<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VTMvDsydgwTXmqJyXkLwJsm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200411</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201137</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201137</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impacto da Capacidade Funcional Pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria nos Resultados P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rios de Cirurgia de Cardiopatia Cong&#234;nita: Estudo Observacional e Prospectivo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1251-8723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inoue</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Sachiko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanaka</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena R.B.G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nozawa</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas,S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Angela Sachiko Inoue &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; fisioterapia - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>angela.inoue@hc.fm.usp.br</email> , <email>angela.inoue@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Inoue AS, Lopes AAB, Tanaka ACS, Galas FRBG, Nozawa E; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Inoue AS, Tanaka ACS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Inoue AS, Lopes AAB, Galas FRBG, Almeida JP, Hajjar LA, Nozawa E; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Almeida JP; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Inoue AS, Nozawa E; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Inoue AS, Tanaka ACS, Almeida JP, Nozawa E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Feltrim MIZ, Almeida JP, Hajjar LA, Nozawa E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>411</fpage>
      <lpage>419</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Apesar de avan&#231;os em t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios em cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, a morbidade cardiovascular permanece elevada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o do condicionamento pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatias, mensurado por teste de caminhada de 6-minutos (TC6M) e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), com a ocorr&#234;ncia de choque cardiog&#234;nico, s&#233;ptico e morte no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo e observacional de 81 pacientes de 8 a 18 anos. No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foram realizados o TC6M (dist&#226;ncia caminhada e SpO<sub>2</sub>) e a VFC. O escore de risco ajustado para cirurgia de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita ( <italic>RACHS-1</italic> ) foi aplicado para predizer o fator de risco cir&#250;rgico para mortalidade. A ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es citadas foi considerada como evento combinado. Valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Dos 81 pacientes, 59% eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 12 anos; 33% eram cian&#243;ticos; e 72% j&#225; tinham realizado cirurgias pr&#233;vias. O choque cardiog&#234;nico foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais comum, e 31% apresentaram evento combinado. Cirurgia pr&#233;via, tipo de cardiopatia atual, <italic>RACHS-1</italic> , SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso, durante e ap&#243;s recupera&#231;&#227;o do TC6M foram selecionados para o estudo multivariado. A SpO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s o TC6M permaneceu como fator de risco independente para aumentar a ocorr&#234;ncia de evento combinado no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio (OR: 0,93, IC95% [0,88 &#8211; 0,99], p=0,02).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> O SpO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s o TC6M no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio foi o fator independente preditor de progn&#243;stico no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica; a dist&#226;ncia caminhada e as vari&#225;veis da VFC n&#227;o tiveram a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Teste de Caminhada</kwd>
        <kwd>Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho F&#237;sico Funcional</kwd>
        <kwd>Complica&#231;&#245;es P&#243;s-Operat&#243;rias</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</funding-source>
          <award-id>2008/52902-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas, pacientes com cardiopatias cong&#234;nitas foram submetidos a cirurgias mais complexas, e apesar de avan&#231;os significativos nas t&#233;cnicas cir&#250;rgicas e cuidados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, a taxa de complica&#231;&#245;es ainda &#233; alta, incluindo a morbidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os poss&#237;veis mecanismos por tr&#225;s de desfechos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios desfavor&#225;veis nesses pacientes parecem ser o preju&#237;zo ao desempenho funcional pr&#233;vio, com capacidade aer&#243;bica reduzida, associado &#224; fraqueza muscular generalizada e a disfun&#231;&#245;es no sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo. Normalmente, a presen&#231;a de algum dano card&#237;aco residual ap&#243;s a cirurgia pode ser parcialmente respons&#225;vel pela capacidade f&#237;sica reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Para avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular geral, incluindo a capacidade f&#237;sica, alguns exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos s&#227;o propostos para identificar fatores de risco para a ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos em v&#225;rias situa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, como a doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Muitos testes est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis para avaliar esta capacidade, mas seu uso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes pode gerar resultados diferentes daqueles obtidos entre adultos, devido a diferentes respostas fisiol&#243;gicas e metab&#243;licas ao estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Um dos m&#233;todos usados para a avalia&#231;&#227;o clinica da habilidade aer&#243;bica &#233; o teste de caminhada de 6 minutos (TC6M), que &#233; um teste simples utilizado para verificar o n&#237;vel de limita&#231;&#227;o funcional e a estratifica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica em adultos e crian&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O teste foi usado para avaliar desfechos em diferentes est&#225;gios do tratamento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as, e demonstrou uma forte associa&#231;&#227;o com a dessatura&#231;&#227;o da oxihemoglobina na cardiopatia cr&#244;nica.</p>
      <p>As anomalias na modula&#231;&#227;o do sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo, quando medidas pela variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC), estiveram associadas ao aumento da mortalidade cardiovascular, ao pior progn&#243;stico para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e aos eventos card&#237;acos p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status cardiovascular no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio de crian&#231;as e adolescentes, medido pelo TC6M e pela VFC, e a ocorr&#234;ncia de choque s&#233;ptico e cardiog&#234;nico, al&#233;m de morte, no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo e pacientes</title>
        <p>Este &#233; um estudo cl&#237;nico prospectivo e observacional conduzido de janeiro de 2009 a mar&#231;o de 2012, que inclui crian&#231;as e adolescentes de 8 a 18 anos com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, submetidos a tratamento cir&#250;rgico de corre&#231;&#227;o ou paliativo no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Hospital das Cl&#237;nica (n&#250;mero 0625/08). O termo de consentimento foi obtido para todos os pacientes, de seus pais ou tutores.</p>
        <p>O estudo incluiu pacientes admitidos para o procedimento cir&#250;rgico que estavam est&#225;veis. Esses pacientes n&#227;o estavam recebendo medicamentos inotr&#243;picos ou vasoativos, n&#227;o apresentavam nenhuma arritmia potencialmente s&#233;ria ou complexa, como fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial / ventricular, n&#227;o tinham marca-passos, n&#227;o apresentavam cardiomiopatia ou doen&#231;a valvular adquirida, n&#227;o tinham s&#237;ndromes associadas nem limita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, neurol&#243;gicas ou ortop&#233;dicas. Pacientes que n&#227;o forneceram o consentimento ou n&#227;o foram submetidos ao procedimento cir&#250;rgico foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de dados</title>
        <p>Os dados foram coletados de registros m&#233;dicos durante o per&#237;odo de interna&#231;&#227;o. Ap&#243;s a indica&#231;&#227;o para cirurgia, a avalia&#231;&#227;o da VFC e do TC6M foi realizada no mesmo dia, nesta ordem.</p>
