<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gys5BXRpQ8NsFSvxXqHj9td</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200448</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200926</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200926</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fluidodin&#226;mica Computacional na Avalia&#231;&#227;o do Risco Futuro de Aneurismas de Aorta Ascendente</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3082-6167</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela de C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4788-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Alvares de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-5609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiula Schwartz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0472-202X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalaun</surname>
            <given-names>Karim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9541-311X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ibanez</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5025-7531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3325-247X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4836-8931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nieckele</surname>
            <given-names>Angela O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FIT Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Niter&#243;i</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">FIT Center &#8211; Cl&#237;nica de Performance Humana, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Almeida GC, Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Ibanez I, Teixeira PS, Oliveira GMM, Nieckele AO; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Almeida GC, Kalaoun K, Ibanez I, Gottlieb I, Melo MM, Nieckele AO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Almeida GC, Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Kalaoun K, Ibanez I, Teixeira PS, Oliveira GMM, Nieckele AO; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>448</fpage>
      <lpage>460</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> Uma metodologia para identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes portadores de aneurisma de aorta ascendente (AAAs) sob alto risco de remodelamento a&#243;rtico n&#227;o est&#225; completamente definida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Esta pesquisa objetiva caracterizar numericamente o fluxo sangu&#237;neo a&#243;rtico, relacionando a distribui&#231;&#227;o do estresse mec&#226;nico resultante com o crescimento de AAAs.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo anal&#237;tico, observacional, unic&#234;ntrico, em que um protocolo de fluidodin&#226;mica computacional (CFD - Computacional Fluid Dynamics) foi aplicado a imagens de angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) de aorta de pacientes portadores de AAAs. Duas ATC de aorta com pelo menos um ano de intervalo foram obtidas. Dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes foram registrados e, a partir das imagens de ATC, foram gerados modelos tridimensionais. Foram realizados estudos do campo de velocidade e estruturas coerentes (v&#243;rtices) com o objetivo de relacion&#225;-los ao crescimento ou n&#227;o do aneurisma e, posteriormente, compar&#225;-los com os dados cl&#237;nicos dos pacientes. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a normalidade da amostra e o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico Wilcoxon signed-rank foi aplicado para compara&#231;&#245;es de dados pareados entre os &#226;ngulos a&#243;rticos. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi fixada em 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Para o grupo que apresentou crescimento do aneurisma, a incid&#234;ncia do jato na parede a&#243;rtica gerou &#225;reas de recircula&#231;&#227;o posterior ao jato, induzindo &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de v&#243;rtices complexos, ocasionando um incremento na press&#227;o m&#233;dia no endot&#233;lio a&#243;rtico. O grupo sem crescimento do aneurisma apresentou diminui&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o m&#233;dia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Este estudo piloto mostrou que a CFD baseada em ATC pode, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, ser uma ferramenta auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o dos padr&#245;es de fluxo associados ao processo de remodelamento de AAAs.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Hemodin&#226;mica</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma A&#243;rtico</kwd>
        <kwd>Aneurisma da Aorta Tor&#225;cica</kwd>
        <kwd>Modelagem Computacional Espec&#237;fica para o Paciente</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="16"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="4"/>
        <ref-count count="39"/>
        <page-count count="13"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Aneurisma de aorta ascendente (AAAs) &#233; geralmente assintom&#225;tico e sua evolu&#231;&#227;o &#233; impercept&#237;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entretanto, suas complica&#231;&#245;es, como ruptura e dissec&#231;&#227;o, frequentemente s&#227;o eventos catastr&#243;ficos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Alguns aneurismas n&#227;o crescem, enquanto outros t&#234;m um aumento significativo de suas dimens&#245;es em um curto per&#237;odo de tempo. As vari&#225;veis relacionadas ao crescimento do AAAs ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o perfeitamente compreendidas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A forma&#231;&#227;o do AAAs &#233; um processo degenerativo multifatorial, resultante de fatores hemodin&#226;micos e processos biol&#243;gicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Segundo Hope et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> mudan&#231;as no comportamento do fluxo ao longo da aorta ascendente s&#227;o relacionadas ao processo de remodelamento e, portanto, podem influenciar no crescimento aneurism&#225;tico.</p>
      <p>Cada vez mais, a fluidodin&#226;mica computacional (CFD) tem se tornado uma ferramenta complementar para promover o melhor entendimento da patog&#234;nese e progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, al&#233;m de se mostrar adequada para avalia&#231;&#245;es minimamente invasivas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Como destacado por Morris et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> modelos de CFD aplicados em escala populacional t&#234;m o potencial de reduzir riscos, custos e tempo associados aos estudos cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>Atrav&#233;s de estudos de CFD do fluxo a&#243;rtico, &#233; poss&#237;vel identificar regi&#245;es da parede a&#243;rtica com altos valores de tens&#227;o de cisalhamento e de press&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> sugerindo uma associa&#231;&#227;o dessas grandezas com a dilata&#231;&#227;o aneurism&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Essas observa&#231;&#245;es foram discutidas por G&#252;lan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que encontraram fluxos rotacionais formados na fase sist&#243;lica, mostrando similaridade qualitativa com a forma&#231;&#227;o de anel de v&#243;rtice, isto &#233;, um jato central cercado por dois grandes v&#243;rtices. Sob o ponto de vista da mec&#226;nica dos fluidos, o fluxo atrav&#233;s de uma expans&#227;o abrupta, como ocorre entre o anel a&#243;rtico e a por&#231;&#227;o dilatada da aorta ascendente, leva &#224; separa&#231;&#227;o da camada limite e &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de uma zona de separa&#231;&#227;o. Portanto, &#233; poss&#237;vel que haja uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre separa&#231;&#227;o do fluxo, turbul&#234;ncia, varia&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o e crescimento do aneurisma.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A presen&#231;a de estruturas coerentes dentro da aorta tamb&#233;m pode explicar a forma&#231;&#227;o de regi&#245;es com altas tens&#245;es cisalhantes e altas press&#245;es, o que pode contribuir com o processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> mostra a regi&#227;o da aorta ascendente de interesse com as principais vari&#225;veis de fluxo, sendo a ilustra&#231;&#227;o central do presente estudo. O objetivo deste estudo piloto &#233; investigar o comportamento do escoamento atrav&#233;s da aorta ascendente, visando identificar alguns padr&#245;es de fluxo que poderiam estar associados com o crescimento dos AAAs.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>&#193;rea principal de interesse da aorta ascendente, com principais vari&#225;veis de fluxo.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Diretrizes do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo &#233; anal&#237;tico, observacional, unic&#234;ntrico, no qual um protocolo de CFD foi aplicado a imagens de angiotomografia computadorizada (ATC) de aorta. A pesquisa foi registrada na Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de e aprovada pelo comit&#234; de &#233;tica em pesquisa local (CAAE 86716318.3.0000.5272, n&#250;mero: 2.750.919). Foi obtido consentimento informado de todos os participantes, de acordo com a resolu&#231;&#227;o 466/2012 do Conselho Nacional de Sa&#250;de.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Pacientes</title>
        <p>Para realiza&#231;&#227;o do estudo, nove pacientes com AAAs foram investigados, tendo sido selecionados a partir de avalia&#231;&#245;es de 100 pacientes consecutivos do ambulat&#243;rio de aortopatias de um centro terci&#225;rio de sa&#250;de. Pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de AAAs foram inclu&#237;dos e aqueles com doen&#231;as do col&#225;geno, cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via ou de aorta foram exclu&#237;dos. Para todos os pacientes, duas imagens de ATC, com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de um ano entre os exames, encontravam-se dispon&#237;veis. As imagens foram obtidas por indica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas de acompanhamento, n&#227;o especificamente para o presente estudo. Os pacientes estavam sob tratamento cl&#237;nico, de acordo com as diretrizes recentes sobre AAAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Geometria: segmenta&#231;&#227;o e cria&#231;&#227;o do modelo tridimensional</title>
        <p>A geometria de cada aorta foi constru&#237;da com base em uma varredura de ATC obtida por um scanner de 64 canais SOMATOM Sensation&#174; 64 (Siemens&#174;, Alemanha). Os cortes selecionados de ATC foram medidos desde o anel a&#243;rtico at&#233; a aorta descendente. Informa&#231;&#245;es como tamanho de pixel e dist&#226;ncia dos planos de aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens foram adquiridos a fim de ajustar o modelo a&#243;rtico tridimensional (3D) ao seu tamanho real. A segmenta&#231;&#227;o da imagem foi realizada atrav&#233;s do programa FIJI de processamento de imagem de c&#243;digo aberto baseado em ImageJ, focado em an&#225;lise de imagens biol&#243;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dois modelos a&#243;rticos 3D de cada paciente foram sobrepostos visando obter refer&#234;ncia espacial e possibilitar a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os exames, atrav&#233;s da superposi&#231;&#227;o do in&#237;cio do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico e das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direitas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2a</xref> ). A aorta correspondente ao primeiro ano de exame est&#225; colorida de cinza e a do ano posterior, de azul. Uma vez que as estruturas se encontravam sobrepostas, a valva a&#243;rtica e a parte descendente da aorta foram cortadas ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2a</xref> ), garantindo a mesma refer&#234;ncia espacial para as se&#231;&#245;es de entrada e sa&#237;da do fluxo sangu&#237;neo. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2b</xref> mostra a principal &#225;rea de interesse do estudo, a aorta ascendente. O plano de entrada do fluxo na aorta foi posicionado no centroide do anel a&#243;rtico, de modo que o eixo x cruzasse o centroide do tronco coronariano esquerdo, apontando para a parede anterior da aorta, e o eixo y apontasse para a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>(a) Crit&#233;rios de compara&#231;&#227;o entre aortas do mesmo paciente em diferentes anos. A seta amarela indica superposi&#231;&#227;o dos troncos braquiocef&#225;licos, com a linha pontilhada indicando seu in&#237;cio, e sobreposi&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias direitas das aortas, sendo cortadas as valvas a&#243;rticas e as por&#231;&#245;es descendentes das aortas; (b) &#193;rea principal de interesse das aortas; (c)&#952;<sub>I</sub> e &#952;<sub>II</sub>; (d) Condi&#231;&#245;es de entrada e sa&#237;da.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Uma vez que o campo de escoamento depende diretamente da anatomia a&#243;rtica, dois &#226;ngulos ( <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ) foram definidos entre o plano de entrada e a sa&#237;da do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, com o objetivo de relacion&#225;-los com o padr&#227;o de fluxo que pode induzir o crescimento de um aneurisma ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2c</xref> ). <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> corresponde ao &#226;ngulo formado entre a linha que conecta o centroide do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico com o centroide do tronco coronariano esquerdo e o eixo x centralizado no plano de entrada. <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> corresponde ao &#226;ngulo entre a linha que conecta o centroide do tronco braquiocef&#225;lico com um ponto localizado na posi&#231;&#227;o extrema do eixo x do plano de entrada e a linha que conecta esse ponto com um ponto na extremidade do eixo y do plano de entrada. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2d</xref> ilustra a entrada da valva a&#243;rtica e as quatro se&#231;&#245;es de sa&#237;da.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelagem do escoamento</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise da correspond&#234;ncia do campo de escoamento com a patologia do paciente foi realizada focando na por&#231;&#227;o ascendente da aorta, durante a s&#237;stole ventricular, quando as paredes da aorta se encontram distendidas. Durante o pico sist&#243;lico, ocorre o m&#225;ximo di&#226;metro da aorta, que ao apresentar baixa complac&#234;ncia, permite considerar a parede a&#243;rtica como r&#237;gida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a presente an&#225;lise foi realizada para a situa&#231;&#227;o mais cr&#237;tica durante a s&#237;stole, correspondendo &#224; m&#225;xima vaz&#227;o fisiol&#243;gica, <italic>Q</italic> <sub><italic>in</italic></sub> = 25 l/min,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> considerando regime turbulento estatisticamente permanente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Para modelar a turbul&#234;ncia, o modelo de m&#233;dia de Reynolds de duas equa&#231;&#245;es &#954;&#8722;&#969; SST<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> foi selecionado, baseado na recomenda&#231;&#227;o de Celis et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> que realizaram uma compara&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica com os dados experimentais de Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> em uma anatomia a&#243;rtica similar. Os efeitos da gravidade tamb&#233;m foram negligenciados, visto que as varia&#231;&#245;es de press&#227;o no interior da aorta s&#227;o dominantes sobre efeitos gravitacionais.</p>
        <p>Uma vez que s&#227;o encontradas altas taxas de cisalhamento<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> em pacientes com aneurisma de aorta ascendente, o sangue foi modelado como um fluido Newtoniano (aproxima&#231;&#227;o v&#225;lida para taxas de deforma&#231;&#227;o acima de 50 s<sup>-1</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em condi&#231;&#245;es normais, o sangue pode ser considerado um fluido incompress&#237;vel,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> tendo a densidade sido fixada em <italic>&#961;</italic> = 1054 kg/m<sup>3</sup> A viscosidade din&#226;mica foi definida como <italic>&#956;</italic> = 7,2 cP para permitir uma compara&#231;&#227;o direta com os dados experimentais <italic>in vitro</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, foram realizados alguns testes e os resultados obtidos com viscosidades iguais a 3,5 cP e 7,2 cP forneceram resultados equivalentes, com diferen&#231;as de press&#227;o inferiores a 0,01 mmHg na regi&#227;o de interesse da aorta ascendente. Esses testes corroboram os achados de Becsek et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> que avaliaram viscosidades iguais a 4 cP, 6 cP e 8 cP e mostraram efeito desprez&#237;vel no campo de escoamento m&#233;dio e efeito muito pequeno com rela&#231;&#227;o a transi&#231;&#227;o turbulenta.</p>
