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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">C8CL8wvRXg9bs3R5Pbcpkcv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200422</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201003</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Perfil Cl&#237;nico, Laboratorial e de M&#233;todos de Imagem na Amiloidose Sist&#234;mica em um Centro de Refer&#234;ncia Cardiol&#243;gico Brasileiro</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9524-0255</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6721-7779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Vaz Kerges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cafezeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Rebou&#231;as Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rissato</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szor</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Shcolnik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7700-9343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Angelina Maria Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Bianchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3757-9901</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2366-3371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Caio de Assis Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dabarian</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mady</surname>
            <given-names>Charles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do C&#226;ncer de S&#227;o Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do C&#226;ncer de S&#227;o Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: F&#225;bio Fernandes &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Castelli JB, Tavares CAM, Kalil Filho R, Mady C; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Bueno BVK, Cafezeiro CRF, Rissato JH, Szor RS, Lino AMM, Soares J&#250;nior J, Dabarian A, Mathias J&#250;nior W, Krieger JE, Tavares CAM, Ramires F, Hotta VT, Rochitte CE, Hajjar LA; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Mady C; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bueno BVK, Cafezeiro CRF, Carvalho MLP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Szor RS, Soares J&#250;nior J, Mathias J&#250;nior W, Ramires F, Mady C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Szor RS, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>422</fpage>
      <lpage>432</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Amiloidose sist&#234;mica &#233; uma doen&#231;a com manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas diversas. O diagn&#243;stico envolve suspeita cl&#237;nica, aliada a m&#233;todos complementares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Descrever o perfil cl&#237;nico, laboratorial, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e de imagem no acometimento card&#237;aco da amiloidose sist&#234;mica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, analisando dados cl&#237;nicos, laboratoriais, eletrocardiogr&#225;ficos, ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, medicina nuclear e resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica. Considerou-se signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Avaliaram-se 105 pacientes (com mediana de idade de 66 anos), sendo 62 homens, dos quais 83 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR) e 22 amiloidose por cadeia leve (AL). Na ATTR, 68,7% eram de car&#225;ter heredit&#225;rio (ATTRh) e 31,3% do tipo selvagem (ATTRw). As muta&#231;&#245;es mais prevalentes foram Val142Ile (45,6%) e Val50Met (40,3%). O tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas ao diagn&#243;stico foi 0,54 e 2,15 anos nas formas AL e ATTR (p &lt; 0,001), respectivamente. O acometimento card&#237;aco foi observado em 77,9% dos ATTR e 90,9% dos AL. Observaram-se altera&#231;&#245;es de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular em 20% e intraventricular em 27,6% dos pacientes, sendo 33,7 % na ATTR e 4,5% das AL (p = 0,006). A forma ATTRw apresentou mais arritmias atriais que os ATTRh (61,5% x 22,8%; p = 0,001). Ao ecocardiograma a mediana da espessura do septo na ATTRw x ATTRh x AL foi de 15 mm x 12 mm x 11 mm (p = 0,193). Observou-se BNP elevado em 89,5% dos indiv&#237;duos (mediana 249 ng/mL, IQR 597,7) e eleva&#231;&#227;o da troponina em 43,2%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Foi poss&#237;vel caracterizar, em nosso meio, o acometimento card&#237;aco na amiloidose sist&#234;mica, em seus diferentes subtipos, atrav&#233;s da hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica e dos m&#233;todos diagn&#243;sticos descritos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Amiloidose</kwd>
        <kwd>Cadeias Leves de Imunoglobulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Hipertr&#243;fica</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A amiloidose refere-se a um conjunto de doen&#231;as raras, no qual fragmentos de prote&#237;nas, dobrados em configura&#231;&#227;o altamente est&#225;vel (folhas com pregueado do tipo &#8220;beta&#8221;), depositam-se de forma patog&#234;nica no espa&#231;o extracelular de &#243;rg&#227;os e tecidos como fibrilas insol&#250;veis. Conforme o tipo de pol&#237;meros de subunidades (mon&#244;meros) e prote&#237;na depositada, temos diferentes subtipos de doen&#231;a.</p>
      <p>O acometimento card&#237;aco &#233; frequente, manifestando-se com espessamento e desarranjo estrutural, podendo ocasionar disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica, s&#237;ndrome de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o e arritmias atriais e ventriculares com elevada morbimortalidade. Entre todas as formas de amiloidose conhecidas (36 at&#233; o momento), a maioria dos casos de amiloidose card&#237;aca deve-se ao dep&#243;sito duas prote&#237;nas: cadeias leves (AL) ou transtirretina (ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A forma sist&#234;mica mais comum &#233; causada por dep&#243;sitos de cadeias leves, que se referem aos clones dessas cadeias e associados a anticorpos formados por clones de plasm&#243;citos na medula &#243;ssea (amiloidose AL). Por sua vez, a transtirretina &#233; uma prote&#237;na produzida no f&#237;gado, sendo carreadora de tiroxina e retinol. Sua forma monom&#233;rica &#233; mais propensa a dobrar erroneamente e depositar-se nos tecidos, gerando amiloidose.</p>
      <p>H&#225; dois subtipos principais de amiloidose por transtirretina (ATTR): a ATTR selvagem (ATTR <italic>wild type</italic>, ou ATTRw), definida at&#233; recentemente como &#8220;senil&#8221;, na qual fragmentos de uma prote&#237;na produzida normalmente acumulam-se nos tecidos ao longo de anos; e a ATTR mutante (ATTR heredit&#225;ria ou ATTRh), na qual indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o portadores de muta&#231;&#245;es patol&#243;gicas no gene da transtirretina, que predisp&#245;e ao dep&#243;sito acelerado dessas prote&#237;nas. Existem mais de 120 muta&#231;&#245;es descritas at&#233; o momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No entanto, estabelecer o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca &#233; dif&#237;cil e requer alto &#237;ndice de suspeita cl&#237;nica. Nesse contexto, os exames de imagem, principalmente o ecocardiograma, a cintilografia e a resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, t&#234;m contribu&#237;do cada vez mais para o reconhecimento do dep&#243;sito amiloide.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico correto se faz necess&#225;rio, pois o tratamento habitual para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca nem sempre pode ser aplicado na cardiopatia amiloid&#243;tica. O progn&#243;stico &#233; diferente das demais etiologias; a evolu&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento s&#227;o diferentes das demais cardiomiopatias hipertr&#243;ficas, principalmente pelas possibilidades terap&#234;uticas espec&#237;ficas atuais, que podem modificar a hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a. Al&#233;m disso, conv&#233;m ressaltar que o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose AL &#233; uma emerg&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>De modo geral, estudos demonstram que o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a sist&#234;mica &#233; tardio; o tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o estabelecimento do diagn&#243;stico &#233; de dois anos na forma AL e de at&#233; quatro anos na ATTR. Cerca de 32% dos pacientes foram atendidos por at&#233; cinco diferentes m&#233;dicos para chegar ao diagn&#243;stico, com 39% apresentando neuropatia limitante, o que comprometia o tratamento da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> No entanto, n&#227;o existem dados espec&#237;ficos sobre o tempo de in&#237;cio dos sintomas cardiovasculares e o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Objetivo</title>
      <p>Descrever o perfil cl&#237;nico, laboratorial, eletrocardiogr&#225;fico e de m&#233;todos de imagem em um grupo de pacientes com amiloidose sist&#234;mica encaminhados a um centro de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gico, para uma melhor compreens&#227;o das caracter&#237;sticas da doen&#231;a no Brasil, propiciando a cria&#231;&#227;o de novas estrat&#233;gias de manejo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho e popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes acompanhados em nosso servi&#231;o, com diagn&#243;stico confirmado de amiloidose sist&#234;mica com miocardiopatia, e indiv&#237;duos oriundos de outras unidades de sa&#250;de e diferentes especialidades (neurologia, hematologia, nefrologia e gastrenterologia) para avalia&#231;&#227;o de acometimento card&#237;aco (cardiomiopatia amiloid&#243;tica) de doen&#231;a j&#225; confirmada em outros &#243;rg&#227;os e sistemas. No seguimento ambulatorial, os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; pesquisa de amiloidose, conforme fluxograma internacional atualmente adotado (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> atrav&#233;s de eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma, cintilografia &#243;ssea com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, eletroforese de prote&#237;nas com imunofixa&#231;&#227;o, dosagem de cadeias leves livres s&#233;ricas e pesquisa gen&#233;tica de muta&#231;&#245;es da transtirretina. Tamb&#233;m foi realizado o rastreamento por genotipagem dos familiares dos pacientes com amiloidose heredit&#225;ria. Os dados foram coletados no per&#237;odo de janeiro de 2018 at&#233; maio de 2020.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma de diagn&#243;stico da amiloidose card&#237;aca (adaptado de refer&#234;ncia 8). BMO: biopsia de medula &#243;ssea; TTRw: amiloidose por transtirretina, forma selvagem; TTRh: amiloidose por transtirretina, forma heredit&#225;ria; ECG: etrocardiograma.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Inclu&#237;ram-se na presente amostra pacientes com fen&#243;tipo cl&#237;nico, laboratorial e de imagem com suspeita de amiloidose. Os indiv&#237;duos foram encaminhados para avalia&#231;&#227;o ou acompanhados em nosso servi&#231;o.</p>
        <p>Exclu&#237;ram-se do estudo pacientes sem comprova&#231;&#227;o de amiloidose pelos m&#233;todos descritos, pacientes que aguardavam exames diagn&#243;sticos comprobat&#243;rios e indiv&#237;duos com outras formas de cardiopatias, como hipertensivas, isqu&#234;micas, chag&#225;sicas, al&#233;m de portadores de doen&#231;a valvar (estenose a&#243;rtica) concomitante.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos</title>
        <p>Os casos de amiloidose por transtirretina foram definidos pela aus&#234;ncia de componente monoclonal, identificado por eletroforese com imunofixa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas e urin&#225;rias, dosagem e rela&#231;&#227;o normal das cadeias leves livres s&#233;ricas (<italic>kappa</italic> e <italic>lambda</italic>) e presen&#231;a de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica graus II ou III de Perugini na cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com pirofosfato marcado com tecn&#233;cio 99 metaest&#225;vel (PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Nos casos de forma AL, o diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose foi confirmado histologicamente atrav&#233;s de biopsia de gordura abdominal, medula &#243;ssea, gengiva ou mioc&#225;rdio. Inicialmente, houve comprova&#231;&#227;o do componente monoclonal por um dos m&#233;todos descritos acima, al&#233;m de capta&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica ausente ou grau I na cintilografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>M&#233;todos de imagem</title>
        <p>Os estudos ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados com o uso do equipamento Vivid<sup>TM</sup>E95, da GE Healthcare (Waukesha, Wisconsin). As avalia&#231;&#245;es foram feitas em modo bidimensional e tridimensional em tempo real, com a an&#225;lise de fluxos card&#237;acos por dopplerecocardiografia, an&#225;lise com <italic>doppler</italic> tecidual, an&#225;lise por t&#233;cnica de <italic>speckle tracking</italic> da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) longitudinal global bidimensional do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e an&#225;lise da deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (<italic>strain</italic>) do ventr&#237;culo direito. As imagens foram adquiridas em proje&#231;&#245;es paraesternais longitudinais de c&#226;maras esquerdas, transversal e apical de 2, 3 e 4 c&#226;maras, de acordo com padroniza&#231;&#227;o da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia. As aquisi&#231;&#245;es das imagens tridimensionais em tempo real foram obtidas em apneia expirat&#243;ria, com observa&#231;&#227;o do ciclo card&#237;aco a partir do registro eletrocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