        <p>No per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, as vari&#225;veis idade, g&#234;nero, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico (com maior impacto cl&#237;nico) e a ocorr&#234;ncia de cirurgias pr&#233;vias foram coletadas. O escore de risco ajustado para cirurgias para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita (RACHS-1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m foi aplicado para predizer o fator de risco cir&#250;rgico para mortalidade. Para o uso deste escore, casos de cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita s&#227;o colocados de uma a seis categorias de risco, com base na presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de alguns diagn&#243;sticos; a categoria 1 tinha o menor risco e, a 6, o maior risco. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s vari&#225;veis intraoperat&#243;rias e de procedimento, os dados foram coletados com base no tipo de cirurgia, tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, tempo de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica (VM), e uso de medicamentos vasoativos e/ou inotr&#243;picos. No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e complica&#231;&#245;es at&#233; a alta do paciente foram analisadas. As complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias consideradas no estudo foram: morte, choque cardiog&#234;nico (sangramento persistente, necessitando de transfus&#227;o de sangue, necessidade de oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea (ECMO)), suspeita de tamponamento card&#237;aco e reexplora&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica, choque refrat&#225;rio, levando ao suporte inotr&#243;pico para manter a press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia de &#8805; 60mmHg (por mais de 72 horas), parada cardiorrespirat&#243;ria, arritmias significativas (incluindo fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial, taquicardia ventricular, bloqueio atrioventricular) e choque s&#233;ptico (confirma&#231;&#227;o do local da infec&#231;&#227;o e uso de antibi&#243;ticos, confirmado por infec&#231;&#227;o, que gera febre persistente, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, requerendo VM prolongada, e uso de ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o-invasiva, hipotens&#227;o persistente e leucocitose ou leucopenia). A ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma das complica&#231;&#245;es listadas foi considerada como evento combinado.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Teste de caminhada de 6 minutos</title>
        <p>O TC6M foi realizado no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, de acordo com a t&#233;cnica padr&#227;o proposta pela American Thoracic Society,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em um corredor de 30 metros e uma s&#243; repeti&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m da dist&#226;ncia percorrida, a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio (SpO<sub>2</sub>) (Ohmeda<sup>&#174;</sup>), press&#227;o arterial (Philips<sup>&#174;</sup> esfigmoman&#244;metro digital), frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, sensa&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de dispneia e fadiga nos membros inferiores foram medidas com a escala modificada de Borg<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> em repouso, imediatamente ap&#243;s o teste e tr&#234;s minutos depois da recupera&#231;&#227;o. Frases de incentivo padr&#227;o foram usadas a cada minuto durante o teste. Nenhum paciente precisou de oxig&#234;nio durante a atividade.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>Variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</italic>
          </title>
          <p>Um monitor card&#237;aco (Polar s810i<sup>&#174;</sup>) foi utilizado e os sinais el&#233;tricos do cora&#231;&#227;o foram transmitidos para um monitor por meio de uma cinta de eletrodos colocada em volta do peito do paciente. A VFC foi avaliada no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, em repouso, por 15 minutos, com o paciente na cama em uma inclina&#231;&#227;o de 45 graus. Os cinco primeiros minutos foram usados para adapta&#231;&#227;o, e os &#250;ltimos 10 minutos, para an&#225;lise. O sinal foi recebido e enviado para o software Polar Precision Performance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O artefato foi removido com o mesmo software, e manualmente, por meio da inspe&#231;&#227;o visual dos intervalos R-R (oscila&#231;&#245;es nos intervalos entre as batidas consecutivas do cora&#231;&#227;o) e da exclus&#227;o de intervalos anormais. As amostras que apresentavam mais de 85% de batidas sinusais foram inclu&#237;das. A an&#225;lise de VFC utilizando m&#233;todos lineares foi realizada utilizando o Kubiot HRV, vers&#227;o 2.0 (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group). As vari&#225;veis de tempo analisadas foram a SDNN (desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo); rMSSD (raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas); e pNN50 (porcentagem das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os intervalos RR que s&#227;o maiores que 50 ms). As vari&#225;veis analisadas no dom&#237;nio frequ&#234;ncia (an&#225;lise de espectro) foram o componente da alta frequ&#234;ncia (AF) (0,15 a 0,4 Hz); o componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia (BF) (0,04 e 0,15Hz); a raz&#227;o AF/BF; e a normaliza&#231;&#227;o dos dados da an&#225;lise de espectro para minimizar os efeitos de outras bandas, como um componente de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa. As vari&#225;veis SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50 e AF estiveram associadas &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica, enquanto a BF esteve associada tanto &#224; modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica quanto &#224; parassimp&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>
            <italic>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</italic>
          </title>
          <p>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o. As vari&#225;veis quantitativas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram apresentadas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ); percentis 25 e 75). As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o apresentadas como taxas de frequ&#234;ncia e porcentagem. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi usado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis quantitativas. O c&#225;lculo do tamanho da amostra se baseou em uma amostra piloto em pacientes no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio; para estudar o progn&#243;stico por meio de testes com 90% de poder e 5% de n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia, a predi&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima foi de 75 casos. Para a an&#225;lise univariada, com rela&#231;&#227;o ao evento combinado, o teste t de Student n&#227;o-pareado ou o teste de Mann-Whitney foram usados para vari&#225;veis quantitativas; e o teste de qui-quadrado ou o teste de raz&#227;o de verossimilhan&#231;a foram usados para vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Para a an&#225;lise multivariada, as vari&#225;veis com p&lt;0.10 foram usadas no modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla para avaliar fatores progn&#243;sticos de morte e morbidade. O valor de p de probabilidade &lt;0.05 foi usado como crit&#233;rio de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o SPSS 15.0 para Windows.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Noventa e sete crian&#231;as e adolescentes foram avaliados, dos quais 15 n&#227;o foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia, e um interrompeu o protocolo, retirando o consentimento, sendo assim exclu&#237;dos do estudo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Dos 81 pacientes do estudo, 59% eram do sexo masculino, com idade m&#233;dia de 12 anos; 33% estavam cian&#243;ticos; e 72% tinham realizado cirurgia card&#237;aca previamente. O choque cardiog&#234;nico foi a complica&#231;&#227;o mais frequente, e 31% tiveram evento combinado com a ocorr&#234;ncia de pelo menos uma das outras complica&#231;&#245;es. A mortalidade neste estudo foi de 6,2% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Fluxograma do estudo.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio de crian&#231;as e adolescents submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Complica&#231;&#245;es no p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio</th>
                <th>n (%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">24 (29,6)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque s&#233;ptico</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">5 (6,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Evento combinado</td>
                <td align="center">25 (30,9)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os fatores: RACHS-1 e SpO<sub>2</sub> de recupera&#231;&#227;o estiveram significativamente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos combinados e est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . No per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, VM, estada na UTI, alta do hospital e procedimento cir&#250;rgico estiveram significativamente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de desfechos combinados ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores descritivos das vari&#225;veis pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias de acordo com o grupo de ocorr&#234;ncia de evento combinado em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Evento combinado</th>
                <th rowspan="5">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Geral</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th colspan="1">Sim</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n=81</th>
                <th>n=56 (69,1%)</th>
                <th colspan="1">n=25 (30,9%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)<sup>*</sup></td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">13 &#177; 2</td>
