<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">tytqVDKsYLxks4d7bS9wxCp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200435</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201155</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201155</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pterostilbeno Reduz o Estresse Oxidativo no Pulm&#227;o e no Ventr&#237;culo Direito Induzido por Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Experimental</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7184-1072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tasca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Sara E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre L. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bell&#243;-Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bassani</surname>
            <given-names>Valquiria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Sander da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas: Fisiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS),Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Alex Sander da Rosa Ara&#250;jo &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul <italic>-</italic> Sarmento Leite, 500. CEP 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>alex.rosa@ufrgs.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Tasca S, Lacerda D, Castro AL, Ara&#250;jo ASR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tasca S, Campos C, Bianchi SE; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Tasca S, Campos C, Lacerda D, Turck P; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Tasca S, Ortiz VD, Turck P; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bell&#243;-Klein A, Bassani V, Ara&#250;jo ASR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Tasca S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Castro AL, Bell&#243;-Klein A, Bassani V, Ara&#250;jo ASR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>435</fpage>
      <lpage>445</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> O pterostilbeno (PS), um composto polifen&#243;lico natural e antioxidante, surge como uma interven&#231;&#227;o promissora para minimizar danos do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do PS na promo&#231;&#227;o da homeostase redox nos pulm&#245;es e no ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) de animais infartados.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar machos (60 dias de idade) foram randomizados em tr&#234;s grupos: SHAM, IAM (infarto) e IAM+PS (IAM + pterostilbeno). Sete dias ap&#243;s o procedimento de IAM, os ratos foram tratados com PS (100 mg/kg/dia) por gavagem por oito dias. Os animais foram depois sacrificados e os pulm&#245;es e VD foram coletados para an&#225;lise do balan&#231;o redox (diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas quando p&lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Nossos resultados mostram que o IAM desencadeia a interrup&#231;&#227;o redox no VD e nos pulm&#245;es, o que pode contribuir para danos induzido pelo IAM nesses &#243;rg&#227;os. Consistentemente, o PS mitigou o estresse oxidativo e restaurou as defesas antioxidantes (Glutationa &#8211; GSH nos pulm&#245;es: SHAM = 0,79 &#177; 0,07; IAM = 0,67 &#177; 0,05; IAM + PS = 0,86 &#177; 0,14; p&lt;0,05), indicando seu papel protetor neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Nosso trabalho evidencia o potencial do uso de PS como abordagem terap&#234;utica adjuvante ap&#243;s IAM para prote&#231;&#227;o dos tecidos pulmonares e card&#237;acos direitos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;xido N&#237;trico Sintase</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostase</kwd>
        <kwd>Hormese</kwd>
        <kwd>Pterostilbeno</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidases</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="43"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM), evento agudo que ocorre quando o fluxo sangu&#237;neo coronariano &#233; interrompido, culmina em altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas, neuro-humorais e metab&#243;licas que podem impactar negativamente a fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca adversa p&#243;s-IAM induz modifica&#231;&#227;o da geometria ventricular e deslocamento dos folhetos da v&#225;lvula mitral, o que prejudica seu processo de fechamento e causa modifica&#231;&#245;es prejudiciais que afetam ambos os ventr&#237;culos. Na verdade, o IAM ventricular esquerdo com regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral pode levar a altera&#231;&#245;es hemodin&#226;micas nos vasos pulmonares, refletindo em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia no aumento da press&#227;o arterial pulmonar. Todos esses dist&#250;rbios podem desencadear hipertens&#227;o pulmonar secund&#225;ria &#224; cardiopatia esquerda.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Nesse cen&#225;rio, o aumento da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar (RVP) compromete a c&#226;mara card&#237;aca direita em decorr&#234;ncia da p&#243;s-carga elevada do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD), levando ao aumento da espessura da parede e diminui&#231;&#227;o da contratilidade. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es culminam em resposta adaptative ruim, caracterizada por dilata&#231;&#227;o, disfun&#231;&#227;o e fal&#234;ncia do ventr&#237;culo direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Importantes mediadores associados ao dano cardiopulmonar induzido pelo infarto s&#227;o as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (ROS), cujas principais fontes s&#227;o as NADPH oxidases, a xantina oxidase e as mitoc&#244;ndrias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Nesse sentido, o sistema enzim&#225;tico antioxidante &#8212; constitu&#237;do principalmente por super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) e glutationa peroxidase (GPx) &#8212; &#233; o mecanismo central de defesa contra o dano celular induzido por ROS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m do sistema enzim&#225;tico antioxidante, os tecidos tamb&#233;m podem recrutar antioxidantes n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos, como a glutationa reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> No entanto, foi relatado que a resposta antioxidante do VD &#233; reduzida ap&#243;s o IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Nessa situa&#231;&#227;o, a resposta contrarregulat&#243;ria contra a ruptura da homeostase redox pode ser coordenada pelo fator de transcri&#231;&#227;o antioxidante, conhecido como fator nuclear eritroide 2 relacionado ao fator 2 (Nrf2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> De fato, o Nrf2 regula a express&#227;o de v&#225;rias prote&#237;nas redox por meio da indu&#231;&#227;o de elementos de resposta antioxidante (ERA), principalmente em condi&#231;&#245;es de estresse oxidativo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e pode ser ativado por antioxidantes naturais, como o pterostilbeno (PS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O PS &#233; um composto encontrado em uma grande variedade de frutas vermelhas, como mirtilos ( <italic>Vaccinium spp.</italic> ) E uvas ( <italic>Vitis spp.</italic> ). Quimicamente, corresponde ao resveratrol dimetilado (trans-3,5-dimetoxi-4&#8217;-hidroxiestilbeno), diferenciando-se dele por sua maior lipofilicidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> O mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o dos estilbenos tem sido relacionado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ROS, como per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio e &#226;nions super&#243;xidos, bem como ao aumento da disponibilidade intracelular de antioxidantes enzim&#225;ticos e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Nosso grupo relatou melhora nos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) e nos marcadores de estresse oxidativo em ratos infartados tratados com PS (100 mg/kg/dia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o existem estudos que avaliem se o composto pode causar uma atenua&#231;&#227;o dos danos induzidos pelo infarto nos pulm&#245;es e VD. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto do IAM sobre o estresse oxidativo no tecido pulmonar e no VD, e verificar se a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS poderia melhorar a homeostase redox nesses &#243;rg&#227;os.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Qu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>O PS foi adquirido da Changsha Organic Herb (Changsha, China). A hidroxipropil--ciclodextrina (HPCD) foi fornecida pela Roquette Fr&#232;res (Lestrem, Fran&#231;a). A prepara&#231;&#227;o e complexa&#231;&#227;o do PS com HPCD para aumentar sua solubilidade em &#225;gua foi conduzida como descrito previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>&#201;tica</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar machos (60 dias de idade) foram obtidos no Centro de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o e Experimenta&#231;&#227;o de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Os animais foram alocados em caixas de polipropileno (340 x 200 x 410 mm) com tr&#234;s/quatro animais por gaiola. Foram mantidos em condi&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o: temperatura de 20-25&#176; C, ciclos claro-escuro de 12 horas e umidade relativa de 70%. &#193;gua e ra&#231;&#245;es comerciais foram oferecidas <italic>ad libitum</italic> . O protocolo experimental foi realizado de acordo com as Diretrizes Internacionais para Uso e Cuidado de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio e do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal. O protocolo s&#243; foi iniciado ap&#243;s aprova&#231;&#227;o pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica para Experimenta&#231;&#227;o Animal da Universidade (#35451).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho experimental</title>
        <p>Primeiramente, os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em gaiolas e todas as avalia&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas &#224;s cegas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A cirurgia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS foram realizadas de acordo com estudos anteriores do nosso grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A taxa de mortalidade durante o procedimento cir&#250;rgico de infarto foi de 10%. Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, 17 ratos foram alocados nos seguintes grupos: SHAM (n = 6), grupo infartado (IAM) (n = 5) e grupo infartado tratado com PS (IAM + PS) (n = 6). A avalia&#231;&#227;o do tamanho da &#225;rea de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio foi realizada por meio de ecocardiografia (Philips HD7 XE Ultrasound System com transdutor L2-13 MHz), no dia 7 do protocolo experimental. Ap&#243;s essa avalia&#231;&#227;o, o PS foi administrado (100mg / kg / dia, por gavagem) para o grupo IAM + PS, e uma solu&#231;&#227;o ve&#237;culo (solu&#231;&#227;o aquosa por gavagem) foi dada aos grupos SHAM e IAM por 8 dias. Ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de tratamento, os animais foram sacrificados; os pulm&#245;es e os VDs foram coletados para an&#225;lises morfom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>As an&#225;lises ecocardiogr&#225;ficas (14 dias ap&#243;s o infarto) foram realizadas usando o sistema EnVisor Philips (Andover, MA, EUA) com um transdutor de alta frequ&#234;ncia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (12-3 MHz) por um operador treinado e com experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia de ratos, sem conhecimento do tratamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os animais foram anestesiados (cetamina 90 mg/kg; xilazina 20 mg/kg, i.p.) e colocados em dec&#250;bito lateral para obten&#231;&#227;o das imagens. As imagens do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram avaliadas em tr&#234;s planos: basal, m&#233;dio e apical. Os valores de encurtamento fracion&#225;rio (EF) do VE foram obtidos pela seguinte equa&#231;&#227;o: LVFS = DD &#8211; DS / DD &#215; 100 (di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico &#8211; DD; di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico &#8211; DS). Os volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico final do VE (VSF e VDF) foram medidos conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> O d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico (SO) foi calculado como SO = VDF &#8211; VSF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em cada plano transversal ecocardiogr&#225;fico (basal, m&#233;dio e apical), o arco correspondente aos segmentos com infarto (regi&#245;es ou segmentos do mioc&#225;rdio apresentando uma das seguintes altera&#231;&#245;es na cin&#233;tica mioc&#225;rdica: movimento sist&#243;lico acinesia e/ou regi&#227;o de hipocinesia &#8211; RHC) foi medido quanto ao per&#237;metro infartado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;metro infartado foi ent&#227;o usada para estimar o tamanho do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (R.B. Teixeira et al. Life Sciences 196 (2018) 93&#8211;101).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito e pulm&#245;es</title>
        <p>A eutan&#225;sia foi realizada por sobrecarga anest&#233;sica (cetamina 90 mg/kg e xilazina 10 mg/kg, por via intraperitonial) e confirmada por luxa&#231;&#227;o cervical. Ap&#243;s a eutan&#225;sia, os pulm&#245;es, o VE e o VD foram utilizados para medidas morfom&#233;tricas e bioqu&#237;micas. O pulm&#227;o esquerdo foi utilizado para determinar a raz&#227;o pulm&#227;o/peso corporal, a fim de avaliar a congest&#227;o pulmonar. Para a realiza&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de hipertrofia dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo, foram calculadas as raz&#245;es ventr&#237;culo/peso corporal e ventr&#237;culo/comprimento da t&#237;bia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o de homogenatos de pulm&#227;o e ventr&#237;culo direito</title>
        <p>O pulm&#227;o direito foi preparado para as seguintes an&#225;lises de estresse oxidativo: ROS total, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, glutationa total, glutationa reduzida, concentra&#231;&#227;o de tiol, atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Nrf2. O VD foi homogeneizado para avaliar as atividades de NADPH oxidase e &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase, n&#237;veis de sulfidrila e imunoconte&#250;do de xantina oxidase. A homogeneiza&#231;&#227;o do pulm&#227;o e do VD foi realizada por 40 segundos com Ultra-Turrax (OMNI Tissue Homogenizer, OMNI International, EUA) na presen&#231;a de KCl 1,15% (5 mL/g tecido) e fluoreto de fenilmetilsulfonil 100 mmol/L (PMSF). As amostras foram centrifugadas (20 minutos a 10.000 x g a 4&#176; C), e o sobrenadante foi coletado e armazenado a 80&#176; C at&#233; a an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> As an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas foram realizadas por um pesquisador que desconhecia o tratamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de estresse oxidativo</title>
