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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">KcSmZQTfRzRRd3Wvn3LMT3b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200463</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200618</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200618</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cen&#225;rio Disfuncional dos Principais Componentes Respons&#225;veis pelo Equil&#237;brio do Tr&#226;nsito de C&#225;lcio Mioc&#225;rdico na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Induzida por Estenose A&#243;rtica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7796-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Loureiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon H. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vileigas</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Ana</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Grippa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Murucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5999-2671</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina Interna, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Desportos</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Vit&#243;ria</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Departamento de Desportos, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Vitor Loureiro da Silva &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Jardim Dona Marta (Rubi&#227;o Junior), CEP 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brasil E-mail: <email>vitorloureiro_ed.fisica@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Silva VL, Campos DHS, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Campos DHS, Melo AB, Vileigas DF, Coelho PM, Sant&#8217;Ana PG, Bazan SGZ, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Campos DHS, Sant&#8217;Ana PG, Bazan SGZ, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Silva VL, Melo AB, Vileigas DF, Coelho PM, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Silva VL, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Melo AB, Cicogna AC; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>28</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>463</fpage>
      <lpage>475</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O remodelamento card&#237;aco patol&#243;gico se caracteriza por disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, levando &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Neste contexto, o cen&#225;rio disfuncional do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio mioc&#225;rdico (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) tem sido pouco estudado. Um modelo experimental de estenose a&#243;rtica tem sido extensamente utilizado para aprimorar os conhecimentos sobre os principais mecanismos do remodelamento patol&#243;gico card&#237;aco.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Entender o processo disfuncional dos principais componentes respons&#225;veis pelo equil&#237;brio do c&#225;lcio mioc&#225;rdico e sua influ&#234;ncia sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca induzida pela estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar de 21 dias de idade foram distribu&#237;dos em dois grupos: controle (placebo; n=28) e estenose a&#243;rtica (EaO; n=18). A fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi analisada com o ecocardiograma, m&#250;sculo papilar isolado e cardiomi&#243;citos isolados. No ensaio do m&#250;sculo papilar, SERCA2a e a atividade do canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup> do tipo L foram avaliados. O ensaio de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados avaliou o tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio. A express&#227;o proteica da prote&#237;nas do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio foi analisada com o western blot. Os resultados foram estatisticamente significativos quando p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os m&#250;sculos papilares e cardiomi&#243;citos dos cora&#231;&#245;es no grupo EaO demonstraram falhas mec&#226;nicas. Os ratos com EaO apresentaram menor tempo de pico do Ca<sup>2+</sup>, menor sensibilidade das miofibrilas do Ca<sup>2+</sup>, preju&#237;zos nos processos de entrada e recaptura de c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico, bem como disfun&#231;&#227;o no canal de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (CCTL). Al&#233;m disso, os animais com EaO apresentaram maior express&#227;o de SERCA2a, CCTL e trocador de Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica devido &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvular acarretou comprometimento da entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> celular e inibi&#231;&#227;o da recaptura de c&#225;lcio pelo ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico devido &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o no CCTL e SERCA2a, assim como mudan&#231;as no tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio e na express&#227;o das principais prote&#237;nas respons&#225;veis pela homeostase de Ca<sup>2+</sup> celular.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#250;sculos Papilares</kwd>
        <kwd>Mi&#243;citos Card&#237;acos</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;nas de Liga&#231;&#227;o ao C&#225;lcio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/20013-5</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2015/20013-5).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) se caracteriza pela incapacidade do cora&#231;&#227;o de realizar a perfus&#227;o de tecidos com o oxig&#234;nio e os nutrientes requeridos pela demanda metab&#243;lica do corpo;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> importantes desfechos intoler&#226;ncia ao esfor&#231;o e reten&#231;&#227;o h&#237;drica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>O processo da IC &#233; produto do remodelamento mal adaptado, que pode ocorrer devido a v&#225;rios tipos de dano no cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e sobrecarga de volume e press&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entre outros, o preju&#237;zo do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio &#233; um mecanismo crucial da deteriora&#231;&#227;o progressiva da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pesquisadores reportaram mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o e na fun&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas reguladoras do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio em v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No remodelamento patol&#243;gico induzido pela estenose a&#243;rtica, estudos identificaram, por meio de diferentes m&#233;todos de indu&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e per&#237;odos da doen&#231;a, v&#225;rias mudan&#231;as nos elementos reguladores do Ca<sup>2</sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup>Estudos iniciais sugeriram que mudan&#231;as na sa&#237;da e na entrada do ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico de Ca<sup>2</sup>est&#227;o relacionadas &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca causada pela estenose a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nossos estudos anteriores avaliaram ratos com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica ap&#243;s seis e doze semanas da estenose a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s seis semanas, observou-se uma defici&#234;ncia na atividade do c&#225;lcio ATPase (SERCA2a) do ret&#237;culo endo/sarcoplasm&#225;tico sem altera&#231;&#227;o na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>ap&#243;s doze semanas, observou-se um aumento na fosforila&#231;&#227;o do res&#237;duo Ser(16) da PLB e menor express&#227;o da prote&#237;na SERCA2a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, em animais com IC ap&#243;s obstru&#231;&#227;o da aorta,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> os autores detectaram corrente de Ca<sup>2</sup>(I<sub>Ca</sub>) reduzida, inefici&#234;ncia do acoplamento dos canais de c&#225;lcio do tipo L (CCTL) com os receptores Rianodina,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e mudan&#231;as nas prote&#237;nas de tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como as investiga&#231;&#245;es demonstram dados diferentes relacionados ao n&#237;vel estrutural e funcional do remodelamento card&#237;aco e as adapta&#231;&#245;es correspondentes &#224; din&#226;mica do Ca<sup>2</sup>do mioc&#225;rdio, este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o processo disfuncional dos principais respons&#225;veis pelo equil&#237;brio do Ca<sup>2</sup>e sua influ&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca da IC induzida por estenose a&#243;rtica. Para este fim, diferentemente de estudos anteriores, realizamos uma avalia&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca global de animais 28 semanas ap&#243;s a estenose a&#243;rtica. Este estudo analisou a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca nos n&#237;veis celular, tecidual e de c&#226;mara, e tamb&#233;m examinou o tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio e prote&#237;nas respons&#225;veis pelo equil&#237;brio do Ca<sup>2</sup>citos&#243;lico, apresentando resultados divergentes e surpreendentes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao que hoje est&#225; dispon&#237;vel na literatura.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Um grupo de ratos machos Wistar, de 21 dias de idade, foi submetido &#224; cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o simulada (placebo, n=22) ou de estenose a&#243;rtica (EaO, n=12). Vinte e oito semanas ap&#243;s o protocolo experimental, a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca foi avaliada por ecocardiograma e m&#250;sculo papilar isolado. A atividade da SERCA2a e do CCTL foi analisada durante a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa e eleva&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio, respectivamente, e pela administra&#231;&#227;o cumulativa do CA<sup>2</sup> extracelular na presen&#231;a de bloqueadores espec&#237;ficos de SERCA2a ou CCTL no ensaio do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado. A express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas reguladoras de tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio foi medida pelo western blot (placebo, n=7; EaO, n=7). Cinco animais com EaO foram exclu&#237;dos do experimento do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado por terem uma &#225;rea transversal do m&#250;sculo papilar maior do que 1,5 mm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>Outro grupo de ratos machos Wistar foi submetido &#224; cirurgia de indu&#231;&#227;o simulada (placebo, n=6) ou de estenose a&#243;rtica (EaO, n=6). Nesses animais, o eletrocardiograma foi realizado e os cardiomi&#243;citos foram isolados. Uma an&#225;lise dos cardiomi&#243;citos isolados foi realizada para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos cardiomi&#243;citos e o manejo do c&#225;lcio.</p>
        <p>Como observado, a avalia&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma foi realizada em todos os animais (placebo, n=28; EaO, n=18).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar obtidos do Centro Animal da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil) foram inseridos em gaiolas coletivas a 23&#730;C, temperatura ambiente, em um ciclo claro-escuro de 12 horas, umidade relativa de 60% e &#225;gua <italic>ad libitum</italic>. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa Experimental da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu &#8211; UNESP&#8221;, e pelo &#8220;Guia para o cuidado e uso de animais de laborat&#243;rio&#8221; (protocolo 1138/2015).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica</title>
        <p>A EaO foi induzida cirurgicamente, como j&#225; descrito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Os ratos foram anestesiados com uma mistura de cetamina (50 mg/kg, IM) e xilazina (1 mg/kg, IM), e o cora&#231;&#227;o foi exposto por meio de uma toracotomia mediana. Um clip de prata (0,62 mm de di&#226;metro interno) foi colocado na aorta ascendente, a aproximadamente 3 mm de sua raiz, constituindo o grupo EaO (n=17). Os ratos controle foram submetidos &#224; mesma cirurgia, por&#233;m, sem a bandagem da aorta (placebo, n=19).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
          <p>Dados da estrutura card&#237;aca e an&#225;lise de fun&#231;&#227;o est&#227;o expressos com vari&#225;veis do ecocardiograma 28 semanas ap&#243;s a estenose a&#243;rtica. Uma ecocardiografia dispon&#237;vel no mercado (General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel, Israel), equipada com uma sonda multifrequ&#234;ncia de 5-11,5 MHz, foi utilizada, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Os ratos foram anestesiados por meio de uma inje&#231;&#227;o intraperitoneal, com uma mistura de cetamina (50 mg/kg) e xilazina (0,5 mg/kg). As seguintes vari&#225;veis foram utilizadas para avaliar a estrutura card&#237;aca: &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) normalizado para o di&#226;metro da aorta (AE/Ao), di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDVE), di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DSVE), espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior (EDPP), espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular (EDSI) e espessura relativa da parede (ERP). Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram usados para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC), fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento da parede m&#233;dia (FS); fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE); velocidade sist&#243;lica da parede posterior (VSPP), velocidade de influxo mitral diast&#243;lico precoce (onda E); e pico de velocidade da onda A (contra&#231;&#227;o atrial), velocidade anular mitral durante o enchimento ventricular precoce (E&#8217;), velocidade anular mitral durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (A&#8217;), e raz&#227;o entre o fluxo de pico do enchimento e a velocidade anular mitral durante o enchimento ventricular precoce (E/E&#8217;).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sinais da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
