic> 70,6% no DDD-His). No p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os grupos se assemelharam, uma vez que foi obtida sincronia em ambos os grupos (97,1% no grupo DDD-Var e 94,1% no DDD-His; p = 0,560) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 4</xref>). Os valores do IimeS tamb&#233;m foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio (1,00 no DDD-Var e 0,21 no DDD-His, p = 0,001) e similares no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (0,18 no DDD-Var e 0,18 no DDD-His, p = 0,461) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 5</xref>), o que confirma a obten&#231;&#227;o de ECA fisiol&#243;gica com ambos os m&#233;todos, assemelhando a PHP &#224; NS-HBP. O grupo DDD-Var teve redu&#231;&#227;o mediana de 74% do IimeS (<italic>versus</italic> redu&#231;&#227;o mediana de 0% no grupo DDD-His, p &lt; 0,001), sinalizando a magnitude da corre&#231;&#227;o da sincronia. Analisando cada grupo separadamente e comparando os dados de sincronia entre o pr&#233; e o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o DDD-Var demonstrou varia&#231;&#227;o significativa (de 1,00 no pr&#233; para 0,18 no p&#243;s; p &lt; 0,001) e, conforme o esperado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa de varia&#231;&#227;o no DDD-His (mediana de 0,21 no pr&#233; para 0,18 no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio; p = 0,453).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Frequ&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o das categorias de sincronia card&#237;aca pr&#233; e p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria entre os grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Compara&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice imediato de sincronia el&#233;trica card&#237;aca entre os grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eixo el&#233;trico fisiol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> demonstra que o eixo el&#233;trico do QRS p&#243;s-implante &#233; similar para ambos os grupos (p = 0,074). Corroborando a aproxima&#231;&#227;o entre os m&#233;todos quanto ao recrutamento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o de His-Purkinje, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a (p = 0,915) na compara&#231;&#227;o do eixo resultante como possivelmente fisiol&#243;gico (47,1% no DDD-Var e 52,9% no DDD-His) ou fisiol&#243;gico (44,1% no DDD-Var e 35,3% no DDD-His).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico comparativo do eixo do eletrocardiograma entre os grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica: crit&#233;rios de captura do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Como registrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>, ao analisarmos os crit&#233;rios que sugerem captura comprovada do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o (descartando captura puramente mioc&#225;rdica), 91,2% dos pacientes do grupo DDD-Var apresentaram padr&#227;o fisiol&#243;gico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">Figura 7</xref>), enquanto 88,2% (p = 0,999) apresentaram no grupo DDD-His. O par&#226;metro RWPT &#8805; 100 ms foi o crit&#233;rio que mais frequentemente descartou a possibilidade de ECA fisiol&#243;gica no grupo DDD-His; no grupo DDD-Var, foi a presen&#231;a de <italic>plateau</italic> em D1. A ECA foi catalogada como n&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica em tr&#234;s indiv&#237;duos do DDD-Var e em dois indiv&#237;duos do DDD-His.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Gr&#225;fico comparativo da sincronia cardiaca (Iimes) obtida com ambos m&#233;todos de estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca artificial</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> mostra que a dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia do QRS (ms) foi significativamente maior (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 8</xref>) no grupo DDD-Var do que no DDD-His tanto no pr&#233; (114,7 ms <italic>versus</italic> 87,1 ms, p = 0,001) quanto no p&#243;s-implante (128,2 ms <italic>versus</italic> 102,1 ms, p &lt; 0,001). A mediana do QRS variou em 11% no grupo DDD-Var e em 20% no grupo DDD-His (p = 0,436). Quando comparada a m&#233;dia resultante ap&#243;s o implante, a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS aumentou significativamente em ambos os grupos (114,7 <italic>versus</italic> 128,2 ms no DDD-Var, p = 0,044; e 87,1 <italic>versus</italic> 102,1 ms no DDD-His, p = 0,003).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o entre as t&#233;cnicas indiretas de abordagem do feixe de His e as caracter&#237;sticas p&#243;s-implante</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DDD-Var</th>
                  <th>DDD-HIS</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">n = 34</td>
                  <td align="center">n = 17</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>QRS (ms)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-implante; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">114,7&#177;27,6</td>
                  <td align="center">87,1&#177;21,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>P&#243;s-implante; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">128,2&#177;16,2</td>
                  <td align="center">102,1&#177;14,0</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>% varia&#231;&#227;o; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (-35 a 138)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (-14 a 66)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,436</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de Rx; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (3 a 27)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (9 a 52)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Limiar ventricular Uni/Bi; mediana (m&#237;nimo-m&#225;ximo)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,6 (0,4 a 2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9 (0,3 a 3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,074</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Imped&#226;ncia ventricular Uni/Bi; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">754,8&#177;262,2</td>
                  <td align="center">654,9&#177;234,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ondas R ventricular Uni/Bi; m&#233;dia &#177; DP</td>
                  <td align="center">11,2&#177;5,7</td>
                  <td align="center">6,0&#177;3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao implante do MPd</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas associadas pelo teste exato de Fisher. Vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o sim&#233;trica associadas pelo teste t de Student para amostras independentes e assim&#233;trica pelo teste de Mann-Whitney. DP: desvio padr&#227;o; MPd: marca-passo definitivo; Rx: fluoroscopia; Uni/Bipolar: estimula&#231;&#227;o unipolar ou bipolar - par&#226;metro mais favor&#225;vel</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f09">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Diferen&#231;as de dura&#231;&#227;o do complexo QRS pr&#233; e p&#243;s-implante entre os grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tempo de uso de Rx e par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos p&#243;s-implante</title>
        <p>A mediana de tempo de Rx foi significativamente menor no grupo DDD-Var (7 minutos) do que no DDD-His (21 minutos) (p &lt; 0,001), conforme a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 9</xref>. Os par&#226;metros de estimula&#231;&#227;o apresentaram medianas e distribui&#231;&#245;es aproximadas entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref>). O limiar para o DDD-Var foi de 0,6 V, enquanto para o DDD-His foi de 0,9 V (p = 0,074). Os valores de imped&#226;ncias ventriculares foram de 754,8 ohms para o DDD-Var e de e 654,9 ohms para o DDD-His (p = 0,19). Entretanto, a m&#233;dia de amplitude das ondas R (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 10</xref>) favoreceu significativamente o grupo DDD-Var (11,2 mV) em contraste ao DDD-His (6,0 mV) (p = 0,001).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figura 9</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparativo das m&#233;dias de uso de fluoroscopia (Rx) entre os grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f11">
            <label>Figura 10</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; D<italic>iferen&#231;a da amplitude detectada nas ondas R entre os dois grupos.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (complica&#231;&#245;es agudas)</title>
        <p>Apenas um paciente (grupo DDD-His) apresentou complica&#231;&#227;o relacionada ao MPd: pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope por perda de captura por aumento de limiar do eletrodo VD.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A captura e ativa&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His &#233; atualmente considerada o padr&#227;o-ouro da ECA fisiol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A terminologia de ECA parahissiana foi cunhada desde os primeiros resultados das tentativas de recrutar artificialmente o sistema eletrofisiol&#243;gico intr&#237;nseco para reproduzir a contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Este estudo mostra que a PHP se aproxima da captura n&#227;o seletiva do feixe de His (NS-HBP) em termos de ativa&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea ventricular (sincronia card&#237;aca) resultante da condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica que determina a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Essa sincronia obtida pela t&#233;cnica de PHP, confirmada por estritos crit&#233;rios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos e refinada pela an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (Synchromax&#174;), torna a PHP uma alternativa vi&#225;vel, eficaz, reprodut&#237;vel e de menor custo em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; NS-HBP.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Sincronia card&#237;aca determinada pela vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (IimeS)</title>