        <p>As cintilografias mioc&#225;rdicas com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc foram realizadas atrav&#233;s da capta&#231;&#227;o de imagens ap&#243;s 1 e 3 horas da inje&#231;&#227;o do tra&#231;ador, mediante o uso de um colimador de baixa energia e alta resolu&#231;&#227;o (LEHR). Utilizaram-se proje&#231;&#227;o est&#225;tica anterior (1 hora e 3 horas, respectivamente) e proje&#231;&#245;es est&#225;ticas anterior, lateral esquerda e obl&#237;qua anterior esquerda (3 horas). Quando houve capta&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea card&#237;aca, realizaram-se imagens SPECT de t&#243;rax, com tempo de 3 horas de inje&#231;&#227;o, para melhor identificar os limites card&#237;acos e evitar que o <italic>pool</italic> interferisse na interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens. Isso acarretaria resultados falso-positivos. Utilizaram-se dois crit&#233;rios de interpreta&#231;&#227;o das imagens: visual e an&#225;lise semiquantitativa. O crit&#233;rio visual baseou-se na escala de Perugini, na qual foi feita uma an&#225;lise qualitativa nas imagens de 3 horas, comparando o grau de concentra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do tra&#231;ador com o de capta&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea do gradil costal. No grau 2, a concentra&#231;&#227;o &#233; semelhante em ambos os pontos avaliados; no grau 3, a capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca &#233; maior do que a observada nos arcos costais. Ambas est&#227;o fortemente associadas ao diagn&#243;stico de amiloidose card&#237;aca por transtirretina. Na aus&#234;ncia de capta&#231;&#227;o (grau 0), considerou-se que n&#227;o havia dep&#243;sito amiloide card&#237;aco; na capta&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca discreta, menor que nas costelas (grau 1), considerou-se a possibilidade de dep&#243;sito amiloide por cadeias leves (AL) ou fase inicial de dep&#243;sito por transtirretina. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises semiquantitativas do grau de capta&#231;&#227;o do radiotra&#231;ador, comparando-se as regi&#245;es de interesse (ROIs) da &#225;rea card&#237;aca e da &#225;rea em espelho no hemit&#243;rax direito na imagem anterior. Considerou-se seriamente o sugestivo de amiloidose por transtirretina e valores de rela&#231;&#227;o cora&#231;&#227;o/lado contralateral &#8805; 1,5 nas imagens de 1 hora e &#8805; 1,3 nas imagens de 3 horas. Os crit&#233;rios utilizados est&#227;o em conformidade com o protocolo da American Society of Nuclear Cardiology e a diretriz de cintilografia com marcadores &#243;sseos da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Nuclear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As resson&#226;ncias magn&#233;ticas card&#237;acas foram realizadas em aparelhos de 1,5 Tesla (Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands Signa CV/I; GE Medical Systems Wakeusha, WI; e Avanto; Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), com as imagens sendo captadas nos eixos curto e longo em apneia e em sequ&#234;ncias de pulso sincronizadas com o eletrocardiograma. A primeira sequ&#234;ncia foi um gradiente-eco em estado de equil&#237;brio (<italic>steady-state free precession</italic> &#8211; SSFP) para avaliar a morfologia e as fun&#231;&#245;es ventriculares esquerda e direita. A segunda sequ&#234;ncia foi um gradiente-eco segmentado com pulso de invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o para obter o RTM, 10 a 20 minutos ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o intravenosa de 0,2 mmol/kg de bolo de contraste &#224; base de gadol&#237;nio (Dotarem<sup>&#174;</sup>, &#225;cido gadot&#233;rico &#8211; Gd-DOTA, Guerbet Aulnay-Sous-Bois &#8211; Fran&#231;a). Para as imagens de cine com uso da sequ&#234;ncia SSFP, os par&#226;metros foram: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 3,4 ms; tempo de eco, 2,0 ms; &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o, 45&#186;; matriz, 256x160; fases card&#237;acas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> cortes por segmento, 8 a 16 para obter resolu&#231;&#227;o temporal de 55 ms ou menos; espessura do corte, 8 mm; intervalo entre os cortes, 2 mm; e campo de vis&#227;o, 36 a 40 cm. Para a sequ&#234;ncia de pulso do RTM, os seguintes par&#226;metros foram usados nos eixos curto e longo: tempo de repeti&#231;&#227;o, 7,3 ms; tempo de eco, 3,2 ms; &#226;ngulo de deflex&#227;o, 25&#186;; matriz, 256 x 196; espessura do corte, 8 mm; intervalo entre os cortes, 2 mm; campo de vis&#227;o, 36 a 40 cm; tempo de invers&#227;o, 200 ms a 300 ms; largura da banda receptora, 32,5 kHz; cada aquisi&#231;&#227;o RR; e n&#250;mero de excita&#231;&#245;es, 2. Os cortes no eixo curto foram prescritos da base ao &#225;pice (em geral 8 a 12 cinecortes/cora&#231;&#227;o) e perpendicular ao eixo longo ventricular, cobrindo todo o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Importante notar que as localiza&#231;&#245;es dos cortes foram exatamente as mesmas para as duas sequ&#234;ncias de pulso, permitindo comparar fun&#231;&#227;o e morfologia, com a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o tecidual fornecida por RTM.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis analisadas</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram avaliados os crit&#233;rios idade, sexo, tempo entre o in&#237;cio de sintomas at&#233; a confirma&#231;&#227;o do diagn&#243;stico, sistema inicialmente acometido (cardiol&#243;gico, neurol&#243;gico, ambos ou outros), altera&#231;&#245;es no eletrocardiograma e/ou Holter de 24 horas (ritmo card&#237;aco, baixa voltagem, sobrecargas de c&#226;maras, dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular ou intraventricular e arritmias evidenciadas), dados do ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (espessura de septo interventricular, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo m&#233;todo de Simpson, padr&#227;o de di&#225;stole, altera&#231;&#227;o (ou n&#227;o) valvar e discinesias poupando o &#225;pice do ventr&#237;culo (padr&#227;o de <italic>apical sparing</italic>)), dados de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca, dados de cintilografia atrav&#233;s de pirofosfato marcado com <sup>99m</sup>Tc (grau de capta&#231;&#227;o do marcador e raz&#227;o de capta&#231;&#227;o da regi&#227;o card&#237;aca com a regi&#227;o tor&#225;cica direita ap&#243;s uma e tr&#234;s horas), valores de BNP ou NT-pro-BNP, detec&#231;&#227;o de eleva&#231;&#227;o ou n&#227;o de troponina s&#233;rica, presen&#231;a ou n&#227;o de componentes monoclonais em imunofixa&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas e urin&#225;rias, dosagens de cadeias leves livres s&#233;ricas e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre as mesmas.</p>
        <p>Foram considerados os seguintes sintomas cardiovasculares: palpita&#231;&#245;es, dor tor&#225;cica, hipotens&#227;o sintom&#225;tica, hipotens&#227;o ortost&#225;tica, s&#237;ncope, dispneia aos esfor&#231;os e ortopneia associada a edema de membros inferiores. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi definida quando constatadas a turg&#234;ncia jugular patol&#243;gica, o refluxo hepatojugular, a dispneia parox&#237;stica noturna, a estertora&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, a presen&#231;a de terceira bulha, o edema de membros inferiores bilateral e dispneia aos esfor&#231;os.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra empregada no estudo foi definido por conveni&#234;ncia. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de m&#233;dia e desvio-padr&#227;o, as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram descritas atrav&#233;s de mediana e intervalo interquartil.</p>
        <p>Para comparar as vari&#225;veis quantitativas idade, tempo de doen&#231;a cl&#237;nica, espessura do septo no ecocardiograma, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, valores de capta&#231;&#227;o na cintilografia com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP e NT-pro-BNP, utilizou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Asseveramos a normalidade das vari&#225;veis quantitativas de desfecho principal atrav&#233;s do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) e conclu&#237;mos que n&#227;o existe distribui&#231;&#227;o de normalidade assegurada.</p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise da depend&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica e da distribui&#231;&#227;o de frequ&#234;ncias das vari&#225;veis qualitativas sexo, altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG e Holter de 24 horas, presen&#231;a (ou n&#227;o) de picos monoclonais nas imunofixa&#231;&#245;es, altera&#231;&#245;es valvares na espessura de septo e na di&#225;stole ao ecocardiograma, presen&#231;a (ou n&#227;o) de realce tardio na resson&#226;ncia e eleva&#231;&#227;o (ou n&#227;o) de troponina, aplicou-se o teste de Qui-quadrado.</p>
        <p>Para comparar a propor&#231;&#227;o de respostas entre as duas vari&#225;veis, empregou-se o teste de Igualdade de Duas Propor&#231;&#245;es. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos AL, ATTRh e ATTRw para as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foi realizada atrav&#233;s do teste de Kruskal-Wallis.</p>
        <p>Os <italic>softwares</italic> estat&#237;sticos utilizados para as an&#225;lises foram o SPSS vers&#227;o 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY) e o Minitab 16 (Minitab, LLC). Todos os testes foram considerados significantes estatisticamente quando p &lt; 0,05.</p>
        <p>O projeto foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Cient&#237;fica e de &#201;tica do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (InCor/HC-FMUSP); e pela Comiss&#227;o de &#201;tica para a An&#225;lise de Projetos de Pesquisa (CAPPesq), da Diretoria Cl&#237;nica do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE n<sup>o</sup> 27437019.5.0000.0068).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Perfil epidemiol&#243;gico</title>
        <p>Foram avaliados 105 pacientes, com mediana de idade de 66 anos, sendo 64 anos na forma ATTR e 66 anos na forma AL. Avaliando-se os subtipos da amiloidose por transtirretina, a mediana de idade na forma ATTRh foi de 56 anos, enquanto na ATTRw foi de 79 anos.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 62 pacientes (59%) eram do sexo masculino, sendo que 54 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam forma ATTR (34 ATTRh e 20 ATTRw) e 8 apresentavam forma AL. Entre as 43 pacientes do sexo feminino, 29 tinham forma ATTR (23 ATTRh e 6 ATTRw) e 14 tinham forma AL.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tipos de amiloidose</title>
        <p>O subtipo de amiloidose mais prevalente foi a secund&#225;ria &#224; muta&#231;&#227;o da transtirretina (ATTR), sendo que a forma heredit&#225;ria (ATTRh) foi a mais comum. Observaram-se cinco muta&#231;&#245;es diferentes, sendo a Val142Ile (substitui&#231;&#227;o do amino&#225;cido valina na posi&#231;&#227;o 142 pela isoleucina) a mais frequente, seguida pela Val50Met (substitui&#231;&#227;o do amino&#225;cido valina na posi&#231;&#227;o 50 pela metionina), como observado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribui&#231;&#245;es das muta&#231;&#245;es encontradas na ATTRh. Val50Met: substitui&#231;&#227;o da valina pela metionina na posi&#231;&#227;o 50; Thr80Ala: substitui&#231;&#227;o da treonina pela alanina na posi&#231;&#227;o 80; Ala39Asp: troca alanina pelo aspartato na posi&#231;&#227;o 39; Phe84Leu: substitui&#231;&#227;o da fenilalanina pela leucina na posi&#231;&#227;o 84.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Tempo at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico</title>
        <p>O tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico foi, em m&#233;dia, de 0,54 &#177; 1,94 anos na forma AL e de 2,15 &#177; 2,43 anos na ATTR (p &lt; 0,001). No subtipo ATTRh, o tempo m&#233;dio foi de 16 meses e na ATTRw foi de 37 meses (p &lt; 0,049).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
        <p>Na primeira consulta, a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica constituiu-se principalmente de sintomas cardiol&#243;gicos, isoladamente ou associados a sintomas neurol&#243;gicos (polineuropatia perif&#233;rica, altera&#231;&#245;es de h&#225;bito gastrintestinal, s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo, altera&#231;&#245;es vesicais), independente da forma de amiloidose (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica nos diferentes subtipos de amiloidose</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Sistemas acometidos</th>
                  <th colspan="2">AL</th>
                  <th colspan="2">ATTR</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Assintom&#225;tico</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">15,80%</td>
                  <td align="center">14</td>
                  <td align="center">18,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">18,10%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">78,90%</td>
                  <td align="center">41</td>
                  <td align="center">54,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">59,60%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Neurol&#243;gico</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">5,30%</td>
                  <td align="center">15</td>
                  <td align="center">20,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">17,00%</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Misto</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00%</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">6,70%</td>
                  <td align="center">5</td>
                  <td align="center">5,30%</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Total de pacientes: 105; sem dados de sintomas iniciais: 11; P: 0,189; AL: amiloidose de cadeias leves; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Observou-se que 31% dos nossos pacientes apresentavam associa&#231;&#227;o de neuropatia dolorosa, dist&#250;rbios de marcha, s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral ou disautonomia a hipertrofia ventricular e/ou ICFEp.</p>
        <p>Em nosso estudo, 17 pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos, o que ocorreu devido ao rastreio de familiares de probandos com ATTRh. O sintoma mais prevalente foi a dispneia isolada (38%) ou associada a sintomas como incontin&#234;ncia urin&#225;ria, polineuropatia, tontura, disautonomia e s&#237;ncope (16%). Em 5% dos casos, o primeiro sintoma foram palpita&#231;&#245;es, em geral relacionadas a diagn&#243;stico posterior de arritmia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Biomarcadores</title>
        <p>Observou-se eleva&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de BNP em 94 pacientes (89,5%, mediana 249 ng/mL, IQR 597,7) sendo maior nos pacientes com ATTR que nos indiv&#237;duos com a forma AL. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de troponina apurados estavam acima do limite superior da normalidade em 43,2% dos pacientes estudados.</p>