          <p>O mesmo investigador analisou os sinais cl&#237;nicos e patol&#243;gicos da IC (taquipneia, ascite, efus&#227;o pleural, trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo e hipertrofia ventricular direita), sem acesso aos grupos experimentais.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ensaio isolado do m&#250;sculo papilar</title>
          <p>O desempenho contr&#225;til do cora&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado ao examinar os m&#250;sculos papilares isolados do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram estimulados 12 vezes por minuto (0,2 Hz), utilizando eletrodos do tipo agulha de platina posicionados paralelamente ao eixo longitudinal dos m&#250;sculos. Os eletrodos foram acoplados a um estimulador el&#233;trico (LE12406 - Stimulator, PanLab - Harvard Apparatus, Cornella, Barcelona, Espanha) que emite est&#237;mulos de onda quadrada de 5 ms. A voltagem do est&#237;mulo utilizado foi de 12 a 15 volts, aproximadamente 10% acima do valor m&#237;nimo necess&#225;rio para provocar a resposta mec&#226;nica m&#225;xima do m&#250;sculo. No experimento, a solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs-Henseleit foi utilizada de acordo com a seguinte composi&#231;&#227;o em mM: 118,5 NaCl; 4,69 KCl; 2,5 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1,16 MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1,18 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 5,50 de glicose e 24,88 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. A solu&#231;&#227;o foi aerada por 10 minutos com oxig&#234;nio a 95% (O<sub>2</sub>) e di&#243;xido de carbono a 5% (CO<sub>2</sub>), e mantida a 28&#730;C. Os seguintes par&#226;metros mec&#226;nicos foram medidos durante a contra&#231;&#227;o isom&#233;trica: pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida (TD; g/mm<sup>2</sup>), tens&#227;o em repouso (TR; g/mm2), taxa m&#225;xima da tens&#227;o desenvolvida (+tD/td; g/ mm<sup>2</sup>/s) e decl&#237;nio (-tD/td; g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s), e tempo de pico de tens&#227;o (TPT; ms). Mecanismos reguladores da entrada de Ca<sup>2</sup> e a atividade do CCTL foram analisados pela manobra de eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de Ca<sup>2</sup>, e eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es extracelulares de Ca<sup>2</sup> (0,5, 1,5, 2,5 e 3,5 mM) na presen&#231;a e na aus&#234;ncia de diltiazem (10<sup>-5</sup>M), um bloqueador espec&#237;fico dos CCTL. Uma manobra de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (o est&#237;mulo foi pausado por 10, 30 e 60 s antes de reiniciar a estimula&#231;&#227;o) e uma eleva&#231;&#227;o das concentra&#231;&#245;es extracelulares de Ca<sup>2</sup>(0,5, 1,5, 2,5, e 3,5 mM) na presen&#231;a e na aus&#234;ncia do &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico (CPA, 30 mM), um bloqueador altamente espec&#237;fico de SERCA2a, foram realizadas para avaliar o potencial da fun&#231;&#227;o de SERCA2a. Os ensaios do bloqueio dos CCTL e SERCA2a foram avaliados com base na porcentagem de inibi&#231;&#227;o, calculada como &#916;(%)= (M2-M1)/M1x100, de forma que M1 &#233; o valor da vari&#225;vel na concentra&#231;&#227;o extracelular de c&#225;lcio, na aus&#234;ncia do bloqueador, e M2 &#233; o valor da mesma vari&#225;vel em resposta aos bloqueadores. Testes de eleva&#231;&#227;o extracelular do c&#225;lcio e potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa foram analisados pelo percentual de resposta comparado &#224; linha de base, calculada como &#916;(%)= (M0-Mx)/M0&#215;100, de forma que M0 &#233; o valor na condi&#231;&#227;o de base, e Mx &#233; o valor absoluto em resposta &#224; manobra (concentra&#231;&#227;o aumentada de c&#225;lcio ou paralisia do est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico). Todas as vari&#225;veis foram normalizadas por &#225;rea transversal do m&#250;sculo papilar. Os m&#250;sculos papilares com &#225;rea transversal &gt;1,5 mm<sup>2</sup> foram exclu&#237;dos da an&#225;lise porque podem demonstrar hip&#243;xia central e desempenho funcional prejudicado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Ensaio de cardiomi&#243;citos isolados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>Sob anestesia, ratos de cada grupo foram eutanasiados. Os cora&#231;&#245;es foram rapidamente removidos por toracotomia e isolados enzimaticamente, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Brevemente, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram canulados. A perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada da aorta foi realizada em um sistema Lagendorff (37&#730;C), com solu&#231;&#227;o tamp&#227;o de digest&#227;o (TD) e isolamento modificada, uma solu&#231;&#227;o livre de c&#225;lcio contendo 0,1 mM de etilenoglicol bis (&#223;-&#225;lcool aminoet&#237;lico)-N, N, N&#8217;, &#225;cido N&#8217;-tetrac&#233;tico (EGTA), e N-[2-hidroxietil piperazina- N&#8217; &#8211;[&#225;cido 2- etanosulf&#243;nico)] (HEPES), que foram equilibradas. A composi&#231;&#227;o da solu&#231;&#227;o do TD foi a seguinte (mM): 130 NaCl, 1,4 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5,4 KCl, 25 HEPES, 22 de glicose, 0,33 NAH<sub>2</sub>PO4 e pH 7.39. Depois, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram perfundidos por 15-20 minutos, com solu&#231;&#227;o TD contendo 1 mg/ml de colagenase tipo II (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, Reino Unido) e Ca<sup>2</sup>(1 mM). Ap&#243;s a digest&#227;o, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram removidos da c&#226;nula, cortados em pequenos peda&#231;os e colocados em frascos c&#244;nicos com solu&#231;&#227;o TD contendo colagenase suplementada com 0,1% de albumina de soro bovino e Ca<sup>2</sup>(1 mM). Em seguida, este processo foi realizado mais duas vezes sem a colagenase e com a adi&#231;&#227;o de 1,6 e 3,12 &#181;L de 1,0 mM da solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o CaCl<sub>2</sub>. Cada etapa contendo c&#233;lulas e solu&#231;&#245;es foi incubada por aproximadamente 10 minutos. Ent&#227;o, o sobrenadante foi removido e os mi&#243;citos foram suspendidos novamente em solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode contendo o seguinte (em mM): 140 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 0,33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5 KCl, 1,8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 de glicose. Somente cardiomi&#243;citos tolerantes ao c&#225;lcio, quiescentes, em formato de haste, mostrando estria&#231;&#245;es transversais claras, foram examinados. Os cardiomi&#243;citos isolados foram utilizados ap&#243;s 2 a 3 horas de isolamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contratilidade em cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>De forma breve, c&#233;lulas isoladas foram colocadas em uma c&#226;mara experimental com uma base de lamelas montada na mesa de um microsc&#243;pio invertido (Ion Optix, Milton, MA, EUA), com sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas e lentes objetivas 40x (Nikon Eclipse &#8211; TS100, EUA). As c&#233;lulas foram imersas em solu&#231;&#227;o de Tyrode e o campo foi estimulado a 1 Hz (20 V, 5 ms de dura&#231;&#227;o dos pulsos quadrados). O encurtamento das c&#233;lulas em resposta ao est&#237;mulo el&#233;trico foi mensurado por meio de um sistema de detec&#231;&#227;o de bordas em v&#237;deo, com taxa de <italic>frames</italic> de 240-Hz (Ionwizard, Ion Optix, Milton, MA, EUA), e os par&#226;metros de contra&#231;&#227;o foram avaliados. O comprimento do sarc&#244;mero, o encurtamento fracional (expresso como uma porcentagem do comprimento da c&#233;lula em repouso), velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento (VME), velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento (VMR), assim como tempo at&#233; o encurtamento de 50% (tempo para pico de 50%), e tempo at&#233; o relaxamento de 50% (tempo para relaxamento de 50%) foram medidos em seis c&#233;lulas por animal em cada grupo experimental.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de Ca2+ intracelular</title>
        <p>Em seguida, os cardiomi&#243;citos foram estimulados a 1Hz (Myopacer 100, Ion Optix Inc.), e as imagens fluorescentes foram obtidas com comprimento de onda de excita&#231;&#227;o alternando de 340 a 380 nm, utilizando um sistema Hyper Switch (IonOptix, Milton, MA). A emiss&#227;o de fluoresc&#234;ncia com subtra&#231;&#227;o de background foi obtida, e a raz&#227;o de Fura 2 AM foi utilizada como &#237;ndice de transiente intracelular de [Ca<sup>2</sup>i, detectado em aproximadamente 510 nm. A amplitude do transiente de Ca<sup>2</sup>foi reportada como F/F0. F &#233; a media de intensidade de fluoresc&#234;ncia m&#225;xima medida no pico dos transientes de [Ca<sup>2</sup>i, e F0 &#233; a intensidade base de fluoresc&#234;ncia medida na fase diast&#243;lica dos transientes de [Ca<sup>2</sup>i. O tempo para o pico de [Ca<sup>2</sup>] e o tempo para a queda de 50% do Ca<sup>2</sup>tamb&#233;m foram analisados.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise western blot foi usada para avaliar a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na dos componentes reguladores do manejo do Ca<sup>2</sup>. Fragmentos do VE foram congelados em nitrog&#234;nio l&#237;quido e armazenados a -80&#730;C. Amostras congeladas foram, ent&#227;o, homogeneizadas em tamp&#227;o RIPA contendo inibidores de protease (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, EUA) e fosfatase (Roche Diagnostics, Indian&#225;polis, IN, EUA), utilizando um homogeneizador bead beater (Bullet Blender<sup>&#174;</sup>, Next Advance, Inc., NY, EUA). O produto homogeneizado foi centrifugado (5804R Eppendorf, Hamburgo, Alemanha) a 12.000 rpm por 20 minutos, a 4&#730;C, e o sobrenadante foi transferido para tubos Eppendorf e armazenado a -80&#730;C. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi determinada utilizando um kit de ensaio da prote&#237;na BCA (Pierce). A SDS-PAGE foi usada para dissolver novamente um total de 25 &#956;g de lisado de prote&#237;na de cada amostra. A eletroforese foi realizada com gel de empilhamento bif&#225;sico (240 mm Tris-HCl pH 6,8, 30% poliacrilamida, APS e TEMED) e redissolvida (240 mm Tris-HCl pH 8,8, 30% poliacrilamida, APS e TEMED) a uma concentra&#231;&#227;o de 6 a 10%, dependendo do peso molecular da prote&#237;na analisada. O Kaleidoscope Prestained Standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA) foi usado para identificar o tamanho das bandas. A eletroforese foi realizada a 120 V (Power Pac HC 3.0 A, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA) por 3 horas, com tamp&#227;o (0.25 M Tris, 192 mM glicna, e 1% SDS). As prote&#237;nas foram transferidas para uma membrana de nitrocelulose (Armsham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, EUA), usando um sistema de mini trans-blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, EUA) com tamp&#227;o de transfer&#234;ncia (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glicina, 20% metanol e 0,1% SDS). As membranas foram bloqueadas com 5% de leite em p&#243; desnatado em tamp&#227;o TBS-T (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7,4, 137 mM NaCl e 0,1% Tween 20) por 120 minutos, em temperatura ambiente, sob constante agita&#231;&#227;o. A membrana foi lavada tr&#234;s vezes com TBS-T e incubada por 12 horas a 4 &#8211; 8&#730;C sob constante agita&#231;&#227;o, com os seguintes anticorpos prim&#225;rios: <italic>Serca2 ATPase</italic> (1:2500; ABR, Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO, EUA), <italic>Fosfolambam</italic> (1:5000; ABR), <italic>Fosfo-Fosfolambam (Ser16)</italic> (1:5000; Badrilla, Leeds, West Yorkshire, Reino Unido), <italic>Fosfo&#8211;Fosfolambam (Thr17)</italic> (1:5000; Badrilla), <italic>Exchanger Na</italic><sup><italic>+</italic></sup><italic>/Ca</italic><sup>2</sup> (1:2000; Upstate, Lake Placid, NY, EUA), <italic>Canal de C&#225;lcio, Voltagem Alfa 1C</italic> (1:100; Chemicon International, Temecula, CA, EUA), <italic>Receptor de Rianodina</italic> (1:5000; ABR, Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO, EUA) e <italic>GAPDH</italic> (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechonology Inc., CA, EUA). Ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o com o anticorpo prim&#225;rio, as membranas foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes em TBS-T e incubadas com anticorpos secund&#225;rios conjugados com peroxidase (IgG anti-coelho ou anti-rato; 1: 5.000- 1: 10.000; Abcam) por 2 horas sob constante agita&#231;&#227;o. As membranas, ent&#227;o, foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes com TBS-T para remover o excesso dos anticorpos secund&#225;rios. Os blots foram incubados com ECL (Enhanced Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, Nova Jersey) para detec&#231;&#227;o da quimioluminesc&#234;ncia pela ImageQuant&#8482; LAS 4000 (GE Healthcare). A an&#225;lise quantitativa dos blots foi realizada com o software Scion Image (Scion Corporation, Frederick, MD, EUA). Os imunoblots foram quantificados por densitometria utilizando o software ImageJ Analysis (NIH), e os resultados da banda alvo foram normalizados para a express&#227;o do GAPDH do cora&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel analisar o GAPDH (37 kDa) como normalizador no mesmo gel que o receptor de rianodina (565 kDa) devido &#224; diferen&#231;a no peso molecular entre as duas prote&#237;nas. Por isso, o receptor de rianodina &#233; expresso sem normaliza&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software Sigma Stat 3.5 (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis foi avaliada utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov para normalidade. De acordo com os dados de normalidade, os resultados s&#227;o reportados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos foram realizadas com o teste t de Student bicaudal para amostras independentes, ou o teste te Mann-Whitney ou a an&#225;lise vari&#226;ncia com dois fatores de medidas repetidas (ANOVA), quando apropriado. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia foi considerado quando 5%.</p>