        <p>No tecido pulmonar, a concentra&#231;&#227;o total de ROS foi determinada pelo m&#233;todo de fluoresc&#234;ncia por meio da rea&#231;&#227;o com diacetato de dicloro fluoresce&#237;na (DCFH-DA) (Sigma-Aldrich, EUA). Os dados foram expressos em pmol/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica foi medida pela rea&#231;&#227;o dos produtos da oxida&#231;&#227;o com as subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico (TBARS) e os resultados apresentados em nmol/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis de glutationa total (GSH total) e dissulfeto de glutationa (GSSG) foram determinados pela redu&#231;&#227;o de 5,5-ditiobis (&#225;cido 2-nitrobenz&#243;ico) (DTNB) pela nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato (NADPH) catalisada pela glutationa redutase. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como &#181;mol/min/mg de tecido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade NADPH Oxidase</title>
        <p>A atividade da enzima NADPH oxidase foi determinada pela avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo de NADPH a 340 nm. Os resultados foram expressos em nanomoles de NADPH por minuto por miligrama de prote&#237;na (nmol/min/mg de prote&#237;na).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de antioxidantes enzim&#225;ticos e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos</title>
        <p>A atividade da SOD foi determinada por meio da inibi&#231;&#227;o da auto-oxida&#231;&#227;o do pirogalol, e os resultados foram expressos em unidades de SOD/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> A avalia&#231;&#227;o da atividade da CAT foi baseada no consumo de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio, monitorando-se o decaimento da absorb&#226;ncia em 240 nm. Os resultados foram expressos em pmol/min/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A atividade da GPx foi estimada a partir da oxida&#231;&#227;o do NADPH, que foi acoplada &#224; rea&#231;&#227;o de reciclagem de GSSG para GSH, avaliada em 340 nm. Os resultados foram expressos em nmol/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A quantidade total de grupos sulfidrila no tecido pulmonar foi determinada pela rea&#231;&#227;o dos grupos tiol com DTNB. A concentra&#231;&#227;o de grupos sulfidrila totais foi expressa em nmol TNB/mg prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi medida pelo m&#233;todo de Lowry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Atividade de &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase</title>
        <p>A atividade da enzima &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase foi avaliada medindo-se a convers&#227;o da oxihemoglobina (HbO2) em metemoglobina, induzida pelo &#243;xido n&#237;trico, conforme descrito anteriormente. Os valores s&#227;o expressos em nmol NO/min/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o do conte&#250;do imunol&#243;gico de Nrf2 e xantina oxidase</title>
        <p>O conte&#250;do imunol&#243;gico de Nrf2 e xantina oxidase foram determinados por Western blot, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os anticorpos Nrf2 e a xantina oxidase foram usados como anticorpos prim&#225;rios (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, EUA). Os anticorpos prim&#225;rios foram detectados por meio de anticorpos secund&#225;rios conjugados com globulina de coelho anti-rato conjugada com peroxidase de r&#225;bano silvestre. As membranas foram desenvolvidas com reagentes de quimioluminesc&#234;ncia. As autorradiografias foram escaneadas e as bandas foram medidas por meio de um software densit&#244;metro (Imagemaster VDS CI, Amersham Biosciences Europe, IT). As bandas de pesos moleculares de Nrf2 e xantina oxidase foram determinadas por refer&#234;ncia a um marcador de peso molecular padr&#227;o (RPN 800 rainbow full range Bio-Rad, CA, EUA). Os resultados foram normalizados pelo m&#233;todo de Ponceau.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra considerou uma probabilidade de erro = 0,05 e testou o poder estat&#237;stico (probabilidade de erro 1-) = 0,90. A distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Como os dados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, os resultados foram analisados por ANOVA one-way com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls para detectar diferen&#231;as entre os grupos, e os resultados foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP). As diferen&#231;as foram consideradas significativas quando p&lt;0,05. Os dados foram analisados usando o software Sigma Plot (Jandel, Scientific Co, v. 11.0, San Jose, CA, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados morfom&#233;tricos</title>
        <p>Os ratos infartados de ambos os grupos (IAM e IAM + PS) tiveram um per&#237;metro de infarto semelhante. Isso indica que n&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as entre os grupos infartados em termos de tamanho da les&#227;o. A congest&#227;o pulmonar n&#227;o diferiu entre os grupos experimentais. Da mesma forma, n&#227;o houve altera&#231;&#227;o dos &#237;ndices de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito, calculados pelas raz&#245;es ventr&#237;culo direito/peso corporal e ventr&#237;culo direito/comprimento da t&#237;bia, bem como do peso do ventr&#237;culo direito entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Resultados morfom&#233;tricos do pulm&#227;o e dos ventr&#237;culos esquerdo e direito</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>SHAM (n=5)</th>
                  <th>IAM (n=5)</th>
                  <th>IAM+PS (n=6)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulm&#227;o/peso corporal (g/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">4,01&#177;0,99</td>
                  <td align="center">5,99&#177;0,44a</td>
                  <td align="center">5,24&#177;1,21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VD (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17&#177;0,037</td>
                  <td align="center">0,20&#177;0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24&#177;0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VD/comprimento da t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48&#177;0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57&#177;0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66&#177;0,19</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VD/peso corporal (mg/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,50&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,60&#177;0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,70&#177;0,23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75&#177;0,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,75&#177;0,08</td>
                  <td align="center">0,73&#177;0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/comprimento da t&#237;bia (g/cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,05&#177;0,19</td>
                  <td align="center">2,09&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">2,00&#177;0,18</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE/peso corporal (mg/g)</td>
                  <td align="center">2,15&#177;0,24</td>
                  <td align="center">2,21&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">2,11&#177;0,15</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. ap&lt;0,05 vs SHAM. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SHAM: grupo controle; IAM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos</title>
        <p>Na avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros morfol&#243;gicos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tanto o grupo IAM quanto o IAM + PS apresentaram aumento dos volumes sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico final em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SHAM, indicando dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular. Por&#233;m, os animais IAM + PS apresentaram aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final mais discreto em rela&#231;&#227;o ao IAM. O d&#233;bito sist&#243;lico e a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o foram diferentes entre os grupos. A fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, que indica sua contratilidade, diminuiu nos grupos IAM e IAM + PS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos animais SHAM, indicando piora na fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica desta c&#226;mara, e a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS n&#227;o foi eficaz para melhorar esse par&#226;metro. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao per&#237;metro infartado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos IAM e IAM + PS ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>SHAM (n=6)</th>
                  <th>IAM (n=5)</th>
                  <th>IAM+PS (n=6)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>VSFVE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,08&#177;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46&#177;0,15 a</td>
                  <td align="center">0,32&#177;0,06 ab</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VDFVE (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29&#177;0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,68&#177;0,14 a</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57&#177;0,06 a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sa&#237;da sist&#243;lica (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,21&#177;0,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,22&#177;0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24&#177;0,04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
                  <td align="center">249&#177;16</td>
                  <td align="center">242&#177;15</td>
                  <td align="center">237&#177;27</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">51,5&#177;5,4</td>
                  <td align="center">15,8&#177;1,7a</td>
                  <td align="center">17,0&#177;2,9a</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Per&#237;metro infartado (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">------------</td>
                  <td align="center">1,81&#177;0,45</td>
                  <td align="center">1,60&#177;0,22</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>Dados apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. ap &lt;0,05 vs SHAM; bp &lt;0,05 vs IAM. VSFVE: Volume sist&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VDFVE: Volume diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno. O per&#237;metro infartado &#233; um par&#226;metro ecocardiogr&#225;fico de medi&#231;&#227;o do tamanho do infarto.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis de ROS, peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e resposta antioxidante no tecido pulmonar</title>
        <p>O estresse oxidativo foi medido por meio da produ&#231;&#227;o de dicloro fluoresce&#237;na (DCF) (um indicador dos n&#237;veis totais de ROS) e TBARS (um indicador de peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica) no tecido pulmonar. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos ROS totais, o grupo IAM + PS apresentou n&#237;veis aumentados em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos SHAM e IAM (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A</xref> ). No entanto, nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi encontrada entre IAM e SHAM. Embora os n&#237;veis de esp&#233;cies reativas tenham aumentado no grupo IAM + PS, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica diminuiu no tecido pulmonar desses animais em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo IAM (P&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica no grupo IAM + PS n&#227;o foi diferente em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo SHAM, indicando redu&#231;&#227;o do dano oxidativo promovida pela administra&#231;&#227;o de PS ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>
                <italic>Estresse oxidativo pulmonar A) Concentra&#231;&#227;o total de esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio; B) Subst&#226;ncias reativas ao &#225;cido tiobarbit&#250;rico. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. aP&lt;0,05 vs SHAM; bP&lt;0,05 vs IAM. SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM+ PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno.</italic>
              </title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Em termos de defesas antioxidantes n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticas, nenhuma mudan&#231;a significativa nos n&#237;veis de GSH em ratos com IAM foi observada em compara&#231;&#227;o com ratos SHAM. Por&#233;m, o tratamento com PS teve efeito positivo nos pulm&#245;es dos animais IAM + PS, uma vez que os n&#237;veis de GSH aumentaram neste grupo quando comparados com SHAM e IAM (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). No entanto, os n&#237;veis de GSSG, as rela&#231;&#245;es GSH/Glutationa Total e GSSG/Glutationa Total n&#227;o apresentaram diferen&#231;as entre os grupos.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Par&#226;metros redox nos pulm&#245;es</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>SHAM (n=6)</th>
                  <th>IAM (n=5)</th>
                  <th>IAM+PS (n=6)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>GSH (&#181;mol/min/mg de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79&#177;0,07</td>
                  <td align="center">0,67&#177;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86&#177;0,14b</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GSSG (&#181;mol/min/ mg de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24&#177;0,09</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46&#177;0,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,36&#177;0,14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glutationa total (&#181;mol/min/mg de tecido)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,27&#177;0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">1,40&#177;0,22</td>
                  <td align="center">1,55&#177;0,33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GSH/ Glutationa total</td>
                  <td align="center">0,63&#177;0,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49&#177;0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57&#177;0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GSSG/ Glutationa total</td>