        <p>A r&#225;pida e sincronizada transmiss&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico por meio da rede especializada His-Purkinje &#233; altamente eficiente para o cora&#231;&#227;o, preservando o acoplamento normal entre a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica e a contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Zanon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> ressaltam que a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular obtida pela PHP pode ser aceita como resultante do recrutamento do feixe de His<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> e demonstram que a PHP pode ativar fisiologicamente o VE, de forma semelhante &#224; intr&#237;nseca, se conduzida por meio de um sistema His-Purkinje &#237;ntegro. Os autores avaliaram a contra&#231;&#227;o do VE atrav&#233;s da estimula&#231;&#227;o de zonas distintas do septo IV e registraram que, durante a ECA da regi&#227;o parahissiana (PHP), a sequ&#234;ncia de ativa&#231;&#227;o e contra&#231;&#227;o resultante foi similar &#224; nativa. A normaliza&#231;&#227;o (ou quase normaliza&#231;&#227;o) da condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular com PHP pode ser explicada atrav&#233;s de alguns conceitos anat&#244;micos e fisiol&#243;gicos do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o e das particularidades dos seus ramos direito e esquerdo. Ao contr&#225;rio do ramo direito, que n&#227;o estimula o septo IV at&#233; o momento que atinge o m&#250;sculo papilar anterior do VD, o ramo esquerdo tem conex&#245;es precoces com o septo IV que permitem a transmiss&#227;o dos impulsos do ramo esquerdo para o septo e vice-versa. Al&#233;m de explicar o porqu&#234; de a ativa&#231;&#227;o septal come&#231;ar no lado esquerdo, isso tamb&#233;m explica sua express&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica (ondas Q em DI e V6 e R em V1). Quando a PHP &#233; realizada, o est&#237;mulo artificial, de maior intensidade e maior <italic>input</italic> el&#233;trico (voltagem) do que o pr&#243;prio impulso fisiol&#243;gico, pode passar e avan&#231;ar pelas vias normais, caso n&#227;o estejam danificadas. Ainda, mas menos prov&#225;vel, pode &#8220;pular por cima&#8221; ou transpor um eventual bloqueio e, assim, avan&#231;ar, seguindo pelo sistema eletrofisiol&#243;gico e pseudonormalizando a condu&#231;&#227;o. A outra possibilidade, mais prov&#225;vel, &#233; que o est&#237;mulo inicialmente ative o mioc&#225;rdio na c&#250;spide do septo e, na medida em que desce pela superf&#237;cie septal, se espalhe normalmente pelo sistema His-Purkinje. Isso explica o alargamento inicial do QRS estimulado, expressando ativa&#231;&#227;o inicial do mioc&#225;rdio septal (simulando uma onda delta) e, em seguida, o r&#225;pido desenvolvimento do QRS, similar ao nativo, indicando a ativa&#231;&#227;o do sistema espec&#237;fico e capturando o VE atrav&#233;s das divis&#245;es da rede de Purkinje.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A correla&#231;&#227;o entre ECA PHP, ativa&#231;&#227;o homog&#234;nea, sincronia card&#237;aca e an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS pelo IimeS tamb&#233;m foi demonstrada por Bonomini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Segundo os autores (desenvolvedores do m&#233;todo Synchromax&#174;, EXO S.A., Buenos Aires, Argentina), atrav&#233;s de an&#225;lise conjugada de vari&#225;veis como dire&#231;&#227;o do impulso el&#233;trico (da base para o &#225;pice ou vice-versa), dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS, volume e simetria ponto a ponto das curvas obtidas entre as deriva&#231;&#245;es DII e V6, &#233; poss&#237;vel determinar, por meio de processamento matem&#225;tico instant&#226;neo, o tempo m&#225;ximo de ativa&#231;&#227;o e o registro de atrasos na propaga&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica parietal de cada c&#226;mara ventricular<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>). Por meio da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS, o IimeS &#233; elaborado com valores de 0,0 a 1,0, em que 00 &#233; sincronia perfeita e 1,00, dissincronia completa<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2B</xref>). A deriva&#231;&#227;o DII do ECG de superf&#237;cie representa a atividade do septo IV em termos do sentido e da velocidade de condu&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico. Da mesma forma, a deriva&#231;&#227;o V6 representa a ativa&#231;&#227;o da parede livre do VE. Na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o, a DII &#233; positiva e apresenta dura&#231;&#227;o preservada, mostrando ativa&#231;&#227;o e tempo de condu&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gicos da base do septo IV at&#233; o &#225;pice card&#237;aco. Por outro lado, espera-se que a V6, ao representar o VE, seja positiva e apresente dura&#231;&#227;o e volume espacial semelhantes &#224; D2, pois segue o mesmo padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o. Graficamente, se h&#225; sincronia, observa-se sobreposi&#231;&#227;o ideal das curvas resultantes (DII e V6 ser&#227;o id&#234;nticas e homog&#234;neas). A &#250;nica explica&#231;&#227;o para esse efeito de curvas de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular simult&#226;neas e sim&#233;tricas seria o recrutamento do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco e contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular coordenada e homog&#234;nea (sincronia).</p>
        <p>Um estudo randomizado, cruzado e duplo-cego<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup>mostrou que a PHP preserva a FEVE e a sincronia mec&#226;nica quando comparada &#224; estimula&#231;&#227;o septal mioc&#225;rdica do VD em pacientes com bloqueio atrioventricular de alto grau, QRS estreito e FEVE &lt; 0,40. Kronborg et al. concluem que, nesses pacientes selecionados, n&#227;o &#233; esperado remodelamento ventricular significativo ou IC decorrentes da PHP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> No mesmo contexto, outro estudo randomizado comparou 6 meses de PHP com 6 meses de estimula&#231;&#227;o apical do VD em 16 pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial cr&#244;nica e abla&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; AV. Os pacientes submetidos a PHP apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da dissincronia IV, melhora na classe funcional, aumento significativo de rendimento no teste de caminhada de 6 minutos e diminui&#231;&#227;o das regurgita&#231;&#245;es mitral e tric&#250;spide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>T&#233;cnica parahissiana PHP e NS-HBP: resultados similares de sincronia</title>
        <p>A natureza desenhou o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aco para ativar os ventr&#237;culos do endoc&#225;rdio para o epic&#225;rdio, da base para o &#225;pice e da direita para a esquerda, considerado o &#8220;eixo fisiol&#243;gico&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea, homog&#234;nea, coordenada e sim&#233;trica demonstra sincronia. Nossos resultados confirmam que a captura comprovada do feixe de His (grupo DDD-His) resulta em contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular sincr&#244;nica, id&#234;ntica &#224; obtida durante o ritmo intr&#237;nseco, refor&#231;ando o papel da ECA do feixe de His como o padr&#227;o-ouro. A an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS ratificou, da mesma forma, a presen&#231;a de sincronia ventricular pela demonstra&#231;&#227;o de IimeS &lt; 0,4 para todos os pacientes do grupo DDD-His, exceto um (IimeS &gt; 0,7). Nesse paciente, houve um microdeslocamento do eletrodo da posi&#231;&#227;o do His, que passou a capturar o mioc&#225;rdio septal adjacente &#8211; uma complica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel dessa t&#233;cnica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Quando h&#225; ativa&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica, similarmente ao que ocorre na ECA &#8220;convencional&#8221; do VD, tanto apical quanto puramente muscular septal, a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica se faz atrav&#233;s do tecido inespec&#237;fico (captura mioc&#225;rdica), fora da rede especializada de His-Purkinje.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Essa modalidade indesejada de ECA apresenta um padr&#227;o ECG caracter&#237;stico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e o resultado mec&#226;nico &#233; uma perda da efic&#225;cia da contratilidade ventricular. Conforme exposto anteriormente, a magnitude da dissincronia &#233; demonstrada analiticamente pelo IimeS na faixa pr&#243;xima do valor 1.</p>
        <p>O ponto primordial dos nossos resultados est&#225; na demonstra&#231;&#227;o de que todos os pacientes do grupo DDD-Var que partiram de par&#226;metros de dissincronia (IimeS &gt; 0,7 a 1), ap&#243;s o estabelecimento de PHP, recuperaram a ativa&#231;&#227;o (sincronia) homog&#234;nea dos ventr&#237;culos (92,1% com IimeS &lt; 0,4; o restante, IimeS = 0,4 a 0,69. Varia&#231;&#227;o mediana do IimeS no grupo DDD-Var = -74). Todavia, refor&#231;ando ainda mais as semelhan&#231;as entre a ECA PHP e a NS-HBP, o sentido da ativa&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica ventricular produzida na totalidade dos casos para ambos os grupos se enquadrou nas categorias de eixo fisiol&#243;gico, na verifica&#231;&#227;o integral dos crit&#233;rios de Mala et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e eixo provavelmente fisiol&#243;gico, na falta de um dos crit&#233;rios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Dura&#231;&#227;o dos QRS estimulados</title>
        <p>O funcionamento adequado da &#8220;bomba card&#237;aca&#8221; depende de um sistema eletromec&#226;nico bastante coordenado (s&#237;ncrono). Anormalidades de condu&#231;&#227;o, como a provocada pela estimula&#231;&#227;o puramente mioc&#225;rdica ventricular, causam dissincronia, que pode ter consequ&#234;ncias delet&#233;rias (miocardiopatia associada &#224; ECA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> A PHP utilizada neste estudo, apesar de ter corrigido a dissincronia em praticamente todos os pacientes, o fez &#224; custa de um alargamento significativo do QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09">Figura 8</xref>). Mesmo assim, nenhum caso superou o valor cr&#237;tico de 150 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Um estudo conduzido por Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que objetivou avaliar o efeito agudo da ECA seletiva do feixe de His (S-HBP), da NS-HBP e da estimula&#231;&#227;o muscular do septo IV direito na sincronia el&#233;trica e mec&#226;nica do VE, mostrou que tanto a S-HBP quanto a NS-HBP poderiam restaurar a contra&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica fisiol&#243;gica e a sincronia mec&#226;nica ventricular. Ratifica-se que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do feixe de His, em qualquer das suas modalidades, pode manter a ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular nativa atrav&#233;s do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseca, o que &#233; comprovadamente mais fisiol&#243;gico e caracterizado por melhores indicadores de sincronia card&#237;aca do que pacientes com ECA puramente muscular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Contudo, em v&#225;rios estudos, a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS no ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es tem sido usada como um marcador indireto de sincronia el&#233;trica, e a prolonga&#231;&#227;o do QRS, intr&#237;nseco ou estimulado, foi associada a risco aumentado de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, houve diferen&#231;a a favor do DDD-His quando comparado ao DDD-Var (PHP) em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; menor dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS estimulado; por&#233;m, em ambas as t&#233;cnicas, percebeu-se alargamento significativo e na mesma magnitude quando comparado ao QRS intr&#237;nseco. Esse resultado tamb&#233;m esteve presente no estudo de Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> durante a ECA de baixa voltagem com NS-HBP, em que, apesar de ter demonstrado melhor sincronia el&#233;trica e mec&#226;nica do que a estimula&#231;&#227;o septal muscular, o QRS estimulado era mais largo do que o QRS intr&#237;nseco.</p>