      <p>O tamanho da amostra (n) foi estimado utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o para compara&#231;&#227;o entre grupos: n = 2SD2(Z&#945;/2 + Z&#946;)2/d, no qual n &#233; o tamanho da amostra, DP = 0,02 de estudos anteriores, Z&#945;/2 = 1,96 (da tabela Z) com erro tipo 1 de 5%, Z&#946; = 0,842 (da tabela Z) com poder de 80% e = 0,02 (efeito do tamanho &#8211; diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima entre os valores m&#233;dios).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> O tamanho da amostra necess&#225;rio para detectar uma diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos foi de 16 ratos por grupo; por&#233;m, decidimos usar 22 animais com simula&#231;&#227;o (placebo) e 18 indu&#231;&#245;es de estenose a&#243;rtica (EaO) por grupo para o desenho do estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do ecocardiograma e sinais de insufic&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>Os dados do ecocardiograma revelaram que a estenose a&#243;rtica resultou predominantemente em hipertrofia card&#237;aca conc&#234;ntrica (&#8593;ERP, &#8593;EDPP, &#8593;EDSI, e &#8593;DDVE), dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (&#8593;AE/Ao) e disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica (&#8593;onda E, &#8593;E/A, &#8593;E/E&#8217;, &#8595;E&#8217;, e &#8595;A&#8217;) e sist&#243;lica (&#8593;DSVE, &#8595;VEPP, &#8595;FS e &#8595;FE) 28 semanas ap&#243;s a cirurgia (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os seguintes sinais cl&#237;nicos e patol&#243;gicos da IC foram detectados: ascite (30%), trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo (48%), efus&#227;o pleural (68%), taquipneia (79%) e hipertrofia ventricular direita (100%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Dados do ecocardiograma e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Placebo</th>
                  <th>EaO</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>FC (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">302 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">298 &#177; 40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,857</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DDVE (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,55 (7,15; 7,66)</td>
                  <td align="center">8,43 (7,27; 9,20)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DSVE (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3,20 (2,81; 3,32)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,83 (3,32; 5,62)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDPP (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,53 (1,53; 1,65)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,81 (2,55; 3,07)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EDSI (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">1,65 (1,53; 1,70)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,07 (2,84; 3,26)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ERP</td>
                  <td align="center">0,43 &#177; 0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,69 &#177; 0,16</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AE/Ao</td>
                  <td align="center">1,22 &#177; 0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Onda E (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">132 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/A</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 &#177; 0,18</td>
                  <td align="center">5,13 &#177; 1,40</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,20 &#177; 0,78</td>
                  <td align="center">5,32 &#177; 0,89</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>A&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,28 &#177; 0,67</td>
                  <td align="center">3,12 &#177; 1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>E/E&#8217;</td>
                  <td align="center">13,9 &#177; 2,22</td>
                  <td align="center">25,2 &#177; 4,66</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSPP (cm/s)</td>
                  <td align="center">68 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FS (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">26,1 &#177; 3,42</td>
                  <td align="center">23,3 &#177; 4,69</td>
                  <td align="center">0,028</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FE (%)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">93 (92; 94)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (79; 92)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ascite (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TAE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>EP (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">68</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquipneia (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">79</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">100</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados s&#227;o expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75)<sup>*</sup>. Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n= 28); EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n= 18). FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; DDVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSVE: di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EDPP: espessura diast&#243;lica da parede posterior; EDSI: espessura diast&#243;lica do septo interventricular; ERP: espessura relativa da parede no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; AO: di&#226;metro da aorta; E/A: raz&#227;o entre o pico de fluxo de enchimento (onda E) e pico de fluxo da contra&#231;&#227;o atrial (onda A); FE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o; FS: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento da parede m&#233;dia; VSPP: velocidade sist&#243;lica da parede posterior; E&#8217;: velocidade anular mitral durante o enchimento ventricular precoce; A&#8217;: velocidade anular mitral durante a contra&#231;&#227;o atrial; E/E&#8217;: raz&#227;o entre o pico de fluxo do enchimento e a velocidade anular mitral durante o enchimento ventricular precoce. TAE: trombo em &#225;trio esquerdo; EP: efus&#227;o pleural; HVD: hipertrofia ventricular direita. Teste t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney. *p &lt; 0,05.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o isolada do m&#250;sculo papilar</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Dados de base</title>
          <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica prejudicou as fun&#231;&#245;es de contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento do mioc&#225;rdio ao reduzir a tens&#227;o desenvolvida e a taxa m&#225;xima de tens&#227;o desenvolvida, e ao aumentar a tens&#227;o de repouso e o tempo do pico de tens&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2">
              <label>Tabela 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Dados de base</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Placebo</th>
                    <th>EaO</th>
                    <th>Valor de p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATV (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1,15 &#177; 0,16</td>
                    <td align="center">1,18 &#177; 0,20</td>
                    <td align="center">0,589</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TD (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">6,26 &#177; 1,58</td>
                    <td align="center">5,18 &#177; 0,93</td>
                    <td align="center">0,039</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TR (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,60 &#177; 0,20</td>
                    <td align="center">0,80 &#177; 0,24</td>
                    <td align="center">0,010</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>+tD/td (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">66,6 &#177; 17,7</td>
                    <td align="center">46,9 &#177; 10,3</td>
                    <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>-tD/td (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">22,1 &#177; 5,24</td>
                    <td align="center">23,9 &#177; 5,40</td>
                    <td align="center">0,346</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TPT (ms)<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">180 (180; 185)</td>
                    <td align="center">200 (180; 217)</td>
                    <td align="center">0,007</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75)<sup>#</sup>. Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n= 22); EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n= 12). ATV: &#225;rea transversal papilar; TD: pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida; TR: tens&#227;o de repouso; +tD/td: taxa m&#225;xima de tens&#227;o desenvolvida; -tD/td: taxa m&#225;xima do decl&#237;nio da tens&#227;o; TPT: tempo de pico de tens&#227;o. Teste t de Student ou teste de Mann-Whitney. p&lt; 0,05.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Manobras do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado</title>
          <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A-C</xref> apresenta a porcentagem de resposta do m&#250;sculo papilar &#224; potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa (10, 30 e 60 s). Animais com estenose a&#243;rtica apresentaram pouca resposta &#224; manobra de potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais no placebo para todos os per&#237;odos e vari&#225;veis avaliados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos em nenhum per&#237;odo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1D-F</xref> apresenta a porcentagem de resposta do m&#250;sculo papilar para aumentar a concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio extracelular (1,5; 2;5 e 3,5 mM). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A-C</xref> mostra as respostas do m&#250;sculo papilar &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o de SERCA2a e um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio. Ap&#243;s a inibi&#231;&#227;o de SERCA2a pelo &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico, houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos na concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio a 0,5 mM para o pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref>). A taxa m&#225;xima de tens&#227;o desenvolvida e de decl&#237;nio n&#227;o demonstraram diferen&#231;a entre os grupos EaO e placebo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2D-F</xref> apresenta a resposta do m&#250;sculo papilar &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do canal de c&#225;lcio tipo L, mostrando um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio. Animais com estenose a&#243;rtica tiveram pior desempenho na resposta &#224; eleva&#231;&#227;o do c&#225;lcio ap&#243;s o bloqueio do CCTL em compara&#231;&#227;o aos animais do placebo para todos os per&#237;odos e vari&#225;veis avaliados.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Porcentagem de resposta &#224; contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-repouso (1A, B e C) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da concentra&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio extracelular (1D, E e F) desde a base (concentra&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup>: 0,5 mM). TD: pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida; +tD/td: taxa m&#225;xima de tens&#227;o desenvolvida; -tD/td: taxa m&#225;xima do decl&#237;nio da tens&#227;o. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como media &#177; DP da porcentagem da manobra de resposta. Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n=22). EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n=12). An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Bonferroni. *p&lt; 0,05 vs. Placebo; &#8224;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 10 segundos; &#8225;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 10 segundos e 30 segundos (1A-C); &#8224;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 1,5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#8225;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 1,5 e 2,5 Ca<sup>2+</sup> (1D-F).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Inibi&#231;&#227;o da porcentagem de TD (pico de tens&#227;o desenvolvida), +dT/dt (taxa m&#225;xima de tens&#227;o desenvolvida) e -tD/td: taxa m&#225;xima do decl&#237;nio da tens&#227;o para &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico (bloqueador de SERCA2a; figura 2A, B e C) e diltiazem (bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio do tipo L); figura 2D, E e F) mais a concentra&#231;&#227;o incremental de c&#225;lcio. Dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP da porcentagem de resposta da manobra. Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n=22). EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n=12). An&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia para medidas repetidas e teste post-hoc de Bonferroni. *p&lt; 0,05 vs. Sham; &#8224;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 0,5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#8225;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 0,5, e 1,5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#167;p&lt; 0,05 vs. 0,5, 1,5 e 2.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Cardiomi&#243;citos isolados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica e an&#225;lise do manejo do c&#225;lcio</title>