        <p>Para todos os casos, as mesmas distribui&#231;&#245;es de vaz&#245;es nas sa&#237;das (porcentagens baseadas no fluxo de entrada) foram impostas com base em valores m&#233;dios do corpo humano, em acordo com Alastruey et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2d</xref>:  aorta descendente, 69,1%; tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, 19,3%; art&#233;ria car&#243;tida esquerda, 5,2%; e art&#233;ria subcl&#225;via esquerda, 6,4%.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Simula&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica</title>
        <p>A presente an&#225;lise foi realizada utilizando-se o programa ANSYS <italic>Fluent</italic> v18.1, que resolve as equa&#231;&#245;es de conserva&#231;&#227;o discretizadas com base no m&#233;todo de volumes finitos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> As simula&#231;&#245;es foram p&#243;s-processadas com a ferramenta ANSYS CFD- <italic>Post tool</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> e com o programa de c&#243;digo aberto Paraview.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As equa&#231;&#245;es discretizadas foram obtidas com o esquema &#8220; <italic>power-law</italic> &#8221;,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> o acoplamento press&#227;o-velocidade foi tratado pelo algoritmo SIMPLE<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> e o erro residual m&#225;ximo de converg&#234;ncia foi definido em 10<sup>-6</sup> para todas as equa&#231;&#245;es.</p>
        <p>Para todos os casos estudados, empregaram-se 400.000 n&#243;s, os quais foram definidos ap&#243;s a realiza&#231;&#227;o de um teste de independ&#234;ncia da solu&#231;&#227;o na malha. Garantiram-se varia&#231;&#245;es inferiores a 0,3% na queda de press&#227;o na &#225;rea principal de interesse (aorta ascendente), ao dobrar a malha.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A forma anat&#244;mica da aorta de cada paciente pode ser inferida pelos &#226;ngulos de refer&#234;ncia <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2c</xref> ), que foram medidos de forma independente por dois observadores. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. A reprodutibilidade inter-observador foi calculada pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o intraclasse (CCI) para as medidas de <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> . O seguinte crit&#233;rio de confiabilidade<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> foi aplicado: pobre (CCI &#8804; 0,50); moderada (0,50 &lt; CCI &#8804; 0,75); bom (0,75 &lt; CCI &#8804; 0,90); excelente (CCI &gt; 0,90).</p>
        <p>O teste de normalidade Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi usado para examinar se as vari&#225;veis apresentavam distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Devido &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal, o teste n&#227;o param&#233;trico Wilcoxon <italic>signed-rank</italic> , foi aplicado para compara&#231;&#245;es de dados pareados (amostras dependentes) entre as medi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> . A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecida em 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram conduzidas utilizando-se o software da IBM&#174; SPSS Statistics&#174; vers&#227;o 26.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Formato a&#243;rtico e &#226;ngulos</title>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o volume da regi&#227;o de interesse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Considerou-se que o aneurisma cresceu, quando se observou um aumento de 10% ou mais no volume da regi&#227;o de interesse, ao comparar as duas ATC de cada paciente. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> apresenta o percentual da diferen&#231;a de volume e o intervalo de tempo entre as tomografias de cada paciente. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre as medidas dos dois observadores independentes. O CCI resultante foi de 0,99, considerado excelente.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Classifica&#231;&#227;o do paciente de acordo com o crescimento do aneurisma</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Paciente</th>
                  <th>Varia&#231;&#227;o do volume (%)</th>
                  <th>Intervalo entre exames (anos)</th>
                  <th>Sexo</th>
                  <th>Idade (anos)</th>
                  <th>Ano</th>
                  <th><italic>&#952;</italic><sub><bold><italic>I</italic></bold></sub> (&#186;)</th>
                  <th><italic>&#952;</italic><sub><bold><italic>II</italic></bold></sub> (&#186;)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="10">
                    <bold>Aneurisma com crescimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">77</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">138,80</td>
                  <td align="center">63,56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">144,85</td>
                  <td align="center">56,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">60</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">116,64</td>
                  <td align="center">51,34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">94,74</td>
                  <td align="center">42,69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">116,51</td>
                  <td align="center">42,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">126,91</td>
                  <td align="center">46,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">4</td>
                  <td align="center">10,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">124,14</td>
                  <td align="center">51,71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">128,03</td>
                  <td align="center">51,59</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">12,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">58</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">135,79</td>
                  <td align="center">51,30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">134,74</td>
                  <td align="center">67,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td rowspan="8">
                    <bold>Aneurisma sem crescimento</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">63</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">94,90</td>
                  <td align="center">78,84</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">88,33</td>
                  <td align="center">91,39</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,50</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">F</td>
                  <td align="center">52</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">77,19</td>
                  <td align="center">70,86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">94,20</td>
                  <td align="center">71,99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">8</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">74</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">119,22</td>
                  <td align="center">64,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">121,53</td>
                  <td align="center">56,89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center">9</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">M</td>
                  <td align="center">69</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">136,41</td>
                  <td align="center">66,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">137,09</td>
                  <td align="center">58,99</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>M: masculino; F: feminino.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , a varia&#231;&#227;o de volume dos pacientes 6, 8 e 9 &#233; desprez&#237;vel. Baseado na diferen&#231;a entre a medida do volume a&#243;rtico, pacientes com varia&#231;&#227;o de volume igual ou superior a 10% (pacientes 1 a 5) foram considerados como tendo aumento do aneurisma e, abaixo desse valor limiar (pacientes 6 a 9), o aneurisma foi considerado como n&#227;o apresentando crescimento. A mediana da varia&#231;&#227;o de volume e o intervalo interquartil em pacientes com crescimento do aneurisma foi de 12,5 [10,25 &#8211; 16,8]%, naqueles sem crescimento do aneurisma foi de (-0,16) [(-2,35) &#8211; (0,18)]% e na popula&#231;&#227;o total foi de 10 [(-0,16) &#8211; (14,05)]%.</p>
        <p>As medidas correspondentes ao primeiro e ao segundo ano est&#227;o listadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , para todos os pacientes, onde se pode observar que aqueles identificados com crescimento de aneurisma apresentaram grande <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> ( <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> <italic>&#8805;</italic> 94<sup>o</sup>) e pequeno <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> (51<sup>o</sup> <italic>&#8804; &#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> <italic>&#8804;</italic> 68<sup>o</sup>). Entretanto, ao examinar os &#226;ngulos correspondentes aos pacientes sem crescimento do aneurisma, n&#227;o se observou uma tend&#234;ncia n&#237;tida. Existem pacientes com grandes e pequenos <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> . Os pacientes 6 e 7 apresentaram claramente uma faixa diferente de &#226;ngulos, contudo, o mesmo n&#227;o &#233; verdade para os pacientes 8 e 9. A medi&#231;&#227;o de <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> em pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma foi de 127,47 [116,64 &#8211; 135,79]&#176;, naqueles sem crescimento do aneurisma foi de 119,22 [91,26 &#8211; 128,97]&#176; e na popula&#231;&#227;o total foi de 121,53 [94,9 &#8211; 135,79]&#176;. As medi&#231;&#245;es de <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> em pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma foi de 51,46 [46,07 &#8211; 56,61]&#176;, naqueles sem crescimento de aneurisma foi de 68,5 [61,53 &#8211; 75,41]&#176; e da popula&#231;&#227;o total foi 57,94 [51,34 &#8211; 67,86]&#176;.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Padr&#245;es do fluxo sangu&#237;neo</title>
        <p>Para visualizar o campo de escoamento no interior da aorta, empregando-se vistas frontal e lateral da aorta, tra&#231;ou-se uma iso-superf&#237;cie cinza correspondente a velocidade axial ( <italic>w</italic> ) igual a 50% da velocidade axial de entrada ( <italic>w</italic> <sub><italic>in</italic></sub> ) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> correspondem a pacientes com e sem crescimento de aneurisma, respectivamente). Essa vari&#225;vel permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o do formato do jato de entrada. Linhas de corrente tamb&#233;m est&#227;o inclu&#237;das nas figuras para auxiliar na identifica&#231;&#227;o de recircula&#231;&#245;es. Para avaliar o n&#237;vel de turbul&#234;ncia, essas linhas foram coloridas de acordo com a energia cin&#233;tica turbulenta, &#954;. Analisando a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> , para todos os cinco pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma, o jato de entrada &#233; direcionado para a parede a&#243;rtica anterior. Al&#233;m disso, podem ser observadas grandes regi&#245;es rotacionais, exceto para o paciente 4, que, como ser&#225; mostrado mais adiante, apresentou aumento substancial do n&#237;vel de press&#227;o no endot&#233;lio vascular. Esses resultados corroboram as observa&#231;&#245;es feitas por G&#252;lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> que sugeriram que a presen&#231;a de regi&#245;es rotacionais possa estar associada ao crescimento do aneurisma. Nos pacientes 6 e 7, cujo aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ), as linhas de corrente resultantes se estendem pela aorta, visto que o jato n&#227;o incide diretamente na parede, pois <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ) &#233; menor. Embora jatos de entrada mais longos tamb&#233;m possam ser observados para os pacientes 8 e 9 quando comparados com os pacientes 1 a 5, o jato de entrada tamb&#233;m colide sobre a parede anterior, devido ao seu grande <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> , mas nenhuma regi&#227;o de recircula&#231;&#227;o &#233; observada, ou seja, as linhas de corrente seguem um caminho suave ao longo da anatomia a&#243;rtica. Vale salientar que o campo de escoamento do paciente 6, cujo aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu, mostra regi&#245;es de recircula&#231;&#227;o, mas essas s&#227;o localizadas numa regi&#227;o acima da aorta ascendente. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#237;vel de turbul&#234;ncia, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas para ambos os grupos. Para todos os casos, foi imposto 5% de intensidade turbulenta na entrada da valva a&#243;rtica e, para ambos os grupos, obteve-se uma intensidade m&#233;dia de turbul&#234;ncia entre 1% e 2%.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Iso-superf&#237;cie de velocidade axial (w/w<sub>in</sub> = 0,5) e linhas de corrente coloridas de acordo com a escala da energia cin&#233;tica turbulenta. Pacientes com crescimento do aneurisma: vista frontal (a) e vista lateral (b) do primeiro ano; vista frontal (c) e vista lateral (d) do segundo ano.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Iso-superf&#237;cie de velocidade axial (w/w<sub>in</sub> = 0,5) e linhas de corrente coloridas de acordo com a escala da energia cin&#233;tica turbulenta. Pacientes sem crescimento do aneurisma: vista frontal (a) e vista lateral (b) do primeiro ano; vista frontal (c) e vista lateral (d) do segundo ano.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Segundo Weigang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> alguns casos com crescimento aneurism&#225;tico apresentam a forma&#231;&#227;o de grandes regi&#245;es rotacionais, com um anel de v&#243;rtice circundando um jato central com dois grandes v&#243;rtices. Assim, para identificar estruturas coerentes no escoamento, foi empregado o crit&#233;rio <italic>Q</italic> ,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> definido como</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:mfenced close="" open="(" separators="|">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>&#937;</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>&#937;</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|">
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfenced>
                <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
                <mml:msub>
                  <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#937;</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msub>
                <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                <mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:mfrac>
                <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|">
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                        <mml:msub>
                          <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                          <mml:mrow>
                            <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                          </mml:mrow>
                        </mml:msub>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:mfrac>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:mfenced>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfenced>
          </mml:math>
          <label>(1)</label>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>onde um <italic>Q</italic> positivo significa que a magnitude do tensor vorticidade <italic>&#937;</italic> &#233; dominante em rela&#231;&#227;o a taxa de deforma&#231;&#227;o <italic>S</italic> . Al&#233;m disso, <italic>Q</italic> &#233; relacionado a regi&#245;es de baixa press&#227;o, que tamb&#233;m podem estar associadas &#224; presen&#231;a de estruturas coerentes. Adicionalmente, foi calculada a helicidade normalizada<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <disp-formula id="e2">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:msqrt>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                </mml:msqrt>
                <mml:msqrt>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>&#8467;</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>&#8467;</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                </mml:msqrt>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:mfenced>
            <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>&#1013;</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
            <mml:msub>
              <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msub>
          </mml:math>
          <label>(2)</label>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>onde <italic>&#958;</italic> <sub><italic>i</italic></sub> &#233; a vorticidade e <italic>&#1013;</italic> <sub><italic>i</italic><italic>jk</italic></sub> , o operador Levi-Civita. A helicidade avalia a tend&#234;ncia do escoamento em formar v&#243;rtices coerentes, representando a quantidade de liga&#231;&#227;o das linhas de v&#243;rtices do fluxo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> De acordo com Garcia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> o fluxo helicoidal pode promover dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, portanto, a helicidade normalizada pode auxiliar na caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de doen&#231;as valvares e cardiopatias. Ademais, quando as dire&#231;&#245;es da vorticidade e do vetor velocidade s&#227;o coincidentes, a helicidade normalizada &#233; <italic>H = 1</italic> , quando s&#227;o opostas, <italic>H = &#8211;1</italic> e para vetores ortogonais <italic>H = 0</italic> . Assim, a helicidade &#233; uma indica&#231;&#227;o quantitativa do fluxo helicoidal em torno da dire&#231;&#227;o do fluxo principal na regi&#227;o a&#243;rtica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Os valores de helicidade de 1 ou &#8722;1 representam o n&#250;cleo do v&#243;rtice, que &#233; caracterizado por forte enrolamento do v&#243;rtice. Gallo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> indicam que um valor de helicidade normalizado absoluto superior a 0,6 representa a possibilidade de um remodelamento vascular, mas Garcia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> indicam um limiar ligeiramente maior, 0,8.</p>