        <p>A eletroforese de prote&#237;nas s&#233;ricas ou urin&#225;rias evidenciou picos monoclonais em somente tr&#234;s pacientes com ATTR, sendo considerada uma gamopatia de valor incerto, ap&#243;s serem submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o hematol&#243;gica e &#224; biopsia de medula &#243;ssea.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Eletrocardiograma de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es (ECG) e Holter de 24 horas</title>
        <p>Mais da metade dos pacientes apresentaram algum tipo de altera&#231;&#227;o eletrocardiogr&#225;fica. Observou-se que 1/5 dos pacientes apresentavam ritmo diferente do sinusal ao ECG, sendo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) o mais encontrado. Os demais ritmos observados foram o <italic>flutter</italic> atrial, o ritmo ect&#243;pico atrial e o ritmo de marcapasso (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas nos diferentes tipos de amiloidose</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Achados</th>
                  <th>ECG alterado</th>
                  <th>BAV</th>
                  <th>BIV</th>
                  <th>Arritmia atrial</th>
                  <th>Arritmia ventricular</th>
                  <th>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (68,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (27,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (34,3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (10,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (15,2%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AL</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (66,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4,5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (31,8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (13,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (9,1%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATTR</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (80,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19(22,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(33,7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (34,9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,9%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,180</td>
                  <td align="center">0,150</td>
                  <td align="center">0,006</td>
                  <td align="center">0,784</td>
                  <td align="center">0,586</td>
                  <td align="center">0,719</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>AL: amiloidose de cadeias leves; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; ECG: eletrocardiograma; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BIV: bloqueio intraventricular. M&#233;todo: teste de Qui-quadrado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas nos subtipos ATTR</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Achados</th>
                  <th>ECG alterado n (%)</th>
                  <th>BAVs n (%)</th>
                  <th>BIVs n (%)</th>
                  <th>Arritmia atrial n (%)</th>
                  <th>Arritmia ventricular n (%)</th>
                  <th>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATTR</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (80,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (22,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (33,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (34,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (9,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (16,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATTRh</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (76,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (29,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ATTRw</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (30,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (42,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (61,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (15,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (38,5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>p</td>
                  <td align="center">0,244</td>
                  <td align="center">0,249</td>
                  <td align="center">0,265</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,231</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>ECG: eletrocardiograma; BAV: bloqueio atrioventricular; BIV: bloqueio intraventricular; ATTR: amiloidose por transtirretina; ATTRh: amiloidose por transtirretina, forma heredit&#225;ria; ATTRw: amiloidose por transtirretina, forma selvagem. M&#233;todo: teste de Qui-quadrado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Al&#233;m das arritmias sustentadas persistentes, tamb&#233;m foi constatada, em Holter, a presen&#231;a de extrassistolia atrial e taquicardia atrial parox&#237;stica em 12 pacientes, e extrassistolia ventricular, ritmo idioventricular acelerado e taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada em 14 indiv&#237;duos, com sobreposi&#231;&#227;o de arritmia em alguns deles.</p>
        <p>Foram encontrados dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o em quase metade dos pacientes. A altera&#231;&#227;o de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular mais comumente encontrada foi o bloqueio de primeiro grau, enquanto 5 pacientes necessitaram de implante de marcapasso card&#237;aco. Avaliando a condu&#231;&#227;o intraventricular (bloqueios de ramos e bloqueios divisionais), observou-se que a presen&#231;a de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o foi muito mais frequente na forma de amiloidose ATTR quando comparada a forma AL (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>). Em 20 pacientes (19,1%), observou-se baixa voltagem (amplitude de QRS &lt; 5 mm nas deriva&#231;&#245;es cl&#225;ssicas ou &lt; 10 mm nas precordiais); e 21 indiv&#237;duos (20%) possu&#237;am padr&#227;o de pseudoinfarto ao ECG (definido como presen&#231;a de ondas Q patol&#243;gicas em pelo menos duas deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas no eletrocardiograma, sem doen&#231;a coronariana obstrutiva).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma</title>
        <p>A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foi maior em valores absolutos nos pacientes com a forma AL do que na forma TTR, por&#233;m sem diferen&#231;a estat&#237;stica significativa entre os tipos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos nos subtipos amiloidose</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                  <th>ATTRh Mediana (IQR)</th>
                  <th>ATTRw Mediana (IQR)</th>
                  <th>AL Mediana (IQR)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septo (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (7,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (4,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,193</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Parede posterior (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (5,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (4,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (2,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,531</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">49,5 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (8,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,012</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (6,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (14)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (7,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,055</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5 (26)</td>
                  <td align="center">58,5 (19,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">62 (16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,230</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro AE (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (9,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">45 (7,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,5 (9,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0,001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (11,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (15)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (10,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,813</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>IQR: intervalo interquartil; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; PSAP: press&#227;o sist&#243;lica de art&#233;ria pulmonar; ATTRh: amiloidose por transtirretina forma heredit&#225;ria; ATTRw: amiloidose por transtirretina forma selvagem; AL: amiloidose de cadeias leves. An&#225;lises pelo teste de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Metade dos pacientes apresentavam espessamento do septo interventricular, sendo que o padr&#227;o de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica e sim&#233;trica foram igualmente encontrados. Quando analisado por subtipo de amiloidose, observaram-se mais casos de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica na forma ATTR quando comparada a AL, sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica.</p>
        <p>Tanto as medidas do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo quanto as de di&#226;metro do &#225;trio esquerdo foram maiores nos pacientes com ATTRw, quando comparadas a ATTRh e AL, apresentando signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a quanto a espessura do septo interventricular, di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo ou press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar (PSAP).</p>
        <p>Nos pacientes analisados com o m&#233;todo de <italic>strain</italic> (n = 22), 81,8% apresentaram padr&#227;o de preserva&#231;&#227;o apical <italic>(apical sparing</italic>). Cerca de 53% dos casos manifestaram sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerda preservada. Dos 16 pacientes que apresentavam sintomas exclusivamente neurol&#243;gicos no in&#237;cio da avalia&#231;&#227;o, cinco apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular ao ecocardiograma.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica</title>
        <p>Dos 105 pacientes do estudo, 58 foram submetidos a avalia&#231;&#227;o por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica, dos quais 24 (41%) apresentavam hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, 17 com a forma ATTR e 7 com a forma AL. Na forma ATTR, 10 eram ATTRh e 7 ATTRw. A presen&#231;a de realce tardio de padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico foi observada em 38 pacientes (68%), independentemente da exist&#234;ncia de hipertrofia ventricular. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o do volume extracelular e do mapa T1 n&#227;o foi realizada de rotina, n&#227;o sendo poss&#237;vel elaborar uma an&#225;lise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medicina nuclear</title>
        <p>A cintilografia com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc foi realizada em 66 pacientes. Em 40 indiv&#237;duos (60%), ela foi considerada positiva, pelos crit&#233;rios previamente descritos. Observou-se que, na an&#225;lise ap&#243;s 3 horas, o grau de capta&#231;&#227;o foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com ATTR (mediana 1,54; IQR 0,42) do que nos com forma AL (mediana 1,18; IQR 0,02) (p = 0,028). Na ATTRw, a mediana da capta&#231;&#227;o foi de 1,6 (IQR 0,29), maior do que na ATTRh, com mediana de 1,27 (IQR 0,6), por&#233;m n&#227;o sendo estatisticamente significante (p = 0,044). Em 12 pacientes com forma ATTRh, n&#227;o houve nenhuma ou somente discreta capta&#231;&#227;o, e em 3 indiv&#237;duos o exame foi considerado indeterminado, por haver padr&#227;o discordante entre a an&#225;lise visual e a semiquantitativa.</p>
        <p>Levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o todas as vari&#225;veis card&#237;acas avaliadas, apenas 18 indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma altera&#231;&#227;o, sendo dois pacientes com forma AL e 16 pacientes com ATTRh. Nesse estrato, a maioria dos avaliados era familiar a casos considerados &#237;ndices.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Em nossa casu&#237;stica, analisamos dados adquiridos nos &#250;ltimos 2 anos e caracterizamos 105 pacientes com amiloidose. Nesses indiv&#237;duos, o comprometimento card&#237;aco esteve presente em 83% dos casos, mesmo nas formas heredit&#225;rias que n&#227;o acometem o cora&#231;&#227;o como foco principal (Val50Met, por exemplo), corroborando para os dados que mostram este &#243;rg&#227;o como alvo da doen&#231;a. Conforme levantamento dos dados da literatura, trata-se do estudo brasileiro com a maior casu&#237;stica de pacientes cardiol&#243;gicos at&#233; o momento.</p>
      <p>A maior casu&#237;stica nacional publicada, de Cruz et al., incluiu 160 pacientes. No entanto, apresentava predom&#237;nio de acometimento neurol&#243;gico, com 35,2% de acometidos cardiol&#243;gicos na amostra.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso centro, a forma ATTRh foi a mais frequente, seguida pela selvagem (ATTRw) e AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Nossa casu&#237;stica difere da literatura mundial, em que a forma mais comum &#233; a AL. O achado pode ser justificado pelo fato do nosso centro estar inserido em um hospital de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> enquanto os pacientes com a forma AL s&#227;o referenciados para acompanhamento hematol&#243;gico em outro instituto, dentro de um mesmo complexo hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Entre todas as muta&#231;&#245;es descritas na ATTRh at&#233; o momento, a Val142Ile &#233; a mais frequente nos Estados Unidos, encontrada em 3 a 4% dos indiv&#237;duos afro-americanos. Habitualmente, apresenta-se com sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca hipertrofia ventricular ao redor da s&#233;tima d&#233;cada de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> No estudo, essa tamb&#233;m foi a muta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente, provavelmente por sermos um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gica, e demonstrou ser mais frequente do que a forma tardia da Val50Met.</p>
      <p>Atualmente, entre os casos de ATTR, sabe-se que a forma selvagem &#233; a mais prevalente no mundo, comumente subdiagnosticada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Acreditamos que, apesar dos avan&#231;os no diagn&#243;stico da ATTR em nosso servi&#231;o, ainda h&#225; certa quantidade de casos ocultos, como os pacientes diagnosticados com estenose a&#243;rtica ou cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica. Dois pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o Val 142Ile estavam na coorte de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (CMH), um deles com muta&#231;&#227;o homozig&#243;tica.</p>