        <p>A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A-F</xref> mostra a fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos cardiomi&#243;citos. A estenose a&#243;rtica afetou a VME (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref>) e os tempos para alcan&#231;ar 50% de contra&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3E</xref>) e o pico de relaxamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3F</xref>). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3G-J</xref> resume tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio 28 semanas ap&#243;s a estenose a&#243;rtica. Os animais com EaO apresentaram altera&#231;&#245;es nos tempos para alcan&#231;ar o pico do Ca<sup>2</sup>e a queda de 50% de Ca<sup>2</sup>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>A fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos cardiomi&#243;citos e o manejo do c&#225;lcio do cardiomi&#243;cito. VME: velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento; VMR: velocidade m&#225;xima de relaxamento; TE<sub>50%</sub>: tempo para 50% de encurtamento; TR<sub>50%</sub>: tempo para 50% de relaxamento; TQC<sub>50%</sub>: Tempo para 50% de queda do Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, ou mediana (percentil 25; percentil 75). Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n=6; n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas: 36); EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n=6; n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas = 36). Teste t de Student. *p&lt; 0,05.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio</title>
        <p>Os dados relacionados &#224; express&#227;o proteica dos elementos reguladores do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio s&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A-E</xref>. A estenose a&#243;rtica aumentou o CCTL, SERCA2a e a prote&#237;na de express&#227;o do antiportador Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2</sup>, e reduziu a fosforila&#231;&#227;o no res&#237;duo Thr(17) da fosfolambam fosforilada (PLB).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Express&#227;o da prote&#237;na de manejo de c&#225;lcio. Dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. Placebo: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia simulada (n=7); EaO: animais submetidos &#224; cirurgia de estenose a&#243;rtica (n=7). CCLT: canais de c&#225;lcio do tipo L; SERCA2a: ret&#237;culo sarco/endoplasm&#225;tico de Ca<sup>2+</sup>; PLB: Fosfolamban; PLB<sub>ser16</sub>: fosfolambam fosforilada em serina 16; PLB<sub>thr17</sub>: fosfolambam fosforilada em treonina 17; NCX: antiportador Na+/Ca2+. Rianodina &#233; expressa sem normaliza&#231;&#227;o. Teste t de Student. *p&lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No modelo experimental da estenose a&#243;rtica supravalvular, estudos investigando o remodelamento patol&#243;gico e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com foco em altera&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio e seus elementos reguladores, apresentaram dados escassos e uma reflex&#227;o superficial sobre os mecanismos. Assim, este trabalho realizou uma avalia&#231;&#227;o geral da fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, da din&#226;mica celular do Ca<sup>2</sup>, dos elementos reguladores do Ca<sup>2</sup>para elucidar o processo disfuncional dos principais componentes respons&#225;veis pelo equil&#237;brio do Ca<sup>2</sup>e sua influ&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca na IC induzida por estenose a&#243;rtica.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a estenose a&#243;rtica promoveu mudan&#231;as estruturais e disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, tanto diast&#243;lica quanto sist&#243;lica, como avaliado no ecocardiograma; resultados similares a estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Animais com EaO desenvolveram hipertrofia conc&#234;ntrica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e dilata&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo, caracter&#237;sticas marcantes neste modelo experimental de sobrecarga de press&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Com base na Lei de Laplace (Estresse = Press&#227;o x Raio/2 x Espessura), o aumento na espessura relativa da parede ventricular esquerda teve como inten&#231;&#227;o normalizar o estresse parietal sist&#243;lico devido &#224; obstru&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica da aorta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica sugere que mesmo ap&#243;s o processo de hipertrofia e o estresse parietal sist&#243;lico normalizado, a redu&#231;&#227;o da capacidade contr&#225;til foi respons&#225;vel pela queda no desempenho sist&#243;lico. A fun&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica dos m&#250;sculos papilares e dos cardiomi&#243;citos reproduziu respostas similares ao exame ecocardiogr&#225;fico. Animais com EaO apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o e menos habilidade de desenvolver for&#231;a (&#8595;TD e +tD/td), encurtar (&#8595;VME e &#8593;TE<sub>50%</sub>) e relaxar (&#8593;TR e TR<sub>50%</sub>). Este dano funcional ao m&#250;sculo papilar isolado no est&#225;gio tardio da estenose a&#243;rtica est&#225; de acordo com nosso estudo anterior, que avaliou a doen&#231;a card&#237;aca seis semanas ap&#243;s cirurgia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, de acordo com os resultados dos cardiomi&#243;citos isolados, os dados da literatura mostram que h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na velocidade de encurtamento dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em nossos animais, a queda card&#237;aca funcional resultou em IC, expressa pelos seguintes sinais cl&#237;nicos e patol&#243;gicos: padr&#227;o de respira&#231;&#227;o alterado, ascite, efus&#227;o pleural e trombo em &#225;trio.</p>
      <p>Neste modelo experimental, o processo patol&#243;gico do remodelamento patol&#243;gico pode induzir um d&#233;ficit de oxig&#234;nio como ponto de partida. A rarefa&#231;&#227;o capilar do mioc&#225;rdio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> produto da hipertrofia da parede ventricular, pode representar a origem da patologia. V&#225;rios mecanismos podem ser estabelecidos e hiperativados para reajustar o padr&#227;o estrutural e funcional do cora&#231;&#227;o, incluindo t&#244;nus simp&#225;tico, o sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona, mediadores inflamat&#243;rios, estresse oxidativo e a regula&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o do gene do mioc&#225;rdio via microRNAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a ativa&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o harm&#244;nica desses microssistemas devido &#224;s demandas card&#237;acas e corporais gera diversas respostas fisiopatol&#243;gicas, incluindo danos ao manejo do c&#225;lcio dos cardiomi&#243;citos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A incompatibilidade do Ca<sup>2</sup>citos&#243;lico em cardiomi&#243;citos &#233; um dos mecanismos chave para o mal funcionamento do cora&#231;&#227;o em resposta a v&#225;rios tipos de les&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Em modelos de IC, incluindo a estenose a&#243;rtica experimental, pesquisadores caracterizaram mudan&#231;as na express&#227;o e fun&#231;&#227;o transmembrana, assim como prote&#237;nas intracelulares que regulam o tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o aumento de SERCA2a e na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na NCX podem trazer uma resposta adaptativa para reduzir ou evitar a sobrecarga do Ca<sup>2</sup> citos&#243;lico no fim da di&#225;stole. Esta resposta foi parcialmente eficiente, j&#225; que houve preju&#237;zo de tempo para a queda do c&#225;lcio citos&#243;lico nos cardiomi&#243;citos isolados; al&#233;m disso, mesmo com o padr&#227;o compensat&#243;rio molecular, o preju&#237;zo funcional diast&#243;lico foi verificado em um tempo de relaxamento 50% menor (TR<sub>50%</sub>). Como neste estudo, a literatura mostra um aumento na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na NCX na IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, nossos resultados diferem com rela&#231;&#227;o ao SERCA2a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> que, em geral, n&#227;o mudam ou caem neste cen&#225;rio da patologia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> &#201; importante observar que a recapta&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2</sup>pode reduzir a concentra&#231;&#227;o deste &#237;on no ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico (RS) com o passar do tempo.</p>
      <p>Consequentemente, h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o na quantidade dispon&#237;vel para libera&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> via Rianodina, durante a s&#237;stole no mecanismo de libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup>induzida pelo Ca<sup>2</sup>dos CCTL. Neste estudo, observamos a express&#227;o de prote&#237;na CCTL aumentada em animais com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca. Por&#233;m, este processo adaptativo parece ser ineficiente, j&#225; que os cardiomi&#243;citos dos animais tornaram mais lento o tempo para atingir o pico de Ca<sup>2</sup>, com consequente redu&#231;&#227;o da velocidade m&#225;xima de encurtamento e aumento no tempo para atingir 50% do encurtamento. De acordo com a discuss&#227;o anterior, Szymanska et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> propuseram que na IC causada pela EaO h&#225; mudan&#231;as tanto na capta&#231;&#227;o quanto na libera&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2</sup>pelo RS, e que esses fatores podem contribuir para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o e relaxamento card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>As manobras no ensaio do m&#250;sculo papilar isolado foram realizadas para verificar o dano fisiol&#243;gico de dois dos principais elementos da din&#226;mica do Ca<sup>2</sup>neste processo patol&#243;gico, SERCA2a e CCTL. O bloqueio do &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico e a potencia&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-pausa foram utilizados para avaliar o potencial para recapta&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2</sup>e a capacidade funcional de SERCA2a. Havia uma diferen&#231;a na resposta entre as manobras para analisar a fun&#231;&#227;o de SERCA2a. A contra&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-repouso mostrou que o potencial para a recapta&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2</sup>foi prejudicado pela estenose a&#243;rtica. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s o bloqueio de SERCA2a devido ao &#225;cido ciclopiaz&#244;nico, os grupos placebo e EaO mostraram respostas similares &#224;s vari&#225;veis analisadas. Considerando que os animais com a cardiopatia demonstraram maior express&#227;o da referida prote&#237;na, a porcentagem do bloqueio deve ter sido mais alta no grupo placebo, por ter menor quantidade de SERCA2a do que o grupo EaO. Por&#233;m, como o n&#250;mero de prote&#237;nas n&#227;o bloqueadas no grupo EaO foi maior do que no grupo placebo, &#233; poss&#237;vel considerar que este grupo remanescente de SERCA2a p&#243;s-bloqueio em animais com EaO demonstrou dano funcional.</p>
      <p>Nossos dados est&#227;o de acordo com estudos anteriores, que sugerem a estenose a&#243;rtica como sendo indutor da deteriora&#231;&#227;o funcional de SERCA2a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, nossos achados mostram que a express&#227;o aumentada de SERCA2a, o principal mantenedor da homeostase citos&#243;lica de Ca<sup>2</sup>, n&#227;o foi suficiente para compensar pela redu&#231;&#227;o na atividade intr&#237;nseca desta prote&#237;na; esta hip&#243;tese &#233; refor&#231;ada pelo resultados deste estudo, que demonstraram tempo reduzido para atingir 50% da queda do c&#225;lcio em cardiomi&#243;citos. Como SERCA2a &#233; uma ATPase, sob condi&#231;&#245;es de baixa adenosina trifosfato (ATP), a atividade intr&#237;nseca desta prote&#237;na poderia ser prejudicada, causando disfun&#231;&#227;o na recapta&#231;&#227;o do Ca<sup>2</sup>pelo RS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> Em favor desta hip&#243;tese, um estudo pr&#233;vio feito pelo nosso grupo (esses resultados n&#227;o est&#227;o publicados) mostrou que animais com EaO, duas semanas ap&#243;s cirurgia, apresentaram aumento no fator induzido por hipoxia-1 (HIF-1 &#945;), indicador mais importante do d&#233;ficit de oxig&#234;nio tecidual, que pode indicar uma redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o de ATP.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m das altera&#231;&#245;es mencionadas anteriormente, este estudo identificou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na forforila&#231;&#227;o de fosfolambam em treonina 17, sugerindo que o preju&#237;zo da recapta&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup> pode n&#227;o s&#243; ser atribu&#237;do ao preju&#237;zo funcional intr&#237;nseco de SERCA2a, mas tamb&#233;m ao maior bloqueio desta prote&#237;na pela fosfolambam.</p>