                  <td align="center">0,18&#177;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29&#177;0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,19&#177;0,08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls bp&lt;0,05 vs IAM. SAHM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + OS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno; GSH: glutationa reduzida; GSSG: glutationa oxidada (unidade em &#181;mol/min/mg de tecido).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m da GSH, a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS tamb&#233;m parece melhorar as defesas antioxidantes enzim&#225;ticas nos pulm&#245;es. A atividade SOD foi reduzida no grupo IAM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo SHAM. No entanto, essa atividade enzim&#225;tica foi recuperada pelo PS (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A</xref> ). A CAT estava aumentada no grupo IAM + PS em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos SHAM e IAM (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ). A atividade da GPx e o SH total, entretanto, n&#227;o se alteraram entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figuras 2C e 2D</xref> , respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Medi&#231;&#245;es de antioxidantes pulmonares. A) Atividade da super&#243;xido dismutase; B) Atividade da catalase; C) Atividade da glutationa peroxidase; D) Grupos sulfidrila totais. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. aP&lt;0,05 vs SHAM; bP&lt;0,05 vs IAM. SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Nrf2 no tecido pulmonar</title>
        <p>A express&#227;o de Nrf2 pode estar envolvida nos efeitos antioxidantes do PS. A Nrf2 &#233; uma prote&#237;na relacionada com a regula&#231;&#227;o da transcri&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e pode ser estimulada por mol&#233;culas como os compostos fen&#243;licos. De fato, nossos dados mostraram que o tratamento com PS promoveu um aumento significativo na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Nrf2 no grupo IAM + PS em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo IAM (p&lt;0,05). No entanto, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na express&#227;o de Nrf2 entre os grupos SHAM e IAM ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>- <italic>An&#225;lise Western Blot da express&#227;o de Nrf2 no pulm&#227;o. Gr&#225;fico representativo mostrando 1 banda para cada grupo experimental. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. bP &lt;0,05 vs IAM. SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da Xantina Oxidase e NADPH Oxidase no VD</title>
        <p>O infarto do mioc&#225;rdio estimulou enzimas pr&#243;-oxidantes, que foram atenuadas pela administra&#231;&#227;o de PS. Em rela&#231;&#227;o a isso, a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na xantina oxidase foi aumentada no VD de animais com IAM em rela&#231;&#227;o aos demais grupos (p&lt;0,05). No entanto, no grupo IAM + PS, os n&#237;veis de xantina oxidase n&#227;o foram diferentes do grupo SHAM, o que indica uma atenua&#231;&#227;o dessa enzima pr&#243;-oxidante em animais infartados tratados com PS. Da mesma forma, houve um aumento na atividade da NADPH oxidase em animais infartados (IAM) em compara&#231;&#227;o com os do grupo SHAM, o que pareceu reduzido no grupo IAM + PS (p &lt;0,05), comprovando a contribui&#231;&#227;o do tratamento com PS na redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de radical &#226;nion super&#243;xido no VD ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4A e 4B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Estresse oxidativo do ventr&#237;culo direito. A) An&#225;lise Western Blot da express&#227;o da xantina oxidase. Gr&#225;fico representativo mostrando 1 banda para cada grupo experimental; B) Atividade de NADPH oxidases. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. aP&lt;0,05 vs SHAM; bP&lt;0,05 vs IAM. SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de sulfidrila e atividade de NOS no VD</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de sulfidrila (grupos tiol relevantes como antioxidantes n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticos) foi diminu&#237;da no grupo IAM em compara&#231;&#227;o com o SHAM (p&lt;0,05); entretanto, o grupo IAM + PS restabeleceu os n&#237;veis de sulfidrila (p&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, ratos infartados n&#227;o tratados apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da NOS quando comparados aos animais SHAM, enquanto o tratamento com PS induziu a recupera&#231;&#227;o dessa atividade enzim&#225;tica (p&lt;0,05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5A e 5B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>- <italic>A) Grupos sulfidrila total do ventr&#237;culo direito; B) Atividade da &#243;xido n&#237;trico-sintase do ventr&#237;culo direito. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. ANOVA unilateral com o teste post-hoc de Student-Newman-Keuls. aP&lt;0,05 vs SHAM; bP&lt;0,05 vs IAM. SHAM: Grupo controle; IAM: grupo infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; IAM + PS: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio + pterostilbeno</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O principal achado deste estudo foi que o tratamento de ratos infartados com PS promoveu efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos pulm&#245;es e no VD. Ao avaliar a morfologia e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE ap&#243;s o infarto, ambos os grupos infartados apresentaram dilata&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, refletida pelo aumento dos volumes card&#237;acos, e comprometimento da contratilidade, evidenciado pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento. A administra&#231;&#227;o do PS, entretanto, atenuou o aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final, o que parece ser um resultado positivo, uma vez que o aumento do volume sist&#243;lico final pode estar relacionado ao desenvolvimento de congest&#227;o pulmonar. Na verdade, o tratamento com PS evitou a congest&#227;o pulmonar, conforme mostrado pela rela&#231;&#227;o pulm&#227;o/peso corporal. O per&#237;metro infartado n&#227;o foi diferente entre os ratos IAM e IAM + PS, havendo homogeneidade de les&#227;o card&#237;aca entre esses grupos. Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos par&#226;metros morfom&#233;tricos, nem o ventr&#237;culo direito nem o esquerdo dos grupos infartados apresentou hipertrofia. O fato de os animais terem sido avaliados apenas 14 dias ap&#243;s o infarto poderia explicar isso. Um estudo anterior ao nosso tamb&#233;m n&#227;o encontrou diferen&#231;a nesses par&#226;metros.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pulm&#245;es s&#227;o os &#243;rg&#227;os mais afetados pela insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, e a disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar &#233; um fator-chave para desfechos cl&#237;nicos ruins em pacientes infartados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> No entanto, nosso estudo n&#227;o encontrou altera&#231;&#245;es nos n&#237;veis totais de ROS nos pulm&#245;es de ratos infartados. Por outro lado, os pulm&#245;es de animais IAM + PS apresentaram n&#237;veis aumentados de ROS, o que est&#225; de acordo com o papel relatado dos estilbenos na indu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de ROS in vitro.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O grupo IAM mostrou um aumento na peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, indicando dano oxidativo nos pulm&#245;es. O grupo IAM + PS, entretanto, apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o pulmonar induzida pela peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, uma vez que os n&#237;veis de TBARS diminu&#237;ram. Uma poss&#237;vel hip&#243;tese &#233; que esse aumento dos n&#237;veis de ROS ocasionado pela administra&#231;&#227;o de PS poderia representar um mecanismo hormonal<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> que leva ao aumento das defesas antioxidantes, evitando a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. De fato, estudos anteriores com outros compostos naturais que tamb&#233;m apresentam efeito pr&#243;-oxidante, como o sulforafano, j&#225; reportaram esse mecanismo de prote&#231;&#227;o pela estimula&#231;&#227;o do sistema antioxidante.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> O tratamento com PS pode induzir uma adapta&#231;&#227;o contra o aumento dos n&#237;veis de ROS por meio de altera&#231;&#245;es oxidativas celulares na atividade de SOD e CAT, duas enzimas importantes que pertencem &#224; primeira linha de defesa contra o estresse oxidativo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade da SOD nos pulm&#245;es do grupo IAM sugere prote&#231;&#227;o deficiente contra os radicais super&#243;xido &#226;nion, o que poderia causar um aumento do estresse oxidativo em est&#225;gios posteriores do IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por outro lado, o tratamento com PS recuperou a atividade SOD no grupo IAM + PS, demonstrando seu efeito protetor na homeostase redox. Nossos resultados mostraram aumento da atividade CAT no tecido pulmonar de animais IAM + PS. Como o per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio pode reagir com metais como o ferro e produzir radicais hidroxila,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> esse aumento da atividade CAT no grupo IAM + PS surge como uma importante defesa contra a produ&#231;&#227;o desse radical nos pulm&#245;es. Em termos de defesas n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticas, foi encontrado um aumento na concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH nos pulm&#245;es de animais IAM + PS. GSH &#233; o pept&#237;deo antioxidante de baixo peso molecular mais prevalente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> e participa da regula&#231;&#227;o redox e da homeostase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH pode ter contribu&#237;do para a redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de TBARS no grupo IAM + PS, diminuindo o estresse oxidativo nesses animais. Al&#233;m da estimula&#231;&#227;o das defesas enzim&#225;ticas e n&#227;o enzim&#225;ticas, o PS tamb&#233;m foi capaz de induzir melhorias no perfil antioxidante dos tecidos pulmonares por meio da estimula&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas citoprotetoras, como a Nrf2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse contexto, a Nrf2 atua como um fator de transcri&#231;&#227;o sens&#237;vel &#224; redox, desempenhando um papel fundamental na resposta antioxidante pulmonar.40 Em situa&#231;&#245;es de equil&#237;brio redox, a Nrf2 est&#225; ancorado na prote&#237;na 1, associada &#224; ECH semelhante a Kelch (Keap1). Por&#233;m, quando h&#225; uma ruptura da homeostase redox, o complexo Nrf2-Keap1 se dissocia e libera Nrf2, que pode se translocar para o n&#250;cleo e iniciar a transcri&#231;&#227;o de mol&#233;culas antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> De fato, estudos t&#234;m demonstrado que o Nrf2 desempenha um papel importante na s&#237;ntese de enzimas antioxidantes end&#243;genas. Al&#233;m disso, segundo Lacerda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o PS regula positivamente a express&#227;o de Nrf2, o que aumenta o GSH celular e mitiga o dano oxidativo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, os n&#237;veis de imunoconte&#250;do Nrf2 estavam aumentados nos pulm&#245;es de ratos IAM + PS, sugerindo que o PS induz a ativa&#231;&#227;o de Nrf2, o que poderia explicar a melhora nas defesas antioxidantes e redu&#231;&#227;o da peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica. Portanto, o PS mostrou ser protetor para os pulm&#245;es ap&#243;s o infarto, pois evitou a congest&#227;o pulmonar, aumentou as atividades de SOD e CAT, aumentou os n&#237;veis de GSH e evitou a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica, al&#233;m de induzir Nrf2, uma prote&#237;na citoprotetora.</p>
      <p>O cen&#225;rio pr&#243;-oxidativo do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio afeta significativamente o VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nossos resultados mostraram que o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio leva &#224; express&#227;o elevada da xantina oxidase nele. Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> mostraram aumento dos n&#237;veis de xantina oxidase no cora&#231;&#227;o 12 semanas ap&#243;s o infarto, associado &#224; peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a atividade da NADPH oxidase, importante fonte de ROS, tamb&#233;m foi avaliada em nosso estudo. A atividade da enzima foi elevada em ratos IAM, e a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS foi capaz de prevenir esse aumento. Os n&#237;veis elevados de xantina oxidase e a atividade da NADPH oxidase predisp&#245;em o VD ao aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o do &#226;nion super&#243;xido e, consequentemente, &#224; deple&#231;&#227;o das reservas antioxidantes. Corroborando esses resultados, tamb&#233;m encontramos n&#237;veis reduzidos de sulfidrila no grupo IAM. O grupo IAM + PS, entretanto, apresentou conte&#250;do aumentado de grupos tiol. No grupo IAM, a concentra&#231;&#227;o elevada de &#226;nion super&#243;xido produzida por NADPH e xantina oxidase pode interferir desfavoravelmente no equil&#237;brio de ROS/NO no VD. Na verdade, nossos resultados mostraram atividade reduzida de NOS na c&#226;mara direita de animais IAM. A NOS &#233; uma enzima relevante na produ&#231;&#227;o de NO, que desempenha papel fundamental na cardioprote&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> No presente estudo, a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS evitou a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade de NOS que ocorreu no grupo IAM. No entanto, considerando o efeito desse composto no embotamento de enzimas pr&#243;-oxidantes, como a NADPH oxidase e a xantina oxidase, concomitante &#224; recupera&#231;&#227;o parcial da atividade da NOS, o PS parece contribuir para a manuten&#231;&#227;o de um equil&#237;brio cardioprotetor ROS/NO no VD.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Em conclus&#227;o, a administra&#231;&#227;o de PS promoveu efeitos ben&#233;ficos nos pulm&#245;es de animais infartados, diminuindo a peroxida&#231;&#227;o lip&#237;dica e aumentando as defesas antioxidantes, como SOD, atividade de CAT e n&#237;veis de GSH. Tamb&#233;m evitou o aumento da atividade da NADPH oxidase e da express&#227;o da xantina oxidase no VD de animais infartados. Esses resultados provavelmente est&#227;o relacionados a uma melhora no equil&#237;brio ROS/NO nesta c&#226;mara. Portanto, nossos achados sugerem que o PS efetivamente tem efeitos protetores nos pulm&#245;es e no VD ap&#243;s IAM.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f06">