      <p>No Brasil e no mundo, a muta&#231;&#227;o Val50Met &#233; a mais prevalente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Por vezes, com padr&#227;o et&#225;rio bimodal em alguns pa&#237;ses, apresenta fen&#243;tipo sobretudo neurol&#243;gico quando acomete indiv&#237;duos mais jovens a partir dos 30 anos; e padr&#227;o misto neurol&#243;gico e cardiol&#243;gico no segundo pico de idade, a partir dos 50 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Por sermos um servi&#231;o terci&#225;rio, o padr&#227;o observado nos pacientes com essa muta&#231;&#227;o, a segunda mais frequente em nosso estudo, foi o de acometimento misto a partir dos 50 anos.</p>
      <p>A terceira muta&#231;&#227;o mais observada foi a Thr80Ala, descrita em pacientes ingleses e irlandeses com in&#237;cio dos sintomas ao redor dos 60 anos, fen&#243;tipo predominantemente card&#237;aco e de nervos auton&#244;micos, com menor acometimento de neuropatia perif&#233;rica e de pior progn&#243;stico quando comparado &#224; Val50Met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em boa parte dos casos, a forma selvagem ocorre mais tardiamente que a heredit&#225;ria. Em nosso estudo, a idade m&#233;dia da ATTRw foi 22 anos maior que heredit&#225;ria, denotando pacientes mais idosos com mais comorbidades. Conclu&#237;ram-se precocemente outras etiologias para sintomas cardiovasculares ou altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais ou eletrofisiol&#243;gicas apresentadas, sem se cogitar a amiloidose como possibilidade etiol&#243;gica.</p>
      <p>O tempo entre o in&#237;cio dos sintomas e o diagn&#243;stico foi mais prolongado na ATTR quando comparado &#224; forma AL, possivelmente por esta &#250;ltima ter apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica mais exuberante, uma vez que as imunoglobulinas apresentam toxicidade direta ao tecido card&#237;aco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Comparando os subtipos, a ATTRw apresentou um tempo maior de doen&#231;a at&#233; o diagn&#243;stico que a ATTRh. Isso pode ser justificado pelo fato de a forma heredit&#225;ria ocorrer em pacientes mais jovens, e eventualmente com &#237;ndice na fam&#237;lia j&#225; diagnosticado, gerando o rastreio familiar.</p>
      <p>Nos pacientes com queixa cl&#237;nica de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, pouco mais da metade apresentou padr&#227;o de ICFEp, uma entidade frequente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, especialmente nos indiv&#237;duos idosos, e que habitualmente &#233; considerada apenas como disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica relacionada &#224; idade e a comorbidades associadas. Tal fator deve ser um dos sinais de alerta ao pensarmos na doen&#231;a, principalmente quando associado a n&#237;veis elevados de biomarcadores.</p>
      <p>Outros sinais e sintomas que devem levantar a suspeita diagn&#243;stica s&#227;o polineuropatia sensitivo-motora (neuropatia dolorosa, dist&#250;rbios de marcha e s&#237;ndrome do t&#250;nel do carpo bilateral) ou disautonomia em pacientes com hipertrofia ventricular e/ou ICFEp, visto que 31% dos pacientes apresentavam tal associa&#231;&#227;o, achado j&#225; descrito na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os biomarcadores BNP e troponina s&#227;o importantes para demonstrar e quantificar a agress&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com amiloidose. Al&#233;m disso, esses exames laboratoriais tamb&#233;m s&#227;o utilizados na avalia&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica, tendo sido observados em parte dos nossos pacientes, denotando tanto a gravidade da doen&#231;a quanto seu car&#225;ter de agress&#227;o cont&#237;nua em atividade. Nossos dados corroboram dados da literatura, que identificam BNP, NT-proBNP e troponina como exames de potencial diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico em casos suspeitos ou confirmados de amiloidose. A troponina alterada, sem quadro agudo isqu&#234;mico, inflamat&#243;rio ou de outras doen&#231;as como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica, associado a sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca ou polineuropatia, deve ser um sinal de alerta para a amiloidose sist&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De modo geral, as altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o tardias, quando j&#225; existe um grande comprometimento card&#237;aco; no entanto, quando presentes, auxiliam no diagn&#243;stico. O ECG sugere o diagn&#243;stico quando se observam concomitantemente sinais de sobrecarga atrial esquerda, bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau, padr&#227;o de pseudo&#225;rea inativa anterosseptal, perda de for&#231;as septais e baixa voltagem, especialmente quando esta &#233; discordante da hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica encontrada no ecocardiograma ou resson&#226;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ECG e o Holter de 24 horas evidenciaram dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular e intraventriculares em quase metade dos pacientes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref>), seguidos de baixa voltagem e &#225;rea inativa. Em nosso estudo, observamos maior incid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas do que em outro estudo brasileiro, no qual 56% dos pacientes apresentavam tal achado, provavelmente pelo maior n&#250;mero de pacientes com muta&#231;&#227;o de apresenta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica predominantemente neurol&#243;gica (Val50Met na forma precoce). Contudo, a incid&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o assemelhou-se nos pacientes acometidos em ambos os trabalhos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por tratar-se de doen&#231;a de dep&#243;sito infiltrativa e de car&#225;ter inflamat&#243;rio, os dist&#250;rbios de condu&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o comumente encontrados. Dados da literatura sugerem que os bloqueios atrioventriculares est&#227;o entre as altera&#231;&#245;es mais frequentes, ocorrendo em 38% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Entretanto, em nosso estudo, n&#227;o identificamos essa preval&#234;ncia, possivelmente por termos inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise formas mais precoces. Al&#233;m disso, rastreamos ativamente portadores de muta&#231;&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos, familiares de pacientes com diagn&#243;stico confirmado e muta&#231;&#245;es diferentes, inclu&#237;das nos diferentes estudos. Ao compararmos com outro estudo brasileiro, de Queiroz et al., feito com 51 pacientes, os dados foram mais semelhantes aos que encontramos: cerca de 13,7% dos indiv&#237;duos apresentavam bloqueios atrioventriculares e 19,6% bloqueios intraventriculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial possui uma preval&#234;ncia que cresce de forma exponencial com a idade, que os estudos epidemiol&#243;gicos indicam ser de 3,7% a 4,2% nos indiv&#237;duos com idade entre 60 e 70 anos, e em torno de 7% a 8% em pacientes de 75 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Dessa forma, era esperado que a incid&#234;ncia de fibrila&#231;&#227;o nos pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca de forma selvagem em nossa corte fosse maior que na forma heredit&#225;ria, pois havia diferen&#231;a de idade no momento do diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a nos dois grupos. No entanto, ficou evidente a preval&#234;ncia muito maior que os dados mundiais de popula&#231;&#227;o geral, pois 7% dos pacientes com forma ATTRh e 38,5% dos pacientes com a forma ATTRw apresentavam arritmia. Ainda assim, nossa preval&#234;ncia foi menor do que a encontrada na corte de Donnellan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> que observou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em 69% dos pacientes com amiloidose card&#237;aca por transtirretina. Tais achados sugerem que a fibrila&#231;&#227;o pode ser um marcador da doen&#231;a, principalmente quando nos deparamos com pacientes sem causa aparente ou que justifiquem a arritmia.</p>
      <p>Assim como na fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, as ectopias supraventriculares frequentes (definidas como &gt; 30 ectopias por hora) e as taquicardias atriais s&#227;o mais prevalentes com o aumento da idade, dado tamb&#233;m evidenciado em nossa coorte, na qual 61,5% dos pacientes com a forma ATTRw apresentavam alguma dessas arritmias, isoladamente ou concomitantes.</p>
      <p>Menos observadas do que as arritmias atriais nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, as arritmias ventriculares tamb&#233;m s&#227;o encontradas, com espectro que varia desde ectopias raras (definidas como &lt; 10 ectopias por hora) at&#233; epis&#243;dios de taquicardia ventricular, habitualmente n&#227;o sustentada. Em um trabalho, foi observada em 17% dos pacientes arritmia ventricular complexa com amiloidose ATTR, e em 27% dos pacientes amiloidose AL. Em nosso estudo, tamb&#233;m observamos maior incid&#234;ncia percentual de arritmia ventricular na forma AL (13,6%) frente &#224; ATTR (9,6%), sem signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica e ambas com menor preval&#234;ncia que o referido estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a amiloidose tamb&#233;m deve ser considerada como diagn&#243;stico diferencial em pacientes com arritmias card&#237;acas sem causa aparente.</p>
      <p>Os exames de imagem contribuem para o reconhecimento da infiltra&#231;&#227;o amiloide card&#237;aca, pois avaliam a presen&#231;a e a gravidade da hipertrofia ventricular e da disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> No entanto, as altera&#231;&#245;es morfol&#243;gicas e funcionais mais t&#237;picas s&#227;o observadas em est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da doen&#231;a e correlacionam-se com a quantidade de dep&#243;sitos amiloide sist&#234;mico e com piora nos sinais e sintomas cl&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entre os achados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos em nossa casu&#237;stica, observamos que os pacientes com ATTRw apresentavam-se com maior grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica que o ATTRh, o que pode ser justificado pelo maior tempo de doen&#231;a e pela maior preval&#234;ncia de sintomas.</p>
      <p>Quando comparamos as formas de amiloidose card&#237;aca, &#233; descrito que pacientes com forma ATTRw caracterizam-se por maior hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o e o <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal &#233; menor nas formas ATTRw e AL do que nas formas ATTRh.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em nossa casu&#237;stica, n&#227;o encontramos diferen&#231;as significativas entre os tipos no que diz respeito &#224; hipertrofia ou fun&#231;&#227;o. Os pacientes com ATTRw e maior tempo de doen&#231;a apresentavam maiores di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e de &#225;trio esquerdo (p = 0,012 e p = 0,001 respectivamente).</p>
      <p>T&#233;cnicas mais avan&#231;adas do ECO, como o s<italic>train</italic> e o s<italic>train rate</italic> derivados do <italic>speckle tracking</italic>, podem auxiliar na avalia&#231;&#227;o de movimentos card&#237;acos de tor&#231;&#227;o e facilitar a diferencia&#231;&#227;o entre amiloidose card&#237;aca e miocardiopatia hipertr&#243;fica, por&#233;m ainda n&#227;o s&#227;o realizadas rotineiramente na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O achado sugere a necessidade de complementa&#231;&#227;o diagn&#243;stica com outros m&#233;todos de imagem, tais como RMC e cintilografia &#243;ssea.</p>
      <p>A RMC &#233; outro m&#233;todo de avalia&#231;&#227;o por imagem que fornece informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a fun&#231;&#227;o e a morfologia card&#237;aca em pacientes com amiloidose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O realce tardio de padr&#227;o mais espec&#237;fico &#233; o subendoc&#225;rdico difuso e circunferencial do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Em nosso trabalho, obtivemos informa&#231;&#245;es sobre a presen&#231;a de realce tardio. No entanto, devido &#224; falta de padroniza&#231;&#227;o, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel realizar a avalia&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Todavia, dos 55 pacientes com essa informa&#231;&#227;o, 71% apresentavam presen&#231;a de realce tardio de padr&#227;o n&#227;o isqu&#234;mico.</p>
      <p>O padr&#227;o assim&#233;trico de hipertrofia mioc&#225;rdica nos pacientes com amiloidose ATTR difere dos indiv&#237;duos com forma AL, geralmente sim&#233;trico. Em estudo de 263 pacientes com amiloidose ATTR, confirmada pela cintilografia com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, comparados com 50 indiv&#237;duos com a forma AL, observou-se na forma ATTR a presen&#231;a de hipertrofia assim&#233;trica em 79% dos casos, sim&#233;trica em 18% e ausente em 3% dos casos. O padr&#227;o de realce tardio foi 29% subendoc&#225;rdico e 71% transmural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Em nossa casu&#237;stica, observamos menor incid&#234;ncia de assimetria na hipertrofia na forma ATTR e maior incid&#234;ncia do que a esperada na forma AL.</p>