      <p>O bloqueio de diltiazem e a eleva&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2</sup>extracelular no m&#250;sculo papilar mostrou que animais com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca tinham a fun&#231;&#227;o CCTL prejudicada. Embora tenha havido um aumento na express&#227;o de prote&#237;na desses canais, houve um aumento no tempo para alcan&#231;ar o pico de Ca<sup>2</sup>em cardiomi&#243;citos isolados, uma redu&#231;&#227;o na VME e aumento no TE<sub>50%</sub>. Esses achados est&#227;o de acordo com os resultados da literatura, que mostram que o preju&#237;zo card&#237;aco por EaO geram uma variante de <italic>splicing fetal</italic> (Ca<sub>v</sub>1.2<sub>e21+22</sub>) que reduz a express&#227;o e a atividade desses canais, e que aumenta a ubiquitina&#231;&#227;o de CCTL via degrada&#231;&#227;o proteossomal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, no remodelamento patol&#243;gico pela EaO juntamente &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de I<sub>Ca</sub>, h&#225; inefici&#234;ncia no acoplamento de CCTLs com receptores Rianodina, tanto devido &#224; degrada&#231;&#227;o de t&#250;bulos T quanto pela redu&#231;&#227;o de junctofilina-2, a prote&#237;na respons&#225;vel por ancorar o ret&#237;culo sarcoplasm&#225;tico &#224; membrana celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Neste estudo, os cardiomi&#243;citos n&#227;o foram isolados somente no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Ent&#227;o, os resultados dos cardiomi&#243;citos tanto dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo como direito foram avaliados e discutidos. &#201; importante enfatizar que um entendimento adequado da fisiologia card&#237;aca em estudos celulares requer conhecimento sobre a contratilidade ventricular, j&#225; que os ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo t&#234;m propriedades funcionais distintas. Assim, tamb&#233;m seria relevante realizar uma an&#225;lise molecular em ambos os ventr&#237;culos; por&#233;m, a express&#227;o das prote&#237;nas do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio apenas foi realizada no VE.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo buscou esclarecer e facilitar o entendimento sobre os eventos fisiopatol&#243;gicos do tr&#226;nsito de c&#225;lcio e sobre as mudan&#231;as em seus agentes reguladores principais no processo patol&#243;gico card&#237;aco causado pela estenose a&#243;rtica. De acordo com nossos resultados, neste modelo experimental de IC, h&#225; mudan&#231;as relevantes na din&#226;mica do c&#225;lcio devido a altera&#231;&#245;es na express&#227;o de NCX e SERCA2a, na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na do CCTL, e redu&#231;&#227;o da fosforila&#231;&#227;o do res&#237;duo Thr(17) de PLB. Al&#233;m disso, o dano funcional da SERCA2a e do CCTL foram essenciais para a deteriora&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til e do relaxamento. Assim, &#233; importante desenvolver tratamentos que foquem n&#227;o s&#243; em SERCA2a e CCTL, mas tamb&#233;m no entendimento de todos os processos patol&#243;gicos para reequilibrar o fluxo do c&#225;lcio intracelular e a fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Vitor Loureiro da Silva pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2015/20013-5).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Dysfunctional Scenario of the Major Components Responsible for Myocardial Calcium Balance in Heart Failure Induced by Aortic Stenosis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7796-6215</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Vitor Loureiro da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Luiz Borges de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8103-3338</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mota</surname>
            <given-names>Gustavo Augusto Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4933-0604</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Dijon H. S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre Barroso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vileigas</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Fernandes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sant&#8217;Ana</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Grippa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coelho</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Murucci</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0607-8189</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bazan</surname>
            <given-names>Silm&#233;ia Garcia Zanati</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5999-2671</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leopoldo</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233; Soares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cicogna</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina Interna, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Esp&#237;rito Santo - Departamento de Desportos, Vit&#243;ria, ES &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Vitor Loureiro da Silva &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Medicina Interna - Jardim Dona Marta (Rubi&#227;o Junior). Postal Code 18618-970, Botucatu, SP - Brazil E-mail: vitorloureiro_ed.fisica@hotmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Silva VL, Campos DHS, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Acquisition of data: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Campos DHS, Melo AB, Vileigas DF, Coelho PM, Sant&#8217;Ana PG, Bazan SGZ, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Campos DHS, Sant&#8217;Ana PG, Bazan SGZ, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Statistical analysis: Silva VL, Melo AB, Vileigas DF, Coelho PM, Leopoldo A, Cicogna AC; Obtaining financing: Silva VL, Campos DHS, Cicogna AC; Writing of the manuscript: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Melo AB, Cicogna AC; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva VL, Souza SLB, Mota GAF, Cicogna AC.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Maladaptive cardiac remodelling is characterized by diastolic and systolic dysfunction, culminating in heart failure. In this context, the dysfunctional scenario of cardiac calcium (Ca<sup>2+</sup>) handling has been poorly studied. An experimental model of aortic stenosis has been extensively used to improve knowledge about the key mechanisms of cardiac pathologic remodelling.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To understand the dysfunctional process of the major components responsible for Ca<sup>2+</sup> balance and its influence on cardiac function in heart failure induced by aortic stenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Male 21-day-old Wistar rats were distributed into two groups: control (sham; n= 28) and aortic stenosis (AoS; n= 18). Cardiac function was analysed by echocardiogram, isolated papillary muscle, and isolated cardiomyocytes. In the papillary muscle assay, SERCA2a and L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> channel activity was evaluated. The isolated cardiomyocyte assay evaluated Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling. Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling protein expression was analysed by western blot. Statistical significance was set at p &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> Papillary muscles and cardiomyocytes from AoS hearts displayed mechanical malfunction. AoS rats presented a slower time to the Ca<sup>2+</sup> peak, reduced Ca<sup>2+</sup> myofilament sensitivity, impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx and reuptake ability, and SERCA2a and L-type calcium channel (LTCC) dysfunction. Moreover, AoS animals presented increased expression of SERCA2a, LTCCs, and the Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup> exchanger.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> Systolic and diastolic heart failure due to supravalvular aortic stenosis was paralleled by impairment of cellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> influx and inhibition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup> reuptake due to LTCC and SERCA2a dysfunction, as well as changes in Ca<sup>2+</sup> handling and expression of the major proteins responsible for cellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> homeostasis.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>aortic stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>heart failure</kwd>
        <kwd>papillary muscle</kwd>
        <kwd>isolated cardiomyocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>calcium handling proteins</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Heart failure (HF) is characterized by the heart&#8217;s inability to perfuse tissues with oxygen and nutrients required by the body&#8217;s metabolic demand;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> major outcomes include exercise intolerance and water retention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>The process of HF is the product of <italic>maladaptive</italic> remodelling, which may occur due to several types of damage to the heart, including myocardial ischaemia and volume and pressure overload.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Among others, impaired calcium (Ca<sup>2</sup>) handling is a crucial mechanism of the progressive deterioration of contractile function in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Researchers have reported changes in the expression and function of regulatory proteins of Ca<sup>2</sup> handling in a variety of cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In pathological remodelling induced by aortic stenosis, studies have identified, using different methods of surgical induction and periods of the disease, several distinct changes in the regulatory elements of Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Initial studies have proposed that changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2</sup> outflow and intake are related to cardiac dysfunction due to aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Our previous studies evaluated rats with diastolic dysfunction after six and twelve weeks of aortic stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> After six weeks, impairment in sarco/endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA2a) activity without protein expression alteration was observed;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>after twelve weeks, increased phosphorylation of the Ser(16) residue of PLB and reduced SERCA2a protein expression were observed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Furthermore, in animals with HF after aortic obstruction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> the authors detected reduced Ca<sup>2</sup> current (I<sub>Ca</sub>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup>inefficiency of the coupling of the LTCCs with the RyR receptors,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and alterations in calcium handling proteins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Because these investigations report scattered data regarding the structural and functional degree of cardiac remodelling and the corresponding adaptations of myocardial Ca<sup>2</sup> dynamics, this study aimed to characterize the dysfunctional process of the major components responsible for Ca<sup>2</sup> balance and its influence on cardiac function in HF induced by aortic stenosis. For this purpose, unlike previous studies, we performed a global cardiac evaluation of the animals after 28 weeks of aortic stenosis. This study performed cardiac function analysis at the cellular, tissue, and chamber levels, as well as examining Ca<sup>2</sup> handling and the proteins responsible for cytosolic Ca<sup>2</sup> balance, presenting divergent and surprising results compared to the currently available literature.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>1) A group of twenty one-day-old male Wistar rats was submitted to simulated (Sham, n= 22) or aortic stenosis induction (AoS, n= 12) surgery. After 28 weeks of the experimental protocol, cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiogram and isolated papillary muscle. SERCA2a and L-type calcium channel activity was analysed during postrest contraction and calcium elevation, respectively, and by the cumulative administration of extracellular Ca<sup>2</sup> in the presence of SERCA2a- or L-type calcium channel-specific blockers in the isolated papillary muscle assay. Expression of Ca<sup>2</sup>-handling regulatory proteins was measured by western blotting (sham, n= 7; AoS, n= 7). Five AoS animals were excluded from the isolated papillary muscle experiment due to the having a cross-sectional area of papillary muscle greater than 1.5 mm<sup>2</sup>.</p>
          <p>2) Another group of twenty one-day-old male Wistar rats underwent simulated (Sham, n= 6) or aortic stenosis induction (AoS, n= 6) surgery. In these animals, electrocardiogram and was performed and cardiomyocytes were isolated. Analysis of the isolated cardiomyocytes was performed to assess the mechanical function of the cardiomyocytes and calcium handling.</p>
          <p>As noted, echocardiogram evaluation was performed on all study animals (Sham, n= 28; AoS, n= 18).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Wistar rats obtained from the Animal Center of Botucatu Medical School (Botucatu, S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil) were allocated to collective cages in a 23&#176;C room temperature with a 12-h light/dark cycle, a relative humidity of 60%, and water ad libitum. This research was approved by the &#8220;Committee for Experimental Research Ethics of the Faculty of Medicine in Botucatu &#8211; UNESP&#8221; and by the &#8220;Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals&#8221; (protocol 1138/2015).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aortic stenosis surgery</title>