          <label>Figura 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Resumo gr&#225;fico</italic> .</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf06.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Este trabalho foi financiado pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico (CNPq) e pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES).</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Bax JJ, Di Carli M, Narula J, Delgado V. Multimodality imaging in ischaemic heart failure. Lancet. 2019;393(10175):1056-70.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bax</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Di Carli</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Narula</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Delgado</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Multimodality imaging in ischaemic heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Lancet</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>393</volume>
          <issue>10175</issue>
          <fpage>1056</fpage>
          <lpage>1070</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. Chien CW, Wang CH, Chao ZH, Huang SK, Chen PE, Tung TH. Different treatments for acute myocardial infarction patients via outpatient clinics and emergency department. Medicine. 2019;98(2):e13883.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Chien</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>CH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chao</surname>
              <given-names>ZH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>SK</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chen</surname>
              <given-names>PE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tung</surname>
              <given-names>TH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Different treatments for acute myocardial infarction patients via outpatient clinics and emergency department</article-title>
          <source>Medicine</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>98</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <elocation-id>e13883</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Jankowich M, Choudhary G. Endothelin-1 levels and cardiovascular events. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2019;30(1):1-8.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jankowich</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choudhary</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Endothelin-1 levels and cardiovascular events</article-title>
          <source>Trends Cardiovasc Med</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>30</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>8</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Greyson CR, Schwartz GG, Lu L, Ye S, Helmke S, Xu Y. Calpain inhibition attenuates right ventricular contractile dysfunction after acute pressure overload. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2008;44(1):59-68.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Greyson</surname>
              <given-names>CR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schwartz</surname>
              <given-names>GG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ye</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Helmke</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Xu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Calpain inhibition attenuates right ventricular contractile dysfunction after acute pressure overload</article-title>
          <source>J Mol Cell Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>68</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Mann DL, Bristow MR. Mechanisms and models in heart failure: The biomechanical model and beyond. Circulation. 2005;111(21):2837-49.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mann</surname>
              <given-names>DL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bristow</surname>
              <given-names>MR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Mechanisms and models in heart failure: The biomechanical model and beyond</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>111</volume>
          <issue>21</issue>
          <fpage>2837</fpage>
          <lpage>2849</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Aydin S, Ugur K, Aydin S, Sahin I, Yardim M. Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives. Vasc Health Risk Manag.;31(12) 2019;15:1-10</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ugur</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Aydin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sahin</surname>
              <given-names>I</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yardim</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomarkers in acute myocardial infarction: Current perspectives</article-title>
          <source>Vasc Health Risk Manag</source>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <year>2019</year>
          <fpage>15:1</fpage>
          <lpage>1510</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. Zemskov E, Lu Q, Wojciech Ornatowski W, Klinger CN, Desai AA, Maltepe E, et al. Biomechanical forces and oxidative stress: Implications for pulmonary vascular disease. Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling. 2019;31(12):doi:10.1089/ars.2018.1720.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Zemskov</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wojciech Ornatowski</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Klinger</surname>
              <given-names>CN</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Desai</surname>
              <given-names>AA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maltepe</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Biomechanical forces and oxidative stress: Implications for pulmonary vascular disease</article-title>
          <source>Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1089/ars.2018.1720</pub-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Wang X, Shults NV, Suzuki YJ. Oxidative profiling of the failing right heart in rats with pulmonary hypertension. PloS one. 2017;12(5):e0176887.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shults</surname>
              <given-names>NV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Suzuki</surname>
              <given-names>YJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidative profiling of the failing right heart in rats with pulmonary hypertension</article-title>
          <source>PloS one</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <elocation-id>e0176887</elocation-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Halliwell B, Gutteridge JM. The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems. Free Radic Biol Med. 1995;18:125-6. doi:10.1016/0891-5849(95)-94457-3.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Halliwell</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gutteridge</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The definition and measurement of antioxidants in biological systems</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Biol Med</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>18</volume>
          <fpage>125</fpage>
          <lpage>126</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/0891-5849(95)-94457-3.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Comhair SA, Erzurum SC. Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2002;283(2):L246-255.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Comhair</surname>
              <given-names>SA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Erzurum</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant responses to oxidant-mediated lung diseases</article-title>
          <source>Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>283</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>L246</fpage>
          <lpage>L255</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Roy J, Galano JM, Durand T, Le Guennec JY, Lee JC. Physiological role of reactive oxygen species as promoters of natural defenses. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology. 2017;31(9):3729-45.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roy</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galano</surname>
              <given-names>JM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Durand</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Le Guennec</surname>
              <given-names>JY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Physiological role of reactive oxygen species as promoters of natural defenses</article-title>
          <source>FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>31</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>3729</fpage>
          <lpage>3745</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Hill MF, Singal PK. Right and left myocardial antioxidant responses during heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1997;96(7):2414-20.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hill</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Singal</surname>
              <given-names>PK</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Right and left myocardial antioxidant responses during heart failure subsequent to myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1997</year>
          <volume>96</volume>
          <issue>7</issue>
          <fpage>2414</fpage>
          <lpage>2420</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Shaw P, Chattopadhyay A. Nrf2-are signaling in cellular protection: Mechanism of action and the regulatory mechanisms. J Cell Physiol. 2020;235(4):3119-30.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Shaw</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chattopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Nrf2-are signaling in cellular protection: Mechanism of action and the regulatory mechanisms</article-title>
          <source>J Cell Physiol</source>
          <year>2020</year>
          <volume>235</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>3119</fpage>
          <lpage>3130</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Walters DM, Cho HY, Kleeberger SR. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role for nrf2. Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling. 2008;10(2):321-32.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Walters</surname>
              <given-names>DM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>HY</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleeberger</surname>
              <given-names>SR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxidative stress and antioxidants in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis: A potential role for nrf2</article-title>
          <source>Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>321</fpage>
          <lpage>332</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Lacerda D, Ortiz V, Turck P, Campos-Carraro C, Zimmer A, Teixeira R, et al. Stilbenoid pterostilbene complexed with cyclodextrin preserves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in rats: Possible involvement of thiol proteins and modulation of phosphorylated gsk-3beta. Free Radic Res. 2018;52(9):988-99.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lacerda</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Turck</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos-Carraro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zimmer</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Teixeira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Stilbenoid pterostilbene complexed with cyclodextrin preserves left ventricular function after myocardial infarction in rats: Possible involvement of thiol proteins and modulation of phosphorylated gsk-3beta</article-title>
          <source>Free Radic Res</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>52</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>988</fpage>
          <lpage>999</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Treml J, Lelakova V, Smejkal K, Paulickova T, Labuda S, Granica S, et al. Antioxidant activity of selected stilbenoid derivatives in a cellular model system. Biomolecules. 2019;9:468.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Treml</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lelakova</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Smejkal</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paulickova</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Labuda</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Granica</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Antioxidant activity of selected stilbenoid derivatives in a cellular model system</article-title>
          <source>Biomolecules</source>
          <year>2019</year>
          <volume>9</volume>
          <size units="pages">468</size>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Schenkel PC, Tavares AM, Fernandes RO, Diniz GP, Ludke AR, Ribeiro MF, et al. Time course of hydrogen peroxide-thioredoxin balance and its influence on the intracellular signalling in myocardial infarction. Exp Physiol. 2012;97(6):741-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schenkel</surname>
              <given-names>PC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Diniz</surname>
              <given-names>GP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ludke</surname>
              <given-names>AR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
              <given-names>MF</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Time course of hydrogen peroxide-thioredoxin balance and its influence on the intracellular signalling in myocardial infarction</article-title>
          <source>Exp Physiol</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>97</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>741</fpage>
          <lpage>749</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. de Castro AL, Tavares AV, Campos C, Fernandes RO, Siqueira R, Conzatti A, et al. Cardioprotective effects of thyroid hormones in a rat model of myocardial infarction are associated with oxidative stress reduction. Mol Cell Endocrnol.2014;391(1-2):22-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conzatti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardioprotective effects of thyroid hormones in a rat model of myocardial infarction are associated with oxidative stress reduction</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Endocrnol</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>391</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>22</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Nozawa E, Kanashiro RM, Murad N, Carvalho AC, Cravo SL, Campos O, et al. Performance of two-dimensional doppler echocardiography for the assessment of infarct size and left ventricular function in rats. Braz J MedBiol Res. 2006;39(5):687-95.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nozawa</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kanashiro</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Murad</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carvalho</surname>