        <p>Todavia, nossos achados destacam que a magnitude da varia&#231;&#227;o do QRS pr&#233; e p&#243;s-procedimento entre os grupos n&#227;o foi significativa (p = 0,436), ressaltando que a NS-HBP (grupo DDD-His) comprovadamente capturava o sistema el&#233;trico nativo. A explica&#231;&#227;o seria que o est&#237;mulo pr&#243;ximo ao feixe de His e n&#227;o diretamente sobre ele (ECA fisiol&#243;gica indireta) produz complexos QRS fusionados. Observou-se alargamento inicial (onda pseudodelta) atribu&#237;vel &#224; captura concomitante do tecido muscular perihissiano, resultando em duas frentes despolarizantes que se fusionam. Uma frente recruta o sistema intr&#237;nseco e ativa o VE pelo ramo esquerdo nativo, e a outra trafega brevemente pelo mioc&#225;rdio do septo IV adjacente ao His at&#233; encontrar e ativar o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o pelo lado direito, similarmente ao observado nas s&#237;ndromes de pr&#233;-excita&#231;&#227;o com vias acess&#243;rias parahissianas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Contudo, embora a presen&#231;a de dissincronia mec&#226;nica seja frequente em pacientes com complexos QRS largos, a largura do QRS por si s&#243; n&#227;o parece ser um marcador eficiente de diagn&#243;stico de dissincronia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O eixo de ativa&#231;&#227;o e a dispers&#227;o morfol&#243;gica da despolariza&#231;&#227;o ventricular seriam caracter&#237;sticas mais marcantes, como mostrado por Bonomini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Essa importante mudan&#231;a de paradigma foi confirmada em uma publica&#231;&#227;o comparando o m&#233;todo de vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS com a ecocardiografia. O ECG com an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia teria sensibilidade superior e relevante valor preditivo negativo para a detec&#231;&#227;o de dissincronia mec&#226;nica quando comparado somente &#224; dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS do ECG convencional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> sugerindo que importa mais a &#8220;coordena&#231;&#227;o&#8221; do que a dura&#231;&#227;o do QRS.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica com ambas as t&#233;cnicas?</title>
        <p>Publica&#231;&#245;es recentes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> permitem discernir, no ECG, as diferen&#231;as entre ativa&#231;&#227;o puramente mioc&#225;rdica e a captura direta ou indireta do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 3</xref>). A an&#225;lise desses crit&#233;rios, como neste estudo, reduziria o risco de incorretamente identificar a captura do mioc&#225;rdio inespec&#237;fico como PHP, o que, em alguns casos, est&#225; associada a resultados cl&#237;nicos semelhantes &#224; ECA convencional do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Quando a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica trafega pelo tecido muscular n&#227;o especializado, ativa o septo IV de forma an&#244;mala e leva ao atraso acentuado da ativa&#231;&#227;o da parede lateral do VE, ocasionando altera&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica e deforma&#231;&#227;o do QRS. Pela aplica&#231;&#227;o exaustiva desses princ&#237;pios eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa (p = 0,999) entre os grupos estudados. De interesse, no grupo DDD-Var, a aus&#234;ncia de entalhe na deriva&#231;&#227;o V1 e o tempo entre o est&#237;mulo (esp&#237;cula) at&#233; o RWPT em V6 &lt; 100 ms foram as duas caracter&#237;sticas mais marcantes ao conceito de ECA fisiol&#243;gica, assemelhando a ECA PHP &#224; NS-HBP. Em contrapartida, no DDD-His, talvez corroborando a manifesta&#231;&#227;o de NS-HBP, o achado que mais afastou o diagn&#243;stico de ECA fisiol&#243;gica foi RWPT &gt; 100 ms. Contudo, isso &#233; explicado pelo tempo de propaga&#231;&#227;o do est&#237;mulo at&#233; a penetra&#231;&#227;o e captura do feixe de His. O m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (Synchromax&#174;) corrobora de forma coerente essa sincronia, compar&#225;vel ao NS-HBP e determinando um IimeS &lt; 0,4 com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das curvas de ativa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia da PHP</title>
        <p>Devido &#224;s caracter&#237;sticas da curva de aprendizado relacionada &#224; t&#233;cnica da ECA do feixe de His, preferiu-se aplicar essa estrat&#233;gia em pacientes com DNS e condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular preservada. Os pacientes com bloqueios intra e infra-His apresentam desafios adicionais &#224; essa t&#233;cnica e, muitas vezes, precisam que a estimula&#231;&#227;o do VD seja garantida por um segundo eletrodo de <italic>backup</italic> (maior consumo de recursos e maior risco de complica&#231;&#245;es).</p>
        <p>O posicionamento do eletrodo VD nas regi&#245;es proximais do septo IV na busca de ativa&#231;&#227;o parahissiana &#233; mais simples e de f&#225;cil reprodutibilidade, exequ&#237;vel em qualquer servi&#231;o que realize implantes de MPd com o aux&#237;lio da anatomia radiol&#243;gica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nossos resultados confirmam que a PHP &#233; vi&#225;vel e especialmente segura para pacientes dependentes da ECA, grupo no qual a estimula&#231;&#227;o por captura do His pode ser mais desafiadora.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Ainda, a PHP possui o benef&#237;cio de apresentar uma curva de aprendizado mais breve e um tempo de exposi&#231;&#227;o &#224; Rx durante o procedimento significativamente menor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figura 9</xref>).</p>
        <p>Observa-se, tamb&#233;m, que a programa&#231;&#227;o do MPd e a solu&#231;&#227;o de problemas intraoperat&#243;rios relacionados &#224; ECA direta do His (HBP) podem ser um obst&#225;culo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, para o grupo de pacientes DDD-Var, foram registrados par&#226;metros eletr&#244;nicos favor&#225;veis, como ondas R de amplitude significativamente melhor (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figura 10</xref>). &#201; poss&#237;vel vislumbrar que a PHP, realizada com efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, supera algumas cl&#225;ssicas inconveni&#234;ncias da ECA fisiol&#243;gica quando comparada &#224; HBP. Hanifin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> sugerem que os operadores que praticam HBP necessitam de um treinamento espec&#237;fico para a resolu&#231;&#227;o de adversidades tanto durante o procedimento quanto durante os ajustes de programa&#231;&#227;o do dispositivo. Naturalmente, esse cen&#225;rio aumenta o consumo de recursos de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Durante a HBP, a baixa amplitude da onda R pode ser uma realidade indesejada e, dessa forma, predispor a problemas de detec&#231;&#227;o da atividade el&#233;trica intr&#237;nseca, acarretando disfun&#231;&#227;o do MPd e conflitos de programa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Observa-se, tamb&#233;m, que a captura direta do feixe de His habitualmente requer maior energia de sa&#237;da (voltagem) e, consequentemente, resulta em drenagem precoce da bateria do gerador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, foi feita procura exaustiva por par&#226;metros adequados de ECA, o que pode ter interferido no aumento do tempo de Rx nesse grupo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Revis&#227;o da classifica&#231;&#227;o da estimula&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca fisiol&#243;gica direta e indireta</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo &#233; pioneiro em comparar a sincronia eletromec&#226;nica do VE atrav&#233;s do processamento instant&#226;neo da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS entre pacientes submetidos a NS-HBP e aqueles submetidos a ECA PHP. Considerando que a aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a n&#227;o significa estritamente a equival&#234;ncia, propomos, a partir dos nossos achados, reclassificar a ECA fisiol&#243;gica com base no grau de envolvimento (captura) direto ou indireto do sistema His-Purkinje. Dessa forma, a ECA fisiol&#243;gica direta integraria a captura rigorosa sob mapeamento do sistema el&#233;trico intr&#237;nseco, com demonstra&#231;&#227;o do recrutamento do feixe de His (S-HBP &#8211; His direto seletivo) ou um de seus ramos (estimula&#231;&#227;o do ramo esquerdo &#8211; t&#233;cnica <italic>deep-septal</italic>). A ECA fisiol&#243;gica indireta seria representada pela NS-HBP e pela PHP, sob comprova&#231;&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o ventricular r&#225;pida e homog&#234;nea (sincr&#244;nica), apresentando, no entanto, captura breve, parcial e vari&#225;vel do mioc&#225;rdio perihissiano (configurando onda pseudodelta no ECG). Apropriadamente, a ECA fisiol&#243;gica indireta contemplaria a variante anat&#244;mica intrasseptal do His (tipo II),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> que produz NS-HBP em quase todos os casos e pode estar presente em mais de 30% das apresenta&#231;&#245;es anat&#244;micas.</p>
        <p>Por fim, a estimula&#231;&#227;o direta do feixe de His &#233; o padr&#227;o-ouro para preservar o padr&#227;o de ativa&#231;&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica. As formas indiretas n&#227;o seletivas e a PHP s&#227;o variantes que, analogamente, como comprovado neste estudo, preservam a sincronia ventricular contr&#225;til, evitando os potenciais efeitos delet&#233;rios da ECA convencional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Conforme apresentado, a ECA fisiol&#243;gica indireta do tipo PHP &#233; capaz de recrutar precocemente o sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Estamos diante de uma modalidade de ECA interessante e promissora, e o uso de ferramentas como a an&#225;lise de sincronia pela vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS (IimeS, Synchromax&#174;) torna o m&#233;todo mais facilmente reprodut&#237;vel e eficaz.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Este estudo contemplou uma s&#233;rie relativamente pequena de pacientes com indica&#231;&#245;es heterog&#234;neas de ECA, muito embora os testes para a an&#225;lise de sincronia tenham sido realizados com sobre-estimula&#231;&#227;o e captura ventricular uniforme (modo VVI). Al&#233;m disso, &#233; um estudo unic&#234;ntrico com limita&#231;&#245;es na an&#225;lise retrospectiva dos dados. Ainda, deve-se considerar que, apesar das espec&#237;ficas condi&#231;&#245;es metodol&#243;gicas, a confer&#234;ncia de sincronia foi por m&#233;todo indireto, n&#227;o tendo sido consideradas outras vari&#225;veis que possam alterar a condu&#231;&#227;o el&#233;trica card&#237;aca. Por fim, o efeito real da manuten&#231;&#227;o da sincronia, evitando a miocardiopatia pela ECA, s&#243; poderia ser avaliado atrav&#233;s de seguimento de longo prazo, o que n&#227;o era o objetivo deste estudo. Seu foco e fortaleza est&#227;o na compara&#231;&#227;o de estrat&#233;gias de ECA fisiol&#243;gica durante o processo perioperat&#243;rio de implante.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este trabalhoevidencia a manuten&#231;&#227;o da sincronia card&#237;aca com a PHP similar &#224; NS-HBP, agrupando-as em uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o: ECA fisiol&#243;gica indireta. Embora essa estrat&#233;gia seja promissora e atraente, apresentando-se como uma alternativa v&#225;lida e compar&#225;vel quando realizada com rigor metodol&#243;gico, tanto o emprego da an&#225;lise eletrocardiogr&#225;fica da vari&#226;ncia espacial do QRS quanto a comprova&#231;&#227;o indireta de captura do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, como neste estudo, precisam ser validados, como qualquer nova tecnologia ou procedimento, com novos estudos e um n&#250;mero maior de pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 11/05664. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Ventricular Synchrony in Para-Hisian Cardiac Pacing as an Alternative for Physiological Cardiac Activation (Indirect Recruitment of the His Bundle?)</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8975-7912</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferrari</surname>