          <p>AoS was surgically induced as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Rats were anaesthetized using a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg, IM) and xylazine (1 mg/kg, IM), and the heart was exposed via a median thoracotomy. A silver clip (0.62 mm internal diameter) was then placed on the ascending aorta approximately 3 mm from its root, constituting the AoS group (n= 17). Control rats were submitted to the same surgery but without aortic banding (Sham, n= 19).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac function</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Echocardiogram</title>
            <p>Data from the cardiac structure and function analysis are expressed utilizing echocardiogram variables after 28 weeks of aortic stenosis. Commercially available echocardiography (General Electric Medical Systems, Vivid S6, Tirat Carmel, Israel) equipped with a 5-11.5 MHz multifrequency probe was used as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Rats were anaesthetized via intraperitoneal injection with a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg). The following variables were used to evaluate cardiac structure: LA normalized to the aortic diameter (LA/Ao), left ventricle diastolic diameter (LVDD), left ventricular systolic diameter (LVSD), posterior wall diastolic thickness (PWDT), interventricular septum diastolic thickness (ISDT), and relative wall thickness (RWT). The following parameters were used to assess ventricular function: heart rate (HR), mid-wall fraction shortening (FS); ejection fraction (EF); posterior wall systolic velocity (PWSV), early diastolic mitral inflow velocity (E wave), the ratio between E wave and atrial contraction flow peak (A wave), the velocity of the mitral annulus during early ventricular filling (E&#8217;), mitral velocity annulus during atrial contraction (A&#8217;), and the ratio between filling flow peak and mitral annulus velocity during early ventricular filling (E/E&#8217;).</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Heart failure signs</title>
            <p>The same investigator analysed clinical and pathological signs of HF (tachypnoea, ascites, pleural effusion, left atrium thrombi, and right ventricular hypertrophy) and was blinded to the experimental groups.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Isolated papillary muscle assay</title>
            <p>Cardiac contractile performance was evaluated by examining isolated papillary muscles from the LV, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The papillary muscles were stimulated 12 times per minute (0.2 Hz) using platinum needle-type electrodes positioned parallel to the muscles&#8217; longitudinal axis. The electrodes were coupled to an electrical stimulator (LE12406 - Stimulator, PanLab - Harvard Apparatus, Cornella, Barcelona, Spain) that emits 5 ms square wave stimuli. The stimulus voltage used was 12 to 15 volts, approximately 10% above the minimum value necessary to provoke the muscle&#8217;s maximum mechanical response. In the experiment, Krebs-Henseleit solution was used according to the following composition in mM: 118.5 NaCl; 4.69 KCl; 2.5 CaCl<sub>2</sub>; 1.16 MgSO<sub>4</sub>; 1.18 KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>; 5.50 glucose and 24.88 NaHCO<sub>3</sub>. The solution was aerated for 10 minutes with 95% oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and 5% carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and kept at 28&#176;C. The following mechanical parameters were measured during isometric contraction: maximum developed tension (DT; g/mm<sup>2</sup>), resting tension (RT; g/mm<sup>2</sup>), maximum rate of tension development (+dT/dt; g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s) and decline (-dT/dt; g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s), and time-to-peak tension (TPT; ms). Regulatory mechanisms of Ca<sup>2</sup> influx and L-type calcium channel activity were analysed by the Ca<sup>2</sup> concentration extracellular elevation manoeuvre and elevation of extracellular Ca<sup>2</sup> concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mM) in the presence and absence of diltiazem (10<sup>-5</sup>M), a specific blocker of L-type calcium channels. A postrest contraction manoeuvre (the stimulus was paused for 10, 30, and 60 s before restarting the stimulation) and elevation of extracellular Ca<sup>2</sup> concentrations (0.5, 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mM) in the presence and absence of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA, 30 mM), a highly specific blocker of SERCA2a, were performed to assess the potential of SERCA2a function. L-channel and SERCA2a calcium channel blocking assays were analysed from the percentage of inhibition, calculated as &#916;(%)= (M2-M1)/M1x100, so that M1 is the value of the variable in the extracellular calcium concentration in the absence of the blocker, and M2 is the value of the same variable in response to the blockers. Tests of extracellular calcium elevation and postrest contraction were analysed by the percent response compared to baseline, calculated as &#916;(%)= (M0-Mx)/M0&#215;100, so that M0 is the value in the baseline condition, and Mx is the absolute value in response to the manoeuvre (increased calcium concentration or paralysis of the electrical stimulus). All variables were normalized per cross-sectional area (CSA) of the papillary muscle. Papillary muscles with CSA &gt;1.5 mm<sup>2</sup> were excluded from analysis because they can exhibit central core hypoxia and impaired functional performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated cardiomyocyte assay</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiomyocyte preparation</title>
          <p>Under anaesthesia, rats from each group were euthanized. Hearts were quickly removed by median thoracotomy and enzymatically isolated, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Briefly, the hearts were cannulated. Retrograde perfusion of the aorta was performed on a Langendorff system (37&#176;C) with a modified isolation digestion buffer solution (DB), a calcium-free solution containing 0.1 mM ethylene glycol-bis (&#223;-aminoethyl ether)-N, N, N&#8217;, N&#8217;-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and N-[2-hydro-ethyl]-piperazine-N&#8217;-[2-ethanesulfonic acid] (HEPES), which were equilibrated. The composition of DB solution was as follows (mM): 130 NaCl, 1.4 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5.4 KCl, 25 HEPES, 22 glucose, 0.33 NAH<sub>2</sub>PO4, and pH 7.39. Afterward, the hearts were perfused for 15-20 minutes with a DB solution containing 1 mg/ml collagenase type II (Worthington Biochemical Corporation, UK) and Ca<sup>2</sup>(1 mM). Digested hearts were then removed from the cannula, minced into small pieces, and placed into small conical flasks with DB solution containing collagenase supplemented with 0.1% bovine serum albumin and Ca<sup>2</sup>(1 mM). Next, this process was performed two more times without collagenase and with the addition of 1.6 and 3.12 &#181;L of 1.0 mM CaCl<sub>2</sub> stock solution. Each stage containing cells and solutions was incubated for approximately 10 minutes. Then, the supernatant was removed, and the myocytes were resuspended in Tyrode&#8217;s buffer containing the following (in mM): 140 NaCl, 10 HEPES, 0.33 NaH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1 MgCl<sub>2</sub>, 5 KCl, 1.8 CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 10 glucose. Only calcium-tolerant, quiescent, rod-shaped cardiomyocytes showing clear cross-striations were examined. The isolated cardiomyocytes were used within 2-3 h of isolation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiomyocyte contractility</title>
          <p>Briefly, isolated cells were placed in an experimental chamber with a glass coverslip base mounted on the stage of an inverted microscope (Ion Optix, Milton, MA, USA) edge detection system with a 40x objective lens (Nikon Eclipse &#8211; TS100, USA). Cells were immersed in Tyrode&#8217;s solution and field stimulated at 1 Hz (20 V, 5 ms duration square pulses). Cell shortening in response to electrical stimulation was measured using a video-edge detection system at a 240-Hz frame rate (Ionwizard, Ion Optix, Milton, MA, USA), and the contractile parameters were evaluated. Sarcomere length, fractional shortening (expressed as a percentage of resting cell length), maximum shortening velocity, maximum relaxation velocity, and time to 50% shortening (time to 50% peak) and 50% relaxation (time for 50% relaxation) were measured in 6 cells per animal in each experimental group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Intracellular Ca2+ measurements</title>
          <p>Subsequently, cardiomyocytes were stimulated at 1 Hz (Myopacer 100, Ion Optix Inc.), and fluorescence images were obtained with alternating excitation at 340 to 380 nm wavelengths using a Hyper Switch system (IonOptix, Milton, MA). Background-subtracted fluorescence emission was obtained, and the Fura 2 AM ratios were used as an index of intracellular [Ca<sup>2</sup>i transient, which was detected at approximately 510 nm. The Ca<sup>2</sup>transient amplitude was reported as F/F0. F is the maximal fluorescence intensity average measured at the peak of [Ca<sup>2</sup>i transients, and F0 is the baseline fluorescence intensity measured at the diastolic phase of [Ca<sup>2</sup>i transients. The time to Ca<sup>2</sup>peak and time to 50% Ca<sup>2</sup> decay were also analysed.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Expression of calcium handling proteins</title>
        <p>Western blot analysis was used to evaluate protein expression of the regulatory components of Ca<sup>2</sup> handling. Fragments of the LV were frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80&#176;C. Frozen samples were subsequently homogenized in RIPA buffer containing protease (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) and phosphatase (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN, USA) inhibitors using a bead beater homogenizer (Bullet Blender<sup>&#174;</sup>, Next Advance, Inc., NY, USA). The homogenized product was centrifuged (5804R Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany) at 12,000 rpm for 20 minutes at 4&#176;C, and the supernatant was transferred to Eppendorf tubes and stored at -80&#176;C. Protein concentration was determined using the Pierce BCA Protein Assay Kit. SDS-PAGE was used to resolve a total of 25 &#956;g protein lysate from each sample. Electrophoresis was performed with biphasic gel stacking (240 mm Tris-HCl pH 6.8, 30% polyacrylamide, APS and TEMED) and resolving (240 mm Tris-HCl pH 8.8, 30% polyacrylamide, APS and TEMED) at a concentration of 6 to 10%, depending on the molecular weight of the analysed protein. The Kaleidoscope Prestained Standard (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) was used to identify band sizes. Electrophoresis was performed at 120 V (Power Pac HC 3.0 A, Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) for 3 h with running buffer (0.25 M Tris, 192 mM glycine, and 1% SDS). Proteins were transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Armsham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA) using a Mini Trans-Blot (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) system with transfer buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine, 20% methanol, and 0,1% SDS). Membranes were blocked with 5% non-fat dry milk in TBS-T buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 137 mM NaCl, and 0.1% Tween 20) for 120 minutes at room temperature under constant agitation. The membrane was washed three times with TBS-T and incubated for 12 h at 4 - 8&#176;C under constant agitation with the following primary antibodies: <italic>Serca2 ATPase</italic> (1:2500; ABR, Affinity BioReagents, Golden, CO, USA), <italic>Phospholamban</italic> (1:5000; ABR), <italic>Phospho-Phospholamban (Ser16)</italic> (1:5000; Badrilla, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK), <italic>Phospho&#8211;Phospholamban (Thr17)</italic> (1:5000; Badrilla), <italic>Exchanger Na</italic><sup><italic>+</italic></sup><italic>/Ca</italic><sup>2</sup> (1:2000; Upstate, Lake Placid, NY, USA), <italic>Calcium Channel, Voltage-Gated Alpha 1C</italic> (1:100; Chemicon International, Temecula, CA, USA), <italic>Ryanodine Receptor</italic> (1:5000; ABR, Affinity Bioreagents, Golden, CO, USA), and <italic>GAPDH</italic> (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechonology Inc., CA, USA). After incubation with the primary antibody, membranes were washed three times in TBS-T and incubated with peroxidase-conjugated secondary antibodies (anti-rabbit or anti-mouse IgG; 1: 5,000- 1: 10,000; Abcam) for 2 h under constant agitation. Membranes were then washed three times with TBS-T to remove excess secondary antibody. Blots were incubated with ECL (Enhanced Chemi-Luminescence, Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ) for chemiluminescence detection by ImageQuant&#8482; LAS 4000 (GE Healthcare). Quantification analysis of blots was performed using Scion Image software (Scion Corporation, Frederick, MD, USA). The immunoblots were quantified by densitometry using ImageJ Analysis software (NIH), and target band results were normalized to the expression of cardiac GAPDH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> It was not possible to analyse GAPDH (37 kDa) as a normalizer on the same gel as the ryanodine receptor (565 kDa) due to the difference in molecular weight between the two proteins. Due to this, the ryanodine receptor is expressed without normalization.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using Sigma Stat 3.5 software (SYSTAT Software Inc., San Jose, CA, USA). The distribution of variables was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality. According to the normality of the data, the results are reported as the means &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (25th percentile; 75th percentile). Comparisons between groups were performed using two-tailed Student&#8217;s t-test for independent samples or Mann-Whitney test or repeated-measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) when appropriate. The level of significance considered was 5%.</p>