                <td align="center">0,190</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Sexo<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,204</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">31 (37,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">24 (42,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">7 (28,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">50 (62,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">18 (72,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17 (12 &#8211; 27)</td>
                <td align="center">17(15 - 21)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">17 (15 - 20)</td>
                <td align="center">0,581</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Cirurgia pr&#233;via<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,098</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">4 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">58 (72%)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (66,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">21 (84,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N &#8211; cirurgias pr&#233;vias<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,227</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0</td>
                <td align="center">23 (28,40%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (33,9%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">4 (16,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">25 (30,87%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (32,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">7 (28,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">29 (35,81%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (30,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">12 (48,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,92%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">2 (8,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca atual<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Acian&#243;tico</td>
                <td align="center">53 (65,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">40 (71,4%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">13 (52,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cian&#243;tico</td>
                <td align="center">28 (34,57%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (28,6%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">12 (48,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rachs-1<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1"> </td>
                <td align="center">0,018</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,41%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,8%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">22 (27,16%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (32,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">4 (16,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">53 (65,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">32 (57,1%)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">21 (84,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dist&#226;ncia caminhada (metros)*</td>
                <td align="center">521 &#177; 99</td>
                <td align="center">517 &#177; 89</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">502 &#177; 94</td>
                <td align="center">0,480</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC em repouso (bpm)*</td>
                <td align="center">86 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">87 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">84 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,326</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC &#8211; TC6M (bpm)*</td>
                <td align="center">127 &#177; 17</td>
                <td align="center">123 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">127 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">0,423</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC - recupera&#231;&#227;o (bpm)*</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">90 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,372</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">96 (84 &#8211; 97)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (85 - 98)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">89 (80 - 97)</td>
                <td align="center">0,076</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; TC6M (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">94 (74 &#8211; 91)</td>
                <td align="center">94 (74 - 97)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">83 (65 - 96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,050</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; recupera&#231;&#227;o (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">96 (85 &#8211; 97)</td>
                <td align="center">97 (87 - 97)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">87 (81 - 96)</td>
                <td align="center">0,009</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SDNN (ms) <sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">37 (23 &#8211; 59)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (26 - 50)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">33 (22 - 41)</td>
                <td align="center">0,184</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>rMSSD (ms) <sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">26 (13 &#8211; 46)</td>
                <td align="center">29 (14 - 46)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">20 (14 - 28)</td>
                <td align="center">0,157</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>pNN50 (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">3,8 (0,2 &#8211; 26)</td>
                <td align="center">7,3 (0,3 &#8211; 25,6)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">2.2 (0.3 &#8211; 5.8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,222</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BF (Hz) <sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">402 (86 &#8211; 816)</td>
                <td align="center">318 (148 - 812)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">312 (94 - 445)</td>
                <td align="center">0,225</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AF (Hz) <sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">216 (46 &#8211; 479)</td>
                <td align="center">229 (39 - 526)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">103 (46 - 254)</td>
                <td align="center">0,189</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BFn.u (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">35 ( 50 &#8211; 79)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (50 - 80)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">63 (53 - 80)</td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AFn.u (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">35 (21 &#8211; 55)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (21 - 52)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">37 (20 - 47)</td>
                <td align="center">0,905</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BF/AF <sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">2 (1 &#8211; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (1 &#8211; 3,9)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="1">1,7 (1,1 - 4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,967</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>*: t de Student n&#227;o-pareado; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: teste de qui-quadrado; <sup>&#916;</sup>: Mann-Whitney; <sup>&#8225;</sup>: teste de verossimilhan&#231;a; n(%): n&#250;mero (%), ou m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (interval interquartil); IMC: &#237;ndice de Massa Corporal; Rachs 1:escore de risco ajustado para cirurgias para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batidas por minuto; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; rMSSD: raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas; pNN50: porcentagem das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os intervalos RR que s&#227;o maiores que 50 ms; BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia variando de 0,04 a 0,15Hz; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia variando entre 0,15 e 0,4 Hz; n. u.: unidade de normalidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores descritivos de vari&#225;veis p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias de acordo com o grupo de ocorr&#234;ncia de eventos combinados em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Evento combinado</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th rowspan="5">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Geral</th>
                <th>N&#227;o</th>
                <th>Sim</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n = 81</th>
                <th>n=56 (69,1%)</th>
                <th>n=25 (30,9%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (min)*</td>
                <td align="center">110 &#177; 70</td>
                <td align="center">92 &#177; 57</td>
                <td align="center">156 &#177; 76</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tempo de VM (horas)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">11 &#177; 20</td>
                <td align="center">5.5 (3,3 - 8)</td>
                <td align="center">13,8 (7,8 &#8211; 19,2)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estada na UTI (dia)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">8 &#177; 5</td>