            <given-names>Andres Di Leoni</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gazzoni</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9640-6862</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Domingues</surname>
            <given-names>Luis Manuel Ley</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Willes</surname>
            <given-names>Jessica Caroline Feltrin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cabral</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Chiari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Flavio Vinicius Costa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lodi</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Orlandini</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Reis</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia. Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="MX">Mexico</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidad Popular Autonoma del Estado de Puebla - Facultad de Medicina, Puebla &#8211; Mexico</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Eletrofisiologia Londrina, Londrina, PR &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Andres Di Leoni Ferrari &#8226; Hospital S&#227;o Lucas da Pontificia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - 3o. Andar - Avenida Ipiranga, 6690. Postal Code 90619-900, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: dileoniferrari@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Di Leoni Ferrari A; Acquisition of data: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Gazzoni GF, Dom&#237;nguez LM, Willes JCF, Cabral GC, Ferreira FVC, Lodi LO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Dom&#237;nguez LM; Writing of the manuscript: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Dom&#237;nguez LM, Reis G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Di Leoni Ferrari A, Reis G.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Artificial cardiac pacing by direct or indirect His bundle capture results in synchronous ventricular contraction (physiological pacing).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> To compare cardiac synchronization, technical characteristics, and electronic parameters between two techniques of indirect His-bundle pacing: non-selective (NS-HBP) vs para-Hisian pacing (PHP).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> The experimental intervention (between November 2019 and April 2020) consisted of implanting a DDD pacemaker in patients who had left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) &gt; 35%. The resulting cardiac synchronization was compared using an electrocardiographic algorithm that analyzed QRS variation and the technical characteristics of non-selective Hisian pacing (DDD-His) and para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Of 51 total patients (men: 28), 66.7% (34) were allocated to the DDD-Var group and 33.3% (17) to the DDD-His group. The mean ages in each group were 74 and 79 years, respectively. In the DDD-Var group, QRS variation (ventricular synchrony) improved after implantation (p &lt; 0.001). In post-implantation ECG, 91.2% of the DDD-Var group presented a physiological pacing pattern, which was similar to the DDD-His group (88.2%; p = 0.999). The paced QRS axis was also similar (physiological) for both groups. Intraoperative fluoroscopy time (XRay) during implantation was lower for the para-Hisian technique (median 7 min in the DDD-Var group vs 21 min in the DDD-His group, p &lt; 0.001). The mean QRS duration increased in the DDD-Var group (114.7 ms pre-implantation vs 128.2 ms post-implantation, p = 0.044). The mean post-implantation R-wave amplitude was 11.2 mV in the DDD-Var group vs 6.0 mV in the DDD-His group, p = 0.001.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Para-Hisian pacing appears to indirectly recruit the His bundle, which would make this an effective and comparable strategy for physiological pacing, resulting in synchronous ventricular contraction similar to that of non-selective Hisian pacing.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Artificial Pacemaker</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Cardiac Pacing</kwd>
        <kwd>Electric Stimulation Therapy</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The evolution of artificial cardiac pacing has shown that impulse conduction through non-physiological muscle activation of the right ventricle (RV), especially apical pacing (&#8220;conventional&#8221; pacing), is associated with deleterious cardiac effects and negative clinical repercussions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Although conventional pacing resolves the electrical and hemodynamic problem by restoring heart rate, it comes at the expense of electromechanical changes resulting from &#8220;cardiac dyssynchrony&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Dyssynchrony manifests electrically (a wide QRS with left bundle branch block pattern) and mechanically (cardiac remodeling, mitral regurgitation and systolic dysfunction).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Several studies have confirmed the feasibility and positive clinical results of direct His-bundle pacing compared to conventional pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Currently, direct His-bundle pacing can be considered for almost all cardiac conduction disorders. Standardizing this technique, however, is challenging. Some criteria must still be refined, such as the clinical differences, if any, between selective (S-HBP) and non-selective His-bundle pacing (NS-HBP),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> higher capture thresholds, which result in accelerated generator battery depletion; and the additional resources (specific leads and sheaths) required for positioning the ventricular lead in contact with the His bundle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> There is also quite long learning curve, with procedures of increased duration, success rates between 60% and 90% and, in some cases, programming difficulties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Para-Hisian pacing (PHP), which has a shorter learning curve and a lower cost in terms of materials, can also preserve the synchrony of ventricular depolarization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The technique consists of placing the ventricular lead in the uppermost proximal region of the right side of the interventricular (IV) septum, adjacent to the conduction system. Being more reproducible, this technique is a promising alternative to physiological cardiac pacing by indirectly and rapidly recruiting the His-Purkinje system, similar to NS-HBP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the cardiac synchronization obtained through the NS-HBP and PHP techniques, indirectly capture the conduction system for physiological pacing.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methodology</title>
        <p>This experimental intervention study was conducted at the Cardiac Pacing Unit and Pacemaker Outpatient Clinic, Hospital S&#227;o Lucas, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The sample was selected from patients undergoing implantation of a permanent dual-chamber pacemaker (DDD pacing mode) according to current guidelines<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> who had mid-range (36-49%) or preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (&gt;50%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> All implant procedures were performed by the same main operator (ADLF). All participants provided written informed consent prior to inclusion. Patients indicated for implantation of a cardiac defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) candidates, a single-chamber pacemaker, and those with incomplete data were excluded.</p>
        <p>The patients were divided into two groups: DDD-Var (RV lead implantation for PHP) and DDD-His (RV electrode positioned for NS-HBP), guided by conventional electrophysiological mapping.</p>
        <p>The technique for positioning the RV lead in a uppermost position to the IV septum for PHP followed previously described methodology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Briefly summarized, the ventricular lead (conventional bipolar cables with active fixation &#8211; from any manufacturer) was mounted to a manually customized stylet with a wide curvature in the distal third followed by a more accentuated posterior curvature in the proximal portion (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Left: a hand-shaped stylet guiding the positioning of the RV lead in the uupermost proximal third of the interventricular septum for para-Hisian pacing. Center: Operator (ADLF) showing a comparison of the shape obtained by molding the guide wire with the curvature of one of the pre-molded sheaths available in Brazil (C315His Medtronic&#8482;). Right: fluoroscopy (left oblique projection) showing the final position of the lead in the right ventricle. Note the angulation of the tip, which is perpendicular to the spine. Adapted from<sup>12,19</sup></italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>Guided by radiological anatomy (posteroanterior view), the lead was advanced to the pulmonary artery and, with the guide wire fully inserted, it was pulled into the RV outflow tract. In this view, the interventricular septum is divided into 3 zones:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> the cranial third of the RV (between the prominence of the pulmonary artery and the roof of the tricuspid valve), the medial third, and the lower lower third. Septal positioning was then confirmed by radioscopy of the left anterior oblique view (30 to 45 degrees). In this view, the the lead is oriented pointing perpendicularly to the spine, in a direction opposite the RV free wall<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>To confirm that PHP capture had occurred in the DDD-Var group, the narrowest QRS complex was sought (&#8804; 130 ms; always &lt; 150 ms) by mapping the IV septum with a ventricular lead<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> prior to releasing the screw-in. Simultaneously, in real (intraoperative) time, under VVI pacing decreasing from an amplitude of 5 V and a pulse width of 1 ms, QRS variation analysis with the Synchromax&#174; system (EXO, Buenos Aires, Argentina) determined the immediate Synchrony Index (imeSI). The PHP site with the best index was chosen for definitive fixation of the RV lead.</p>