        <p>Sample size (n) was estimated using the equation for comparison between groups: n = 2SD2(Z&#945;/2 + Z&#946;)2/d, where n is the sample size, SD = 0.02 from previous studies, Z&#945;/2 = 1.96 (from Z table) at type 1 error of 5%, Z&#946; = 0.842 (From Z table) at 80% power and d = 0.02 (effect size - minimal difference between mean values).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The sample size needed to detect a significant difference between groups was 16 rats per group; however, we decided to use 22 simulated (sham) and 18 aortic stenosis induction (AoS) animals per group for the study design.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation and heart failure signs</title>
          <p>Echocardiogram data revealed that aortic stenosis resulted in predominantly concentric cardiac hypertrophy (&#8593;RWT, &#8593;PWDT, &#8593;ISDT, and &#8593;LVDD), left atrium dilation (&#8593;LA/Ao), and diastolic (&#8593;E wave, &#8593;E/A, &#8593;E/E&#8217;, &#8595;E&#8217;, and &#8595;A&#8217;) and systolic dysfunction (&#8593;LVSD, &#8595;PWSV, &#8595;FS, and &#8595;EF) 28 weeks after surgery (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). The following clinical and pathological signs of HF were detected: ascites (30%), left atrium thrombi (48%), pleural effusion (68%), tachypnoea (79%), and right ventricular hypertrophy (100%) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiogram data and heart failure signs</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Sham</th>
                    <th>AoS</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HR (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">302 &#177; 40</td>
                    <td align="center">298 &#177; 40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.857</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVDD (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">7.55 (7.15; 7.66)</td>
                    <td align="center">8.43 (7.27; 9.20)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVSD (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">3.20 (2.81; 3.32)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.83 (3.32; 5.62)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PWDT (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.53 (1.53; 1.65)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.81 (2.55; 3.07)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ISDT (mm)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">1.65 (1.53; 1.70)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.07 (2.84; 3.26)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RWT</td>
                    <td align="center">0.43 &#177; 0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.69 &#177; 0.16</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LA/Ao</td>
                    <td align="center">1.22 &#177; 0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">1.91 &#177; 0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E wave (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 &#177; 7</td>
                    <td align="center">132 &#177; 18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/A</td>
                    <td align="center">1.49 &#177; 0.18</td>
                    <td align="center">5.13 &#177; 1.40</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.20 &#177; 0.78</td>
                    <td align="center">5.32 &#177; 0.89</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>A&#8217; (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.28 &#177; 0.67</td>
                    <td align="center">3.12 &#177; 1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>E/E&#8217;</td>
                    <td align="center">13.9 &#177; 2.22</td>
                    <td align="center">25.2 &#177; 4.66</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PWSV (cm/s)</td>
                    <td align="center">68 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">37 &#177; 9</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>FS (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">26.1 &#177; 3.42</td>
                    <td align="center">23.3 &#177; 4.69</td>
                    <td align="center">0.028</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>EF (%)<sup>*</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">93 (92; 94)</td>
                    <td align="center">89 (79; 92)</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Ascites (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">30</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAT (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">48</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PE (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">68</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tachypnea (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">79</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVH (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">100</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as means &#177; SD or median (25 percentile; 75 percentile)<sup>*</sup>. Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 28); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 18). HR: heart rate; LVDD: left ventricle diastolic diameter; LVSD: left ventricle systolic diameter; PWDT: posterior wall diastolic thickness; ISDT: interventricular septum diastolic thickness; RWT: left ventricle relative wall thickness; LA: left atrium; AO: aorta diameter; E/A: ratio between filling flow peak (E wave) and atrial contraction flow peak (A wave); EF: ejection fraction; FS: midwall fraction shortening; PWSV: posterior wall systolic velocity; E&#8217;: velocity of the mitral annulus during early ventricular filling; A&#8217;: mitral velocity annulus during atrial contraction; E/E&#8217;: ratio between filling flow peak and mitral annulus velocity during early ventricular filling. LAT: left atrium thrombi; PE: pleural effusion; RVH: right ventricular hypertrophy. Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test. *p &lt; 0.05.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Isolated papillary muscle evaluation</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Baseline data</title>
            <p>Aortic stenosis impaired myocardial contractile and relaxation function by reducing developed tension and the maximum rate of tension development and increasing rest tension and time-to-peak tension (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>).</p>
            <p>
              <table-wrap id="t2001">
                <label>Table 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; Baseline data</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                  <colgroup width="25%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead>
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                      <th>Sham</th>
                      <th>AoS</th>
                      <th>p-value</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody>
                    <tr>
                      <td>CSA (mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                      <td align="center">1.15 &#177; 0.16</td>
                      <td align="center">1.18 &#177; 0,20</td>
                      <td align="center">0.589</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>DT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                      <td align="center">6.26 &#177; 1,58</td>
                      <td align="center">5.18 &#177; 0.93</td>
                      <td align="center">0.039</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>RT (g/mm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.60 &#177; 0.20</td>
                      <td align="center">0.80 &#177; 0.24</td>
                      <td align="center">0.010</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>+dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                      <td align="center">66.6 &#177; 17.7</td>
                      <td align="center">46.9 &#177; 10.3</td>
                      <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>-dT/dt (g/mm<sup>2</sup>/s)</td>
                      <td align="center">22.1 &#177; 5.24</td>
                      <td align="center">23.9 &#177; 5.40</td>
                      <td align="center">0.346</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td>TPT (ms)<sup>#</sup></td>
                      <td align="center">180 (180; 185)</td>
                      <td align="center">200 (180; 217)</td>
                      <td align="center">0.007</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN2001">
                    <p>
                      <italic>Data are expressed as means &#177; SD or median (25 percentile; 75 percentile)<sup>#</sup>. Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 22); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 12). CSA: papillary cross-sectional area; DT: maximum developed tension; RT: resting tension; +dT/dt: maximum rate of tension development; -dT/dt: maximum rate of tension decline; TPT: time-to-peak tension. Student&#8217;s t-test or Mann-Whitney test. p&lt; 0.05.</italic>
                    </p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Isolated papillary muscle manoeuvres</title>
            <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A-C</xref> presents the papillary muscle response percentage to postrest contraction (10, 30, and 60 s). Animals with aortic stenosis exhibited a poor response to the postrest contraction manoeuvre compared to sham animals for all evaluated time points and variables. There was no significant difference between groups at any time point. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1D-F</xref> presents the percent papillary muscle response to increase extracellular calcium concentration (1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 mM). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figure 2A-C</xref> shows papillary muscle responses to SERCA2a inhibition and an increase in calcium concentration. After SERCA2a inhibition by cyclopiazonic acid, there was a significant difference between groups in calcium concentration at 0.5 mM for maximum developed tension (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref>). The maximum rate of tension development and decline did not exhibit a difference between the AoS and sham groups. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2D-F</xref> presents the papillary muscle response to L-type calcium channel inhibition, demonstrating an increase in calcium concentration. Animals with aortic stenosis had worse performance in response to calcium elevation after L-type calcium channel blockage than sham animals for all evaluated time points and variables.</p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f01001">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Response percentage to post-rest contraction (1A, B, and C) and elevation of extracellular calcium concentration (1D, E, and F) from baseline (Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration: 0.5 mM). DT: maximum developed tension; +dT/dt: maximum rate of tension development; -dT/dt: maximum rate of tension decline. Data are expressed as means &#177; SD of maneuver response percentage. Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 22); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 12). Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p&lt; 0.05 vs Sham; &#8224;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 10 seconds; &#8225;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 10 seconds and 30 seconds (1A-C); &#8224;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 1.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#8225;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 1.5 and 2.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup> (1D-F).</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              </fig>
            </p>
            <p>
              <fig id="f02001">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>&#8211; <italic>Inhibition percentage of DT (maximum developed tension), +dT/dt (maximum rate of tension development), and &#8211;dT/dt (maximum rate of tension decline) to cyclopiazonic acid (SERCA2a blocker; figure 2A, B, and C) and diltiazem (L-type calcium channels blocker; figure 2D, E, and F) plus incremental calcium concentration. Data are expressed as means &#177; SD of maneuver response percentage. Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 22); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 12). Analysis of variance for repeated measures and Bonferroni post-hoc test. *p&lt; 0.05 vs Sham; &#8224;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 0.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#8225;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 0.5, and 1.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>; &#167;p&lt; 0.05 vs. 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</italic></title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href=""/>
              </fig>