        <p>Uma iso-superf&#237;cie <italic>Q</italic> para cada paciente, normalizada pela velocidade de entrada e di&#226;metro efetivo, &#233; tra&#231;ada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref> , correspondendo aos dois grupos, respectivamente. Cada iso-superf&#237;cie <italic>Q</italic> foi colorida com a helicidade normalizada <italic>H</italic> , com a escala apresentada na parte inferior das figuras.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Iso-superf&#237;cie Q, colorida de acordo com a escala de helicidade normalizada. Pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma: (a) primeiro ano; (b) segundo ano.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Iso-superf&#237;cie Q, colorida de acordo com a escala de helicidade normalizada. Pacientes sem crescimento de aneurisma: (a) primeiro ano; (b) segundo ano.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Analisando a <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5</xref> para o paciente 1, que apresenta a maior dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica, pode-se observar uma grande estrutura de v&#243;rtice com formato semelhante a um v&#243;rtice <italic>hairpin</italic> (i.e., em forma de grampo de cabelo) atingindo a parede distal, em ambos os anos. A curvatura angular do paciente 1 pode ter causado a forma&#231;&#227;o do v&#243;rtice descolado. O paciente 2 (menor dilata&#231;&#227;o do grupo) apresentou um v&#243;rtice toroidal pr&#243;ximo &#224; raiz da aorta, com um v&#243;rtice longitudinal ao longo da parede distal. O mesmo fen&#244;meno foi observado para os pacientes 3 e 5. Examinando a iso-superf&#237;cie <italic>Q</italic> para o paciente 4, pode-se observar uma estrutura semelhante a um v&#243;rtice <italic>hairpin</italic> , como visto para o paciente 1. Nesses pacientes, nota-se que o fluxo permaneceu pr&#243;ximo &#224; parede a&#243;rtica durante o per&#237;odo sist&#243;lico.</p>
        <p>Para todos os pacientes cujo aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ), estruturas semelhantes podem ser vistas em ambos os anos, ou seja, estruturas coerentes em formato toroidal est&#227;o presentes ao redor do jato de entrada, descolado da parede a&#243;rtica. Observe que o paciente 9 (grande <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> ) apresenta uma estrutura toroidal pr&#243;xima &#224; raiz da aorta e uma estrutura grande e compacta aproximando-se da parede distal, que aumentou em tamanho no segundo ano.</p>
        <p>Examinando a helicidade normalizada nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 5</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">6</xref> , &#233; poss&#237;vel observar, para todos os casos, regi&#245;es com valores absolutos acima de 0,6 (ou mesmo 0,8) e isso &#233; consequ&#234;ncia do fato de todas as aortas avaliadas apresentarem regi&#245;es de remodelamento vascular. Por&#233;m, um exame mais atento desses resultados mostra estruturas complexas para o grupo com crescimento do aneurisma, com v&#243;rtices contra-rotativos indicados pelo sinal oposto da helicidade. Para os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram crescimento do aneurisma, a helicidade tem predominantemente um sinal, indicando apenas um sentido de rota&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        <p>Comparando as estruturas coerentes e helicoidais de ambos os grupos, n&#227;o h&#225; uma diferen&#231;a clara entre eles, embora seja poss&#237;vel observar estruturas mais complexas no escoamento do grupo em que o aneurisma cresceu. Para esse grupo, as estruturas verticais s&#227;o alongadas, terminando por formar um la&#231;o, com forte v&#243;rtice contra-rotativo, enquanto para o segundo grupo, o v&#243;rtice toroidal permanece pr&#243;ximo &#224; raiz a&#243;rtica, girando predominantemente em uma dire&#231;&#227;o. O v&#243;rtice mais intenso pode levar a diferentes n&#237;veis de estresse mec&#226;nico no endot&#233;lio a&#243;rtico.</p>
        <p>As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figuras 7</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08">8</xref> ilustram, para ambos os anos, a distribui&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o na parede a&#243;rtica para os pacientes do grupo de aneurismas que cresceram e do grupo de aneurismas que n&#227;o cresceram, respectivamente. Nessas figuras, apenas press&#245;es acima de 100 Pa em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; press&#227;o de entrada s&#227;o apresentadas, para ilustrar a regi&#227;o cr&#237;tica na parede a&#243;rtica, ou seja, a regi&#227;o com altas press&#245;es. Nessas figuras, tamb&#233;m est&#227;o inclu&#237;das a press&#227;o m&#225;xima e m&#233;dia da parede a&#243;rtica (i.e., <italic>P</italic> <sub><italic>m&#225;x</italic></sub> e <bold><italic>&#175;</italic></bold> <italic>P</italic> <sub><italic>wall</italic></sub> ), bem como a porcentagem da &#225;rea da parede a&#243;rtica ascendente com alta press&#227;o ( <italic>%A</italic> <sub><italic>cr</italic></sub> ). Analisando essas figuras, pode-se associar ao jato de entrada, mostrado nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figuras 3</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">4</xref> , com sua posi&#231;&#227;o de impacto na aorta, correspondendo &#224; regi&#227;o do pico de press&#227;o na parede a&#243;rtica anterior. Pode-se observar tamb&#233;m, sua amplifica&#231;&#227;o no segundo ano em 4 dos 5 pacientes no grupo de aneurisma com crescimento. Curiosamente, o paciente 4 apresenta o maior aumento na press&#227;o m&#225;xima entre o primeiro e o segundo ano, atingindo valores acima de 600 Pa, por&#233;m com redu&#231;&#227;o no tamanho da &#225;rea de alta press&#227;o, indicando concentra&#231;&#227;o de alta press&#227;o na regi&#227;o de impacto do jato.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Press&#227;o na parede. Pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma: vista frontal (a) e vista lateral (b) do primeiro ano; vista frontal (c) e vista lateral (d) do segundo ano. Press&#227;o m&#225;xima (P<sub>max</sub>) e press&#227;o m&#233;dia (P<sub>wall</sub>) na regi&#227;o ascendente da aorta, percentual de &#225;rea da aorta ascendente com press&#227;o acima de 100 Pa (%A<sub>er</sub>).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f08">
            <label>Figura 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Press&#227;o na parede. Pacientes com crescimento de aneurisma: vista frontal (a) e vista lateral (b) do primeiro ano; vista frontal (c) e vista lateral (d) do segundo ano. Press&#227;o m&#225;xima (P<sub>max</sub>) e press&#227;o m&#233;dia (P<sub>wall</sub>) na regi&#227;o ascendente da aorta, (%A<sub>er</sub>) percentual de &#225;rea da aorta ascendente com press&#227;o acima de 100 Pa.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf08.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Notavelmente, h&#225; uma tend&#234;ncia para &#225;reas maiores de press&#245;es aumentadas no grupo de aneurisma com crescimento, com press&#245;es m&#225;ximas elevadas acima de 200 Pa, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de aneurisma sem crescimento, que demonstrou press&#245;es m&#225;ximas mais baixas (abaixo de 200 Pa) (com exce&#231;&#227;o do paciente 9 no grupo do aneurisma sem crescimento, que apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da press&#227;o m&#233;dia, o que pode explicar porque o aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu). Al&#233;m disso, houve um aumento na press&#227;o m&#233;dia da parede para o grupo de aneurisma em crescimento e uma redu&#231;&#227;o para o outro grupo, exceto para o paciente 7, cuja press&#227;o m&#225;xima &#233; bastante baixa, o que tamb&#233;m poderia explicar porque seu aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil cl&#237;nico</title>
        <p>O perfil cl&#237;nico da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada &#233; mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Dados cl&#237;nicos de dois pacientes n&#227;o se encontravam dispon&#237;veis, sendo exclu&#237;dos da tabela. Nesses dois casos, paciente do sexo feminino de 60 anos de idade e outro do sexo masculino de 70 anos, o aneurisma cresceu. Todos os sete pacientes eram hipertensos. A maioria tinha dislipidemia, tabagismo atual ou passado, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada e n&#237;veis controlados de press&#227;o arterial.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Perfil cl&#237;nico da popula&#231;&#227;o</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Popula&#231;&#227;o* (n=7)</th>
                  <th>Aneurisma cresceu (n=3)</th>
                  <th>Aneurisma n&#227;o cresceu (n=4)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Idade</bold> (anos &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">65,1 &#177; 8,1</td>
                  <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                  <td align="center">64,5 &#177; 8,2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo, masculino (n, %)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (100)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Diabetes</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Dislipidemia</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>F <bold>ibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Doen&#231;a neurol&#243;gica</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Tabagismo atual ou passado</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica obstrutiva coronariana</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Doen&#231;a cerebrovascular</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Classe funcional I e II NYHA</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Angina</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>S&#237;ncope ou lipotimia</bold> (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>&#205;ndice de massa corporal</bold> (kg/m<sup>2</sup> &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">29,5 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">28,3 &#177; 2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">30,3 &#177; 1,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</bold> (Teicholz % &#177; DP)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,1 &#177; 8,7</td>
                  <td align="center">56,6 &#177; 9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">66,2 &#177; 4,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica</bold> &#8804; 130 mmHg (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica</bold> &#8804; 85 mmHg (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (85,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td><bold>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</bold> &lt; 70 bpm (n, %)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Perfil cl&#237;nico de 7 pacientes da popula&#231;&#227;o* (dados cl&#237;nicos de 2 pacientes n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis); DP: desvio padr&#227;o; NYHA: classe funcional I e II de New York Heart Association significa sem limita&#231;&#245;es ou com sintomas leves e poucas limita&#231;&#245;es nas atividades cotidianas; bpm: batimentos por minuto.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A simula&#231;&#227;o computacional hemodin&#226;mica tem se mostrado uma promissora &#225;rea da pesquisa cient&#237;fica translacional<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> com poss&#237;vel aumento de aplica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. No presente estudo, pacientes foram classificados como portadores de AAAs com crescimento e sem crescimento de acordo com o volume da regi&#227;o de interesse. Raghavan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> demonstraram uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o da poss&#237;vel ruptura do aneurisma com o volume da aorta ascendente e alto estresse na parede, do que apenas com o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente.</p>
      <p>Como mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , todos os pacientes identificados como tendo crescimento do aneurisma apresentaram grandes <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e pequenos <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2c</xref> ). Por outro lado, entre aqueles sem crescimento de aneurisma ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), nenhuma tend&#234;ncia foi notada. Pode-se sugerir uma correla&#231;&#227;o do crescimento do aneurisma com o &#226;ngulo entre a entrada da geometria a&#243;rtica e o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico, uma vez observado que pacientes com angula&#231;&#245;es maiores que 94&#176; apresentaram crescimento do aneurisma ao longo dos anos. Devido &#224; forma da aorta, o jato de entrada colide fortemente com a parede anterior, elevando os n&#237;veis de press&#227;o e tens&#227;o cisalhante, induzindo &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o de estruturas semelhantes a <italic>hairpin</italic> e com forte recircula&#231;&#227;o. Esses fen&#244;menos foram observados no grupo que apresentou crescimento do aneurisma da aorta, o que poderia, por conseguinte, contribuir com o processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico.</p>
      <p><italic>&#952;</italic><sub><italic>I</italic></sub> e <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2c</xref> ), listados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , correspondentes a cada grupo, foram mensurados independentemente por dois observadores, consoante com o descrito na se&#231;&#227;o &#8220;M&#233;todos&#8221;. Baseado em um m&#233;todo de mensura&#231;&#227;o manual de &#226;ngulos, o CCI entre os dois observadores independentes foi 0,99, o que foi considerado excelente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demostrando alta reprodutibilidade do m&#233;todo. Nenhuma diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica foi encontrada em ambos os &#226;ngulos na rela&#231;&#227;o dos grupos com e sem crescimento do aneurisma, e uma amostra de nove indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o permitiu maiores infer&#234;ncias estat&#237;sticas. No entanto, a alta taxa de concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores pode permitir, com um maior n&#250;mero de pacientes analisados, encontrar associa&#231;&#245;es estat&#237;sticas significativas em um futuro pr&#243;ximo. Como um estudo sem precedentes, a presente pesquisa pode ser considerada uma prova de conceito em termos de pesquisa num&#233;rica e um estudo de tecnologia translacional disruptiva.</p>
      <p>Comparando o campo de escoamento dentro da aorta dos nove pacientes, com um intervalo de tempo de pelo menos um ano, diferentes estruturas coerentes foram observadas. Estruturas toroidais com baixas velocidades descoladas da parede da aorta distal foram identificadas entre os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram crescimento do aneurisma. Entre aqueles com crescimento do aneurisma, dois tipos foram notados: estruturas como hairpin e estruturas toroidais com altas velocidades.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a distribui&#231;&#227;o da helicidade indica duas dire&#231;&#245;es de rota&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes cujos aneurismas cresceram, &#233; poss&#237;vel inferir que nesses casos o escoamento &#233; provavelmente mais perturbado. Outra possibilidade &#233; que o fluxo dentro de um aneurisma a&#243;rtico contenha regi&#245;es de forte recircula&#231;&#227;o, que s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela forma&#231;&#227;o de estruturas coerentes presentes ao longo da aorta. Michel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> discutiram que altera&#231;&#245;es nos padr&#245;es de fluxo sangu&#237;neo podem induzir o desenvolvimento aneurism&#225;tico na curvatura externa da aorta ascendente, devido &#224; alta tens&#227;o cisalhante na parede transversal e imped&#226;ncia mec&#226;nica no lado convexo.</p>
      <p>Biasetti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> correlacionaram a presen&#231;a de v&#243;rtices com alta tens&#227;o cisalhante em pacientes com aneurismas de aorta abdominal. No presente estudo, estruturas coerentes verticais tamb&#233;m podem ser vistas pr&#243;ximo &#224; parede distal da aorta, evoluindo, em alguns casos, para estruturas semelhantes a <italic>hairpin</italic> . Essas diferen&#231;as na estrutura do fluxo de pacientes nos dois diferentes grupos (com e sem crescimento do aneurisma) podem indicar a possibilidade de um processo de remodelamento do aneurisma da aorta.</p>