                <td align="center">6 (4 - 8)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (7 - 16)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Alta do hospital (dia)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">17 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">11 (8 - 17)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (14 - 27)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Procedimento cir&#250;rgico<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o septal atrial</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o septal ventricular</td>
                <td align="center">7 (8,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tubo VD-AP</td>
                <td align="center">13 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (12,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (24,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Procedimento de Fontan</td>
                <td align="center">16 (19,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (28,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Procedimento de Glenn</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Istmoplastia</td>
                <td align="center">9 (11,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (16,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ligadura do canal arterial</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dilata&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">6 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (8,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula pulmonar</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o da TGA</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o da tetralogia de Fallot</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (8,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o de Ebstein</td>
                <td align="center">3 (3,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia de Blalock-Taussig</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Corre&#231;&#227;o an&#244;mala das veias pulmonares</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</td>
                <td align="center">4 (4,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outros</td>
                <td align="center">2 (2,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (1,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">1 (4,0%)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>*: t de Student n&#227;o-pareado; <sup>&#916;</sup>: Mann-Whitney; <sup>&#8224;</sup>: teste do qui-quadrado; n(%): n&#250;mero (%), ou m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o ou mediana (intervalo interquartil); VM: ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica; UTI: unidade de terapia intensiva; VD-AP: tubo entre o ventr&#237;culo direito e a art&#233;ria pulmonar; TGA: transposi&#231;&#227;o das grandes art&#233;rias.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quando os valores de SpO2 foram divididos em grupos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cian&#243;tica e acian&#243;tica, os grupos demonstraram diferen&#231;a significativa em rela&#231;&#227;o ao SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso, o TC6M e a recupera&#231;&#227;o. O grupo acian&#243;tico apresenta valores significativamente maiores de SpO<sub>2</sub> em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo cian&#243;tico ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores de SpO2 na doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cian&#243;tica e acian&#243;tica em diferentes momentos do TC6M</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th colspan="2">Doen&#231;a card&#237;aca atual</th>
                <th rowspan="5">p <sup>&#916;</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Acian&#243;tica</th>
                <th>Cian&#243;tica</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>n=53</th>
                <th>n=28</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">97 (93 - 98)</td>
                <td align="center">78 (75 -83)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; TC6M (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">95 (96 - 97)</td>
                <td align="center">63 (56.5 &#8211; 68.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SpO<sub>2</sub> &#8211; em recupera&#231;&#227;o (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                <td align="center">97 (93 &#8211; 97.5)</td>
                <td align="center">80.5 (77 &#8211; 83.8)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>&#916;</sup>: Mann-Whitney; mediana (IIQ)</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>(interval interquartil); IMC: &#237;ndice de Massa Corporal; <italic>Rachs</italic> 1:escore de risco ajustado para cirurgias para cardiopatia cong&#234;nita; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batidas por minuto; SpO<sub>2</sub>: satura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio; TC6M: teste de caminhada de 6 minutos; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o de todos os intervalos RR normais gravados em um intervalo de tempo; rMSSD: raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas; pNN50: porcentagem das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os intervalos RR que s&#227;o maiores que 50 ms; BF: componente de baixa frequ&#234;ncia variando de 0,04 a 0,15Hz; AF: componente de alta frequ&#234;ncia variando entre 0,15 e 0,4 Hz; n. u.: unidade de normalidade.</p>
      <p>As vari&#225;veis pr&#233;vias &#224; cirurgia, tipos de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca atual, RACHS-1, SpO<sub>2</sub> em repouso no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, durante o TC6M e na recupera&#231;&#227;o, e o tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea foram selecionados para compor a an&#225;lise multivariada. O SpO2 no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio durante a recupera&#231;&#227;o manteve-se como um fator de risco independente (OR 0,93, IC95% [0.88 - 0.99], p = 0,02) para mais eventos combinados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Probabilidades estimadas pelo modelo de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica para SpO<sub>2</sub> de recupera&#231;&#227;o.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>Observou-se que quanto maior o SpO<sub>2</sub> ap&#243;s o tempo de recupera&#231;&#227;o, menor a chance de ter eventos combinados. Por meio da curva ROC, observamos que o ponto de corte para SpO<sub>2</sub> &#233; 96% (OR 3,28, IC95% [1,21 &#8211; 8,90], p = 0,02). Este ponto demonstra 68% de sensibilidade, 60,7% de especificidade e 63,0% de precis&#227;o. As chances de um paciente com SpO<sub>2</sub> menor que 96% na recupera&#231;&#227;o apresentar eventos combinados &#233; tr&#234;s vezes maior do que para pacientes com SpO<sub>2</sub> maior que 96%.</p>
      <p>Observamos que na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores de SpO<sub>2</sub> nos tr&#234;s momentos (em repouso, no TC6M e na recupera&#231;&#227;o), em grupos com e sem um evento combinado, SpO<sub>2</sub> foi mais baixo, com diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa, no per&#237;odo de recupera&#231;&#227;o no grupo de eventos combinados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Box-plot com compara&#231;&#227;o da satura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio no TC6M em repouso, durante o teste e na recupera&#231;&#227;o, em grupos com e sem eventos combinados.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo identificou que a vari&#225;vel SpO<sub>2</sub> no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio ap&#243;s o TC6M foi o &#250;nico preditor independente da associa&#231;&#227;o com a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica de cardiopatia cong&#234;nita, e que a VFC n&#227;o foi capaz de prever a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o. Esses dados sugerem que medir o SpO<sub>2</sub> pode ser uma ferramenta importante para o progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio. Ao observar os valores baixos de SpO<sub>2</sub> no pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio, a&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas podem ser tomadas para otimizar a fun&#231;&#227;o cardiorrespirat&#243;ria e, assim, possivelmente reduzir os eventos combinados nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes.</p>
      <p>Em crian&#231;as, o TC6M foi o teste de escolha em rela&#231;&#227;o aos testes cardiorrespirat&#243;rios em esteiras ou bicicletas ergom&#233;tricas, j&#225; que &#233; f&#225;cil de aplicar, &#233; seguro e econ&#244;mico, j&#225; que n&#227;o requer equipamentos caros nem profissionais altamente qualificados. Estudos apontam que a falta de incentivo e a superprote&#231;&#227;o em torno desta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes t&#234;m impactos negativos em sua capacidade f&#237;sica e aumentam o risco de desenvolver complica&#231;&#245;es com o passar do tempo.</p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o da dist&#226;ncia caminhada apresentou valores menores do que os apresentados por Geiger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> e Priesnitz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> em crian&#231;as saud&#225;veis com mais de 8 anos de idade, indicando que crian&#231;as com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita t&#234;m menos capacidade f&#237;sica do que aquelas da popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. Por&#233;m, este estudo observou que a dist&#226;ncia m&#233;dia caminhada foi semelhante entre pacientes com eventos combinados e aqueles que progrediram sem complica&#231;&#245;es.</p>