              <given-names>AC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cravo</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>O</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Performance of two-dimensional doppler echocardiography for the assessment of infarct size and left ventricular function in rats</article-title>
          <source>Braz J MedBiol Res</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>39</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>687</fpage>
          <lpage>695</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Corssac GB, de Castro AL, Tavares AV, Campos C, Fernandes RO, Ortiz VD, et al. Thyroid hormones effects on oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling in the right ventricle of infarcted rats. Life Sci. 2016;146:109-16.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Corssac</surname>
              <given-names>GB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid hormones effects on oxidative stress and cardiac remodeling in the right ventricle of infarcted rats</article-title>
          <source>Life Sci</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>146</volume>
          <fpage>109</fpage>
          <lpage>116</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Llesuy SF, Milei J, Molina H, Boveris A, Milei S. Comparison of lipid peroxidation and myocardial damage induced by adriamycin and 4&#8217;-epiadriamycin in mice. Tumori. 1985;71(3):241-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Llesuy</surname>
              <given-names>SF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milei</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Molina</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boveris</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Milei</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Comparison of lipid peroxidation and myocardial damage induced by adriamycin and 4&#8217;-epiadriamycin in mice</article-title>
          <source>Tumori</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>71</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>241</fpage>
          <lpage>249</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. LeBel CP, Ischiropoulos H, Bondy SC. Evaluation of the probe 2&#8217;,7&#8217;-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress. Chem Res Toxicol. 1992;5(2): 227-31.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>LeBel</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ischiropoulos</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bondy</surname>
              <given-names>SC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Evaluation of the probe 2&#8217;,7&#8217;-dichlorofluorescin as an indicator of reactive oxygen species formation and oxidative stress</article-title>
          <source>Chem Res Toxicol</source>
          <year>1992</year>
          <volume>5</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>227</fpage>
          <lpage>231</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Esterbauer H, Cheeseman KH. Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal. Meth Enzymol .1990;186(2): enzymology. 1990;186(2):407-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Esterbauer</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cheeseman</surname>
              <given-names>KH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Determination of aldehydic lipid peroxidation products: Malonaldehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal</article-title>
          <source>Meth Enzymol</source>
          <year>1990</year>
          <volume>186</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <comment>enzymology</comment>
          <comment>1990;186(2):</comment>
          <fpage>407</fpage>
          <lpage>421</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Akerboom TP, Sies H. Assay of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and glutathione mixed disulfides in biological samples. Meth Enzymol. 1981;77:373-82.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Akerboom</surname>
              <given-names>TP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sies</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assay of glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and glutathione mixed disulfides in biological samples</article-title>
          <source>Meth Enzymol</source>
          <year>1981</year>
          <volume>77</volume>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>382</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation>25. Wei Y, Sowers JR, Nistala R, Gong H, Uptergrove GM, Clark SE, et al. Angiotensin ii-induced nadph oxidase activation impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells. J Biol Chem.2006;281(46):35137-46.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wei</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sowers</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nistala</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gong</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Uptergrove</surname>
              <given-names>GM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Clark</surname>
              <given-names>SE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Angiotensin ii-induced nadph oxidase activation impairs insulin signaling in skeletal muscle cells</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>281</volume>
          <issue>46</issue>
          <fpage>35137</fpage>
          <lpage>35146</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation>26. Marklund SL. Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues and plasma from new zealand black mice, nude mice and normal balb/c mice. Mutation Res. 1985;148(1-2):129-34.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Marklund</surname>
              <given-names>SL</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in tissues and plasma from new zealand black mice, nude mice and normal balb/c mice</article-title>
          <source>Mutation Res</source>
          <year>1985</year>
          <volume>148</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>129</fpage>
          <lpage>134</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation>27. Aebi H. Catalase in vitro. Meth Enzymol. 1984;105:121-6.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Aebi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Catalase in vitro</article-title>
          <source>Meth Enzymol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <fpage>121</fpage>
          <lpage>126</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation>28. Flohe L, Gunzler WA. Assays of glutathione peroxidase. Meth Enzymol. 1984;105:114-21.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Flohe</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gunzler</surname>
              <given-names>WA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Assays of glutathione peroxidase</article-title>
          <source>Meth Enzymol</source>
          <year>1984</year>
          <volume>105</volume>
          <fpage>114</fpage>
          <lpage>121</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation>29. Sedlak J, Lindsay RH. Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with ellman&#8217;s reagent. Anal Biochem. 1968;25(1):192-205.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sedlak</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lindsay</surname>
              <given-names>RH</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Estimation of total, protein-bound, and nonprotein sulfhydryl groups in tissue with ellman&#8217;s reagent</article-title>
          <source>Anal Biochem</source>
          <year>1968</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>192</fpage>
          <lpage>205</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation>30. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem; 1951;193(1):265-75.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lowry</surname>
              <given-names>OH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rosebrough</surname>
              <given-names>NJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Farr</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Randall</surname>
              <given-names>RJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent</article-title>
          <source>J Biol Chem</source>
          <year>1951</year>
          <volume>193</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>265</fpage>
          <lpage>275</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation>31. Valdez LB, Zaobornyj T, Boveris A. Functional activity of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. Meth Enzymol. 2005;396:444-55.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Valdez</surname>
              <given-names>LB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zaobornyj</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Boveris</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional activity of mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase</article-title>
          <source>Meth Enzymol</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>396</volume>
          <fpage>444</fpage>
          <lpage>455</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation>32. de Castro AL, Fernandes RO, Ortiz VD, Campos C, Bonetto JH, Fernandes TR, et al. Thyroid hormones improve cardiac function and decrease expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in the heart of rats 14 days after infarction. Apoptosis. 2016;21(2):184-94.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonetto</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>TR</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Thyroid hormones improve cardiac function and decrease expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in the heart of rats 14 days after infarction</article-title>
          <source>Apoptosis</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>21</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>184</fpage>
          <lpage>194</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation>33. Klein D, Kern RM, Sokol RZ. A method for quantification and correction of proteins after transfer to immobilization membranes. Biochem Mol Biol Int.. 1995;36:(1)59-66.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Klein</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kern</surname>
              <given-names>RM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sokol</surname>
              <given-names>RZ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A method for quantification and correction of proteins after transfer to immobilization membranes</article-title>
          <source>Biochem Mol Biol Int</source>
          <year>1995</year>
          <volume>36</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>59</fpage>
          <lpage>66</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Yuan G, Han A, Wu J, Lu Y, Zhang D, Sun Y, et al. Bao yuan decoction and tao hong si wu decoction improve lung structural remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction: Possible involvement of suppression of inflammation and fibrosis and regulation of the tgf-beta1/smad3 and nf-kappab pathways. BioscTrends. 2018;12(5):491-501.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Yuan</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Han</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wu</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sun</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Bao yuan decoction and tao hong si wu decoction improve lung structural remodeling in a rat model of myocardial infarction: Possible involvement of suppression of inflammation and fibrosis and regulation of the tgf-beta1/smad3 and nf-kappab pathways</article-title>
          <source>BioscTrends</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>491</fpage>
          <lpage>501</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation>35. Mattson MP. Hormesis defined. Ageing Res Rev. 2008;7(1): 1-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mattson</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hormesis defined</article-title>
          <source>Ageing Res Rev</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>7</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation>36. Fernandes RO, De Castro AL, Bonetto JH, Ortiz VD, Muller DD, Campos-Carraro C, et al. Sulforaphane effects on postinfarction cardiac remodeling in rats: Modulation of redox-sensitive prosurvival and proapoptotic proteins. J Nutr Byochem. 2016;34:106-17.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>De Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bonetto</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Muller</surname>
              <given-names>DD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos-Carraro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Sulforaphane effects on postinfarction cardiac remodeling in rats: Modulation of redox-sensitive prosurvival and proapoptotic proteins</article-title>
          <source>J Nutr Byochem</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>34</volume>
          <fpage>106</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation>37. Lee JC, Son YO, Choi KC, Jang YS. Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis of bjab cells due to formation of hydroxyl radicals via intracellular iron-mediated fenton chemistry in glucose oxidase-mediated oxidative stress. Mol Cells. 2006;22(1):21-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Lee</surname>
              <given-names>JC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Son</surname>
              <given-names>YO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Choi</surname>
              <given-names>KC</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jang</surname>
              <given-names>YS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Hydrogen peroxide induces apoptosis of bjab cells due to formation of hydroxyl radicals via intracellular iron-mediated fenton chemistry in glucose oxidase-mediated oxidative stress</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cells</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>22</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>21</fpage>
