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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">nmrT7V8pVXCQkzmTwrRVpyP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200461</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fluidodin&#226;mica Computacional (CFD) para Prever Altera&#231;&#245;es Patol&#243;gicas na Aorta: Est&#225; Pronta para Uso Cl&#237;nico?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6062-9076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Obrist</surname>
            <given-names>Dominik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>von Tengg-Kobligk</surname>
            <given-names>Hendrik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Bern</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bern</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Institute for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Bern</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bern</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="CH">Su&#237;&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology (DIPR), University of Bern, Bern &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Dominik Obrist &#8226; Universit&#228;t Bern - Freiburgstrasse 3, Bern, 3010 &#8211; Su&#237;&#231;a E-mail: <email>dominik.obrist@unibe.ch</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>461</fpage>
      <lpage>462</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/diagn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Simula&#231;&#227;o por Computador</kwd>
        <kwd>Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador</kwd>
        <kwd>Desenho de Pr&#243;teses</kwd>
        <kwd>Implanta&#231;&#227;o de Pr&#243;tese</kwd>
        <kwd>Engenharia Biom&#233;dica</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A modelagem computacional de problemas de fluxo complexos se beneficia de uma base j&#225; estabelecida de software de Fluidodin&#226;mica Computacional (CFD, do ingl&#234;s <italic>Computational Fluid Dynamics</italic> ) desenvolvido nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas. O uso inicial de CFD estava limitado &#224; pesquisa acad&#234;mica. Atualmente, &#233; uma ferramenta totalmente estabelecida em muitas aplica&#231;&#245;es industriais (por exemplo, automotiva, aeroespacial), embora a CFD continue sendo uma das tarefas computacionais mais exigentes e o estudo de problemas de fluxo complexos seja frequentemente limitado pelo poder computacional dispon&#237;vel. O aumento exponencial cont&#237;nuo na capacidade computacional e a melhora da acessibilidade &#224; infraestrutura de computa&#231;&#227;o de alto desempenho foi um facilitador para o uso cada vez maior de CFD. &#192; luz desse sucesso, &#233; surpreendente que a CFD dificilmente seja encontrada na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. Apesar do not&#225;vel progresso na modelagem do fluxo sangu&#237;neo complexo e na identifica&#231;&#227;o de marcadores quantitativos para padr&#245;es de fluxo patol&#243;gico,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> a maior parte das aplica&#231;&#245;es biom&#233;dicas da CFD permanece ao n&#237;vel de pesquisa acad&#234;mica e casos de paciente &#250;nico. O estudo de Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> &#233; um dos poucos estudos sobre CFD que utiliza dados radiol&#243;gicos longitudinais de coortes de pacientes. A proposta de previs&#227;o de altera&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas na aorta com base na CFD ilustra o potencial dessa tecnologia para se tornar uma modalidade diagn&#243;stica estabelecida. Alguns dos desafios abordados com sucesso neste estudo s&#227;o exemplos que ilustram os motivos pelos quais a CFD ainda n&#227;o encontrou seu lugar na rotina cl&#237;nica. Pode-se identificar quatro campos de problemas: a) A dificuldade de gerar modelos eficientes de CFD espec&#237;ficos para o paciente; b) A necessidade de redu&#231;&#227;o da complexidade dos dados para tornar os resultados da CFD acess&#237;veis ao m&#233;dico; c) A infraestrutura inexistente de TI que integra de maneira eficiente as ferramentas de CFD aos fluxos de trabalho de dados cl&#237;nicos existentes; d) A falta de especialistas no ambiente cl&#237;nico, ou seja, um engenheiro cl&#237;nico que d&#234; suporte aos m&#233;dicos que cuidam dos pacientes. A seguir, discutiremos esses problemas e indicaremos poss&#237;veis medidas para mitig&#225;-los.</p>
    <sec>
      <title>Modelagem espec&#237;fica para o paciente</title>
      <p>Modelos espec&#237;ficos para pacientes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> foram implementando com sucesso por muitos pesquisadores. No entanto, a tradu&#231;&#227;o de dados radiol&#243;gicos de alta resolu&#231;&#227;o em modelos vasculares geom&#233;tricos para CFD continua sendo uma tarefa demorada, muitas vezes trabalhosa e requer especialistas treinados. H&#225; uma falta de ferramentas automatizadas de segmenta&#231;&#227;o e mesclagem para tarefas biom&#233;dicas. Desenvolvimentos recentes baseados em redes neurais profundas podem fornecer solu&#231;&#245;es aceit&#225;veis para uso cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A defini&#231;&#227;o das condi&#231;&#245;es de contorno (por exemplo, perfis de velocidade no <italic>inflow</italic> / <italic>outflow</italic> ) requer muito cuidado, pois as condi&#231;&#245;es de contorno t&#234;m um forte efeito na qualidade dos resultados. Portanto, &#233; &#250;til incluir medidas de fluxo em locais bem definidos (por exemplo, RM de fluxo sangu&#237;neo 2D+time ou 3D+time) em protocolos radiol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da escolha adequada da modalidade e localiza&#231;&#227;o no corpo, isso requer resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal e espacial adequada dos exames.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, precisamos de uma melhor compreens&#227;o da biomec&#226;nica do tecido doente para interpretar corretamente uma aorta remodelada ou dissecada ou a placa na parede de um vaso. Al&#233;m da pesquisa biomec&#226;nica cl&#225;ssica cont&#237;nua, isso requer estudos com grandes coortes, incluindo volunt&#225;rios saud&#225;veis, para entender a relev&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica dos modelos biomec&#226;nicos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Marcadores diagn&#243;sticos</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos resultados de CFD &#233; um desafio, mesmo para especialistas em din&#226;mica de fluidos. Isso se deve em parte &#224; dificuldade em visualizar campos de fluxo tridimensionais dependentes do tempo que apresentam uma riqueza de fen&#244;menos de fluxo que podem ser relevantes para a interpreta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica dos resultados (por exemplo, v&#243;rtices, instabilidades de fluxo, turbul&#234;ncia, separa&#231;&#227;o de fluxo, re-fixa&#231;&#227;o, impacto).</p>