      <p>Em 2016, Gillmore et al. demonstraram que a cintilografia mioc&#225;rdica com PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc permite o diagn&#243;stico confi&#225;vel de amiloidose ATTR, sem a necessidade de confirma&#231;&#227;o histol&#243;gica (biopsia card&#237;aca) nos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentam picos monoclonais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em nossa coorte, os dados sobre a cintilografia card&#237;aca foram limitados, devido &#224; heterogeneidade de protocolo inerente &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo. Mesmo assim, pudemos observar que, conforme o trabalho de Gilmore, a forma AL apresenta capta&#231;&#227;o com 3 horas, algo significativamente menor do que na ATTR. Atualmente, &#233; o m&#233;todo validado com melhor sensibilidade e especificidade para amiloidose por transtirretina, quando afastadas as gamopatias monoclonais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como j&#225; descrito por outros autores, observamos a amiloidose como um grande mimetizador de outras formas de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Ela se manifesta tanto na forma de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (quadros mais avan&#231;ados) preservada (ICFEp), na forma de cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica (sim&#233;trica ou assim&#233;trica), quanto na forma de arritmias atriais, ventriculares e dist&#250;rbios do sistema de condu&#231;&#227;o, simulando outras doen&#231;as e dificultando seu diagn&#243;stico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Observaram-se dados importantes, como o achado de que a muta&#231;&#227;o mais prevalente e associada ao acometimento cardiol&#243;gico em nosso meio foi a Val142Ile, a despeito do esperado pela coloniza&#231;&#227;o portuguesa, na qual predomina a Val50Met como maior tempo para o diagnostico da forma ATTRw em nosso meio. Devemos ressaltar tamb&#233;m a import&#226;ncia do reconhecimento dos sinais de alerta, como a dosagem dos biomarcadores para detectar o acometimento card&#237;aco na amiloidose; a presen&#231;a de polineuropatia em pacientes com ICFEp e/ou cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica; a gama de altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas poss&#237;veis e a alta preval&#234;ncia de arritmias nessa popula&#231;&#227;o (sobretudo a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, com todas as suas implica&#231;&#245;es). Al&#233;m disso, observamos a import&#226;ncia dos m&#233;todos de imagens, como marcadores de acometimento card&#237;aco atrav&#233;s do <italic>strain</italic> longitudinal global do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, capta&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s 3 horas na cintilografia com pirofosfato e presen&#231;a do realce tardio na RMC.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Esse registro foi um estudo unic&#234;ntrico retrospectivo de uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, realizado em um servi&#231;o de refer&#234;ncia cardiol&#243;gico, com parte dos pacientes encaminhados de outros servi&#231;os, no qual nem sempre todos apresentavam a mesma padroniza&#231;&#227;o para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de alguns exames.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>A amiloidose &#233; uma doen&#231;a de apresenta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica heterog&#234;nea, cujo diagn&#243;stico precoce exige alto &#237;ndice de suspei&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, com longo tempo entre in&#237;cio dos sintomas e sua constata&#231;&#227;o. Os biomarcadores, o eletrocardiograma e os m&#233;todos de imagens s&#227;o fundamentais na investiga&#231;&#227;o, sobretudo quando associados &#224; hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica sugestiva, como a polineuropatia concomitante &#224; insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o preservada e a pesquisa gen&#233;tica espec&#237;fica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Clinical, Laboratory, and Imaging Profile in Patients with Systemic Amyloidosis in a Brazilian Cardiology Referral Center</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9323-8805</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>F&#225;bio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9524-0255</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Alencar</surname>
            <given-names>Arist&#243;teles Comte de</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6721-7779</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bueno</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Vaz Kerges</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cafezeiro</surname>
            <given-names>Caio Rebou&#231;as Fonseca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rissato</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Szor</surname>
            <given-names>Roberta Shcolnik</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7700-9343</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Carvalho</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana Lombardi Peres de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mathias</surname>
            <given-names>Wilson</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lino</surname>
            <given-names>Angelina Maria Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Castelli</surname>
            <given-names>Jussara Bianchi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Souza</surname>
            <given-names>Evandro de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2437-2485</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ramires</surname>
            <given-names>F&#233;lix Jos&#233; Alvarez</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hotta</surname>
            <given-names>Viviane Tiemi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3757-9901</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Soares</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2366-3371</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Caio de Assis Moura</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Krieger</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rochitte</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos Eduardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dabarian</surname>
            <given-names>Andr&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kalil</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8838-199X</contrib-id>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Instituto do C&#226;ncer de S&#227;o Paulo Octavio Frias de Oliveira, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: F&#225;bio Fernandes &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho de Aguiar, 44 - Cerqueira C&#233;sar. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: fabio.fernandes@incor.usp.br </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Castelli JB, Carvalho MLP, Tavares CAM, Kalil Filho R, Mady C; Acquisition of data: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Bueno BVK, Cafezeiro CRF, Rissato JH, Szor RS, Lino AMM, Soares J&#250;nior J, Dabarian A, Mathias J&#250;nior W, Krieger JE, Tavares CAM, Ramires F, Hotta VT, Rochitte CE, Hajjar LA; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Mady C; Statistical analysis: Bueno BVK, Cafezeiro CRF, Mathias J&#250;nior W, Carvalho MLP; Writing of the manuscript: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Szor RS, Soares J&#250;nior J, Mathias J&#250;nior W, Ramires F, Mady C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fernandes F, Comte Neto A, Szor RS, Mady C.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> Systemic amyloidosis is a disease with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Diagnosis depends on clinical suspicion combined with specific complementary methods.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p> To describe the clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and imaging profile in patients with systemic amyloidosis with cardiac involvement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> This study was conducted with a convenience sample, analyzing clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, nuclear medicine, and magnetic resonance data. Statistical significance was set at p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> A total of 105 patients were evaluated (median age of 66 years), 62 of whom were male. Of all patients, 83 had transthyretin (ATTR) amyloidosis, and 22 had light chain (AL) amyloidosis. With respect to ATTR cases, 68.7% were the hereditary form (ATTRh), and 31.3% were wild type (ATTRw). The most prevalent mutations were Val142Ile (45.6%) and Val50Met (40.3%). Time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 0.54 and 2.15 years, in the AL and ATTR forms, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). Cardiac involvement was observed in 77.9% of patients with ATTR and in 90.9% of those with AL. Alterations were observed in atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction in 20% and 27.6% of patients, respectively, with 33.7% in ATTR and 4.5% in AL (p = 0.006). In the ATTRw form, there were more atrial arrhythmias than in ATTRh (61.5% versus 22.8%; p = 0.001). On echocardiogram, median septum thickness in ATTRw, ATTRh, and AL was 15 mm, 12 mm, and 11 mm, respectively (p = 0.193). Elevated BNP was observed in 89.5% of patients (median 249, ICR 597.7), and elevated troponin was observed in 43.2%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> In this setting, it was possible to characterize cardiac involvement in systemic amyloidosis in its different subtypes by means of clinical history and the diagnostic methods described.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Amyloidosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Immunoglobulin Light Chains</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Prealbumin</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnosis, Imaging</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis refers to a set of rare diseases where protein fragments, folded in highly stable aggregates (beta-pleated sheets), are pathogenically deposited in the extracellular space of organs and tissues, in the form of insoluble fibrils. Depending on the type of subunit polymers (monomers) of protein deposits, there are different disease subtypes.</p>
        <p>Cardiac involvement is frequent; it manifests with thickening and structural breakdown, and it can cause diastolic and systolic dysfunction, heart failure, conduction disorders, and atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, with high morbidity and mortality. Of all known forms of amyloidosis (36 to date), the majority of cases of cardiac amyloidosis are due to deposition of 2 proteins: light chains (AL) or transthyretin (ATTR).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most common systemic form is caused by deposits of light chains, which refer to clones of these chains associated with antibodies formed by plasma cell clones in bone marrow (AL amyloidosis). Transthyretin, on the other hand, is a protein produced in the liver, and it carries thyroxine and retinol. Its monomeric form is more prone to misfolding and depositing in tissues, thus generating amyloidosis.</p>
        <p>There are 2 main subtypes of ATTR amyloidosis: wild-type amyloidosis (ATTRw), formerly known as &#8220;senile,&#8221; where, over the years, fragments of a normally produced protein accumulate in the tissues; and mutant or hereditary ATTR (ATTRh), were patients carry pathological mutations in the transthyretin gene that predispose them to accelerated deposition of these proteins, with more than 120 mutations described to date.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Establishing diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis is difficult, and it requires a high degree of clinical suspicion. In this context, imaging exams, especially echocardiography, scintigraphy, and cardiac magnetic resonance, have increasingly contributed to the recognition of amyloid deposits.</p>
        <p>Correct diagnosis is necessary, because the usual treatment for heart failure cannot always be applied in amyloidotic cardiomyopathy; prognosis is different depending on the etiology; the evolution and treatment are different from the other hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, and there are currently specific therapeutic possibilities, which can modify the natural history of the disease. Moreover, it is important to note that diagnosis of AL amyloidosis constitutes a cardiac emergency.</p>
        <p>Studies have shown that diagnosis of this systemic disease generally occurs in a delayed fashion, with the time from onset of symptoms until establishment of diagnosis taking 2 years in the AL form and up to 4 years in the ATTR form. Approximately 32% of patients were attended by up to 5 different doctors before receiving diagnosis, and 39% already presented limiting neuropathy that compromised treatment of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> There are, however, no specific data regarding time of onset of cardiovascular symptoms and disease diagnosis in the Brazilian population.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Objective</title>
        <p>To describe clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic, and imaging profile of a group of patients with systemic amyloidosis referred to a cardiology referral center, in order to better understand the characteristics of the disease in Brazil, promoting the creation of new management strategies.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Design and Study Population</title>
          <p>This study included patients followed up at our service, who had confirmed diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis with cardiomyopathy, and individuals referred from other health units of different specialties (neurology, hematology, nephrology, and gastroenterology) for evaluation of cardiac involvement (amyloidotic cardiomyopathy), after the disease had already been confirmed in other organs and systems. During outpatient follow-up, patients underwent investigation of amyloidosis, in accordance with the current, adopted, international flowchart (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> carrying out electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, bone scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, cardiac magnetic resonance, protein electrophoresis with immunofixation, free light chain assay, and genetic investigation for transthyretin mutations. Genotype screening of family members of patients with hereditary amyloidosis was carried out.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Flowchart for diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (adapted from reference 8). AL: light chain amyloidosis; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRh: transthyretin amyloidosis, hereditary form; ATTRw: transthyretin amyloidosis, wild type; ECG: electrocardiogram.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
          <p>Data were collected during the period from January 2018 to May 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>This sample included patients with clinical, laboratory, and imaging phenotype, with suspicion of amyloidosis, who were referred for evaluation or followed up at our service.</p>
          <p>The following were excluded: patients without proven amyloidosis, using the methods described; patients awaiting supporting diagnostic tests; and patients with other forms of heart disease, such as hypertensive, ischemic, Chagas, or concomitant valve disease (aortic stenosis).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnostic Criteria</title>