      <p>Monitorar a oximetria de pulso durante o TC6M n&#227;o &#233; um procedimento padr&#227;o; por&#233;m, pode oferecer uma estimativa melhor da troca de gases durante o exerc&#237;cio, mostrando, assim, uma melhor correla&#231;&#227;o com o progn&#243;stico. O mecanismo da dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio pode estar diretamente relacionado ao defeito card&#237;aco que leva &#224; maior resist&#234;ncia vascular, sobrecarga ventricular, principalmente no ventr&#237;culo direito, resultando em d&#233;bito card&#237;aco diminu&#237;do. A dessatura&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio durante o TC6M &#233; bem descrita em pacientes com DPOC<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> e doen&#231;a pulmonar intersticial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> mas esses dados, at&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o s&#227;o bem descritos entre crian&#231;as para determinar o progn&#243;stico no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e este estudo pode incentivar a realiza&#231;&#227;o de novas an&#225;lises.</p>
      <p>Schaan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> avaliaram a capacidade funcional de crian&#231;as e adolescentes com cardiopatia cong&#234;nita em uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica e meta-an&#225;lise, e descobriram que o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2max</sub>) foi a vari&#225;vel associada &#224; baixa capacidade funcional, possivelmente sendo influenciada pela resposta cronotr&#243;pica defasada. Nenhuma medida da oximetria do pulso foi reportada nos estudos apresentados.</p>
      <p>Essas mudan&#231;as anat&#244;micas e fisiopatol&#243;gicas podem estar associadas &#224; resposta cronotr&#243;pica diminu&#237;da nesta popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. A necessidade de reinterven&#231;&#227;o &#233; frequente e, consequentemente, as chances de dessensibiliza&#231;&#227;o do receptor adren&#233;rgico beta podem estar diretamente relacionadas &#224; regula&#231;&#227;o aut&#244;noma alterada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Neste estudo, 72% dos pacientes j&#225; tinham sido submetidos &#224; cirurgia card&#237;aca pr&#233;via; por&#233;m, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre os pacientes que apresentavam ou n&#227;o complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo de Hami et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> no qual a VFC foi avaliada em cirurgias que requeriam a atriotomia, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel demonstrar a influ&#234;ncia do procedimento cir&#250;rgico associado &#224; essa redu&#231;&#227;o. Este estudo observou que o procedimento de Fontan foi o tipo de cirurgia mais frequente, em 19,8% dos casos avaliados. Estudos com esses pacientes mostraram um decl&#237;nio na capacidade f&#237;sica com o tempo, atribu&#237;do &#224; VFC reduzida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O uso de diferentes t&#233;cnicas (atriopulmonar com t&#250;nel lateral ou extracard&#237;aco) para este procedimento n&#227;o parece interferir, em princ&#237;pio, com a redu&#231;&#227;o da VFC. Por&#233;m, a t&#233;cnica usando o tubo extracard&#237;aco parece preservar o n&#243; sinoatrial, reduzindo o risco de arritmias. Embora a t&#233;cnica de fenestra&#231;&#227;o tenha reduzido a ocorr&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> a redu&#231;&#227;o do SpO<sub>2</sub> permanece como ponto de preocupa&#231;&#227;o, como identificado em nosso estudo.</p>
      <p>A taxa de mortalidade neste estudo foi de 6,2%, corroborando outros estudos que mostraram uma incid&#234;ncia entre 3,6% e 15%. Aproximadamente 66% dos pacientes foram classificados na Categoria 3 de RACHS-1, que, de acordo com Jenkins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> tem uma taxa de mortalidade de aproximadamente 9,5%, confirmando a complexidade das doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Todas as mortes que ocorreram na UTI se desenvolveram ap&#243;s a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, neste estudo, outras vari&#225;veis estiveram associadas com complica&#231;&#245;es p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias. Identificamos que os tempos de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, VM, estada na UTI, alta do hospital e procedimento cir&#250;rgico estiveram significativamente associados &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia dos desfechos combinados. Giamberti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> descreveram que a morbidade grave &#233; relativamente frequente, e normalmente associada &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;-operat&#243;rias (alto n&#237;vel de hemat&#243;critos devido &#224; cianose, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca congestiva, e n&#250;mero de opera&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vios) e operat&#243;rias (procedimento de Fontan/convers&#227;o e dura&#231;&#227;o da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea) do paciente. Na verdade, 84% dos pacientes com complica&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos &#224; cirurgia pr&#233;via e tinham mais tempo de circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, VM e tempo de estada no hospital.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem limita&#231;&#245;es em potencial, como a inclus&#227;o de uma amostra heterog&#234;nea e a n&#227;o inclus&#227;o de outras vari&#225;veis, como status nutricional e fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca, que poderiam explicar o status funcional geral dos pacientes. Al&#233;m disso, os resultados n&#227;o podem ser generalizados para outras popula&#231;&#245;es, j&#225; que foram obtidas em um centro &#250;nico.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A dessatura&#231;&#227;o perif&#233;rica de oxig&#234;nio ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do TC6M no per&#237;odo pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio parece ser um preditor independente do progn&#243;stico em crian&#231;as e adolescentes submetidos &#224; corre&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica da cardiopatia cong&#234;nita. A dist&#226;ncia caminhada e as vari&#225;veis de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca n&#227;o apresentaram a mesma associa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores agradecem a Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP n. 2008/52902-0) pelo apoio financeiro.</p>
    </ack>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation>1. Nixon PA, Joswiak ML, Fricker FJ. A Six-Minute Walk Test for Assessing Exercise Tolerance in Severely ill Children. J Pediatr. 1996;129(3):362-6. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70067-7.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nixon</surname>
              <given-names>PA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Joswiak</surname>
              <given-names>ML</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fricker</surname>
              <given-names>FJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A Six-Minute Walk Test for Assessing Exercise Tolerance in Severely ill Children</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>129</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>362</fpage>
          <lpage>366</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/s0022-3476(96)70067-7.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation>2. McCrindle BW, Williams RV, Mitchell PD, Hsu DT, Paridon SM, Atz AM, et al. Relationship of Patient and Medical Characteristics to Health Status in Children and Adolescents after the Fontan Procedure. Circulation. 2006;113(8):1123-9. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>McCrindle</surname>
              <given-names>BW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Williams</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mitchell</surname>
              <given-names>PD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hsu</surname>
              <given-names>DT</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paridon</surname>
              <given-names>SM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Atz</surname>
              <given-names>AM</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Relationship of Patient and Medical Characteristics to Health Status in Children and Adolescents after the Fontan Procedure</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>113</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1123</fpage>
          <lpage>1129</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation>3. Norozi K, Gravenhorst V, Hobbiebrunken E, Wessel A. Normality of Cardiopulmonary Capacity in Children Operated on to Correct Congenital Heart Defects. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159(11):1063-8. doi: 10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1063.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Norozi</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gravenhorst</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Hobbiebrunken</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wessel</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Normality of Cardiopulmonary Capacity in Children Operated on to Correct Congenital Heart Defects</article-title>
          <source>Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>159</volume>