      <p>Essa complexidade de dados pode ser reduzida atrav&#233;s de modelagem orientada por dados<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e por algoritmos de detec&#231;&#227;o de anomalias (amplamente utilizados na an&#225;lise de ECG),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> que utilizam redes neurais profundas para localizar e destacar valores discrepantes nos dados de fluxo espec&#237;ficos do paciente para orientar o cl&#237;nico em rela&#231;&#227;o a potenciais anomalias.</p>
      <p>Almeida et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> abordou os problemas visualizando estruturas coerentes lagrangeanas<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> no campo de fluxo e computando valores escalares &#250;nicos que caracterizam aspectos espec&#237;ficos do campo de fluxo (por exemplo, &#237;ndice de helicidade). Outros propuseram m&#233;tricas para caracterizar a intera&#231;&#227;o biomec&#226;nica entre o fluxo sangu&#237;neo e as paredes arteriais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> ou o efeito do fluxo de cisalhamento no trauma sangu&#237;neo e na trombogenicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> &#201; de suma import&#226;ncia estabelecer o valor cl&#237;nico de tais m&#233;tricas e estabelec&#234;-las como marcadores diagn&#243;sticos ou escores cl&#237;nicos. Somente com tal abordagem possibilitaremos uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o eficiente e padronizada dos dados de CFD na rotina cl&#237;nica.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Infraestrutura de TI integrada</title>
      <p>A integra&#231;&#227;o total da CFD no fluxo de trabalho cl&#237;nico requer interfaces de transfer&#234;ncia de dados f&#225;ceis de usar entre bancos de dados de pacientes cl&#237;nicos, sistemas de imagem e plataformas computacionais para realizar a CFD. Em casos complexos, com maior demanda por poder computacional, os dados de imagem podem necessitar ser transferidos para infraestruturas computacionais centralizadas, que podem estar fora do per&#237;metro de TI do hospital. Isso levanta quest&#245;es sobre privacidade e seguran&#231;a de dados, que devem ser abordadas estabelecendo tecnologia de criptografia apropriada e conex&#245;es dedicadas. Os servi&#231;os externos tamb&#233;m devem considerar os aspectos regulat&#243;rios da transfer&#234;ncia de dados de pacientes pela internet. Vale a pena procurar solu&#231;&#245;es utilizadas em aplicativos computacionais estabelecidos anteriormente (por exemplo, FFR<sub>CT</sub>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Engenheiro Cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>O sucesso no enfrentamento desses problemas requer o estabelecimento do papel de um engenheiro cl&#237;nico que faz parte da equipe de radiologia cl&#237;nica e est&#225; totalmente integrado ao fluxo de trabalho. S&#243; assim, a CFD tem potencial para encontrar seu lugar como um recurso diagn&#243;stico sustent&#225;vel na rotina cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Com essas medidas propostas, a CFD acabar&#225; se tornando apenas mais uma modalidade dentro de um ecossistema radiol&#243;gico multimodal integrado, fornecendo dados adicionais para o especialista cl&#237;nico obter melhor diagn&#243;stico e previs&#227;o, incluindo a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco adaptada individualmente.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Fluidodin&#226;mica Computacional na Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Futuro de Aneurismas de Aorta Ascendente</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) For Predicting Pathological Changes In The Aorta: Is It Ready For Clinical Use?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6062-9076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Obrist</surname>
            <given-names>Dominik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>von Tengg-Kobligk</surname>
            <given-names>Hendrik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research, University of Bern, Bern &#8211; Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="CH">Switzerland</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Institute for Diagnostic, Interventional and Pediatric Radiology (DIPR), University of Bern, Bern &#8211; Switzerland</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Dominik Obrist &#8226; Universit&#228;t Bern - Freiburgstrasse 3, Bern, 3010 &#8211; Switzerland E-mail: dominik.obrist@unibe.ch</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/phyiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Computer Simulation</kwd>
        <kwd>Image Processing</kwd>
        <kwd>Computer Assisted</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthesis Design</kwd>
        <kwd>Prosthesis Implantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Biomedical Engineering</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Computational modelling of complex flow problems profits from a mature basis of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software developed over the past decades. Early use of CFD was limited to academic research. Nowadays, it is a fully established tool in many industrial applications (e.g., automotive, aerospace), although CFD remains to be one of the most demanding computational tasks and the study of complex flow problems is often limited by the available computational power. The continuous exponential increase in computational power and the improved accessibility of high-performance computing infrastructure was an enabler for the ever-growing use of CFD.</p>