          <p>Cases of transthyretin amyloidosis were defined by the absence of monoclonal component identified by electrophoresis with immunofixation of serum and urinary proteins, with normal serum free light chain assay and ratios (<italic>kappa</italic> and <italic>lambda</italic>), as well as the presence of Perugini grade II or III myocardial uptake on myocardial scintigraphy using pyrophosphate labeled with metastable technetium-99 (PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> In cases of the AL form, diagnosis of amyloidosis was confirmed histologically by biopsy of abdominal fat, bone marrow, gingiva, or myocardium, once the monoclonal component was initially proven by one of the methods described above, in addition to absent myocardial uptake or grade I on scintigraphy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Imaging Methods</title>
          <p>Echocardiography was performed using GE Healthcare Vivid E95 equipment (Waukesha, Wisconsin, USA), with evaluations in 2- and 3-dimensional mode in real time, with analysis of cardiac flows by Doppler echocardiography, tissue Doppler analysis, 2-dimensional speckle tracking analysis of left ventricular global longitudinal strain, and right ventricular strain analysis.</p>
          <p>Images were acquired in parasternal longitudinal projections of left chambers, transverse, and apical 2-, 3-, and 4-chamber views, in accordance with the standards of the American Society of Echocardiography. Real-time 3-dimensional images were acquired during expiratory apnea with observation of the cardiac cycle based on the ECG record.</p>
          <p>Myocardial scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc was conducted with images obtained 1 and 3 hours after tracer injection, using a low-energy, high-resolution collimator. Anterior projection (1 hour and 3 hours) and static anterior, left lateral and left anterior oblique projections (3 hours) were used. When there was uptake in the cardiac area, SPECT images of the chest were performed, 3 hours after injection, in order to better identify the cardiac limits and prevent the &#8220;pool&#8221; from interfering with image interpretation, which would result in false positive results. Two image interpretation criteria were used, namely, visual and semi-quantitative analysis. The visual criterion was based on the Perugini scale, performing qualitative analysis of the 3-hour images by comparing the degree of cardiac concentration of the tracer with the degree of bone uptake in the ribcage. In grade 2, concentration is similar in both points evaluated, whereas, in grade 3, cardiac uptake is greater than the uptake observed in the ribs; both grades are strongly associated with the diagnosis of cardiac transthyretin amyloidosis. In the absence of uptake (grade 0), it was considered that there was no cardiac amyloid deposition; in the event of mild cardiac uptake that was lower than in the ribs (grade 1), the possibilities of amyloid deposition of light chains (AL) or initial phase of transthyretin deposition were considered. Semi-quantitative analyses of the degree of radiotracer uptake were performed, comparing the regions of interest in the cardiac area and the mirror area in the right hemithorax, in the previous image. Heart-to-contralateral ratio values of &#8805; 1.5 on 1-hour images and &#8805; 1.3 on 3-hour images were considered strongly suggestive of transthyretin amyloidosis. The criteria used are in accordance with the protocol of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology and the guidelines for scintigraphy with bone markers of the Brazilian Society of Nuclear Medicine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance was carried out using 1.5 Tesla devices (Achieva, Philips Medical Systems, Best, The Netherlands Signa CV/I; GE Medical Systems, Waukesha, WI, USA; and Avanto, Siemens Medical Solutions, Erlangen, Germany), with images obtained in short and long axes during apnea, with pulse sequences synchronized with the ECG. The first gradient-echo sequence was a steady-state free precession to evaluate left and right ventricular morphology and functions. The second sequence was a segmented gradient-echo with an inversion-recovery pulse to obtain delayed myocardial enhancement 10 to 20 minutes after intravenous administration of 0.2 mmol/kg of gadolinium-based contrast agent (Dotarem&#174;, gadoteric acid, Gd-DOTA, Guerbet Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France). For cine imaging, using steady-state free precession sequences, the following parameters were applied: repetition time, 3.4 ms; echo time, 2.0 ms; deflection angle, 45&#186;; matrix, 256 &#215; 160; cardiac phases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> views per segment, 8 to 16 to obtain temporal resolution of 55 ms or less; slice thickness, 8 mm; interslice gap, 2 mm; and field of view, 36 to 40 cm. With respect to pulse sequence of delayed myocardial enhancement, the following parameters were applied in the short and long axes: repetition time, 7.3 ms; echo time, 3.2 ms; deflection angle, 25&#186;; matrix, 256 &#215; 196; slice thickness, 8 mm; interslice gap, 2 mm; field of view, 36 to 40 cm; inversion time, 200 ms to 300 ms; receiving bandwidth, 32.5 kHz; every RR acquisition and number of excitations, 2. Short-axis views were set from the base to the apex (in general 8 to 12 cine-slices/heart) perpendicular to the long ventricular axis, covering the entire left ventricle. It is important to note that slice locations were the exact same for both pulse sequences, making it possible to compare function and morphology with the tissue characterization provided by delayed myocardial enhancement.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables Analyzed</title>
          <p>This study evaluated the following: age; sex; time from onset of symptoms to confirmation of diagnosis; initially affected system (cardiological, neurological, both, or others); ECG and/or 24-hour Holter alterations (heart rate, low voltage, chamber overloads, atrioventricular or intraventricular conduction disorders, arrhythmias); transthoracic echocardiogram data (interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular ejection fraction measured by Simpson&#8217;s method, diastole pattern, presence or absence of valve alteration, apical sparing pattern); cardiac magnetic resonance data; data from scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc (degree of marker uptake and ratio of uptake between the cardiac region and the right thoracic region after 1 and 3 hours); BNP or NT-pro-BNP values; elevated serum troponin; presence or absence of monoclonal components in immunofixation of serum and urinary proteins; serum free light chain assay; and the ratio between the former 2 variables.</p>
          <p>The following cardiovascular symptoms were considered: palpitations, chest pain, symptomatic hypotension, orthostatic hypotension, syncope, dyspnea on exertion, and orthopnea associated with lower limb edema; heart failure was defined when the following were observed: pathological jugular turgescence, hepatic-jugular reflux, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, pulmonary rales, third heart sound, bilateral lower limb edema, and dyspnea on exertion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>The sample size used in this study was by convenience sampling. Continuous variables with normal distribution were described as mean and standard deviation, and continuous variables without normal distribution were described only as median and interquartile range.</p>
          <p>The Mann-Whitney test was used for comparison between the quantitative variables of age, duration of clinical disease, septum thickness on echocardiogram, left ventricular ejection fraction, uptake values on scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc, and serum levels of BNP and NT-pro-BNP. We tested the normality of the quantitative main outcome variables using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and we concluded that there was no guaranteed distribution of normality.</p>
          <p>The chi-square test was applied for analysis of statistical dependence and frequency distribution of the qualitative variables of sex; ECG and 24-hour Holter alterations; presence or absence of monoclonal peaks on immunofixation; alterations in valves, septum thickness, and diastole on echocardiogram; presence or absence of late enhancement on resonance; and troponin elevation.</p>
          <p>In order to compare the proportion of responses between 2 variables, the two-proportion equality test was used, and the comparison between the AL, ATTRh, and ATTRw groups for quantitative variables was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test.</p>
          <p>The statistical software SPSS, version 20 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and Minitab 16 (Minitab, LLC) were used for analyses. All tests were considered statistically significant if a p value &lt; 0.05 was found.</p>
          <p>The project received approval from the Scientific and Ethics Committee of the Heart Institute of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (InCor, HC-FMUSP) and the Ethics Committee for Analysis of Research Projects (CAPPesq), of the Clinical Board of the <italic>Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</italic> of the University of S&#227;o Paulo (CAAE number 27437019.5.0000.0068.)</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Epidemiological Profile</title>
          <p>This study evaluated 105 patients, with median age of 66 years. Median age was 64 years in patients with the ATTR form and 66 years in those with the AL form. When evaluating subtypes of transthyretin amyloidosis, median age in the ATTRh form was 56 years, while it was 79 years in the ATTRw form.</p>
          <p>In our study, 62 patients (59%) were male, and 54 of them had the ATTR form (34 ATTRh and 20 ATTRw), while 8 had the AL form. Of the 43 female patients, 29 had the ATTR form (23 ATTRh and 6 ATTRw), and 14 had the AL form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Types of amyloidosis</title>
          <p>The most prevalent subtype of amyloidosis was secondary to transthyretin mutation, with the hereditary form (ATTRh) being the most common. Five different mutations were observed; Val142Ile (replacement of the amino acid valine at position 142 by isoleucine) was the most frequent, followed by Val50Met (replacement of the amino acid valine at position 50 by methionine) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Distribution of mutations found in ATTRh. Ala39Asp: substitution of alanine by aspartate at position 39; Phe84Leu: substitution of phenylalanine by leucine at position 84; Thr80Al: substitution of threonine by alanine at position 80; Val142Ile: substitution of valine by isoleucine at position 142; Val50Met: substitution of valine by methionine at position 50.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href=""/>
            </fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Time to diagnosis</title>
          <p>Average time from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 0.54 &#177; 1.94 years in the AL form and 2.15 &#177; 2.43 years in the ATTR form (p &lt; 0.001). In the ATTRh subtype, average time was 16 months, and, in ATTRw, it was 37 months (p &lt; 0.049).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical Presentation</title>
          <p>Clinical presentation at the first consultation consisted mainly of cardiological symptoms, either alone or associated with neurological symptoms (peripheral polyneuropathy, altered gastrointestinal habits, carpal tunnel syndrome, bladder alterations), regardless of the form of amyloidosis (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>)</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical presentation in different subtypes of amyloidosis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Systems affected</th>
                    <th colspan="2">AL</th>
                    <th colspan="2">ATTR</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Total</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                    <th>N</th>
                    <th>%</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Asymptomatic</td>
                    <td align="center">3</td>
                    <td align="center">15.80%</td>
                    <td align="center">14</td>
                    <td align="center">18.70%</td>
                    <td align="center">17</td>
                    <td align="center">18.10%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiovascular</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">78.90%</td>
                    <td align="center">41</td>
                    <td align="center">54.70%</td>
                    <td align="center">56</td>
                    <td align="center">59.60%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Neurological</td>
                    <td align="center">1</td>
                    <td align="center">5.30%</td>
                    <td align="center">15</td>
                    <td align="center">20.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">16</td>
                    <td align="center">17.00%</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mixed</td>
                    <td align="center">0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00%</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">6.70%</td>
                    <td align="center">5</td>
                    <td align="center">5.30%</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Total number of patients: 105; missing initial data: 11; p = 0.189; AL: light chain amyloidosis; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>It was observed that 31% of our patients had an association of painful neuropathy, gait disturbances, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, or autonomic dysfunction with ventricular hypertrophy and/or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.</p>
          <p>In our study, 17 patients were asymptomatic. This occurred due to screening of family members of probands with ATTRh. The most prevalent symptom was dyspnea alone (38%) or dyspnea associated with other symptoms (urinary incontinence, polyneuropathy, dizziness, autonomic dysfunction, syncope) in 16%. In 5% of cases, the first symptom was palpitations, which was generally related to subsequent diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biomarkers</title>