          <issue>11</issue>
          <fpage>1063</fpage>
          <lpage>1068</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1001/archpedi.159.11.1063.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation>4. Golpe R, P&#233;rez-de-Llano LA, M&#233;ndez-Marote L, Veres-Racamonde A. Prognostic Value of Walk Distance, Work, Oxygen Saturation, and Dyspnea during 6-Minute Walk Test in COPD Patients. Respir Care. 2013;58(8):1329-34. doi: 10.4187/respcare.02290.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Golpe</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>P&#233;rez-de-Llano</surname>
              <given-names>LA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>M&#233;ndez-Marote</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veres-Racamonde</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic Value of Walk Distance, Work, Oxygen Saturation, and Dyspnea during 6-Minute Walk Test in COPD Patients</article-title>
          <source>Respir Care</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>58</volume>
          <issue>8</issue>
          <fpage>1329</fpage>
          <lpage>1334</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4187/respcare.02290.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation>5. Rubim VS, Drumond Neto C, Romeo JL, Montera MW. Prognostic value of the Six-Minute Walk Test in heart failure. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2006;86(2):120-5. doi: 10.1590/s0066-782x2006000200007.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rubim</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Drumond</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romeo</surname>
              <given-names>JL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Montera</surname>
              <given-names>MW</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Prognostic value of the Six-Minute Walk Test in heart failure</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2006</year>
          <volume>86</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>120</fpage>
          <lpage>125</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2006000200007.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation>6. Moalla W, Gauthier R, Maingourd Y, Ahmaidi S. Six-Minute Walking Test to Assess Exercise Tolerance and Cardiorespiratory Responses During Training Program in Children with Congenital Heart Disease. Int J Sports Med. 2005;26(9):756-62. doi: 10.1055/s-2004-830558.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Moalla</surname>
              <given-names>W</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauthier</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Maingourd</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ahmaidi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Six-Minute Walking Test to Assess Exercise Tolerance and Cardiorespiratory Responses During Training Program in Children with Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2005</year>
          <volume>26</volume>
          <issue>9</issue>
          <fpage>756</fpage>
          <lpage>762</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-2004-830558.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation>7. ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(1):111-7. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ATS Statement: Guidelines for the Six-Minute Walk Test</article-title>
          <source>Am J Respir Crit Care Med</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>166</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>111</fpage>
          <lpage>117</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1164/ajrccm.166.1.at1102.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation>8. Kehmeier ES, Sommer MH, Galonska A, Zeus T, Verde P, Kelm M. Diagnostic Value of the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH): Comparison with Clinical Status and Functional Exercise Capacity. Int J Cardiol. 2016;203:90-7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.074.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Kehmeier</surname>
              <given-names>ES</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sommer</surname>
              <given-names>MH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Galonska</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zeus</surname>
              <given-names>T</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Verde</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kelm</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Diagnostic Value of the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) in Grown-up Congenital Heart Disease (GUCH): Comparison with Clinical Status and Functional Exercise Capacity</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>203</volume>
          <fpage>90</fpage>
          <lpage>97</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.10.074.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation>9. Ohuchi H, Watanabe K, Kishiki K, Wakisaka Y, Echigo S. Heart Rate Dynamics During and After Exercise in Postoperative Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Their Relation to Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activity and Intrinsic Sinus Node Dysfunction. Am Heart J. 2007;154(1):165-71. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.031.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ohuchi</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Watanabe</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kishiki</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wakisaka</surname>
              <given-names>Y</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echigo</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Dynamics During and After Exercise in Postoperative Congenital Heart Disease Patients. Their Relation to Cardiac Autonomic Nervous Activity and Intrinsic Sinus Node Dysfunction</article-title>
          <source>Am Heart J</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>154</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>165</fpage>
          <lpage>171</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.ahj.2007.03.031.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation>10. Jenkins KJ, Gauvreau K, Newburger JW, Spray TL, Moller JH, Iezzoni LI. Consensus-Based Method for Risk Adjustment for Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2002;123(1):110-8. doi: 10.1067/mtc.2002.119064.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Jenkins</surname>
              <given-names>KJ</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gauvreau</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Newburger</surname>
              <given-names>JW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Spray</surname>
              <given-names>TL</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Moller</surname>
              <given-names>JH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Iezzoni</surname>
              <given-names>LI</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Consensus-Based Method for Risk Adjustment for Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease</article-title>
          <source>J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg</source>
          <year>2002</year>
          <volume>123</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>110</fpage>
          <lpage>118</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1067/mtc.2002.119064.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation>11. Borg GA. Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1982;14(5):377-81.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Borg</surname>
              <given-names>GA</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Psychophysical Bases of Perceived Exertion</article-title>
          <source>Med Sci Sports Exerc</source>
          <year>1982</year>
          <volume>14</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>377</fpage>
          <lpage>381</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation>12. Gamelin FX, Baquet G, Berthoin S, Bosquet L. Validity of the Polar S810 to Measure R-R Intervals in Children. Int J Sports Med. 2008;29(2):134-8. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-964995.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gamelin</surname>
              <given-names>FX</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Baquet</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Berthoin</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bosquet</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Validity of the Polar S810 to Measure R-R Intervals in Children</article-title>
          <source>Int J Sports Med</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>29</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>134</fpage>
          <lpage>138</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1055/s-2007-964995.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation>13. Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology. Circulation. 1996;93(5):1043-65.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Heart Rate Variability: Standards of Measurement, Physiological Interpretation and Clinical Use</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>1996</year>
          <volume>93</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>1043</fpage>