        <p>The imeSI is a result of graphic and mathematical processing of the signal averaged by the cross-variation of the DII (right interventricular septum) and V6 (lateral wall of the left ventricle [LV]) leads. For this analysis, Synchromax&#174; uses the measurement of the flow of electric current (volume and direction) and the agreement analysis of the intrinsicoid deflection of the QRS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> ImeSI values &lt; 0.40, &gt; 0.41, and &lt; 0.69, &gt; 0.7 indicate synchrony, moderate dyssynchrony, and severe dyssynchrony, respectively (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2A</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Correlation of QRS variation and normal values for a patient with intact intraventricular conduction (leads II and V6). Left: Conventional ECG traces. Center: overlapping QRS segments (D2 QRS and V6 QRS). Right: Cross-correlation analysis of leads II and V6. The QRS peaks coincide and the maximum cross-correlation signal is at time zero (CorS = 0). CorS: cross-correlation offset (ms). CorW: cross-correlation width (ms), CorA: cross-correlation amplitude (mV), AII: area under lead D2, aV6: area under lead V6. Adapted from Bonomini et al.<sup>22</sup></italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 2B</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Curves obtained with Synchromax<sup>TM</sup> according to the immediate synchrony index performed in real time from the pacing site in relation to cardiac synchrony obtained from the RV pacing site. Blue lines: QRS variation analysis from lead II. Red dashes: QRS variation analysis for lead V<sub>6</sub>.CRT: cardiac resynchronization therapy; LAH: left anterior hemiblock; RV: right ventricle. LBBB: Left bundle branch block. RBB: Right bundle block</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>For His-bundle capture (DDD-His group): a) a quadripolar catheter is introduced via the femoral artery to perform electrophysiological mapping and record His-bundle potentials; b) a dedicated sheath (C315-His, Medtronic, Minneapolis, MN, USA) is introduced via the cephalic or subclavian vein to position the lumenless SelectSecure MRI SureScan Model 3830 lead (Medtronic) into the His topography, which is indicated by the electrophysiology catheter. Selective (S-HBP) or non-selective (NS-HBP) His-bundle capture was then confirmed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Intraoperatively, while VVI pacing decreased from a 5 V pulse amplitude and a 1 ms pulse width, noninvasive QRS spatial variance analysis (Synchromax&#174;, EXO, Buenos Aires, Argentina), determined the imeSI in real time through the same methodology described above (PHP pacing). The best NS-HBP values were selected for analysis.</p>
        <p>In addition to the imeSI, intraoperative fluoroscopy time (Xray) and surface electrocardiogram (ECG) during the procedure and prior to discharge were recorded for both groups. Local endocardial activation of the RV was confirmed through R wave amplitude measurement, while the unipolar and bipolar capture threshold and impedance were determined through a decremental pacing test in VVI mode. The best values were selected for analysis.</p>
        <p>ECG analysis was blinded to operators during the course of the methodology and to the pre- and postoperative characteristics of the implantation and the patient. To determine the electrical axis of the QRS complex in the postoperative ECG, physiological pacing considered the presence of ventricular activation from right to left (QRS [+] in leads D1 and aVL) and from top to bottom (QRS [+] in DII, DIII, and aVF), as well as a transition (R wave &gt; S wave) to V3-V4 in the precordial leads.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The presence of all three criteria was considered a &#8220;physiological&#8221; axis, the presence of two criteria was considered &#8220;probably physiological&#8221;, while the presence of only one or none was considered &#8220;non-physiological&#8221;.</p>
        <p>In the DDD-Var cases, to confirm that synchronous PHP was correlated with NS-HBP (which ruled out pure myocardial ventricular pacing), we used the electrocardiographic model of Burri et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>) verifying an absence of plateau and notching in leads D1 and V1, respectively, as well as an R wave peak time (RWPT) &lt; 100 ms in V6.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The presence of these three parameters indicated &#8220;physiological&#8221; pacing similar to NS-HBP and rules out purely ventricular activation. The pacing can be considered &#8220;probably physiological&#8221; when 2 of these criteria are present, &#8220;probably non-physiological&#8221; pacing when 1 is present, and merely myocardial pacing when none are present.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Electrocardiographic model proposed by Burri et al.<sup>26</sup> including a combination of: a) absence of plateau in D1; b) absence of notching in lead V1; c) R-wave peak time in V6 &lt; 100 ms.<sup>28&#8211;30</sup> The presence of a, b, and c indicates &#8220;physiological&#8221; pacing in NS-HBP and rule out purely myocardial activation. The presence of 2 of criteria indicates &#8220;probably physiological&#8221; pacing, while the presence of only one criterion indicates &#8220;probably not physiological&#8221; pacing. The absence of all criteria indicates purely nonspecific myocardial capture (myocardial pacing).<sup>28</sup></italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>For qualitative analysis, the acute clinical course (until hospital discharge) of all patients was followed regarding cardiovascular complications, especially those related to pacemaker implantation.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Categorical variables were analyzed using Fisher&#8217;s exact test or the chi-square test with Yates correction, depending on the frequency distribution in different categories, and were described as frequencies and percentages. The McNemar test was used for pre- and postoperative comparisons of categorical variables. Symmetrically distributed quantitative variables were compared between groups using Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test for independent samples and within groups using Student&#8217;s <italic>t</italic>-test for paired samples. Asymmetrically distributed variables were compared within groups using the Mann-Whitney test and the Wilcoxon test. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze quantitative variables, which were described as mean and standard deviation if symmetrically distributed or by the median, minimum, and maximum value if asymmetrically distributed. A 5% significance level was used for the comparisons. Microsoft Excel was used to compile the data, which was subsequently analyzed in SPSS v. 20.0.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Between November 2019 and April 2020, 51 patients, the majority (28) being men, were included in the sample: 34 in the DDD-Var group and 17 in the DDD-His group, whose mean ages were 74 and 79 years, respectively. The most prevalent etiology for pacemaker implantation was complete atrioventricular block in the DDD-Var group and sinus node dysfunction in the DDD-His group. LVEF was preserved (&gt; 50%) in 40 patients and intermediate (36%-49%) in 11 patients. The groups are compared in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Comparison of group characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>DDD-Var n=34</th>
                  <th>DDD-His n=17</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male, n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age in years, mean &#177; SD</td>
                  <td align="center">74.0&#177;8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">79.0&#177;7.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.063</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Underlying disease, n(%)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Complete AVB</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (50.0) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Second-degree AVB</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (26.5) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3 (17.6) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sinus node dysfunction</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (23.5) <sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11 (64.7) <sup>b</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Preserved ejection fraction (&gt;50%), n(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (90.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.999</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>SD: standard deviation. Associations between categorical variables were tested with Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test with Yates correction, while associations between quantitative variables were tested with Student's t-test for independent samples. a, b: different letters indicate significantly different percentages.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac synchronization</title>
          <p>QRS analysis (Synchromax&#174;) revealed a significant difference (p&lt;0.001) in imeSI pre- and postoperatively. Of the 20 patients who were synchronous in the preoperative period, 19 (95.0%) remained synchronous in the postoperative period. Most of the remaining 31 patients were dyssynchronous (26, imeSI &gt;0.7; 5 imeSI 0.41-0.69). Of these, 30 (96.8%) became synchronous after implantation, with only 1 maintaining an intermediate imeSI.</p>
          <p>There was also a significant variation in imeSI (p&lt;0.001) between pre- and post-implantation the DDD-Var group. Of 26 dyssynchronous patients, 25 (96.2%) became synchronous and only 1 (3.8%) remained intermediate. According to the imeSI, all 8 synchronous patients in the preoperative period remained synchronous after implantation. In the DDD-His group, 11 of the 12 individuals (91.7%) who were synchronous remained synchronous, with 1 was classified as dyssynchronous in the postoperative period. All 5 remaining patients (dyssynchronous or moderately dyssynchronous) became synchronous after implantation (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of results before and after permanent pacemaker implantation</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>DDD-Var</th>
                    <th>DDD-His</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Synchrony index</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">n=34</td>