      <p>Under the light of this success, it is surprising that CFD can hardly be found in clinical practice. Despite remarkable progress in modelling complex blood flow and in identifying quantitative markers for pathological flow patterns,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> most biomedical applications of CFD remain at the level of academic research and single-patient cases. The study by Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> is one of the few CFD studies using longitudinal radiological data from patient cohorts. The proposed prediction of pathological changes in the aorta based on CFD illustrates the potential of this technology to become an established diagnostic modality. Some of the challenges successfully addressed in this study are exemplary for the reason why CFD has not yet found its place in clinical routine. We can identify four problem fields: a) The difficulty of efficiently generating patient-specific CFD models; b) The need for reduction of data complexity to make CFD results accessible to the clinician; c) The missing IT infrastructure which integrates CFD tools smoothly into existing clinical data workflows; d) The lack of experts in the clinical environment, i.e. a clinical engineer supporting the caring physicians. In the following, we will discuss these problems and indicate possible measures to mitigate them.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Patient-specific modelling</title>
        <p>Patient-specific models<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> have been successfully deployed by many researchers. Nevertheless, the translation of high-resolution radiological data into geometrical vascular models for CFD remains a time-intensive task which is often cumbersome and requires trained specialists. There is a lack of automated segmentation and meshing tools for biomedical tasks. Recent developments based on deep neural networks may provide acceptable solutions for clinical use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The setting of boundary conditions (e.g., velocity profiles at inflow/outflow) requires great care, because boundary conditions have a strong effect on the quality of the results. Therefore, it is useful to include flow measurements at well-defined locations (e.g., 2D+time or 3D+time blood flow MRI) into radiologic protocols.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Next to the adequate choice of the modality and body location, this requires appropriate temporal and spatial resolution of the scans.</p>
        <p>Furthermore, we need a better understanding of diseased tissue biomechanics to correctly interpret a remodeled or dissected aorta or the plaque on a vessel wall. Next to continued classical biomechanical research, this requires studies with large cohorts including healthy volunteers to understand the clinical relevance of biomechanical models.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagnostic markers</title>
        <p>Analysis of CFD results is challenging even for experts in fluid dynamics. This is partly due to the difficulty of visualizing three-dimensional, time-dependent flow fields featuring a wealth of flow phenomena which may be relevant for the clinical interpretation of the results (e.g., vortices, flow instabilities, turbulence, flow separation, re-attachment, impingement).</p>
        <p>This data complexity can be reduced by data-driven modelling<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and by anomaly detection algorithms (used widely in ECG analysis<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> ) which use deep neural networks to localize and highlight outliers in the patient-specific flow data to guide the clinician toward potential anomalies.</p>
        <p>Almeida et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> addressed the problems by visualizing Lagrangian coherent structures<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> in the flow field and by computing single scalar values that characterize specific aspects of the flow field (e.g. helicity index). Others proposed metrics to characterize the biomechanical interaction between blood flow and arterial walls<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> or the effect of shear flow on blood trauma and thrombogenicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> It is of paramount importance to establish the clinical value of such metrics and to establish them as diagnostic markers or clinical scores. Only with such an approach we will enable efficient and standardized interpretation of CFD data in clinical routine.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Integrated IT infrastructure</title>
        <p>Full integration of CFD into the clinical workflow requires easy-to-use data transfer interfaces between clinical patient databases, imaging systems and computational platforms to perform CFD. In complex cases with higher demand for computational power, imaging data may have to be transferred to centralized computational infrastructure which may be outside of the hospital&#8217;s IT perimeter. This raises questions of data privacy and security which must be addressed by establishing appropriate encryption technology and dedicated connections. External services must also consider regulatory aspects of transferring patient data over the internet. It will be worthwhile to look at solutions used in already established computational applications (e.g. FFR<sub>CT</sub><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Clinical Engineer</title>
        <p>Successful tackling of these problems requires establishing the role of a clinical engineer who is part of the clinical radiology team and fully integrated in the workflow. Only then, CFD has the potential to find its place as a sustainable diagnostic resource in clinical routine.</p>
        <p>With these proposed measures, CFD will eventually become just another modality within an integrated multi-modal radiologic ecosystem providing additional cues to the clinical expert to arrive at a better diagnosis and prediction including individually adapted risk stratification.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Computational Fluid Dynamics to Assess the Future Risk of Ascending Aortic Aneurysms</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