          <lpage>1065</lpage>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation>14. Geiger R, Strasak A, Treml B, Gasser K, Kleinsasser A, Fischer V, et al. Six-Minute Walk Test in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr. 2007;150(4):395-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Geiger</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strasak</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Treml</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Gasser</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kleinsasser</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Fischer</surname>
              <given-names>V</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Six-Minute Walk Test in Children and Adolescents</article-title>
          <source>J Pediatr</source>
          <year>2007</year>
          <volume>150</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>395</fpage>
          <lpage>399</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.12.052.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation>15. Priesnitz CV, Rodrigues GH, Stumpf CS, Viapiana G, Cabral CP, Stein RT, et al. Reference Values for the 6-min Walk Test in Healthy Children Aged 6-12 years. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(12):1174-9. doi: 10.1002/ppul.21062.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Priesnitz</surname>
              <given-names>CV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodrigues</surname>
              <given-names>GH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stumpf</surname>
              <given-names>CS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Viapiana</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cabral</surname>
              <given-names>CP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Stein</surname>
              <given-names>RT</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Reference Values for the 6-min Walk Test in Healthy Children Aged 6-12 years</article-title>
          <source>Pediatr Pulmonol</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>44</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1174</fpage>
          <lpage>1179</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1002/ppul.21062.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation>16. Roberts MM, Cho JG, Sandoz JS, Wheatley JR. Oxygen Desaturation and Adverse Events During 6-min walk Testing in Patients with COPD. Respirology. 2015;20(3):419-25. doi: 10.1111/resp.12471.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Roberts</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cho</surname>
              <given-names>JG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sandoz</surname>
              <given-names>JS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wheatley</surname>
              <given-names>JR</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Oxygen Desaturation and Adverse Events During 6-min walk Testing in Patients with COPD</article-title>
          <source>Respirology</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>20</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>419</fpage>
          <lpage>425</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/resp.12471.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation>17. Ora J, Calzetta L, Pezzuto G, Senis L, Paone G, Mari A, et al. A 6MWT Index to Predict O2 Flow Correcting Exercise Induced SpO2 Desaturation in ILD. Respir Med. 2013;107(12):2014-21. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.002.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Ora</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Calzetta</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pezzuto</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Senis</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Paone</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Mari</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>A 6MWT Index to Predict O2 Flow Correcting Exercise Induced SpO2 Desaturation in ILD</article-title>
          <source>Respir Med</source>
          <year>2013</year>
          <volume>107</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>2014</fpage>
          <lpage>2021</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.002.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation>18. Briand J, Behal H, Chenivesse C, W&#233;meau-Stervinou L, Wallaert B. The 1-minute Sit-to-Stand Test to Detect Exercise-Induced Oxygen Desaturation in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2018;12:1753466618793028. doi: 10.1177/1753466618793028.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Briand</surname>
              <given-names>J</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Behal</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chenivesse</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>W&#233;meau-Stervinou</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Wallaert</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>The 1-minute Sit-to-Stand Test to Detect Exercise-Induced Oxygen Desaturation in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease</article-title>
          <source>Ther Adv Respir Dis</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>12</volume>
          <size units="pages">1753466618793028</size>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1177/1753466618793028.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation>19. Schaan CW, Macedo ACP, Sbruzzi G, Umpierre D, Schaan BD, Pellanda LC. Functional Capacity in Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2017;109(4):357-67. doi: 10.5935/abc.20170125.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Schaan</surname>
              <given-names>CW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Macedo</surname>
              <given-names>ACP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Sbruzzi</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Umpierre</surname>
              <given-names>D</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Schaan</surname>
              <given-names>BD</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Pellanda</surname>
              <given-names>LC</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional Capacity in Congenital Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>109</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>357</fpage>
          <lpage>367</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5935/abc.20170125.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation>20. Sen S, Bandyopadhyay B, Eriksson P, Chattopadhyay A. Functional Capacity Following Univentricular Repair-Midterm Outcome. Congenit Heart Dis. 2012;7(5):423-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2012.00640.x.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Sen</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bandyopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>B</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Eriksson</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chattopadhyay</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Functional Capacity Following Univentricular Repair-Midterm Outcome</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2012</year>
          <volume>7</volume>
          <issue>5</issue>
          <fpage>423</fpage>
          <lpage>432</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/j.1747-0803.2012.00640.x.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation>21. Hami, K, Corcia MCG. Heart Rate Variability Modifications after Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease in Young Patients. Evid Based Med Pract, 2017;3(1):1-3. doi: 10.4172/2471-9919.1000113</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Hami</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corcia</surname>
              <given-names>MCG</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Heart Rate Variability Modifications after Surgery for Congenital Heart Disease in Young Patients</article-title>
          <source>Evid Based Med Pract</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>3</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>1</fpage>
          <lpage>3</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.4172/2471-9919.1000113</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation>22. Elder RW, McCabe NM, Veledar E, Kogon BE, Jokhadar M, Rodriguez FH 3rd, et al. Risk Factors for Major Adverse Events Late After Fontan Palliation. Congenit Heart Dis. 2015;10(2):159-68. doi: 10.1111/chd.12212.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Elder</surname>
              <given-names>RW</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>McCabe</surname>
              <given-names>NM</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Veledar</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Kogon</surname>
              <given-names>BE</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Jokhadar</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rodriguez</surname>
              <given-names>FH</given-names>
              <suffix>3rd</suffix>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Risk Factors for Major Adverse Events Late After Fontan Palliation</article-title>
          <source>Congenit Heart Dis</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>159</fpage>
          <lpage>168</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1111/chd.12212.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation>23. Gewillig M, Goldberg DJ. Failure of the Fontan Circulation. Heart Fail Clin. 2014;10(1):105-16. doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2013.09.010.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Gewillig</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Goldberg</surname>