          <p>Increased serum BNP levels were observed in 94 patients (89.5%) (median 249 ng/ml, IQR 597.7), and the increase was greater in patients with ATTR than in those with AL.</p>
          <p>Serum troponin levels were above the upper limit of normal in 43.2% of the patients studied.</p>
          <p>Electrophoresis of serum or urinary proteins showed monoclonal peaks in only 3 patients with ATTR, which were considered as gammopathy of uncertain value, after they were subjected to hematological evaluation and bone marrow biopsy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Twelve-lead Electrocardiogram and 24-hour Holter</title>
          <p>More than half of the patients showed some type of ECG abnormality. It was observed that one fifth of the patients had non-sinus rhythm on ECG, atrial fibrillation being the most commonly found. The other rhythms observed were atrial flutter, atrial ectopic rhythm, and pacemaker rhythm (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ECG alterations in different types of amyloidosis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Findings</th>
                    <th>Altered ECG</th>
                    <th>AVB</th>
                    <th>IVB</th>
                    <th>Atrial arrhythmia</th>
                    <th>Ventricular arrhythmia</th>
                    <th>Atrial fibrillation</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total</td>
                    <td align="center">72 (68.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21 (20%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (27.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (34.3%)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (10.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (15.2%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AL</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (66.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (4.5%)</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (31.8%)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (13.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (9.1%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATTR</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (80.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (22.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (33.7%)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (34.9%)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9.6%)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (16.9%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>p</td>
                    <td align="center">0.180</td>
                    <td align="center">0.150</td>
                    <td align="center">0.006</td>
                    <td align="center">0.784</td>
                    <td align="center">0.586</td>
                    <td align="center">0.719</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AL: light chain amyloidosis; ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; AVB: atrioventricular block; ECG: electrocardiogram; IVB: intraventricular block. Test method: chi-square.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; ECG alterations in subtypes of ATTR</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Findings</th>
                    <th>Altered ECG n (%)</th>
                    <th>AVB n (%)</th>
                    <th>IVB n (%)</th>
                    <th>Atrial arrhythmia n (%)</th>
                    <th>Ventricular arrhythmia n (%)</th>
                    <th>Atrial fibrillation n (%)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATTR</td>
                    <td align="center">58 (80.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (22.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (33.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (34.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (9.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (16.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATTRh</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (76.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">17 (29.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (22.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (7)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ATTRw</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (88)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (30.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (42.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">16 (61.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (15.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (38.5)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>p</td>
                    <td align="center">0.244</td>
                    <td align="center">0.249</td>
                    <td align="center">0.265</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.231</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ATTR: transthyretin amyloidosis; ATTRh: transthyretin amyloidosis, hereditary form; ATTRw: transthyretin amyloidosis, wild type; AVB: atrioventricular block; ECG: electrocardiogram; IVB: intraventricular block. Test method: chi-square.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>In addition to sustained arrhythmias, atrial extrasystole and paroxysmal atrial tachycardia were also observed on Holter in 12 patients, and ventricular extrasystole, accelerated idioventricular rhythm, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia were observed in 14 patients, with overlapping arrhythmia in some.</p>
          <p>Conduction disorders were found in almost half of the patients. The most commonly found alteration in atrioventricular conduction was first-degree block, and 5 patients required cardiac pacemaker implantation. When evaluating intraventricular conduction (bundle-branch blocks and divisional blocks), it was observed that conduction disorder was much more frequent in the ATTR form of amyloidosis than in the AL form (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>). In 20 patients (19.1%), low voltage was observed (QRS amplitude &lt; 5 mm in the limb leads or &lt; 10 mm in the precordial leads), and 21 (20%) had a pseudo-infarct pattern on ECG (defined as the presence of pathological Q waves in at least two contiguous ECG leads, without obstructive coronary disease).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiogram</title>
          <p>Absolute values of left ventricular ejection fraction were higher in patients with the AL form than in those with the ATTR form, but the difference between the types was not statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic parameters in subtypes of amyloidosis</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                    <th>ATTRh Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>ATTRw Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>AL Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>p</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Septum (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (7.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (6.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (4.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.193</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterior wall (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (5.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (4.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">11 (2.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.531</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diastolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">49.5 (13)</td>
                    <td align="center">44 (8.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.012</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Systolic diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (6.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (14)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (7.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.055</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">60.5 (26)</td>
                    <td align="center">58.5 (19.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">62 (16)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.230</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">42 (9.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">45 (7.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.5 (9.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>0.001</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>PASP (mmHg)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (11.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">34 (15)</td>
                    <td align="center">33 (10.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.813</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>AL: light chain amyloidosis; ATTRh: transthyretin amyloidosis, hereditary form; ATTRw: transthyretin amyloidosis, wild type; IQR: interquartile range; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; PASP: pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Analyses by Mann-Whitney test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Half of the patients showed thickening of the interventricular septum, and the pattern of asymmetric and symmetrical hypertrophy was found equally. When analyzing by amyloidosis subtype, more cases of asymmetric hypertrophy were observed in the ATTR form than in the AL form, but the difference was not statistically significant.</p>
          <p>Both left ventricular diastolic diameter and left atrial diameter measurements were greater in patients with ATTRw than in those with ATTRh and AL, and the difference was statistically significant (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). There was no difference regarding interventricular septum thickness, left ventricular systolic diameter, or pulmonary artery systolic pressure.</p>
          <p>In the patients who underwent strain analysis (n = 22), apical sparing pattern was observed in 81.8%.</p>
          <p>Approximately 53% of cases manifested symptoms of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.</p>
          <p>Of the 16 patients who had exclusively neurological symptoms at the beginning of evaluation, 5 showed ventricular hypertrophy on echocardiogram.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Magnetic Resonance</title>
          <p>Of the 105 patients, 58 underwent magnetic resonance, and 24 (41%) presented left ventricular hypertrophy, with 17 cases in the ATTR form and 7 in the AL form. In the ATTR form, 10 were ATTRh, and 7 were ATTRw. The presence of late enhancement in a non-ischemic pattern was observed in 38 of these patients (68%), regardless of the presence of ventricular hypertrophy. Quantification of extracellular volume and T1 mapping were not carried out on a routine basis, it not being possible to conduct an analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nuclear Medicine</title>
          <p>Scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc was performed in 66 patients. It was considered positive in 40 of them (60%), in accordance with the previously described criteria. It was observed that, in analysis after 3 hours, degree of uptake was significantly higher in patients with the ATTR form (median 1.54, IQR 0.42) than in those with the AL form (median 1.18, IQR 0.02) (p = 0.028). In the ATTRw subtype, median uptake was 1.6 (IQR 0.29), which was higher than in ATTRh, with median of 1.27 (IQR 0.6); however, this was not statistically significant (p = 0.044). In 12 patients with the ATTRh form, there was no uptake or only mild uptake, and, in 3 patients, the exam was considered inconclusive, because there was a discordant pattern between visual and semi-quantitative analyses.</p>
          <p>Taking all of the evaluated cardiac variables into consideration, only 18 patients showed no alterations, namely, 2 patients with the AL form and 16 with the ATTRh form; the majority of these patients were evaluated because they were family members of index cases.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>In our sample, we analyzed data acquired during the last 2 years, and we characterized 105 patients with amyloidosis. Cardiac involvement was present in 83% of these cases, even in the hereditary forms that do not affect the heart as a main point of focus (Val50Met, for example), corroborating data that demonstrate that the heart is a target organ of the disease.</p>
        <p>According to a review of data in the literature, this is the Brazilian study with the largest sample of cardiology patients to date.</p>
        <p>The largest published sample in Brazil, by Cruz et al., included 160 patients, but involvement was predominantly neurological, with 35.2% of the sample having cardiac involvement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our center, the ATTRh form was the most common, followed by the wild type (ATTRw) and AL.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Our sample differs from the international literature, where the most common form is AL. This finding may be explained by the fact that our center is located in a cardiology referral hospital,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> while patients with the AL form are referred for hematological follow-up in another institute within the same hospital complex.</p>
        <p>Of all the mutations described in ATTRh to date, Val142Ile is the most common in the United States, where it is found in 3% to 4% of people who are African-American. It usually presents with symptoms of heart failure and ventricular hypertrophy around the seventh decade of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In our study, this was also the most prevalent mutation, probably due to the fact that we are a cardiology referral service, demonstrating that it is more common than the late form of Val50Met.</p>
        <p>Regarding cases of ATTR, it is currently known that the wild form is the most prevalent in the world, and it is commonly underdiagnosed.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> We believe that, despite advances in diagnosis of ATTR in our service, there are still a certain number of hidden cases, for instance, among patients diagnosed with aortic stenosis or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Two patients with the Val142Ile mutation were in the cohort of patients diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 1 of them had a homozygous mutation.</p>