      <p>Uma hip&#243;tese para explicar esses achados &#233; a transfer&#234;ncia de estresse &#224; advent&#237;cia por perda de deposi&#231;&#227;o de elastina e col&#225;geno, promovendo cont&#237;nua adapta&#231;&#227;o por causa da distribui&#231;&#227;o da tens&#227;o e, consequentemente, mudan&#231;as na forma do AAAs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Existem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es a esta pesquisa. Primeiramente, neste estudo, a varredura por ATC foi realizada por diferentes equipes m&#233;dicas. Como resultado, a qualidade dos exames n&#227;o foi a mesma, o que pode ter afetado a acur&#225;cia da compara&#231;&#227;o das imagens e a defini&#231;&#227;o da forma da aorta. Em segundo lugar, a pequena popula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo limita qualquer correla&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#245;es cl&#237;nicos e crescimento do AAAs. Em terceiro lugar, dados cl&#237;nicos de dois pacientes n&#227;o estavam dispon&#237;veis, assim, eles n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Al&#233;m disso, a presente an&#225;lise foi realizada considerando-se a situa&#231;&#227;o mais cr&#237;tica durante a s&#237;stole, correspondendo &#224; vaz&#227;o m&#225;xima em um ciclo card&#237;aco, permitindo considerar a aorta como estrutura r&#237;gida e est&#225;tica no momento do pico sist&#243;lico.</p>
      <p>Claramente, h&#225; muitos fatores que precisam ser considerados e que interferem no progn&#243;stico dos pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao crescimento do aneurisma da aorta, como sua idade, comorbidades e uso de medicamentos. O &#226;ngulo entre a entrada da aorta e o tronco braquiocef&#225;lico pode ser uma importante vari&#225;vel a ser considerada, assim como a estrutura do escoamento e a distribui&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o na parede anterior da aorta, que pode ser numericamente determinada.</p>
      <p>A partir da distribui&#231;&#227;o de press&#227;o na parede da aorta, &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que a press&#227;o m&#233;dia aumentou mais de 13% para todos os pacientes que tiveram crescimento do aneurisma, enquanto, para aqueles sem crescimento patol&#243;gico, a press&#227;o m&#233;dia decresceu mais de 18% para todos os pacientes, com exce&#231;&#227;o de um. Esse resultado indica que essa vari&#225;vel pode influenciar no crescimento do AAAs.</p>
      <p>Estudos futuros com maior n&#250;mero de pacientes e maior tempo de acompanhamento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para definir a rela&#231;&#227;o entre padr&#227;o de fluxo sangu&#237;neo e processo de remodelamento a&#243;rtico. A simula&#231;&#227;o num&#233;rica &#233; uma ferramenta n&#227;o invasiva que pode ser utilizada juntamente com a varredura de ATC para estimar a tend&#234;ncia de crescimento do AAAs. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de diferentes perfis de risco entre pacientes com AAAs pode abrir caminho para avalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica diferenciada para esses pacientes. Todo o exposto pode levar a um avan&#231;o na medicina personalizada e ajudar a decifrar a fisiopatologia dessa grave doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Considerando que algumas caracter&#237;sticas do escoamento podem estar associadas ao crescimento do aneurisma, o estudo de padr&#245;es de fluxo na aorta ascendente pode ajudar a predizer o processo de remodelamento de AAAs.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Este estudo piloto mostrou que a CFD aplicada em ATC pode, em um futuro pr&#243;ximo, ser uma ferramenta para ajudar a identificar padr&#245;es de comportamento do escoamento associados com o processo de remodelamento de AAAs. V&#243;rtices foram formados na regi&#227;o posterior do jato incidente na parede a&#243;rtica, gerando estruturas complexas no grupo com crescimento do AAAs. Como consequ&#234;ncia, houve um aumento da press&#227;o m&#233;dia na parede anterior da aorta no grupo que apresentou crescimento do aneurisma, enquanto, para os casos sem crescimento do aneurisma, essa vari&#225;vel decresceu.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este estudo foi apoiado pelo Laborat&#243;rio de Engenharia Cardiovascular da PUC-Rio. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Gustavo M. Geraldo e Gabriel C. Camargo por suas contribui&#231;&#245;es a esta pesquisa. Os membros da PUC-Rio tamb&#233;m reconhecem o cont&#237;nuo apoio das ag&#234;ncias governamentais brasileiras CAPES e CNPq.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Standring S. Gray&#8217;s Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice. 41st ed. Amsterd&#227;: Elsevier; 2015.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Standring</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Gray&#8217;s Anatomy E-Book: The Anatomical Basis of Clinical Practice</source>
          <edition>41st</edition>
          <publisher-loc>Amsterd&#227;</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2015</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Kuzmik GA, Sang AX, Elefteriades JA. Natural History of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms. J Vasc Surg. 2012;56(2):565-71. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.053.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kuzmik</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sang</surname>
              <given-names>AX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Elefteriades</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Natural History of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>56</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>565</fpage>
          <lpage>571</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jvs.2012.04.053.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Elefteriades JA. Natural History of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Indications for Surgery, and Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Risks. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;74(5):1877-80. doi: 10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04147-4.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elefteriades</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Natural History of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: Indications for Surgery, and Surgical Versus Nonsurgical Risks</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>74</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1877</fpage>
          <lpage>1880</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0003-4975(02)04147-4.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Hope TA, Markl M, Wigstr&#246;m L, Alley MT, Miller DC, Herfkens RJ. Comparison of Flow Patterns in Ascending Aortic Aneurysms and Volunteers Using Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Velocity Mapping. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26(6):1471-9. doi: 10.1002/jmri.21082.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hope</surname>
              <given-names>TA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wigstr&#246;m</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alley</surname>
              <given-names>MT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Miller</surname>
              <given-names>DC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Herfkens</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of Flow Patterns in Ascending Aortic Aneurysms and Volunteers Using Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Velocity Mapping</article-title>
          <source>J Magn Reson Imaging</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1471</fpage>
          <lpage>1479</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/jmri.21082.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. B&#228;ck M, Gasser TC, Michel JB, Caligiuri G. Biomechanical Factors in the Biology of Aortic Wall and Aortic Valve Diseases. Cardiovasc Res. 2013;99(2):232-41. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvt040.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>B&#228;ck</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasser</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Michel</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Caligiuri</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomechanical Factors in the Biology of Aortic Wall and Aortic Valve Diseases</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>99</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>232</fpage>
          <lpage>241</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvt040.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Sun Z, Chaichana T. A Systematic Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Type B Aortic Dissection. Int J Cardiol. 2016;210:28-31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.099.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chaichana</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Systematic Review of Computational Fluid Dynamics in Type B Aortic Dissection</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>210</volume>
          <fpage>28</fpage>
          <lpage>31</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.02.099.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Morris PD, Narracott A, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Soto DAS, Hsiao S, Lungu A, et al. Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine. Heart. 2016;102(1):18-28. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308044.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Morris</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narracott</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>von Tengg-Kobligk</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Soto</surname>
              <given-names>DAS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsiao</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lungu</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Computational Fluid Dynamics Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>102</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>18</fpage>
          <lpage>28</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308044.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Peng L, Qiu Y, Yang Z, Yuan D, Dai C, Li D, et al. Patient-Specific Computational Hemodynamic Analysis for Interrupted Aortic Arch in an Adult: Implications for Aortic Dissection Initiation. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):8600. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-45097-z.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Peng</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qiu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Dai</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient-Specific Computational Hemodynamic Analysis for Interrupted Aortic Arch in an Adult: Implications for Aortic Dissection Initiation</article-title>
          <source>Sci Rep</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">8600</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/s41598-019-45097-z.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. B&#252;rk J, Blanke P, Stankovic Z, Barker A, Russe M, Geiger J, et al. Evaluation of 3D Blood Flow Patterns and Wall Shear Stress in the Normal and Dilated Thoracic Aorta Using Flow-Sensitive 4D CMR. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14(1):84. doi: 10.1186/1532-429X-14-84.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>B&#252;rk</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Blanke</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stankovic</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barker</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Russe</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geiger</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of 3D Blood Flow Patterns and Wall Shear Stress in the Normal and Dilated Thoracic Aorta Using Flow-Sensitive 4D CMR</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Magn Reson</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <size units="pages">84</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1186/1532-429X-14-84.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. G&#252;lan U, Calen C, Duru F, Holzner M. Blood Flow Patterns and Pressure Loss in the Ascending Aorta: A Comparative Study on Physiological and Aneurysmal Conditions. J Biomech. 2018;76:152-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.033.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>G&#252;lan</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calen</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Duru</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Holzner</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood Flow Patterns and Pressure Loss in the Ascending Aorta: A Comparative Study on Physiological and Aneurysmal Conditions</article-title>
          <source>J Biomech</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>76</volume>
          <fpage>152</fpage>
          <lpage>159</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jbiomech.2018.05.033.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Adrian RJ. Hairpin Vortex Organization in Wall Turbulence. Phys. Fluids. 2007;19(4):041301. doi: 10.1063/1.2717527</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Adrian</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hairpin Vortex Organization in Wall Turbulence</article-title>
          <source>Phys. Fluids</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>19</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <size units="pages">041301</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1063/1.2717527</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Erbel R, Aboyans V, Boileau C, Bossone E, Bartolomeo RD, Eggebrecht H, et al. 2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: Document Covering Acute and Chronic Aortic Diseases of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta of the Adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2014;35(41):2873-926. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Erbel</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aboyans</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boileau</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bossone</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bartolomeo</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eggebrecht</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>2014 ESC Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases: Document Covering Acute and Chronic Aortic Diseases of the Thoracic and Abdominal Aorta of the Adult. The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Aortic Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)</article-title>
          <source>Eur Heart J</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>41</issue>
          <fpage>2873</fpage>
          <lpage>2926</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/eurheartj/ehu281.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Schindelin J, Arganda-Carreras I, Frise E, Kaynig V, Longair M, Pietzsch T, et al. Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis. Nat Methods. 2012;9(7):676-82. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schindelin</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Arganda-Carreras</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frise</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kaynig</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Longair</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietzsch</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Fiji: An Open-Source Platform for Biological-Image Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Nat Methods</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>676</fpage>
          <lpage>682</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1038/nmeth.2019.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Faggiano E, Antiga L, Puppini G, Quarteroni A, Luciani GB, Vergara C. Helical Flows and Asymmetry of Blood Jet in Dilated Ascending Aorta with Normally Functioning Bicuspid Valve. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2013;12(4):801-13. doi: 10.1007/s10237-012-0444-1.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Faggiano</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Antiga</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Puppini</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Quarteroni</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luciani</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vergara</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Helical Flows and Asymmetry of Blood Jet in Dilated Ascending Aorta with Normally Functioning Bicuspid Valve</article-title>
          <source>Biomech Model Mechanobiol</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>801</fpage>
          <lpage>813</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10237-012-0444-1.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Alastruey J, Xiao N, Fok H, Schaeffter T, Figueroa CA. On the Impact of Modelling Assumptions in Multi-Scale, Subject-Specific Models of Aortic Haemodynamics. J R Soc Interface. 2016;13(119):20160073. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0073.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Alastruey</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xiao</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fok</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaeffter</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Figueroa</surname>