                    <td align="center">n=17</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Preintervention</bold>
                      <sup>
                        <bold>*</bold>
                      </sup>
                      <bold>; n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synchronous</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23.5)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">12 (70.6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intermediate</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.8)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2 (11.8)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asynchronous</td>
                    <td align="center">23 (67.6)<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3 (17.6)<sup>b</sup></td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Postintervention; n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.560</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Synchronous</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (97.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (94.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Intermediate</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (2.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asynchronous</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>imeSI value</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pre<sup>*</sup>; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.00 (0.12 to 1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21 (0.06 to 1.00)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18 (0.11 to 0.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18 (0.11 to 0.72)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.461</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>%variation<sup>**</sup>; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">-74 (-89 to 192)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (-77 to 243)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Post-implantation ECG</td>
                    <td align="center">n=34</td>
                    <td align="center">n=17</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Axis; n(%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physiological</td>
                    <td align="center">26 (76.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (47.1)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Probably physiological</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (23.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (52.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Pacing</td>
                    <td align="center">n=34</td>
                    <td align="center">n=17</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Category (%)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">0.915</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Physiological</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (44.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (35.3)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Probably physiological</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (47.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (52.9)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Probably not physiological</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (8.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (11.8)</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Missing physiological pacing criterion; n(%)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">n=19</td>
                    <td align="center">n=11</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RWPT &#8805;100 ms</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (54.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.238</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Plateau in lead D1</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (63.2)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (36.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.299</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Notching in lead V1</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (27.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (27.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.999</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AVB: atrioventricular block; ECG; electrocardiogram; imeSI: immediate synchrony index; RWPT: R-wave peak time. Synchronous: imeSI &#8804; 0.40; intermediate: imeSI 0.41-0.70; asynchronous: imeSI &#8805; 0.71. Associations between categorical variables were tested with Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test with Yates correction, while associations between quantitative variables with asymmetric distribution were tested with the Mann Whitney test. **% variation=([post value - pre value]/pre value*100); a,b: different letters indicate significantly different percentages.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> also describes significant differences between groups in the preoperative period: the DDD-Var group had more dyssynchronous patients (67.6% vs. 17.6% in the DDD-His group) and fewer synchronous patients (23.5% vs. 70.6% in the DDD-His group). Postoperatively, the groups were similar, since overall synchrony was achieved in both groups (97.1% in the DDD-Var group vs 94.1% in the DDD-His group; p = 0.560)(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 4</xref>). The imeSI differed significantly between the groups preoperatively (1.00 vs 0.21, p=0.001) but not postoperatively (0.18 vs 0.18, p = 0.461)(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 5</xref>), confirming that both PHP and NS-HBP achieved physiological pacing. The median imeSI reduction in the DDD-Var group was 74% (vs a median of 0% in the DDD-His group, p&lt;0.001), indicating the magnitude of the correction. Analyzing each group separately and comparing the synchrony data between the pre- and postoperative periods, the DDD-Var group varied significantly (median 1.00 vs. 0.18 in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; p &lt; 0.001) and, as expected, there was no significant difference in the DDD-His group (median 0.21 vs 0.18 in the pre- and postoperative periods, respectively; p = 0.453).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribution frequency of pre- and postoperative cardiac synchronization categories between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of the immediate synchrony index between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physiological axis</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 6</xref> shows the similar post-implantation QRS electrical axes in both groups (p=0.074). Corroborating the methods&#8217; similarity in His-Purkinje conduction system recruitment, there was no difference (p=0.915) between the &#8220;probably physiological&#8221; (47.1% DDD-Var vs. 52.9% DDD-His) and &#8220;physiological&#8221; (44.1% vs. 35.3%, respectively) results.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of the ECG axis between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physiological Pacing - Criteria for Conduction System Capture</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>, regarding the criteria for conduction system capture (excluding purely myocardial capture), 91.2% and 88.2% of the DDD-Var and DDD-His groups had a physiological pattern in the postoperative period (p = 0.999) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 7</xref>). The criteria that most frequently confounded physiological pacing were an R wave peak time (RWPT) &#8805; 100 ms in the DDD-His group and a plateau in D1 in the DDD-Var group. Pacing was classified as &#8220;non-physiological&#8221; in 3 DDD-Var patients and 2 DDD-His patients.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparative chart of cardiac synchrony (Iimes) obtained with both methods of artificial cardiac stimulation.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>QRS complex duration</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> shows that the mean QRS duration (ms) was significantly higher (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 8</xref>) in the DDD-Var group than the DDD-His group, in both the pre-implantation (114.7 vs 87.1 ms, p = 0.001) and post-implantation periods (128.2 vs 102.1 ms, p &lt; 0.001). The QRS varied by a median of 11% in the DDD-Var group and 20% in the DDD-His group (p=0.436). Compared to the post-implantation mean, QRS duration significantly increased in both groups (DDD-Var: 114.7 vs 128.2 ms, p = 0.044; DDD-His group: 87.1 vs 102.1 ms, p = 0.003).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of indirect techniques of His bundle capture and post-implantation characteristics</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>DDD-Var</th>
                    <th>DDD-His</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">n=34</td>
                    <td align="center">n=17</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>QRS ms</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Preintervention; mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">114.7&#177;27.6</td>
                    <td align="center">87.1&#177;21.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Postintervention; mean&#177;SD</td>
                    <td align="center">128.2&#177;16.2</td>
                    <td align="center">102.1&#177;14.0</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>%variation; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (-35 to 138)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (-14 to 66)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.436</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fluoroscopy time; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (3-27)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (9-52)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uni/Bi ventricular threshold; median (min-max)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.6 (0.4-2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9 (0.3-3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.074</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uni/Bi ventricular Impedance; mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">754.8&#177;262.2</td>
                    <td align="center">654.9&#177;234.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.190</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Uni/Bi ventricular R waves; mean &#177; SD</td>