          <lpage>29</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation>38. Dincer Y, Alademir Z, Ilkova H, Akcay T. Susceptibility of glutatione and glutathione-related antioxidant activity to hydrogen peroxide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Effect of glycemic control. Clin Biochem.. 2002;35(4):297-301.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Dincer</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Alademir</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ilkova</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Akcay</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Susceptibility of glutatione and glutathione-related antioxidant activity to hydrogen peroxide in patients with type 2 diabetes: Effect of glycemic control</article-title>
          <source>Clin Biochem</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>35</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>297</fpage>
          <lpage>301</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation>39. Mieyal JJ, Gallogly MM, Qanungo S, Sabens EA, Shelton MD. Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein s-glutathionylation. Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling. 2008;10(11):1941-88.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Mieyal</surname>
              <given-names>JJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gallogly</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Qanungo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sabens</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Shelton</surname>
              <given-names>MD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Molecular mechanisms and clinical implications of reversible protein s-glutathionylation</article-title>
          <source>Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1941</fpage>
          <lpage>1988</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation>40. Trachootham D, Lu W, Ogasawara MA, Nilsa RD, Huang P. Redox regulation of cell survival. Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling. 2008;10(8):1343-74.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Trachootham</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lu</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ogasawara</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nilsa</surname>
              <given-names>RD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Huang</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Redox regulation of cell survival</article-title>
          <source>Antioxidants &amp; redox signaling</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1343</fpage>
          <lpage>1374</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation>41. Campos C, de Castro AL, Tavares AM, Fernandes RO, Ortiz VD, Barboza TE, et al. Effect of free and nanoencapsulated copaiba oil on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 2017;69(2):79-85</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ortiz</surname>
              <given-names>VD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barboza</surname>
              <given-names>TE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of free and nanoencapsulated copaiba oil on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension</article-title>
          <source>J Cardiovasc Pharmacol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>69</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>79</fpage>
          <lpage>85</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation>42. Wang Z, Ding J, Luo X, Zhang S, Yang G, Zhu Q, et al. Effect of allopurinol on myocardial energy metabolism in chronic heart failure rats after myocardial infarct. Int Heart J. 2016;57(6):753-9.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Wang</surname>
              <given-names>Z</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ding</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Luo</surname>
              <given-names>X</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhang</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Yang</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zhu</surname>
              <given-names>Q</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Effect of allopurinol on myocardial energy metabolism in chronic heart failure rats after myocardial infarct</article-title>
          <source>Int Heart J</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>57</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>753</fpage>
          <lpage>759</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation>43. de Castro AL, Tavares AV, Fernandes RO, Campos C, Conzatti A, Siqueira R, et al. T3 and t4 decrease ros levels and increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the myocardium of infarcted rats. Mol Cell Biochem. 2015;408(1-2):235-43.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Castro</surname>
              <given-names>AL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>AV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fernandes</surname>
              <given-names>RO</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Campos</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Conzatti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Siqueira</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>T3 and t4 decrease ros levels and increase endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the myocardium of infarcted rats</article-title>
          <source>Mol Cell Biochem</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>408</volume>
          <season>1-2</season>
          <fpage>235</fpage>
          <lpage>243</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Pterostilbene Reduces Experimental Myocardial Infarction-Induced Oxidative Stress in Lung and Right Ventricle</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7184-1072</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tasca</surname>
            <given-names>Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ortiz</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa D.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bianchi</surname>
            <given-names>Sara E.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castro</surname>
            <given-names>Alexandre L. de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bell&#243;-Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bassani</surname>
            <given-names>Valquiria</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ara&#250;jo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex Sander da Rosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Biol&#243;gicas: Fisiologia, Instituto de Ci&#234;ncias B&#225;sicas da Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Ci&#234;ncias Farmac&#234;uticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Alex Sander da Rosa Ara&#250;jo &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul <italic>-</italic> Sarmento Leite, 500. Postal Code 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: alex.rosa@ufrgs.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Tasca S, Lacerda D, Castro AL, Ara&#250;jo ASR; Acquisition of data: Tasca S, Campos C, Bianchi SE; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Tasca S, Campos C, Lacerda D, Turck P; Statistical analysis: Tasca S, Ortiz VD, Turck P; Obtaining financing: Bell&#243;-Klein A, Bassani V, Ara&#250;jo ASR; Writing of the manuscript: Tasca S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Castro AL, Bell&#243;-Klein A, Bassani V, Ara&#250;jo ASR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Pterostilbene (PS), a natural and antioxidant polyphenolic compound emerges as a promising intervention in improving the myocardial infarction (MI) damages.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetives</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate PS actions in promoting redox homeostasis in lungs and right ventricle (RV) of infarcted animals.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats (60 day-old) were randomized into three groups: SHAM, MI (infarcted), and MI+PS (MI+pterostilbene). Seven days after MI procedure, rats were treated with PS (100 mg/kg/day) via gavage for eight days. Animals were euthanized and the lungs and RV were harvested for analyses of redox balance (Differences were considered significant when p&lt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Our results show that MI triggers a redox disruption scenario in RV and lungs, which can contribute to MI-induced damage on these organs. Consistently, PS mitigated oxidative stress and restored antioxidant defenses (GSH in lungs: SHAM= 0.79&#177;0.07; MI=0.67&#177;0.05; MI+PS=0.86&#177;0.14; p&lt;0.05), indicating its protective role in this scenario.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Our work evidences the PS potential use as an adjuvant therapeutic approach after MI focusing on protecting pulmonary and right-sided heart tissues.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress, Nitric Oxidase Synthase</kwd>
        <kwd>Homeostasis</kwd>
        <kwd>Hormesis</kwd>
        <kwd>Pterostilbene</kwd>
        <kwd>NADPH Oxidases</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Myocardial infarction (MI), an acute event that occurs when coronary blood flow is interrupted, culminates in hemodynamic, neuro-humoral, and metabolic alterations, which can negatively impact pulmonary function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The adverse post-MI cardiac remodeling induces modification of ventricular geometry and shifting of mitral valve leaflets which impairs its closing process, causing detrimental modifications that affect both ventricles. In fact, left ventricular MI with mitral regurgitation can lead to hemodynamic changes in the pulmonary vessels, ultimately reflecting in increased pulmonary arterial pressure. All these disturbances can trigger pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this scenario, the increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) compromises the right heart, as a result of elevated right ventricle (RV) afterload, leading to increased wall thickness and decreased contractility of this chamber. These changes culminate in poor adaptive response, characterized by right ventricular dilation, dysfunction and failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Important mediators associated with the infarction-induced cardiopulmonary damage are the reactive oxygen species (ROS), whose main sources are NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In this sense, the antioxidant enzymatic system, constituted mainly by superoxide dismutase (SOD),catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), represents the pivotal mechanism of defense against ROS-induced cellular damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In addition to antioxidant enzymatic system, tissues can also recruit non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as reduced glutathione.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, antioxidant response of RV has been reported to be reduced after MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In this situation, the counter regulatory response against redox homeostasis disruption may be coordinated by the antioxidant transcription factor known as nuclear factor 2 related to erythroid factor (Nrf2).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Indeed, Nrf2 regulates the expression of several redox proteins through induction of the antioxidant response elements (ARE), mainly in oxidative stress conditions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and can be activated by natural antioxidants, such as pterostilbene (PS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PS is a compound found in a wide variety of berries, such as blueberries ( <italic>Vacciniumspp</italic> ) and grapes ( <italic>Vitisspp</italic> ). Chemically it corresponds to dimethylated resveratrol (trans-3,5-dimethoxy-4&#8217;-hydroxy-stilbene), differing from it in terms of its higher lipophilicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The mechanism of action of stilbenes has been related to the reduction of ROS levels, such as hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anions, as well as the increase in intracellular availability of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Our group has reported improvement in left ventricle morphological parameters, as well as in oxidative stress markers, in infarcted rats treated with PS (100 mg kg/day).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, there are no studies evaluating whether this compound could cause an attenuation of infarction-induced damage in the lungs and RV. In view of that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of myocardial infarction on oxidative stress in the lung tissue and RV and explore whether PS administration could improve redox homeostasis in these organs.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Chemicals</title>
          <p>PS was purchased from Changsha Organic Herb (Changsha, China). Hydroxypropyl--cyclodextrin (HPCD) was supplied by Roquette Fr&#232;res (Lestrem, France). PS preparation and complexation with HPCDin order to enhance its water solubility was conducted as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical</title>
          <p>Wistar male rats (60 day-old) were obtained from the Center for Reproduction and Experimentation of Laboratory Animals of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. The animals were allocated in polypropylene boxes (340 x 200 x 410 mm) with three/four animals per cage. Animals were kept under standard conditions: temperature (20&#8211;25&#176;C), light&#8211;dark cycles of 12 hours and relative humidity of 70%. Water and commercial feed were offeredad <italic>libitum</italic> . The experimental protocol was carried out in accordance with the International Guidelines for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals and National Council for Control of Animal Experimentation. The protocol only started after the University&#8217;s Ethical Committee for Animal Experimentation had approved it (#35451).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental design</title>