              <given-names>CA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>On the Impact of Modelling Assumptions in Multi-Scale, Subject-Specific Models of Aortic Haemodynamics</article-title>
          <source>J R Soc Interface</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>13</volume>
          <issue>119</issue>
          <size units="pages">20160073</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rsif.2016.0073.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Pope SB. Turbulent Flows. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2000.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Pope</surname>
              <given-names>SB</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Turbulent Flows</source>
          <publisher-loc>Cambridge</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Cambridge University Press</publisher-name>
          <year>2000</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Menter FR. Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications. AIAA journal. 1994;32(8):1598-605. doi: 10.2514/3.12149.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Menter</surname>
              <given-names>FR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Two-Equation Eddy-Viscosity Turbulence Models for Engineering Applications</article-title>
          <source>AIAA journal</source>
          <year>1994</year>
          <volume>32</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1598</fpage>
          <lpage>1605</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2514/3.12149.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Celis D, Gomes BAA, Ibanez I, Azevedo PN, Teixeira PS, Nieckele AO. Prediction of Stress Map in Ascending Aorta - Optimization of the Coaxial Position in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020;115(4):680-7. doi: 10.36660/abc.20190385.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Celis</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>BAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ibanez</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>PN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>PS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieckele</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prediction of Stress Map in Ascending Aorta - Optimization of the Coaxial Position in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>115</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>680</fpage>
          <lpage>687</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20190385.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Gomes BAA, Camargo GC, Santos JRLD, Azevedo LFA, Nieckele AO, Siqueira-Filho AG, et al. Influence of the Tilt Angle of Percutaneous Aortic Prosthesis on Velocity and Shear Stress Fields. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(3):231-40. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170115.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>BAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Camargo</surname>
              <given-names>GC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>JRLD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>LFA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nieckele</surname>
              <given-names>AO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira-Filho</surname>
              <given-names>AG</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Influence of the Tilt Angle of Percutaneous Aortic Prosthesis on Velocity and Shear Stress Fields</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>231</fpage>
          <lpage>240</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170115.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Deutsch S, Tarbell JM, Manning KB, Rosenberg G, Fontaine AA. Experimental Fluid Mechanics of Pulsatile Artificial Blood Pumps. Annu Rev Fluid Mech. 2006;38(1):65-86. doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092022</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Deutsch</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tarbell</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Manning</surname>
              <given-names>KB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosenberg</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fontaine</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Experimental Fluid Mechanics of Pulsatile Artificial Blood Pumps</article-title>
          <source>Annu Rev Fluid Mech</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>38</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>65</fpage>
          <lpage>86</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1146/annurev.fluid.38.050304.092022</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Stuart J, Kenny MW. Blood Rheology. J Clin Pathol. 1980;33(5):417-29. doi: 10.1136/jcp.33.5.417.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Stuart</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kenny</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood Rheology</article-title>
          <source>J Clin Pathol</source>
          <year>1980</year>
          <volume>33</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>417</fpage>
          <lpage>429</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1136/jcp.33.5.417.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Garbey M, Pacull F. A Versatile Incompressible Navier&#8211;Stokes Solver for Blood Flow Application. Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids. 2007;54(5):473-96. <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1405">https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1405</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garbey</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pacull</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Versatile Incompressible Navier&#8211;Stokes Solver for Blood Flow Application</article-title>
          <source>Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>54</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>473</fpage>
          <lpage>496</lpage>
          <comment>
            <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1405">https://doi.org/10.1002/fld.1405</ext-link>
          </comment>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Fernandes LS, Bessa GM, Gomes BAA, Azevedo LFA. Stereoscopic PIV Study of the Influence of Aortic Valve Tilt Angle on the Flow Pattern in the Ascending Aorta Region. In: 13th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry, 2019. Munich: ISPIV; 2019.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>LS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bessa</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gomes</surname>
              <given-names>BAA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Azevedo</surname>
              <given-names>LFA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Stereoscopic PIV Study of the Influence of Aortic Valve Tilt Angle on the Flow Pattern in the Ascending Aorta Region</source>
          <conf-name>13th International Symposium on Particle Image Velocimetry</conf-name>
          <conf-date>2019</conf-date>
          <publisher-loc>Munich</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>ISPIV</publisher-name>
          <year>2019</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Becsek B, Pietrasanta L, Obrist D. Turbulent Systolic Flow Downstream of a Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve: Velocity Spectra, Wall Shear Stresses, and Turbulent Dissipation Rates. Front Physiol. 2020;11:577188. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2020.577188.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Becsek</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pietrasanta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Obrist</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Turbulent Systolic Flow Downstream of a Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve: Velocity Spectra, Wall Shear Stresses, and Turbulent Dissipation Rates</article-title>
          <source>Front Physiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>11</volume>
          <size units="pages">577188</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.3389/fphys.2020.577188.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Patankar, S. Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 1980.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Patankar</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow</source>
          <publisher-loc>Boca Raton</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>CRC Press</publisher-name>
          <year>1980</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. ANSYS Inc. ANSYS CFD-Post Version 18. Canonsburg: ANSYS Inc.; 2018.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ANSYS Inc</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>ANSYS CFD-Post Version 18</source>
          <publisher-loc>Canonsburg</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>ANSYS Inc</publisher-name>
          <year>2018</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Ahrens J, Geveci B, Law C. Paraview: An End-User Tool for Large Data Visualization. Amsterd&#227;: Elsevier: 2005.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="book">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ahrens</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Geveci</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Law</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Paraview: An End-User Tool for Large Data Visualization</source>
          <publisher-loc>Amsterd&#227;</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Elsevier</publisher-name>
          <year>2005</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Koo TK, Li MY. A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research. J Chiropr Med. 2016;15(2):155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Koo</surname>
              <given-names>TK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Li</surname>
              <given-names>MY</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research</article-title>
          <source>J Chiropr Med</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>15</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>155</fpage>
          <lpage>163</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. IBM Corp. Released. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2011.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corp</surname>
              <given-names>IBM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Released. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0</source>
          <publisher-loc>Armonk</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>IBM Corp</publisher-name>
          <year>2011</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Raghavan ML, Vorp DA, Federle MP, Makaroun MS, Webster MW. Wall Stress Distribution on Three-Dimensionally Reconstructed Models of Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. J Vasc Surg. 2000;31(4):760-9. doi: 10.1067/mva.2000.103971.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Raghavan</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Vorp</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Federle</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Makaroun</surname>
              <given-names>MS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Webster</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Wall Stress Distribution on Three-Dimensionally Reconstructed Models of Human Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm</article-title>
          <source>J Vasc Surg</source>
          <year>2000</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>760</fpage>
          <lpage>769</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mva.2000.103971.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Weigang E, Kari FA, Beyersdorf F, Luehr M, Etz CD, Frydrychowicz A, et al. Flow-Sensitive Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Flow Patterns in Ascending Aortic Aneurysms. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2008;34(1):11-6. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.047.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Weigang</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kari</surname>
              <given-names>FA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beyersdorf</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luehr</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Etz</surname>
              <given-names>CD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Frydrychowicz</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Flow-Sensitive Four-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Flow Patterns in Ascending Aortic Aneurysms</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Cardiothorac Surg</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>11</fpage>
          <lpage>16</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ejcts.2008.03.047.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. Hunt JC, Wray AA, Moin P. Eddies, Streams, and Convergence Zones in Turbulent Flows. In: Proceedings of the 1988 Summer Program. Washington D.C: NASA; 1988.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="confproc">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hunt</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wray</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moin</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <source>Eddies, Streams, and Convergence Zones in Turbulent Flows</source>
          <comment>Proceedings of the</comment>
          <conf-name>1988 Summer Program</conf-name>
          <publisher-loc>Washington D.C</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>NASA</publisher-name>
          <year>1988</year>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Levy Y, Degani D, Seginer A. Graphical Visualization of Vortical Flows by Means of Helicity. AIAA Journal. 1990;28(8):1347-52. doi: 10.2514/3.25224.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Levy</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Degani</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Seginer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Graphical Visualization of Vortical Flows by Means of Helicity</article-title>
          <source>AIAA Journal</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>28</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1347</fpage>
          <lpage>1352</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2514/3.25224.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Moffatt HK. Helicity and Singular Structures in Fluid Dynamics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2014;111(10):3663-70. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1400277111.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moffatt</surname>
              <given-names>HK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Helicity and Singular Structures in Fluid Dynamics</article-title>
          <source>Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>10</issue>
          <fpage>3663</fpage>
          <lpage>3670</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1073/pnas.1400277111.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Garcia J, Barker AJ, Collins JD, Carr JC, Markl M. Volumetric Quantification of Absolute Local Normalized Helicity in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aortic Dilatation. Magn Reson Med. 2017;78(2):689-701. doi: 10.1002/mrm.26387.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Garcia</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barker</surname>
              <given-names>AJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Collins</surname>
              <given-names>JD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carr</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Markl</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Volumetric Quantification of Absolute Local Normalized Helicity in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve and Aortic Dilatation</article-title>
          <source>Magn Reson Med</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>78</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>689</fpage>
          <lpage>701</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/mrm.26387.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Gallo D, Steinman DA, Bijari PB, Morbiducci U. Helical Flow in Carotid Bifurcation as Surrogate Marker of Exposure to Disturbed Shear. J Biomech. 2012;45(14):2398-404. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gallo</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Steinman</surname>
              <given-names>DA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bijari</surname>
              <given-names>PB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Morbiducci</surname>
              <given-names>U</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Helical Flow in Carotid Bifurcation as Surrogate Marker of Exposure to Disturbed Shear</article-title>
          <source>J Biomech</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>45</volume>
          <issue>14</issue>
          <fpage>2398</fpage>