                    <td align="center">11.2&#177;5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">6.0&#177;3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Complications related to pacemaker implantation</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Associations between categorical variables were tested with Fisher's exact test; associations between quantitative variables with symmetric distribution were tested with Student's t-test for independent samples; variables with asymmetric distribution were tested with the Mann-Whitney test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f09001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Pre- and post-implantation differences in QRS complex duration between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fluoroscopy time and post-implantation electronic parameters</title>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 9</xref>, the median fluoroscopy time was significantly shorter in the DDD-Var group (7 vs 21 min, p &lt; 0.001). The medians and distributions of pacing parameters were similar between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref>): the mean ventricular threshold was 0.6 V vs 0.9 V in the DDD-Var and DDD-His groups, respectively (p=0.074), while the mean ventricular impedance was 754.8 ohms vs 654.9 ohms in the DDD-Var and DDD-His groups, respectively (p=0.19). However, the mean R wave amplitude (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11001">Figure 10</xref>) was significantly better in the DDD-Var group than the DDD-His group (11.2 mV vs 6.0 mV, p = 0.001).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f10001">
              <label>Figure 9</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Comparison of mean intraoperative XRay time between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f11001">
              <label>Figure 10</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Difference in R wave amplitude between the para-Hisian pacing (DDD-Var) and non-selective His pacing (DDD-His) groups.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Postoperative follow-up (acute complications)</title>
          <p>Only one patient (DDD-His group) had a pacemaker-related complication (near-syncope due to acute RV pacing threshold).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>His-bundle capture and activation is now the gold standard for physiological pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The term PHP was coined after the first attempts to artificially recruit intrinsic electrophysiological activity to reproduce native cardiac contraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This study shows that PHP is non-inferior and quite similarly approximates to NS-HBP in terms of homogeneous ventricular activation (cardiac synchronization), which results from the electrical conduction that determines ventricular contraction. The synchronization obtained through the PHP technique, confirmed by strict ECG criteria and refined by QRS spatial analysis (Synchromax&#174;), makes PHP a viable, effective, reproducible, and lower cost alternative to NS-HBP.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac synchronization determined by Spatial variance analysis of the QRS (imeSI)</title>
          <p>The rapid and synchronized transmission of electrical stimuli through the specialized His-Purkinje network is highly efficient for the heart, preserving the normal coupling between electrical conduction and ventricular contraction. Zanon et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> point out that the ventricular activation obtained by PHP is acceptable since it results from recruitment of the His bundle,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> demonstrating that PHP can physiologically activate the LV like natural conduction does through a healthy His-Purkinje system. These authors evaluated LV contraction by pacing distinct zones of the interventricular septum, reporting that during pacing of the para-Hisian region (PHP), the resulting activation and contraction sequence was similar to the natural sequence. The normalization (or near normalization) of intraventricular conduction with PHP can be explained due to certain concepts related to the anatomy and physiology of the conduction system and the particularities of its right and left branches. Unlike the right branch, which does not stimulate the IV septum until it reaches the RV anterior papillary muscle, the connections between the left branch and the IV septum allow the transmission of impulses from the left branch to the septum and vice versa. This explains why both septal activation and its ECG expression begin on the left side (Q waves in D1 and V6 and R waves in V1). When PHP pacing is performed, it could be that the artificial stimulus, which is of greater intensity and greater electrical input (voltage) than the physiological impulse, advances through the normal pathways if they are not damaged or, less likely, &#8220;skips&#8221; or overcomes blockages, continuing forward through the electrophysiological system, achieving pseudonormalized conduction. The other, more likely, possibility is that the stimulus initially activates the myocardium in the septal cusp and, as it travels down the septal surface, spreads normally throughout the His-Purkinje system. This explains the initial widening of the paced QRS, expressing initial activation of the septal myocardium (simulating a delta wave) followed by the rapid development of a QRS complex similar to natural waves, which indicates activation of the specific system and LV capture through the Purkinje network.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
          <p>As in our study, Bonomini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> found a correlation between PHP, homogeneous activation, cardiac synchronization, and QRS spatial variance analysis (imeSI). According to Bonomini et al., developers of Synchromax&#174; (EXO, Buenos Aires, Argentina), through analysis of variables such as the direction of the electrical impulse (from base to apex or vice versa), QRS duration, and the volume and point-to-point symmetry of the curves obtained between leads D2 and V6, the maximum activation time and the delays in electrical propagation in each ventricular chamber can be determined through mathematical processing<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref>). The imeSI is produced through QRS spatial variance algorithm analysis, with values from 0.0 to 1.0 (00 being perfect synchrony and 1.00 being complete dyssynchrony)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup>(<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 2B</xref>). The D2 lead represents the activity of the interventricular septum, including the direction and velocity of conduction of the electrical stimulus. Likewise, the V6 lead represents activation of the LV free wall. In the absence of conduction disturbances, the D2 lead is positive and has preserved duration, showing physiological activation and conduction time from the base of the IV septum to the apex of the heart. On the other hand, it is expected that V6, when representing the LV, is positive and has a duration and spatial volume similar to D2, since it follows the same activation pattern. Graphically, if there is synchronization, the resulting curves will ideally overlap (D2 and V6 will be identical and homogeneous). The only explanation for these simultaneous and symmetrical ventricular activation curves would be the recruitment of the intrinsic conduction system and coordinated and homogeneous ventricular contraction (synchrony).</p>
          <p>A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> showed that PHP preserves LVEF and mechanical synchrony similarly to RV myocardial septal pacing in patients with high-grade atrioventricular block, narrow QRS, and LVEF &lt; 0.40. Kronborg et al. concluded that in these selected patients, significant ventricular remodeling or heart failure due to PHP is not expected.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In the same way, another randomized study compared 6 months of PHP with 6 months of RV apical pacing in 16 patients with chronic atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular node ablation. Patients undergoing PHP had reduced IV dyssynchrony, improved functional class, significantly improved 6-minute walk test performance, and decreased mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>PHP and NS-HBP: similar cardiac synchrony results</title>
          <p>Nature designed the cardiac conduction system to activate the ventricles from the endocardium to the epicardium, from the base to the apex, and from right to left. This order is considered the &#8220;physiological axis&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Simultaneous, homogeneous, coordinated, and symmetrical contraction denotes &#8220;synchrony.&#8221; Our results confirm that His-bundle capture (DDD-His group) results in synchronous ventricular contraction identical to the intrinsic rhythm, which reinforces His-bundle pacing as the gold standard. Likewise, QRS variation analysis confirmed ventricular synchrony with an imeSI &lt; 0.4 for all DDD-His patients except one (imeSI &gt; 0.7), which was due to microdisplacement of the lead from the His position, resulting in capture of the adjacent septal myocardium &#8211; one possible complication of this technique.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> When myocardial activation occurs, as in &#8220;conventional pacing&#8221; of the RV (ie, apical and septal muscle alone), electrical conduction takes place through nonspecific tissue (myocardial capture) and outside the specialized His-Purkinje system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> This unwanted pacing modality has a characteristic ECG pattern,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and the mechanical result is a loss of efficacy in ventricular contractility. As previously described, the magnitude of dyssynchrony is analytically demonstrated by imeSI as it approaches a value of 1.</p>
          <p>Our most important result is that all patients in the DDD-Var group, who began in dyssynchrony (imeSI &gt; 0.7 to 1), recovered homogeneous activation (synchrony) of the ventricles after PHP (92.1% with an imeSI &lt; 0.4; the remainder with an imeSI from 0.4 to 0.69; the median imeSI variation in the DDD-Var group was -0.74). Further reinforcing the similarity of PHP and NS-HBP, according to the criteria of Mala et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> the ventricular activation in both groups was in the &#8220;physiological&#8221; or &#8220;probably physiological&#8221; axis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Paced QRS duration</title>