            </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Isolated cardiomyocytes</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Mechanical function and calcium handling analysis</title>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A-F</xref> shows cardiomyocyte mechanical function. Aortic stenosis impaired shortening maximum velocity (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref>) and times to achieve 50% cardiomyocyte contraction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3E</xref>) and relaxation peak (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3F</xref>). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3G-J</xref> summarizes calcium handling 28 weeks after aortic stenosis. AoS animals presented alterations in both the time to achieve Ca<sup>2</sup> peak and time to 50% Ca<sup>2</sup> decay.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Cardiomyocytes mechanical function and cardiomyocyte calcium handling. SMV: shortening maximum velocity; RMV: relaxation maximum velocity; TS<sub>50%</sub>: time to 50% shortening; TR<sub>50%</sub>: time to 50% relaxation; TCD<sub>50%</sub>: time to 50% of Ca<sup>2+</sup> decay. Data are expressed as means &#177; SD or median (25 percentile; 75 percentile). Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 6; number of cells= 36); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 6; number of cells= 36). Student&#8217;s t-test. *p&lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Expression of calcium handling proteins</title>
          <p>Data regarding protein expression of calcium handling regulator elements are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A-E</xref>. Aortic stenosis increased L-type calcium channel, SERCA2a, and Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2</sup>exchanger (NCX) protein expression and decreased phosphorylation of the Thr(17) residue of PLB.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Expression of calcium handling protein. Data are expressed as means &#177; SD. Sham: animals submitted to simulated surgery (n= 7); AoS: animals submitted to aortic stenosis surgery (n= 7). LTCC&#8217;s: L-type calcium channels; SERCA2a: Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>; PLB: Phospholamban; PLB<sub>ser16</sub>: phosphorylated phospholamban at serine 16; PLB<sub>thr17</sub>: phosphorylated phospholamban at threonine 17; RyR: Ryanodine; NCX: Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. Ryanodine is expressed without normalization. Student&#8217;s t-test. *p&lt; 0.05.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In the experimental model of supravalvular aortic stenosis, studies investigating pathologic remodelling and HF, focusing on specific Ca<sup>2</sup> handling alterations and their regulatory elements, have presented scattered data and a poor mechanistic reflection. As such, this work performed an overall evaluation of cardiac function, Ca<sup>2</sup> cellular dynamics, and Ca<sup>2</sup> regulatory elements to elucidate the dysfunctional process of the major components responsible for Ca<sup>2</sup> balance and its influence on cardiac function in HF induced by aortic stenosis.</p>
        <p>In this study, aortic stenosis promoted structural changes and ventricular dysfunction, both diastolic and systolic, as assessed by echocardiogram, similar to previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> AoS animals developed concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and left atrial dilation, striking characteristics in this experimental cardiac pressure overload model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Based on Laplace&#8217;s law (Stress = Pressure x Radius/2 x Thickness), the increase in the left ventricular relative wall thickness was intended to normalize systolic parietal stress due to mechanical aortic obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> However, the decrease in systolic function suggests that even after the hypertrophic process, the systolic parietal stress had likely normalized, and the decrease in contractile capacity was responsible for the depression of systolic performance. The mechanical function of the papillary muscles and cardiomyocytes reproduced similar responses to the echocardiographic examination. AoS animals presented a decreased and slower ability to develop force (&#8595;DT and +dT/dt), to shorten (&#8595;SMV and &#8593;TS<sub>50%</sub>) and to relax (&#8593;RT and TR<sub>50%</sub>). This functional damage to the isolated papillary muscle in the late stage of aortic stenosis is in line with our previous study, which analysed heart disease six weeks after surgery.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In addition, in agreement with the isolated cardiomyocyte results, data from the literature show that there is a decrease in the shortening velocity of cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In our animals, functional cardiac depression resulted in severe HF, expressed by the following clinical and pathological signs: altered breathing pattern, ascites, pleural effusion, and atrial thrombus.</p>
        <p>In this experimental model, the pathological process of <italic>maladaptive</italic> remodelling may induce an oxygen deficit as a starting point. Myocardial capillary rarefaction,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> a marked ventricular wall hypertrophy product, may represent the origin of pathology. Several mechanisms may be enacted and hyperactivated to readjust the cardiac structural and functional pattern, including sympathetic tonus, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and the regulation of myocardial gene expression via microRNAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> However, the disharmonic activation of these microsystems due to cardiac and body demands generates numerous pathophysiological responses, including impairments in the calcium handling of cardiomyocytes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Mismatch of cytosolic Ca<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in cardiomyocytes is one of the key mechanisms for cardiac malfunction in response to various injury types.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In HF models, including experimental aortic stenosis, researchers have characterized changes in transmembrane expression and function, as well as the intracellular proteins that regulate Ca<sup>2</sup> handling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In the present study, the increase in SERCA2a and NCX protein expression may have been an adaptive response to decrease or avoid cytosolic Ca<sup>2</sup> overload at the end of diastole. This response was partially efficient since there was impairment of time for cytosolic calcium decay in the isolated cardiomyocytes; in addition, even with the molecular compensatory pattern, diastolic functional impairment was verified a reduced 50% relaxation time (TR<sub>50%</sub>). As in this study, the literature shows an increase in NCX protein expression in HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> However, our results differ with respect to SERCA2a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> which, generally, is unchanged or decreased in this pathological scenario.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> It is important to note that slow Ca<sup>2</sup> reuptake may decrease the concentration of this ion in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) over time.</p>
        <p>Consequently, there is a decrease in the amount available for release,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> via RyR, during systole in the Ca<sup>2</sup> release mechanism induced by Ca<sup>2</sup> from LTCC. In the present study, we observed increased LTCC protein expression in animals with heart disease. However, this adaptive process seems to have been inefficient since the animals&#8217; cardiomyocytes slowed the time to achieve peak Ca<sup>2</sup> with consequent reduction of the shortening maximum velocity and increase in the time to reach 50% of the shortening. Converging with the discussion above, Szymanska et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> proposed that in HF due to aortic stenosis, there are changes in both the uptake and release of Ca<sup>2</sup> by the SR and that these factors may contribute to deterioration of the processes of cardiac contraction and relaxation.</p>
        <p>The manoeuvres in the isolated papillary muscle assay were performed to ascertain the physiological damage of two of the main elements of Ca<sup>2</sup> dynamics in this pathological process, SERCA2a and LTCC. Cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) blockade and postrest contraction was used to evaluate the potential for Ca<sup>2</sup> reuptake and the functional capacity of SERCA2a. There was a difference in response between the two manoeuvres to analyse the function of SERCA2a. Post-rest contraction showed that the potential for Ca<sup>2</sup> reuptake was impaired by aortic stenosis. However, after SERCA2a blockade by CPA, the sham and AoS groups showed similar responses to the variables studied in the analysis. Considering that the cardiopathy animals exhibited higher expression of the referenced protein, the blocking percentage must have been higher in the sham group due to having a lower number of SERCA2a than the AoS group. However, as the number of unblocked proteins in the AoS group was higher than in the sham group, it is possible to infer that this remaining group of SERCA2a postblock AoS animals demonstrated functional impairment.</p>
        <p>Our data agree with previous studies that suggest aortic stenosis as an inducer of SERCA2a functional deterioration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Furthermore, our findings show that increased expression of SERCA2a, the primary maintainer of cytosolic Ca<sup>2</sup> homeostasis, was not sufficient to compensate for the decrease in intrinsic activity of this protein; this hypothesis is reinforced by the results of this study, which demonstrated a diminished time to achieve 50% calcium decay in cardiomyocytes. Because SERCA2a is an ATPase, under conditions of low ATP, the intrinsic activity of this protein could be impaired, causing disrupted Ca<sup>2</sup> reuptake by the SR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> In favour of this hypothesis, a previous study by our group (these results are not published) showed that AoS animals, after two weeks of surgery, present an increase in hypoxia-inducible factor- alpha (HIF-1&#945;), the most important indicator of tissue oxygen deficit, which may indicate a reduction in the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).</p>
        <p>In addition to the alterations mentioned above, this study identified a decrease in phosphorylation of phospholambam at threonine 17, suggesting that the impairment of Ca<sup>2</sup> reuptake may not be attributed only to the intrinsic functional impairment of SERCA2a but also to the increased blockage of this protein by phospholambam.</p>
        <p>Diltiazem blockade and elevation of extracellular Ca<sup>2</sup> in the papillary muscle showed that animals with heart disease had impaired LTCC function. Although there was an increase in the protein expression of these channels, there was an increase in the time to achieve the Ca<sup>2</sup>peak in the isolated cardiomyocytes, a reduction in SMV and an increase in TS<sub>50%</sub>. These findings agree with the body of evidence in the literature, which shows that cardiac injury by AoS generates a foetal splicing variant (Ca<sub>v</sub>1.2<sub>e21+22</sub>) that reduces the expression and activity of these channels and increases the ubiquitination of LTCCs via proteasomal degradation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Furthermore, in pathological remodelling by AoS coupled with decreased I<sub>Ca</sub>, there is inefficiency in the coupling of LTCCs with RyR receptors, both due to the degradation of T tubules and the decrease in junctophillin-2, the protein responsible for anchoring the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations of the study</title>
          <p>In this study, cardiomyocytes were not isolated only from the left ventricle. Thus, the results of cardiomyocytes from both the left and right ventricles were analysed and discussed. It is important to highlight that a proper understanding of cardiac physiology in cellular studies requires ventricular contractility knowledge since the right and left ventricles have distinct functional properties. In this regard, it would also be relevant to perform molecular analysis in both ventricles; however, the expression of calcium handling proteins was only performed in the LV.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Our study sought to clarify and facilitate understanding of the pathophysiological events in Ca<sup>2</sup> handling and changes in its primary regulatory agents in the cardiac pathological process due to aortic stenosis. According to our results, in this HF experimental model, there are essential changes in calcium dynamics due to alterations in NCX and SERCA2a expression, L-type calcium channel protein expression, and reduced phosphorylation of the Thr(17) residue of PLB. Furthermore, SERCA2a and L-type calcium channel functional impairment were fundamental for contractile and relaxation deterioration. Therefore, it is important to develop therapies that focus not only on SERCA2a and L-type calcium channels but also on understanding all pathological processes to rebalance intracellular calcium flow and cardiac function.</p>
      </sec>
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      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Vitor Loureiro da Silva, from Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by FAPESP (2015/20013-5).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
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