          <lpage>2404</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.07.007.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Michel JB, Jondeau G, Milewicz DM. From Genetics to Response to Injury: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Aneurysms and Dissections of the Ascending Aorta. Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114(4):578-89. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvy006.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Michel</surname>
              <given-names>JB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jondeau</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milewicz</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>From Genetics to Response to Injury: Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells in Aneurysms and Dissections of the Ascending Aorta</article-title>
          <source>Cardiovasc Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>114</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>578</fpage>
          <lpage>589</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1093/cvr/cvy006.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Biasetti J, Hussain F, Gasser TC. Blood Flow and Coherent Vortices in the Normal and Aneurysmatic Aortas: A Fluid Dynamical Approach to Intra-Luminal Thrombus Formation. J R Soc Interface. 2011;8(63):1449-61. doi: 10.1098/rsif.2011.0041.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Biasetti</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hussain</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasser</surname>
              <given-names>TC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Blood Flow and Coherent Vortices in the Normal and Aneurysmatic Aortas: A Fluid Dynamical Approach to Intra-Luminal Thrombus Formation</article-title>
          <source>J R Soc Interface</source>
          <year>2011</year>
          <volume>8</volume>
          <issue>63</issue>
          <fpage>1449</fpage>
          <lpage>1461</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1098/rsif.2011.0041.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Mousavi SJ, Farzaneh S, Avril S. Patient-Specific Predictions of Aneurysm Growth and Remodeling in the Ascending Thoracic Aorta Using the Homogenized Constrained Mixture Model. Biomech Model Mechanobiol. 2019;18(6):1895-913. doi: 10.1007/s10237-019-01184-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mousavi</surname>
              <given-names>SJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farzaneh</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Avril</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Patient-Specific Predictions of Aneurysm Growth and Remodeling in the Ascending Thoracic Aorta Using the Homogenized Constrained Mixture Model</article-title>
          <source>Biomech Model Mechanobiol</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>1895</fpage>
          <lpage>1913</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1007/s10237-019-01184-8.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gabriela de Castro Almeida pelo Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Engenharia Mec&#226;nica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Computational Fluid Dynamics to Assess the Future Risk of Ascending Aortic Aneurysms</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3082-6167</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriela de C.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4788-1496</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gomes</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Alvares de Azevedo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4361-5609</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Fabiula Schwartz de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0472-202X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kalaun</surname>
            <given-names>Karim</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9541-311X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ibanez</surname>
            <given-names>Ivan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5025-7531</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Teixeira</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro S.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0402-5769</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3325-247X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo M.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Glaucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4836-8931</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Nieckele</surname>
            <given-names>Angela O.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Engenharia Mec&#226;nica, Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">FIT Center &#8211; Cl&#237;nica de Performance Humana, Niter&#243;i, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Glaucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Almeida GC, Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Ibanez I, Teixeira PS, Oliveira GMM, Nieckele AO; Acquisition of data: Almeida GC, Kalaoun K, Ibanez I, Gottlieb I, Melo MM, Nieckele AO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Almeida GC, Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Kalaoun K, Ibanez I, Teixeira PS, Oliveira GMM, Nieckele AO; Statistical analysis: Gomes BAA, Azevedo FS, Oliveira GMM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>A methodology to identify patients with ascending aortic aneurysm (AsAA) under high risk for aortic growth is not completely defined</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetive</title>
          <p>This research seeks to numerically characterize the aortic blood flow by relating the resulting mechanical stress distribution with AsAA growth.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Analytical, observational, single-center study in which a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) protocol was applied to aortic computed tomography angiogram (CTA) images of patients with AsAA. Two CTA exams taken at a minimum interval of one year were obtained. From the CTA-gathered images, three-dimensional models were built, and clinical data were registered. Study of velocity field and coherent structures (vortices) was performed aiming to relate them to the presence or absence of aneurysm growth, as well as comparing them to the patients&#8217; clinical data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to evaluate the normality of the distribution, and the non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test, for non-normal distribution, was used to compare the paired data of the aortic angles. Statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>The incident jet in the aortic wall generated recirculation areas in the posterior region of the jet, inducing complex vortices formation in the group with aneurysm growth, leading to an average pressure increase in the ascending aortic wall between exams. In the group without aneurysm growth, the average pressure decreased.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>This pilot study showed that CFD based on CTA may in the near future be a tool to help identify flow patterns associated with AsAA remodeling process.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Hemodynamics</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Aneurysm</kwd>
        <kwd>Thoracic</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient-Specific Modeling</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Ascending aortic aneurysm (AsAA) is usually asymptomatic and progresses imperceptibly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> However, its complications, such as rupture and dissection, are catastrophic events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Some aneurysms do not grow, while others increase significantly in size in a short period. The variables related to the AsAA growth are not known precisely.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The AsAA formation is a multifactorial degenerative process, resulting from hemodynamic factors and biological processes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> According to Hope et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> changes in the flow pattern along the ascending aorta are related to the remodeling process, and, thus, may influence aneurysm growth.</p>
        <p>Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has gained great interest as a complementary tool to improve the understanding of cardiovascular disease pathogenesis and progression, in addition to proving itself suitable for minimally invasive assessments.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> As highlighted by Morris et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> CFD combined with population-scale numerical models have the potential to reduce the risks, costs, and time associated with clinical trials.</p>
        <p>Through CFD studies of aortic flow, regions with high rates of wall shear stress and pressure can be identified,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> suggesting an association of these variables with aneurysmal dilatation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> These observations were discussed by G&#252;lan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> who found large rotational regions formed during the systolic phase, showing qualitative similarity with the vortex ring formation, i.e., a central jet surrounded by two large vortices. From the fluid mechanics viewpoint, the flow through an abrupt expansion, such as that between the aortic annulus and the dilated ascending portion, leads to separation of the boundary layer and formation of a separation zone. Hence, there might be a correlation between flow separation, turbulence, pressure loss, and aneurysm growth.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, the presence of coherent structures inside the aorta can be applied to explain the formation of high shear stress and pressure regions, which can contribute to the aortic remodeling process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> shows the ascending aorta region of interest with the main flow variables, which is the central illustration of the present study. The goal of this pilot study is to investigate the blood flow behavior along the ascending aorta aiming to identify some flow patterns that might be associated with AsAA growth.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Main area of interest of the ascending aorta, with main flow variables.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study guidelines</title>
          <p>The present work is an analytical, observational, single-center study, in which a CFD protocol was applied to aortic computed tomography angiogram (CTA) images. This study was registered in the National Research Ethics Committee of the Health Ministry and approved by the local Research Ethics Committee (CAAE 86716318.3.0000.5272, Number: 2.750.919). All participants provided written informed consent in accordance with Resolution 466/2012 of the National Health Board.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients</title>
          <p>This study assessed nine patients with AsAA selected from 100 consecutive patients from the aortic disease outpatient clinic of a tertiary health center. Patients with AsAA diagnosis were included, and all of them had stable disease. Patients with collagen pathologies and previous aortic and cardiac surgery were excluded. All patients had two available images of CTA scan with a minimum interval of one-year between the exams. The images were obtained due to clinical indications for follow-up, not specifically for the present study. Patients were under medical treatment according to recent guidelines on AsAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Geometry: segmentation and the three-dimensional model</title>
          <p>The aorta geometry was built based on a CTA scan obtained with a 64-slice scanner SOMATOM Sensation 64 (Siemens, Germany). The selected CTA slices were spanned from the aortic annulus to the thoracic aorta. Information, such as pixel size and distance slice, was obtained to further adjust the three-dimensional (3D) aortic model to its actual size. The image segmentation was performed with the software FIJI, an open-source image processing software based on ImageJ, focused on biological-image analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Two 3D aortic models for each patient were super-imposed to provide a spatial reference for comparison between the exams, aiming to overlap the images of the beginning of the brachiocephalic trunk and the right coronary arteries ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2a</xref> ). The aorta corresponding to the first year is gray, and the one corresponding to the second-year exam is blue. Once the arteries were overlapping, the aortic valve and the descending part were sectioned ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2a</xref> ), ensuring that the inflow and outflow sections had the same spatial reference. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2b</xref> shows the study&#8217;s main area of interest, which is the ascending aorta. The entry flow plane was positioned in the centroid of the aortic annulus, so that the x-axis crosses the centroid of the left main coronary artery, pointing towards the anterior aortic wall, and the y-axis pointing to the right coronary artery.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>(a) Comparison criteria between aortas of the same patient in different years. The yellow arrow indicates superposition of the brachiocephalic trunk of the aortas, with the dotted line indicating its beginning, and overlapping of the right coronary arteries, with the aortic valve and descending aorta portion sectioned; (b) the main area of interest of the aortas; (c) Angle I (&#952;<sub>I</sub>) and Angle II (&#952;<sub>II</sub>); (d) inlet and outlet conditions.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Since the flow field depends directly on the aortic shape, two angles ( <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ) were defined between the inflow plane and the brachiocephalic trunk outlet, aiming to relate it with the flow pattern that can induce aneurysm growth ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2c</xref> ). <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> was defined as the angle between the line connecting the brachiocephalic trunk centroid with the left main coronary artery centroid and the x-axis centered in the inflow plane. <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> was formed by the angle between the line that connects the brachiocephalic trunk centroid with a point on the extreme position on the x-axis of the inflow plane, and the line connecting this point with the extreme position on the y-axis of the inflow plane. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2d</xref> illustrates the valve inlet and the four outlet sections.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Flow modeling</title>
          <p>To examine the correspondence of the flow field with the patient&#8217;s pathology, we focused on the ascending aortic portion during ventricular systole, when the aortic walls are distended and provide maximum diameter. During systolic peak, the aortic diameter is maximum and compliance is small, allowing considering the aortic wall stiff.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In addition, the present analysis was performed considering the most critical situation during the systole, corresponding to the maximum physiological flow rate, <italic>Q</italic> <sub><italic>in</italic></sub> = 25 l/min,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> flowing in time-averaged steady turbulent manner.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> To model the turbulence, the time averaged two-equation &#954;&#8722;&#969; SST model<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> was selected based on the recommendation by Celis et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> , who performed a numerical comparison with the experimental data by Gomes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> on similar aortic anatomy. The effects of gravity were also neglected since the pressure variations are dominant over the force of gravity.</p>
          <p>Blood was modeled as a Newtonian fluid since high shear rates<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> are found in patients with ascending aortic aneurysm (deformation rate above 50 s<sup>-1</sup>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In addition, under normal conditions, blood can be considered an incompressible fluid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Density was set at <italic>&#961;</italic> = 1054 kg/m<sup>3</sup>The dynamic viscosity was defined as <italic>&#956;</italic> = 7.2 cP to allow a direct comparison with in vitro experimental data.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Additionally, a few tests were performed and the results obtained with viscosities equal to 3.5 cP and 7.2 cP provided equivalent results, with pressure differences inferior to 0.01 mm Hg in the region of interest of the ascending aorta. These tests corroborate the findings by Becsek et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> who evaluated viscosities equal to 4 cP, 6 cP, and 8 cP and showed negligible effect on the mean flow field and a very small effect on the location of the turbulent breakdown.</p>