          <p>In the beginning of the experimental protocol, the animals were randomly divided and all assessments were performed blindly.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Myocardial infarction surgery and PS administration were performed according to previous studies from our group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The rate of mortality during the infarction surgery procedure was 10%. After the surgery, 17 rats were allocated into the following groups: Sham (n=6), infarcted group (MI) (n=5), and infarcted group treated with PS (MI+PS) (n=6). The evaluation of myocardial infarction area size was performed using echocardiography (Philips HD7 XE Ultrasound System with an L2-13 MHz transducer), at the day 7 of the experimental protocol. After this evaluation, PS (100mg/kg/day, via gavage) for MI+PS group, and vehicle (aqueous solution via gavage) administrations for SHAM and MI groups, were started for 8 days. After the treatment period, animals were submitted to euthanasia; the lungs and right ventricles (RVs) were collected for morphometric and biochemistry analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluation</title>
          <p>The echocardiographic analyses (14 days after infarction) were performed using the EnVisor Philips system (Andover, MA, USA) with a high-frequency and high-resolution transducer (12-3 MHz), and conducted by a trained operator with experience in rat&#8217;s echocardiography and unaware of treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The animals were anesthetized (ketamine 90 mg/kg; xylazine 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and placed in lateral decubitus to obtain the images. Left ventricle (LV) images were assessed in three planes: basal, middle and apical. LV fractional shortening (FS) values were obtained by using the following equation: LVFS = DD &#8722; SD/DD &#215; 100 (diastolic diameter &#8212; DD; systolic diameter &#8212; SD). LV end-systolic (ESV) and end-diastolic volumes (EDV) were measured as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Systolic output (SO) was calculated as SO = EDV &#8211; ESV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> On each echocardiographic transverse plane (basal, middle and apical) the arch corresponding to the segments with infarction (regions or segments of the myocardium showing one of the following changes in myocardial kinetics: systolic movement akinesis and/or hypokinesis region &#8212; AHR) were measured to indicate infarcted perimeter.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The evaluation of infarcted perimeter was used to estimate myocardial infarction size.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric analysis of left and right ventricles and lungs</title>
          <p>Euthanasia was performed through anesthetic overload (ketamine 90 mg/kg and xylazine 10 mg/ kg, intraperitonially) and confirmed by cervical dislocation. After euthanasia, the lungs, left and right ventricle were used for morphometric and biochemical measurements. The left lung was used for the determination of the lung/body weight ratio, in order to evaluate lung congestion. In order to perform the hypertrophy indexes of the right and left ventricles, the ventricle/body weight and ventricle/tibia length ratios were calculated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Preparation of lung and right ventricle homogenates</title>
          <p>The right lung was prepared for the following oxidative stress analyses: total ROS, lipid peroxidation, total glutathione, reduced glutathione, thiol concentration, antioxidant enzyme activities, and Nrf2 protein expression. The RVwas homogenized to assay NADPH oxidases and nitric oxide synthase activities, sulfhydryl levels, and xanthine oxidase immunocontent. Lung and RV homogenization was performed for 40 seconds with Ultra-Turrax (OMNI Tissue Homogeneizer, OMNI International, USA) in the presence of 1.15% KCl (5 mL/g tissue) and 100 mmol/L phenyl methyl sulfonyl fluoride. Samples were centrifuged (20 minutes at 10000 x <italic>g</italic> at 4&#176;C), and the supernatant was collected and stored at 80&#176;C until the analyses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> The biochemistry analyses were performed by researcher unaware of treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative stress evaluation</title>
          <p>In pulmonary tissue, total ROS concentration was determined by the fluorescence method through reaction with dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Data were expressed as pmol/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Lipid peroxidation was measured by the reaction of oxidation products with the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the results were represented as nmol/ mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Total glutathione (GSH Total) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) levels were determined by the reduction of 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) catalyzed by glutathione reductase. Data were expressed as &#181;mol/min/mg tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>NADPH Oxidase Activity</title>
          <p>The activity of the NADPH oxidase enzyme was determined through the evaluation of NADPH consumption at 340 nm. The results were expressed as nanomoles of NADPH per minute per milligram of protein (nmol / min / mg protein).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants</title>
          <p>Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined through inhibition of pyrogallol auto-oxidation, and the results were expressed as units SOD/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Catalase (CAT) activity evaluation was based on the hydrogen peroxide consumption monitoring the absorbance decay at 240 nm Results were expressed as pmol/min/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was estimated from the NADPH oxidation, which was coupled to recycling reaction from GSSG to GSH, evaluated at 340 nm. Results were expressed as nmol/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> The total amount of sulfhydryl (SH) groups, in the lung tissue, was determined through thiol groups reaction with DTNB. The concentration of total sulfhydryl groups was expressed as nmol TNB/ mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> The protein concentration was measured by the method of Lowry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nitric oxide synthase enzyme activity</title>
          <p>The activity of the nitric oxide synthase enzyme was evaluated by measuring the conversion of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) to methemoglobin, induced by the presence of nitric oxide, as previously described. The values were expressed as nmol NO/min/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of Nrf2 and Xanthine oxidase immunocontent</title>
          <p>The Nrf2 and xanthine oxidase immunocontents were determined by Western blot as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Nrf2 and xanthine oxidase antibodies were used as primary antibodies (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Primary antibodies were detected using anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-conjugate secondary antibodies. The membranes were developed using chemiluminescence reagents. The autoradiographs generated were scanned and bands were measured using a densitometer software (Imagemaster VDS CI, Amersham Biosciences Europe, IT). The Nrf2 and xanthine oxidase molecular weights bands were determined by reference to a standard molecular weight marker (RPN 800 rainbow full range Bio-Rad, CA, USA). The results were normalized by Ponceau red method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The calculation of sample size were considered probability of error = 0.05 and test the statistical power (1- error probability) = 0.90. The distribution of data was evaluated by the Shapiro&#8211;Wilk test. Since the data presented normal distribution, the results were analyzed using one-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test to detect differences between groups, and results were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD). Differences were considered significant when p&lt;0.05. Data were analyzed using the Sigma Plot software (Jandel, Scientific Co, v. 11.0, San Jose, CA, USA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric results</title>
          <p>The infarcted rats of both groups (MI and MI+PS) presented a similar infarction perimeter. This result indicates that there were no differences between the infarcted groups in terms of infarction size. Lung congestion had no difference among the experimental groups. In the same way, there was no change in the right ventricle hypertrophy indexes, calculated by right ventricle/body weight and right ventricle/tibia length ratios, as well as right ventricle weight among the groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Morphometric results of lung and left and right ventricles</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SHAM (n=5)</th>
                    <th>MI (n=5)</th>
                    <th>MI+PS (n=6)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Lung/body weight (g/g)</td>
                    <td align="center">4.01&#177;0.99</td>
                    <td align="center">5.99&#177;0.44a</td>
                    <td align="center">5.24&#177;1.21</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17&#177;0.037</td>
                    <td align="center">0.20&#177;0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24&#177;0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV/tibia length (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48&#177;0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57&#177;0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66&#177;0.19</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV/body weight (mg/g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.50&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.60&#177;0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.70&#177;0.23</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV (g)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75&#177;0.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.75&#177;0.08</td>
                    <td align="center">0.73&#177;0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV/tibia length (g/cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.05&#177;0.19</td>
                    <td align="center">2.09&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">2.00&#177;0.18</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV/body weight (mg/g)</td>
                    <td align="center">2.15&#177;0.24</td>
                    <td align="center">2.21&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">2.11&#177;0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. aP&lt;0.05 vs SHAM. RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle; SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic parameters</title>
          <p>Evaluating morphologic parameters of the left ventricle, both MI and MI+PS groups presented an increase in end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes in comparison with SHAM animals, indicating ventricular dilatation. However, MI+PS animals presented a lower increase in end-systolic volume in relation to MI. Systolic output and heart rate were not different among the groups. Left ventricle fractional shortening, which indicates its contractility, was decreased in both MI and MI+PS groups in relation to SHAM animals, indicating a worsening in the systolic function of this chamber, and PS administration was not effective in improving this parameter. In relation to infarcted perimeter, there was no difference between MI and MI+PS groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricle</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SHAM (n=6)</th>
                    <th>MI (n=5)</th>
                    <th>MI+PS (n=6)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVESV (mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.08&#177;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46&#177;0.15 a</td>
                    <td align="center">0.32&#177;0.06 ab</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEDV (mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29&#177;0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.68&#177;0.14 a</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57&#177;0.06 a</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic output (mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.21&#177;0.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.22&#177;0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24&#177;0.04</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Heart rate (bpm)</td>
                    <td align="center">249&#177;16</td>
                    <td align="center">242&#177;15</td>
                    <td align="center">237&#177;27</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Shortening Fraction (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">51.5&#177;5.4</td>
                    <td align="center">15.8&#177;1.7a</td>
                    <td align="center">17.0&#177;2.9a</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Infarcted perimeter (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">------------</td>
                    <td align="center">1.81&#177;0.45</td>
                    <td align="center">1.60&#177;0.22</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. aP&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; bP&lt;0.05 vs MI. LVESV: Left ventricle end-systolic volume; LVEDV: Left ventricle end-diastolic volume; RV: Right ventricle; LV: Left ventricle; SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS:</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>ROS levels, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant response in lung tissue</title>
          <p>Oxidative stress was measured via dichloro&#64258;uorescein (DCF) production (an indicator of total ROS levels) and TBARS (an indicator of lipid peroxidation) in the lung tissue. Regarding total ROS, MI+PS group showed increased levels as compared to both SHAM and MI (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A</xref> ). However, it was not observed any difference between MI and SHAM groups. Although reactive species levels were increased in MI+PS group, lipid peroxidation was decreased in the lung tissue of these animals compared to MI group (p&lt;0.05). Besides that, lipid peroxidation in MI+PS group was not different compared to SHAM group, indicating a reduction of oxidative damage promoted by PS administration ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>
                  <italic>Lung oxidative stress A) Total reactive oxygen species concentration; B) Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. a P&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene.</italic>