        <p>In Brazil and worldwide, the Val50Met mutation is the most prevalent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> It sometimes has a bimodal pattern in some countries, and it presents a primarily neurological pattern when it affects younger patients, from 30 years of age, and a mixed neurological and cardiac pattern during the second peak in age, from 50 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> As we are a tertiary service, the pattern that we observed in patients with this mutation, the second most frequent in our study, was that of mixed involvement, from age 50 years.</p>
        <p>The third most frequently observed mutation was Thr80Ala, which has been described in British and Irish patients, with onset of symptoms at around 60 years of age, showing predominantly cardiac and autonomic nerve phenotype, with less involvement of peripheral neuropathy and worse prognosis when compared to Val50Met.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is known that the wild form generally occurs later than the hereditary form. In our study, the mean age of ATTRw was 22 years greater than the hereditary form, denoting more elderly patients with more comorbidities, where, in general, other etiologies for cardiovascular symptoms or structural or electrophysiological alterations that are present are concluded in an early manner, without considering amyloidosis as an etiological possibility.</p>
        <p>Time from symptom onset to diagnosis was longer in the ATTR form than in the AL form, possibly because the latter has a more pronounced clinical presentation, given that immunoglobulins present direct toxicity to cardiac tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> When comparing the ATTR subtypes, ATTRw had a longer duration of disease until diagnosis than ATTRh, which can be explained by the fact that the hereditary form occurs in younger patients, and sometimes there has already been a diagnosed index case, which leads to family screening.</p>
        <p>In patients with clinical complaints of heart failure, a little over half presented a pattern of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, which is a frequent entity in clinical practice, especially in elderly patients, and it is usually considered only as a diastolic disorder related to age and associated comorbidities. This should be a warning sign for considering the disease, especially when it is associated with elevated levels of biomarkers.</p>
        <p>Other signs and symptoms that should lead to diagnostic suspicion are the presence of sensory-motor polyneuropathy (painful neuropathy, gait disturbances, and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome) or autonomic dysfunction in patients with ventricular hypertrophy and/or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, given that 31% of our patients presented this association, which is a finding that has been previously described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The biomarkers BNP and troponin are important for demonstrating and quantifying myocardial aggression in patients with amyloidosis. Moreover, these laboratory tests are also used for prognostic assessment of these patients, and they have been observed in part of our patients, denoting both the severity of the disease and the character of its continuous active aggression. Our data corroborate the literature, which identifies BNP, NT-pro-BNP, and troponin as potential diagnostic and prognostic tests in suspected or confirmed cases of amyloidosis. When associated with symptoms of heart failure or polyneuropathy, altered troponin should be considered a warning sign for systemic amyloidosis in the absence of an acute ischemic or inflammatory condition or of other diseases such as atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ECG alterations usually occur late, once there is already severe cardiac impairment, but, when present, they assist in diagnosis. ECG suggests diagnosis when signs of left atrial overload, first-degree atrioventricular block, pseudo-inactive anteroseptal area pattern, diminished septal strength, and low voltage are concomitantly observed, especially when this is discordant with the myocardial hypertrophy found on the echocardiogram or cardiac resonance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>ECG and 24-hour Holter showed evidence of atrioventricular and intraventricular conduction disorders in nearly half of patients (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">3</xref>), followed by low voltage and inactive area. In our study, we observed a higher incidence of ECG alterations than in another Brazilian study, where 56% of patients presented these findings, probably due to the fact that there were more patients with a mutation whose phenotypic presentation is predominantly neurological (Val50Met, early form). Nevertheless, in both studies, the incidence of conduction disorders was similar in affected patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As it is a deposition, infiltrative, and also inflammatory disease, conduction disorders are commonly found. The data in the literature suggest that atrioventricular blocks are among the most frequent alterations, occurring in 38% of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Nevertheless, in our study, we did not identify this prevalence, possibly due to the fact that we included patients with earlier forms, by actively screening asymptomatic carriers of mutations, family members of patients with confirmed diagnosis, and due to different mutations included in different studies. In comparison with another Brazilian study, by Queiroz et al., with 51 patients, their data were more similar to the data we found, with approximately 13.7% of patients with atrioventricular blocks and 19.6% with intraventricular blocks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The prevalence of atrial fibrillation grows exponentially with age; there are epidemiological studies indicating that it is 3.7% to 4.2% in those between the ages of 60 and 70 years and around 7% to 8% at 75 years of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> It was, therefore, expected that, in our sample, the incidence of fibrillation in patients with wild-type cardiac amyloidosis would be higher than in the hereditary form, given the difference in age at the time of disease diagnosis in both groups. Indeed, prevalence was much higher than the global population data, as 7% of patients with the ATTRh form and 38.5% of patients with the ATTRw form had this arrhythmia. Even so, our prevalence was lower than that found in the sample of Donnellan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> who observed atrial fibrillation in 69% of patients with transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis. These findings suggest that fibrillation can be a marker of the disease, especially in patients with no apparent cause that would explain this arrhythmia.</p>
        <p>In the same manner as atrial fibrillation, frequent supraventricular ectopic beats (defined as &gt; 30 ectopics per hour) and atrial tachycardias are more prevalent with increasing age; this was also shown in our sample, where 61.5% of patients with the ATTRw form had one or more of these forms of arrhythmias, alone or concomitantly.</p>
        <p>While they are less observed than atrial arrhythmias in this population, ventricular arrhythmias are also found, with a spectrum ranging from rare ectopic beats (defined as &lt; 10 ectopics per hour) to episodes of ventricular tachycardia, which are nonsustained. In one study, complex ventricular arrhythmia was observed in 17% of patients with ATTR amyloidosis and in 27% of those with AL amyloidosis. In our study, we also observed a higher percentage incidence of ventricular arrhythmia in the AL form (13.6%) than in the ATTR form (9.6%), but the difference was not statistically significant, and both had a lower prevalence than in the aforementioned study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Accordingly, amyloidosis should also be considered as a differential diagnosis in patients who have cardiac arrhythmias without an apparent cause.</p>
        <p>Imaging exams contribute to the recognition of cardiac amyloid infiltration, as they assess the presence and severity of ventricular hypertrophy, as well as systolic and diastolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nonetheless, the most typical morphological and functional alterations are observed at a more advanced stage of the disease, and they are correlated with the amount of systemic amyloid deposition and worsening of clinical signs and symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the echocardiography findings in our sample, we observed that patients with ATTRw had a higher degree of diastolic dysfunction than those with ATTRh, which can be explained by the longer disease duration and the higher prevalence of symptoms.</p>
        <p>When comparing forms of cardiac amyloidosis, it has been reported that patients with the ATTRw form are characterized by greater left ventricular hypertrophy, lower ejection fraction, and lower longitudinal strain in the ATTRw and AL forms than in the ATTRh form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In our sample, we did not find significant differences between types in terms of hypertrophy or function. Patients with ATTRw with longer disease duration had larger left ventricular and left atrial diastolic diameters (p = 0.012 and 0.001 respectively).</p>
        <p>More advanced echocardiography techniques, such as strain and strain rate derived from speckle tracking, can assist in assessment of torsional motion of the heart and facilitate in differentiation between cardiac amyloidosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, but they are not routinely applied in clinical practice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This finding suggests that there is a need for diagnostic complementation with other imaging methods, such as cardiac magnetic resonance and bone scintigraphy.</p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance is another method of imaging evaluation that provides information about cardiac function and morphology in patients with amyloidosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The most specific delayed enhancement pattern is diffuse, circumferential left ventricular subendocardial enhancement.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> In our study, we obtained information regarding the presence of delayed enhancement; however, due to the lack of standardization, it was not possible to conduct segmental evaluation. Nonetheless, of the 55 patients with this information, 71% had late enhancement in a non-ischemic pattern.</p>
        <p>The asymmetric pattern of myocardial hypertrophy in patients with ATTR amyloidosis differs from that in patients with the AL form, which is generally symmetrical. In a study of 263 patients with ATTR amyloidosis confirmed by scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc and compared with 50 patients with the AL form, the presence of asymmetric hypertrophy was observed in 79% of cases in the ATTR form; it was symmetric in 18% and absent in 3%. The delayed enhancement pattern was 29% subendocardial and 71% transmural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> In our sample, we observed a lower incidence of asymmetric hypertrophy in the ATTR form, as well as a greater incidence than expected in the AL form.</p>
        <p>In 2016, Gillmore et al. demonstrated that myocardial scintigraphy with PYP-<sup>99m</sup>Tc allows for reliable diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis without the need for histological confirmation, or be it, without requiring cardiac biopsy, in patients without monoclonal peaks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In our sample, data on cardiac scintigraphy were limited due to the heterogeneity of the protocol inherent in the implementation of the method. Even so, it was possible for us to observe that, as in Gilmore&#8217;s work, the AL form presented uptake at 3 hours that was significantly lower than the ATTR form. This is currently the validated method with best sensitivity and specificity for transthyretin amyloidosis, once monoclonal gammopathies have been ruled out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As previously described by other authors, we observed cardiac amyloidosis as a great mimicker of other forms of heart disease, manifesting in various manners, including the following: heart failure, with both reduced (more advanced conditions) and preserved ejection fraction; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (both symmetric and asymmetric); atrial and ventricular arrhythmias; and conduction system disorders, thus simulating other diseases and making it difficult to diagnose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It was possible to observe important data, such as the finding that the most prevalent mutation associated with cardiac involvement in Brazil was Val142Ile, in spite of what might have been expected given that Brazil was colonized by Portugal, where Val50Met predominates, as well as the longer time to diagnosis of the ATTRw form in Brazil. This study also underscores the importance of recognizing warning signs to detect cardiac involvement in amyloidosis, such as biomarker levels; the presence of polyneuropathy in patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and/or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; the range of possible ECG changes; and the high prevalence of arrhythmias in this population (especially atrial fibrillation, with all its implications). Moreover, we observed the importance of imaging methods as markers of cardiac involvement by means of left ventricular global longitudinal strain, uptake after 3 hours in scintigraphy with pyrophosphate, and presence of late enhancement in cardiac magnetic resonance.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This was a retrospective single-center study, with a convenience sample, conducted in a cardiology referral center. Some of the patients were forwarded from other services, which did not always have the same standards for performing some exams.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Amyloidosis is a disease with a heterogeneous phenotypic presentation. Early diagnosis requires a high degree of clinical suspicion, and there is a long interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis. Biomarkers, ECG, and imaging methods are fundamental to investigation, especially when they are associated with suggestive clinical history, such as polyneuropathy concomitant to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, and specific genetic investigation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