          <p>For all cases, the same outlet flow-rate distributions (inflow percentage) were imposed based on average values in the human body, according to Alastruey et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2d</xref>:  descending aorta, 69.1%; brachiocephalic trunk, 19.3%; left carotid artery, 5.2%; and left subclavian artery, 6.4%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Numerical simulation</title>
          <p>The present analyses were performed using ANSYS Fluent v18.1 software, which solves the conservation equations discretized based on the finite volume method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Simulations were post-processed with the ANSYS CFD-Post tool<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> and with the open-source Paraview.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The discretized equations were obtained with the &#8220;Power Law scheme&#8221;.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The pressure-velocity coupling was handled with the SIMPLE algorithm,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> and the maximum convergence residual error was set as 10<sup>-6</sup>for all equations.</p>
          <p>A mesh with 400 000 nodes was applied to all cases studied, which were determined based on a mesh independent test, by guaranteeing a pressure drop variation smaller than 0.3% at the main area of interest (ascending aorta), when the mesh size was doubled.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The anatomic shape of each patient&#8217;s aorta can be inferred by the reference angles <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2c</xref> ), which were measured by two observers independently. Continuous variables with normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation. Continuous variables without normal distribution were presented as median and interquartile range. Inter-observer reproducibility was calculated by use of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> measurements. The following criteria for reliability<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> was applied: poor (ICC &#8804; 0.50); moderate (0.50 &lt; ICC &#8804; 0.75); good (0.75 &lt; ICC &#8804; 0.90); excellent (ICC &gt; 0.90).</p>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality test was used to examine if variables had a normal distribution. Due to non-normal distribution, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, a non-parametric test, was applied for comparison of paired data (dependent samples) between the <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> measurements. Statistical significance was set at 5%. All statistical analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS software, version 26.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Aortic shape and angles</title>
          <p>Patients were divided into two groups based on the area of interest volume.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> The aneurysm was considered as having grown when the difference between the volume of the area of interest increased by 10% or more, comparing the two CTAs for each patient. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> presents the percentage of the volume difference and the time interval between the CTA scans of each patient. There was no statistical difference between the measurements of two independent observers. The resulting ICC was 0.99, considered excellent.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Patient classification due to aneurysm growth</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="11%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Patient</th>
                    <th>Volume variation (%)</th>
                    <th>Interval between scans (years)</th>
                    <th>Sex</th>
                    <th>Age (years)</th>
                    <th>Year</th>
                    <th>Angle 1 (&#186;)</th>
                    <th>Angle 2 (&#186;)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="10">
                      <bold>Aneurysm growth</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">18.0</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">77</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">138.80</td>
                    <td align="center">63.56</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">144.85</td>
                    <td align="center">56.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">60</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">116.64</td>
                    <td align="center">51.34</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">94.74</td>
                    <td align="center">42.69</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15.6</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">70</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">116.51</td>
                    <td align="center">42.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">126.91</td>
                    <td align="center">46.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">4</td>
                    <td align="center">10.5</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">124.14</td>
                    <td align="center">51.71</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">128.03</td>
                    <td align="center">51.59</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">12.5</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">58</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">135.79</td>
                    <td align="center">51.30</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">134.74</td>
                    <td align="center">67.86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td rowspan="8">
                      <bold>No aneurysm growth</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">63</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">94.90</td>
                    <td align="center">78.84</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">88.33</td>
                    <td align="center">91.39</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">-4.50</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">F</td>
                    <td align="center">52</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">77.19</td>
                    <td align="center">70.86</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">94.20</td>
                    <td align="center">71.99</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">8</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">74</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">119.22</td>
                    <td align="center">64.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">121.53</td>
                    <td align="center">56.89</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="center">9</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">M</td>
                    <td align="center">69</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">136.41</td>
                    <td align="center">66.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center">2</td>
                    <td align="center">137.09</td>
                    <td align="center">58.99</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>M: male; F: female.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , the volume variation of patients 6, 8, and 9 is negligible. Based on the difference between the aortic volume measurements, a volume variation equal or superior to 10% (patients 1 to 5) was considered as aneurysm growth, while a volume variation below that threshold value (patients 6 to 9) was considered as no aneurysm growth. The median and interquartile range of the volume variation in patients with aneurysm growth were 12.5 [10.25 &#8211; 16.8]%; without "aneurysm growth, (-0.16) [(-2.35) &#8211;(0.18)] %; and in the total population, 10 [(-0.16) &#8211;( 14.05)] %."</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> shows the measurements corresponding to the first and second years for all patients. All patients identified as having aneurysm growth presented large Angle I ( <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> <italic>&#8805;</italic> 94<sup>o</sup>) and small Angle II (51<sup>o</sup> <italic>&#8804; &#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> <italic>&#8804;</italic> 68<sup>o</sup>). However, when examining the angles corresponding to the patients without aneurysm growth, a clear tendency was not observed. There were patients with large and small <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> . Patients 6 and 7 clearly presented a different range of angles, but the same was not true for patients 8 and 9. The <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> measurement in patients with aneurysm growth was 127.47 [116.64 &#8211; 135.79]&#176;; without aneurysm growth, 119.22 [91.26 &#8211; 128.97]&#176;; and in total population, 121.53 [94.9 &#8211; 135.79]&#176;. The <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> measurement in patients with aneurysm growth was 51.46 [46.07 &#8211; 56.61]&#176;; without aneurysm growth, 68.5 [61.53 &#8211; 75.41]&#176;; and in the total population, 57.94 [51.34 &#8211; 67.86]&#176;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Flow characteristics</title>
          <p>To visualize the flow field inside the aorta, using frontal and lateral aortic views, a grey color axial velocity iso-surface ( <italic>w</italic> ) equal to 50% of inlet axial velocity ( <italic>w</italic> <sub><italic>in</italic></sub> ) was drawn ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> correspond to patients with and without aneurysm growth, respectively). This variable allowed for the identification of the shape of the inlet jet. Velocity streamlines were also included in the figures to aid in the identification of flow recirculation. To evaluate the turbulence level, those lines were colored according to the turbulent kinetic energy (&#954;). For this analysis, two angles of visualization were defined, corresponding to the frontal and lateral views of the aorta. Analyzing <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> , for all five patients with aneurysm growth, the inlet jet is directed towards the anterior aortic wall. In addition, large rotational regions can be seen, except for patient 4, who, as will be shown later, had a substantial increase in the pressure level at the ascending aortic wall. These results corroborated remarks by G&#252;lan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> , who suggested that the presence of rotational regions might be linked with aneurysm growth. For patients 6 and 7, whose aneurysms did not grow ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ), since <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ) is smaller, the resulting flow field extends through the aorta, since the jet does not impinge on the vessel wall. Although longer inlet jets can also be observed for patients 8 and 9 concerning patients 1 to 5, due to their large <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> , the inlet jet also impinges on the anterior wall, but no recirculation region is observed, i.e., the streamlines follow a smooth path along the aorta. Note that the flow field of patient 6, whose aneurysm did not grow, shows recirculation regions, but it is located further up in the ascending region. With regards to the turbulence level, no significant differences were observed for both groups. For all cases, 5% turbulence intensity was imposed at the valve inlet and, for both groups, an average turbulence intensity between 1% and 2% was obtained.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Axial-velocity iso-surface (w/w<sub>in</sub>= 0.5) and streamlines colored according to the turbulent kinetic energy scale. Patients with aneurysm growth: (a) frontal and (b) lateral view of the first year; (c) frontal and (d) lateral view of the second year.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Axial-velocity iso-surface (w/w<sub>in</sub>= 0.5) and streamlines colored according to the turbulent kinetic energy scale. Patients without aneurysm growth: (a) frontal and (b) lateral view of the first year; (c) frontal and (d) lateral view of the second year.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>According to Weigang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> some cases with aneurysm growth present the formation of large rotational regions, with a vortex ring surrounding a central jet with two large vortices. Thus, to identify coherent flow structures, we employed the <italic>Q</italic> -criteria,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> defined as</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>Q</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:mfenced close="" open="(" separators="|">
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>&#937;</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>&#937;</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mo>+</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                  <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:msub>
                    <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#937;</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:msub>
                  <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mfrac>
                    <mml:mn>1</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mfrac>
                  <mml:mfenced close=")" open="(" separators="|">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mfrac>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
                          <mml:msub>
                            <mml:mi>x</mml:mi>
                            <mml:mrow>
                              <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                            </mml:mrow>
                          </mml:msub>
                        </mml:mrow>
                      </mml:mfrac>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mfenced>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfenced>
            </mml:math>
            <label>(1)</label>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>where a positive <italic>Q</italic> means domination of the vorticity magnitude <italic>&#937;</italic> over the strain rate <italic>S</italic> . Further, <italic>Q</italic> is related to regions of low pressure, which can also be associated with the presence of a coherent structure. Additionally, the normalized helicity<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
          <disp-formula id="e2001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mi>H</mml:mi>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mfenced close="]" open="[" separators="|">
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:msqrt>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:msqrt>
                  <mml:msqrt>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>&#8467;</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                    <mml:msub>
                      <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mi>&#8467;</mml:mi>
                      </mml:mrow>
                    </mml:msub>
                  </mml:msqrt>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:mfenced>
              <mml:mo>;</mml:mo>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>&#958;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>&#1013;</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>k</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>j</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">&#8706;</mml:mi>
              <mml:msub>
                <mml:mi>u</mml:mi>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>i</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msub>
            </mml:math>
            <label>(2)</label>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>is also examined, where <italic>&#958;</italic> <sub><italic>i</italic></sub> is the vorticity, and <italic>&#1013;</italic> <sub><italic>i</italic><italic>jk</italic></sub> is the Levi-Civita operator. Helicity assesses the flow propensity to form coherent vortices, representing the amount of linkage of flow vortex lines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> According to Garcia et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> helical flow might promote aortic dilatation, therefore normalized helicity might aid in the characterization of aortic and heart valve diseases. In addition, when the directions of the vorticity and velocity vector are the same, normalized helicity is <italic>H = 1</italic> ; when they are opposite, <italic>H = &#8211;1</italic> and for orthogonal vectors <italic>H = 0</italic> . Thus, helicity is a quantitative indication of the helical flow around the principal flow direction in the aortic region.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Helicity values of 1 or &#8722;1 represent the vortex core, which is characterized by strong vortex roll-up. Gallo et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> have indicated that an absolute normalized helicity value higher than 0.6 represents the possibility of arterial remodeling, but Garcia et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> have indicated a different threshold of 0.8.</p>