                </title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>In terms of non-enzymatic antioxidant defenses, there were no significant changes in GSH levels in MI rats compared to SHAM. However, in relation to this parameter, PS treatment demonstrated a positive effect in the lungs of MI+PS animals, since GSH levels were increased in this group when compared to SHAM and MI (p&lt; 0.05) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). Nevertheless, GSSG levels, GSH/Total glutathione and GSSG/Total glutathione ratios did not present differences among the groups.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Redox parameters in the lungs</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="25%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>SHAM (n=6)</th>
                    <th>MI (n=5)</th>
                    <th>MI+PS (n=6)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GSH (&#181;mol/min/mg tissue)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79&#177;0.07</td>
                    <td align="center">0.67&#177;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86&#177;0.14b</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GSSG (&#181;mol/min/ mg tissue)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24&#177;0.09</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46&#177;0.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.36&#177;0.14</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total glutathione (&#181;mol/min/mg tissue)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.27&#177;0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">1.40&#177;0.22</td>
                    <td align="center">1.55&#177;0.33</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GSH/ Total glutathione</td>
                    <td align="center">0.63&#177;0.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49&#177;0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57&#177;0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>GSSG/ Total glutathione</td>
                    <td align="center">0.18&#177;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29&#177;0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.19&#177;0.08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="4"> </td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are shown as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. Control group = SHAM; myocardial infarction group = MI, myocardial infarction + pterostilbene = MI+PS. GSH = reduced glutathione; GSSG = oxidized glutathione (unit in &#181;mol/min/mg tissue).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Besides GSH, PS administration also seems to improve the enzymatic antioxidant defenses in the lungs. SOD activity was reduced in MI group compared to SHAM. However, such enzymatic activity was recovered by PS (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A</xref> ). In addition, catalase presented an increased activity in MI+PS group in relation to both SHAM and MI groups (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ). Both GPx activity and total &#8211;SH, however, did not change among the groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figures 2C and 2D</xref> , respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title><italic>Lung antioxidant measurements. A) Superoxide dismutase activity; B) Catalase activity; C) Glutathione peroxidase activity; D) Total sulfhydryl groups. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. a P&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene</italic> .</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nrf2 protein expression in the lung tissue</title>
          <p>Nrf2 expression may be involved with the antioxidant effects of PS. Nrf2 is a protein related with the regulation of antioxidant enzymes transcription and can be stimulated by molecules such as phenolic compounds. Indeed, our data showed that PS treatment promoted a significantly increase in Nrf2 protein expression in the MI+PS group compared to MI group (p&lt;0.05). There was no difference in Nrf2 expression between SHAM and MI groups ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title><italic>Lung&#8217;s western blot analysis of Nrf2 expression. A representative gel showing 1 band for each experimental group is provided. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene</italic> .</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of xanthine oxidase and NADPH oxidase in the RV</title>
          <p>Myocardial infarction stimulated pro-oxidant enzymes, which were attenuated by PS administration. In relation to this, xanthine oxidase protein expression was augmented in the RV of MI group in comparison to the other groups (p&lt;0.05). However, in MI+PS group, xanthine oxidase levels were not different from SHAM group, indicating an attenuation of this pro-oxidant enzyme in the infarcted animals treated with PS. In the same way, there was an increase in NADPH oxidase activity in MI group compared to SHAM, which seemed reduced in MI+PS group (p&lt;0.05), showing the contribution of PS treatment to reduce the superoxide anion radical production in RV ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A and 4B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title><italic>Right ventricle oxidative stress. A) Western blot analysis of xanthine oxidase expression. A representative gel showing 1 band for each experimental group is provided; B) NADPH oxidases activity. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. a P&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene</italic> .</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sulfhydryl concentration and NOS activity in RV</title>
          <p>Sulfhydryl concentration (thiol groups relevant as non-enzymatic antioxidants) was decreased in MI group compared to SHAM (p&lt;0.05); however, MI+PS group reestablished the sulfhydryl levels (p&lt;0.05). Besides that, infarcted non-treated rats showed reduced NOS activity when compared to SHAM animals, while treatment with PS recovered this enzyme activity (p&lt;0.05) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A and 5B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title><italic>A) Right ventricle total sulfhydryl groups; B) Right ventricle nitric oxide synthase activity. Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD. One-way ANOVA with the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. a P&lt;0.05 vs SHAM; b P&lt;0.05 vs MI. SHAM: Control group; MI: myocardial infarction group; MI + PS: myocardial infarction + pterostilbene</italic> .</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main finding of this study was to demonstrate that treatment of infarcted rats with PS promoted beneficial effects in the lungs and in the RV. Evaluating the left ventricle morphology and function after infarction, both infarcted groups showed cardiac dilatation, as demonstrated by the increase in cardiac volumes, and contractility impairment, as shown by the decrease in fractional shortening. PS administration, however, attenuated the increase in end-systolic volume, which seems to be a positive result, since the increase in end-systolic volume can be related to the development of lung congestion. In fact, PS treatment prevented lung congestion, evaluated by lung/ body weight ratio. The infarcted perimeter was not different between MI and MI+PS rats, demonstrating the homogeneity of the cardiac injury between these groups. In terms of morphometric parameters, neither the right nor the left ventricle of the infarcted groups presented hypertrophy. These results could be related with the fact that the animals were evaluated only 14 days after infarction. In this time point, a previous study from our group also did not find any difference in these parameters.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The lungs are the organs most affected by heart failure, and pulmonary dysfunction are a key factor for poor clinical outcomes in infarcted patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Nevertheless, our study found no changes in total ROS levels in the lungs of infarcted rats. On the other hand, the lungs of MI+PS group showed increased ROS levels, which is in accordance with the reported role of stilbenes in inducing ROS production <italic>in vitro</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> MI group showed an increased in the lipid peroxidation, indicating oxidative damage in the lungs. MI+PS group, however, showed a reduction in lipid peroxidation-induced pulmonary injury, since there was a decrease in TBARS levels. In view of that, a possible hypothesis is that this increase in ROS levels caused by PS administration could represent a hormetic mechanism,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> which leads to an increase in the antioxidant defenses, preventing lipid peroxidation. In fact, previous studies with other natural compounds that also present a pro-oxidant effect, such as sulforaphane, have already described this protective mechanism caused by antioxidant system stimulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Indeed, PS treatment may provoke an adaptation against increased ROS levels through cellular oxidative changes in SOD and CAT, which are two important enzymes that belong to the first line of defense against oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In our study, reduced SOD activity in the lungs of MI group suggests a deficient protection against anion superoxide radical, which could cause an increase in oxidative stress in later stages of MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> On the other hand, PS treatment recovered SOD activity in MI+PS group, demonstrating its protective effect in redox homeostasis. Our results showed increased CAT activity in the pulmonary tissue of MI+PS group. Since hydrogen peroxide may react with metals, such as iron, and produce hydroxyl radical,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> this increased CAT activity in MI+PS groups arises as an important defense against the production of this radical in the lungs. In terms of non-enzymatic defenses, it was found an increase in GSH concentration in the lungs of MI+PS group. GSH is the most prevalent low-molecular-weight antioxidant peptide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> and participates in redox regulation and homeostasis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> In the present study, increased GSH concentration could have contributed to reduced TBARS levels in MI+PS group, decreasing oxidative stress in these animals. Besides enzymatic and non-enzymatic defenses stimulation, PS could also induce improvement in antioxidant profile in the pulmonary tissue through stimulation of cytoprotective proteins, such as Nrf2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In this context, Nrf2 acts as a redox sensitive transcription factor, playing a key role in pulmonary antioxidant response. In situations of redox balance, Nrf2 is anchored to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). However, when there is a redox homeostasis disruption, Nrf2-Keap1 complex dissociates and release Nrf2, which can translocate into the nucleus, and initiate the transcription of antioxidant molecules.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Indeed, studies in the literature have demonstrated that Nrf2 plays an important role in the synthesis of endogenous antioxidant enzymes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Moreover, according to Lacerda et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> PS up-regulates the expression of Nrf2, which increases cellular GSH and mitigates oxidative damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In our study, Nrf2 immunocontent levels was increased in the lungs of MI+PS rats, suggesting that PS induces Nrf2 activation, which could be an explanation for the improvement in the antioxidant defenses and the reduction in lipid peroxidation. In view of these data, PS showed to be protective to the lungs after infarction, since prevented pulmonary congestion, increased SOD and CAT activities, increased GSH levels and prevented lipid peroxidation, as well as induced Nrf2, which is a cytoprotective protein.</p>
        <p>Regarding the RV, the pro-oxidative scenario of myocardial infarction affects significantly this chamber.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Our results showed that myocardial infarction leads to elevated xanthine oxidase expression in the RV. Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> showed increased xanthine oxidase levels in the heart 12 weeks post-infarction, associated with lipid peroxidation and cardiac dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> Besides that, NADPH oxidase activity, which is an important source of ROS, was also evaluated in our study. This enzyme activity was elevated in MI rats, and PS administration was capable of prevent this increase. The elevated xanthine oxidase levels and NADPH oxidases activities observed predispose the RV to increased superoxide anion concentration, and consequently antioxidant reserve depletion. Corroborating these results, we also found reduced sulfhydryl levels in MI group. MI+PS group, however, showed increased thiol groups content. In the MI group, the elevated superoxide anion concentration, produced by NADPH oxidases and xanthine oxidase, may interfere unfavorably in the ROS/NO balance in the RV. In fact, our results showed reduced NOS activity in the right chamber of MI group. NOS is a relevant enzyme in NO production, which plays critical role in cardioprotection.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> In the present study, PS administration prevented NOS activity reduction, which occurred in MI group. Nevertheless, considering the effect of this compound in blunting pro-oxidant enzymes, such as NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase, concomitant with partial NOS activity retrieval, PS seems to contribute in the maintenance of a cardioprotective ROS/NO balance in the RV.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, PS administration promoted beneficial effects in the lungs of infarcted animals, decreasing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant defenses, such as SOD and catalase activities and GSH levels. Besides that, this compound prevented the increase in NADPH oxidase activity and in xanthine oxidase expression in the RV of infarcted animals. These results were probably related with an improvement in ROS/NO balance in this chamber. In view of that, our findings suggest that PS effectively presents protective effects in the lungs and RV after myocardial infarction.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06001">
            <label>Figure 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Graphical abstract</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0435-01155-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This work was funded by the Brazilian National Council for Scientific Development (CNPq) and Brazilian Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