          <p>Proper cardiac functioning depends on a highly coordinated (synchronized) electromechanical system. Conduction abnormalities, such as those caused by purely myocardial pacing, lead to dyssynchrony, which can have deleterious effects (pacing-associated cardiomyopathy, or artificially induzed myocardial dyssynchrony).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> The PHP applied in this study, despite correcting the dyssynchrony in practically all patients, does so at the expense of a significant widening of the QRS complex (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f09001">Figure 8</xref>). Nevertheless, no case exceeded the critical value of 150 ms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> assessed the acute effect of S-HBP, NS-HBP, and myocardial pacing of the right IV septum on the electrical and mechanical synchronization of the LV, finding that both S-HBP and NS-HBP could restore physiological contraction and mechanical synchrony. This confirms that any modality of HBP can maintain native ventricular activation through the intrinsic conduction system, which is demonstrably more physiological and characterized by better indicators of cardiac synchronization than patients with purely myocardial pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, in several studies, QRS duration on 12-lead ECG has been used as an indirect marker of electrical synchrony, while prolonged intrinsic or paced QRS duration has been associated with an increased risk of heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> In our study, DDD-His was superior to DDD-Var (PHP) in terms of shorter duration of the paced QRS, but in both techniques, a significant widening was noticed which was of the same magnitude. This result was also present in the study conducted by Zhang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> during low-output pacing with NS-HBP, in which, despite demonstrating better electrical and mechanical synchrony than myocardial septal pacing, the paced QRS duration was wider than the intrinsic QRS duration.</p>
          <p>However, we found that the magnitude of QRS variation before and after the procedure between the groups was not significant (p = 0.436), and that NS-HBP (DDD-His group) clearly captured the native conduction system. This could be explained by the fact that when pacing near but not directly on the His bundle (indirect physiological pacing), fused QRS complexes are produced. An initial enlargement (pseudo-delta wave) is observed, attributable to the concomitant capture of muscle tissue near the His bundle, resulting in 2 depolarization fronts that merge. One front recruits the intrinsic system and activates the LV through the native left branch, while the other briefly travels through the adjacent interventricular septum to the His bundle until it finds and activates the conduction system through the right side, similar to what is observed in pre-excitation syndromes with accessory para-Hisian pathways.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> However, although mechanical dyssynchrony is a frequent finding in patients with wide QRS complexes, QRS width alone does not appear to be an efficient marker for diagnosing dyssynchrony.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The activation axis and the morphological dispersion of ventricular depolarization would be more striking features, as shown by Bonomini et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> This important paradigm shift was confirmed in a study that compared QRS compared QRS spatial variance analysis method with echocardiography and found that ECG analysis through spatial variance has better sensitivity and negative predictive value to detect mechanical dyssynchrony than QRS duration or conventional ECG alone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> In our study, DDD-His performed better compared to DDD-Var (PHP) in terms of paced QRS duration. However, in both techniques, despite the noticed QRS widening, synchrony was achieved in the same magnitude suggesting that QRS coordination (synchrony) is more important than QRS duration.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Physiological pacing with both techniques?</title>
          <p>Recent publications<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> have described how to distinguish between purely myocardial activation and direct or indirect capture of the intrinsic conduction system in ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 3</xref>). Analysis of these criteria (performed in the present study) would reduce the risk of incorrectly identifying nonspecific myocardial capture as PHP which, in some cases, is associated with clinical results similar to conventional RV pacing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> When electrical impulses are conducted through non-specialized muscle tissue, the IV septum is abnormally activated, which leads to a marked delay in LV lateral wall activation, causing morphometric changes and QRS distortion. After exhaustive application of these electrocardiographic principles<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> we found no significant difference (p = 0.999) between the groups. Of note, in the DDD-Var group, the absence of notching in the V1 lead and a time &lt; 100 ms between the stimulus (spike) and RWPT in V6 were the most striking characteristics of physiological pacing, being similar in both PHP and NS-HBP. On the other hand, in the DDD-His group, perhaps corroborating the NS-HBP results, the variable most associated with non-physiological pacing was RWPT &gt; 100 ms. However, this can be explained by the interval from the stimulus until penetration and capture of the His bundle. The QRS variation analysis method (Synchromax&#174;) consistently supports this synchrony, which is comparable to NS-HBP, with an imeSI &lt; 0.4 with overlapping activation curves.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Safety and efficacy of PHP</title>
          <p>Due previously described nuances of the His-bundle pacing technique, we preferred to apply this strategy to patients with sinus node dysfunction and intact atrioventricular conduction. Patients with intra- and infra-His blocks present additional challenges to this approach and often require guaranteed RV pacing by a second backup lead (greater resource consumption and greater risk of complications).</p>
          <p>Positioning the RV lead in the uppermost proximal regions of the interventricular septum is simpler, more easily reproduces para-Hisian activation, and is feasible for any service that performs pacemaker implants with radiological anatomy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our results confirm that PHP is viable and especially safe for pacing-dependent patients, in whom pacing by His capture can be more challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Furthermore, PHP has a shorter learning curve and a significantly shorter exposure to intraoperative fluoroscopy (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10001">Figure 9</xref>).</p>
          <p>It should also be pointed out that pacemaker programming and resolving intraoperative problems related to direct HBP can be an obstacle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> On the other hand, favorable electronic parameters, such as R waves of significantly better amplitude, were found in the DDD-Var group (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11001">Figure 10</xref>). Thus, PHP efficaciously and safely overcomes some of the classic inconveniences of physiological pacing compared to HBP. Hanifin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> suggest that operators who perform HBP need specific training to resolve adversities both intra-procedurally and during programming adjustments. This scenario naturally increases the consumption of health resources.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Low R wave amplitude, an unwanted occurrence during HBP, can lead to problems with intrinsic electrical activity detection, resulting in pacemaker dysfunction and programming conflicts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> It should also be pointed out that direct Hisian capture usually requires higher output energy (voltage), which results in shorter generator battery life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In our study, an exhaustive search for adequate pacing parameters may have resulted in a higher fluoroscopy time for this group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Review of physiological pacing classification: direct vs. indirect</title>
          <p>This pioneering study compared LV electromechanical synchrony through instantaneous processing of QRS spatial variance in patients undergoing NS-HBP or PHP. Bearing in mind that a lack of difference does not strictly indicate equivalence, based on our findings we propose a reclassification of physiological pacing based on the degree of &#8220;direct&#8221; or &#8220;indirect&#8221; involvement (capture) of the His-Purkinje system. <underline>Direct physiological pacing </underline>would combine &#8220;rigorous capture&#8221; through mapping of the intrinsic electrical system, demonstrating recruitment of the His bundle (S-HBP) or one of its branches (left branch pacing - deep septal technique). <underline>Indirect physiological pacing</underline> would be represented by NS-HBP and PHP, with proof of rapid and homogeneous (synchronous) ventricular activation. However, it would involve brief, partial, and variable capture of the Hisian region of the myocardium (resulting in a pseudo-delta on the ECG). Indirect physiological pacing would include the type II intraseptal anatomical variant of His,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> which can include more than 30% of cases and almost always produces NS-HBP.</p>
          <p>Finally, must be recognized that direct pacing of the bundel of His is the gold gold standard for preserving a physiological activation pattern. Non-selective indirect forms and PHP are variants that, as shown in this study, could preserve ventricular contractile synchrony, avoiding the potential deleterious effects of &#8220;conventional pacing&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PHP-type indirect physiological pacing can recruit the intrinsic conduction system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> This interesting and promising pacing modality, when combined with tools such as QRS spatial variance analysis (imeSI - Synchromax&#174;), makes the method more easily reproducible and effective.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study&#8217;s main limitations were that it included a relatively small series of patients with heterogeneous indications for pacemaker implantation, even though the synchrony analysis was performed with overstimulation and uniform ventricular capture (VVI mode). Moreover, it was a single-center study with limited retrospective data analysis. It should also be considered that, despite the specific methodological conditions, synchrony was assessed by an indirect method, not considering other variables that can alter cardiac electrical conduction. Finally, although the long-term effects of maintaining synchronization by avoiding cardiomyopathy through pacing could be determined with longer follow-up, this was not the objective of the present study. The focus and strength of this study lies in its comparison of physiological pacing strategies during the perioperative implantation process.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>We found that both PHP and NS-HBP can result in similar cardiac synchronization, which places both in a new classification: indirect physiological pacing. Although this strategy is promising and attractive, a valid and comparable alternative when carried out with methodological rigor, both the electrocardiographic analysis of QRS spatial variance and indirect evidence of conduction system capture must be validated, as any new technology or procedure, in new studies with a larger number of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 11/05664. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