          <p>A <italic>Q</italic> iso-surface for each patient, normalized by the inlet velocity and effective diameter, is plotted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> , corresponding to the two groups. Each <italic>Q</italic> iso-surface was colored with the dimensionless helicity <italic>H</italic> , on a scale represented on the bottom of the figures.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Q iso-surface colored according to normalized helicity scale. Patients with aneurysm growth: (a) first year; (b) second year.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Q iso-surface colored according to normalized helicity scale. Patients without aneurysm growth: (a) first year; (b) second year.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Analyzing <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> for patient 1, who presented the largest aortic dilatation, a large vortex structure similar in shape to a hairpin vortex can be seen reaching the distal wall, in both years. The angular curvature of patient 1 may have caused the formation of a detached vortex. Patient 2 (smallest dilatation of the group) presented a toroidal vortex near the aortic root, with a longitudinal vortex along the distal wall. The same phenomenon occurs for patients 3 and 5. Examining the Q iso-surface for patient 4, a hairpin-like structure can be seen close to the wall, as seen for patient 1. Those patients showed that the flow remained attached to the aortic walls during the systolic period.</p>
          <p>For all patients whose aneurysm did not grow ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ), similar structures can be seen for both years, i.e., coherent structures in a toroidal format are present around the inlet jet, detached from the aortic wall. Note that patient 9 (large Angle I) presents a toroidal structure near the aortic root and a large, compact structure approaching the distal wall, which increased in size in the second year.</p>
          <p>Examining the dimensionless helicity in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> , regions with absolute normalized helicity values above 0.6 (or even 0.8) can be seen in all cases, and this is consequent to the fact that all evaluated aortas present vascular remodeling regions. However, a closer look into these results shows more complex structures for the group with aneurysm growth, with counter-rotating vortex indicated by the opposite sign of the helicity. For the patients without aneurysm growth, the helicity has predominantly one sign, indicating only one direction of rotation.</p>
          <p>Comparing the coherent structures and helicity of both groups, there is not a clear difference between them, although, a slightly more complex flow structure was observed for the group with aneurysm growth. For this group, vertical structures are stretched, ending up forming a loop, with a strong counter-rotating vortex, while, for the second group, the toroidal vortex remains close to the aortic root, predominantly rotating in one direction. The stronger vortex might lead to different stress levels at the aortic endothelium.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f08001">Figure 8</xref> illustrate the pressure distribution at the aortic wall for patients with and without aneurysm growth, respectively, for both years. In these figures, only pressures above 100 Pa in relation to the inlet pressure are shown, to illustrate the critical region at the aortic wall, i.e., the region under high pressures. In these figures, the maximum and average aortic wall pressure (i.e., <italic>P</italic> <sub><italic>m&#225;x</italic></sub> and <bold><italic>&#175;</italic></bold> <italic>P</italic> <sub><italic>wall</italic></sub> ) were also included, as well as the percent area of the ascending aorta under high pressure ( <italic>%A</italic> <sub><italic>cr</italic></sub> ). Analyzing these figures, one can associate the inlet jet, shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> , with its impingement position, corresponding to the pressure peak region at the anterior aortic wall. One can also observe its amplification in the second year in 4 out of 5 patients in the growing aneurysm group. Interestingly, patient 4 has the largest increase in maximal pressure between the first and second years, reaching values &gt; 600 Pa, however with a reduction in the size of the high-pressure area, indicating high-pressure concentration in the impingement region.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Wall pressure. Patients with aneurysm growth: (a) frontal and (b) lateral view of first year; (c) frontal and (d) lateral view of second year. Maximum pressure (P<sub>max</sub>) and average wall pressure (&#175;P<sub>wall</sub>) in the ascending aortic region, and percent area of the ascending aorta with pressure above 100 Pa (%A<sub>er</sub>).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f08001">
              <label>Figure 8</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Wall pressure. Patients without aneurysm growth: (a) frontal and (b) lateral view of first year; (c) frontal and (d) lateral view of second year. Maximum pressure (P<sub>max</sub>) and average wall pressure (&#175;P<sub>wall</sub>) in the ascending aortic region, and percent area of the ascending aorta with pressure above 100 Pa (%A<sub>er</sub>).</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0448-00926-gf08-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Notably, there is a tendency towards larger areas of increased pressures in the growing aneurysm group, with elevated maximum pressures above 200 Pa, compared to the non-growing aneurysm group, which demonstrated lower maximum pressures (below 200 Pa), except for patient 9 in the non-growing aneurysm group, who presented a significant reduction in the average pressure, which might explain the lack of aneurysm growth. Further, there was an increase in the average wall pressure in the growing aneurysm group and a reduction in the other group, except for patient 7, whose maximum pressure was quite low, which could also explain the lack of aneurysm growth.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical profile</title>
          <p>The clinical profile of the population studied is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Clinical data of two patients were not available, so they were excluded from the table. In these two cases, a 60-year-old female and a 70-year-old male, there was aneurysm growth. All seven patients had high blood pressure. Most were current or ex-smokers, had dyslipidemia, preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, and desirable systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical profile of the population</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Population* (n=7)</th>
                    <th>Aneurysm growth (n=3)</th>
                    <th>No aneurysm growth (n=4)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Age</bold> (years &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">65.1 &#177; 8.1</td>
                    <td align="center">66 &#177; 8</td>
                    <td align="center">64.5 &#177; 8.2</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Gender, male</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Hypertension</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (100)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Diabetes</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Dyslipidemia</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Chronic kidney disease</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Atrial fibrillation</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Neurological disease</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Current or past smoking</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Obstructive coronary atherosclerotic disease</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Cerebrovascular disease</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Functional class I and II NYHA</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Angina</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Syncope or lipothymia</bold> (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0 (0)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Body mass index</bold> (kg/m<sup>2</sup>&#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">29.5 &#177; 2</td>
                    <td align="center">28.3 &#177; 2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">30.3 &#177; 1.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Left ventricle ejection fraction</bold> (Teicholz % &#177; SD)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.1 &#177; 8.7</td>
                    <td align="center">56.6 &#177; 9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">66.2 &#177; 4.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Systolic blood pressure</bold> &#8804; 130 mm Hg (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Diastolic blood pressure</bold> &#8804; 85 mm Hg (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (85.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td><bold>Heart rate</bold> &lt; 70 bpm (n, %)</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Clinical profile of 7 patients of the population* (clinical data of 2 patients were not available); SD: standard deviation; NYHA: New York Heart Association functional class I and II means no limitation or mild symptoms with slight limitation in ordinary activity; bpm: beats per minute.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Hemodynamics simulation has been a promising area of translational scientific research<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> for possible clinical applications in the near future. In this study, patients were classified as AsAA with growth or without growth according to the volume of the area of interest. Raghavan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> have shown a better relationship of possible aneurysm rupture with the ascending aorta volume and high wall stresses, rather than the ascending aorta diameter.</p>
        <p>As shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , all patients identified as having aneurysm growth presented large <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>I</italic></sub> and small <italic>&#952;</italic> <sub><italic>II</italic></sub> ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2c</xref> ). On the other hand, among patients without aneurysm growth ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ), no tendency was noted. A correlation of aneurysm growth with the angle between the aortic inlet and the brachiocephalic trunk may be suggested, because for patients with angulation greater than 94&#176;, aneurysm growth was present over the years. Due to the aortic shape, the incoming jet strongly impinges on the anterior wall, raising the pressure levels and shear stress, inducing the formation of hairpin-like structures with strong recirculation. These phenomena were observed in the group with aortic aneurysm growth, which might therefore contribute to the aortic remodeling process.</p>
        <p>Angles I and II ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2c</xref> ), listed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , corresponding to each group, were measured by two independent observers as described in the Methods section. Based on manual angle measurement, the ICC between the two independent observers was 0.99, which was considered excellent,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> showing the high reproducibility of the method. No statistical difference was found in both angles regarding the presence or absence of aneurysm growth, and a sample of nine individuals does not allow major statistical inferences. Nevertheless, the high rate of agreement between the observers may allow, with a higher number of patients analyzed, significant statistical associations in the near future. As an unprecedented study, it could be considered a proof of concept in terms of numerical research and a study of disruptive translational technology.</p>
        <p>By comparing the flow field inside the aorta of nine patients, with a time span of at least one year, different coherent structures were observed. Toroidal structures with low velocities detached from the distal aortic wall were observed for the patients without aneurysm growth. For those with aneurysm growth, two types of structures were identified: hairpin-like structures and toroidal structures with high velocities.</p>
        <p>Since the helicity distribution indicating two directions of rotation occurs in the patients with aneurysm growth, it is possible to infer that in these cases the flow is likely to be more disturbed. Another possible consideration is that the flow inside the aneurysm contains regions of strong recirculation, which are responsible for the formation of coherent structures in the aorta. Michel et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> have discussed that alterations in blood flow patterns can induce aneurysmal development on the outer curvature of the ascending aorta, due to high transverse wall shear stress and mechanical impedance on the convex side.</p>
        <p>Biasetti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> have correlated the presence of vortical structures with high shear stress in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysms. Here, vertical coherent structures can also be seen near the distal aortic wall, evolving in some cases to a hairpin-like structure. These differences in the flow structure of patients in the two different groups (with and without aneurysm growth) may indicate the possibility of an aortic aneurysm remodeling process.</p>
        <p>One hypothesis to explain these findings is the transfer of stress to adventitia due to loss of elastin and collagen deposition, promoting continuous adaptation because of stress distribution and, consequently, changes in the shape of AsAA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are some limitations to this research. Firstly, the CTA scans were performed by different physicians. As a result, the quality of the exams was not the same. This fact may have affected the accuracy of measurements and definition of the aortic shape. Secondly, the small size of the population studied limits any correlation between clinical patterns and AsAA growth. Thirdly, clinical data of two patients were not available, so they were not included in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . In addition, the present analysis was performed considering the most critical situation during the systole corresponding to the maximum flow rate in a cardiac cycle. Thus, the aorta was considered static at systolic peak and its elasticity was not considered.</p>
        <p>Clearly, there are several factors that must be considered to improve the prognosis of patients with regards to aortic aneurysm growth, such as their age, previous diseases, and medicine intake. The angle between the aortic inlet and the brachiocephalic trunk could be an important feature to be considered, as well as the flow structure and the pressure distribution on the anterior wall, which can be numerically determined.</p>
        <p>By the pressure distribution in the aortic wall, the mean pressure was observed to increase over 13% in all patients with aneurysm growth, while for those without pathological growth, the mean pressure decreased over 18% for all patients, except for one. This result indicates that this variable might influence the growth of the AsAA.</p>
        <p>Future studies with a larger number of patients and longer follow-up are needed to precisely define the relationship between blood flow pattern and aortic remodeling process. The CFD could be a completely non-invasive tool to be used from CTA scans to estimate the growth trend of AsAA. The identification of different risk profiles among patients with AsAA could open the way for different medical care for these patients. All the above can lead to a step forward in personalized medicine and help to decipher the pathophysiology of this severe disease.</p>
        <p>Considering that some flow characteristics could be associated with aneurysm growth, the study of the flow pattern in the ascending aorta could help predict the remodeling process of AsAA.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>This pilot study showed that CFD based on CTA may in the near future be a tool to help identify patterns of flow behavior associated with the AsAA remodeling process. Vortices were formed in the posterior region of the incident jet in the aortic wall, generating more complex structures for the aneurysm growth group. Consequently, there was an increase in the mean pressure in the anterior aortic wall between the CTA exams for the patients with aneurysm growth, while for those without aneurysm growth, this variable decreased.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>This study was supported by the Cardiovascular Engineering Laboratory at PUC-Rio. The authors would like to thank Gustavo M. Geraldo and Gabriel C. Camargo for their contributions to this research. PUC-Rio members also acknowledge the continued support of Brazilian government agencies CAPES and CNPq.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gabriela de Castro Almeida, from Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Engenharia Mec&#226;nica da Pontif&#237;cia Universidade Cat&#243;lica do Rio de Janeiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