              <given-names>DJ</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Failure of the Fontan Circulation</article-title>
          <source>Heart Fail Clin</source>
          <year>2014</year>
          <volume>10</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>105</fpage>
          <lpage>116</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.hfc.2013.09.010.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation>24. Giamberti A, Chessa M, Abella R, Butera G, Carlucci C, Nuri H, et al. Morbidity and Mortality Risk Factors in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Cardiac Reoperations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2009;88(4):1284-9. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.060.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Giamberti</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Chessa</surname>
              <given-names>M</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Abella</surname>
              <given-names>R</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Butera</surname>
              <given-names>G</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Carlucci</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Nuri</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Morbidity and Mortality Risk Factors in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Undergoing Cardiac Reoperations</article-title>
          <source>Ann Thorac Surg</source>
          <year>2009</year>
          <volume>88</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>1284</fpage>
          <lpage>1289</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.athoracsur.2009.05.060.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Angela Sachiko Inoue pelo Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Impact of Preoperative Functional Capacity on Postoperative Outcomes in Congenital Heart Surgery: An Observational and Prospective Study</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1251-8723</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Inoue</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Sachiko</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lopes</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#244;nio Augusto Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanaka</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Cristina Sayuri</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena R.B.G.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Almeida</surname>
            <given-names>Juliano Pinheiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Hajjar</surname>
            <given-names>Ludhmila Abrah&#227;o</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nozawa</surname>
            <given-names>Emilia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Angela Sachiko Inoue &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas &#8211; fisioterapia - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: angela.inoue@hc.fm.usp.br, angela.inoue@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Inoue AS, Lopes AAB, Tanaka ACS, Galas FRBG, Nozawa E; Acquisition of data: Inoue AS, Tanaka ACS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Inoue AS, Lopes AAB, Galas FRBG, Almeida JP, Hajjar LA, Nozawa E; Statistical analysis: Almeida JP; Obtaining financing: Inoue AS, Nozawa E; Writing of the manuscript: Inoue AS, Tanaka ACS, Almeida JP, Nozawa E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Feltrim MIZ, Almeida JP, Hajjar LA, Nozawa E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Despite advances in surgical technique and postoperative care in congenital heart disease, cardiovascular morbidity is still high.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the association between preoperative cardiovascular fitness of children and adolescents, measured by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and Heart Rate Variability (HRV), and the occurrence of cardiogenic, septic shock and death in the postoperative period.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Prospective, observational clinic study including 81 patients aged from 8 to 18 years. In the preoperative period, the 6MWT (distance walked and SpO<sub>2</sub>) and HRV were performed. The adjusted risk score for surgeries for congenital heart disease (RACHS-1) was applied to predict the surgical risk factor for mortality. The occurrence of at least one of the listed complications was considered as a combined event. P values &lt; 0.05 were considered as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Of the patients, 59% were male, with mean age of 12 years; 33% were cyanotic; and 72% had undergone previous cardiac surgery. Cardiogenic shock was the most common complication, and 31% had a combined event. Prior to surgery, type of current heart disease, RACHS-1, SpO<sub>2</sub>at rest, during the 6MWT and recovery were selected for the multivariate analysis. The SpO<sub>2</sub>at recovery by the 6MWT remained as an independent risk factor (OR 0.93, 95%CI [0.88 - 0.99], p=0.02) for the increasing occurrence of combined events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>SpO<sub>2</sub>after the application of the 6MWT in the preoperative period was an independent predictor of prognosis in children and adolescents undergoing surgical correction; the walked distance and the HRV did not present this association.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Heart Defects, Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Walk Test</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Rate</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Functional Performance</kwd>
        <kwd>Postoperative Complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>In recent decades, patients with congenital heart disease have undergone more complex surgeries, and despite significant advances in surgical techniques and postoperative care, the rate of complications is still high, including cardiovascular morbidity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The possible mechanisms underlying worse postoperative outcomes in these patients seem to be the impairment of previous functional performance with reduced aerobic capacity, associated with generalized muscle weakness and autonomic nervous system disorders. Often, the presence of a residual heart defect after surgery may be partially responsible for the reduced physical capacity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To assess overall cardiovascular function, including physical capacity, exercise tests are proposed to identify risk factors for the occurrence of events in various clinical situations, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Many tests are available to evaluate this ability, but their use in children and adolescents may provide different results from those obtained among adults due to different physiological and metabolic responses to stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>One of the methods used for the clinical assessment of aerobic fitness is the 6-minute walk test (6MWT), which is a simple test used to verify the degree of functional limitation and prognostic stratification in both adults and children.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The test has been used to evaluate outcomes at different treatment stages of several conditions, and has demonstrated a strong association with oxyhemoglobin desaturation in chronic heart disease.</p>
        <p>Abnormalities in the autonomic nervous system modulation, as measured by the heart rate variability (HRV), have been associated with increased cardiovascular mortality, with worse prognosis for heart disease and postoperative cardiac events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between the preoperative cardiovascular fitness status of children and adolescents, measured by the 6MWT and the HRV, and the occurrence of cardiogenic, septic shock and death in the postoperative period of congenital heart surgery.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design and patients</title>
          <p>This was a prospective and observational clinical study conducted from January 2009 to March 2012, which included children and adolescents aged from 8 to 18 years with congenital heart disease, undergoing corrective or palliative surgical treatment at the Heart Institute of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Medical School of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, Medical School, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas (number 0625/08). The informed consent was obtained for all patients from their parents or respective tutors.</p>
          <p>The study included patients admitted for the surgical procedure who were stable. These patients were not taking inotropic or vasoactive drugs, without any potentially serious or complex arrhythmias, such as atrial / ventricular fibrillation, without implanted pacemakers, without cardiomyopathy or acquired valvular heart disease and without associated syndromes, pulmonary, neurological or orthopedic limitations. Patients whose consent was not obtained or those who did not undergo the surgical procedure were excluded.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data collection</title>
          <p>The data were collected from medical records during the period of hospitalization. Once surgery was indicated, the assessment of HRV and the 6MWT were performed on the same day, in this order.</p>
          <p>In the preoperative period, the variables age, gender, body mass index (BMI), clinical diagnosis (with greater clinical impact) and the occurrence of previous surgeries were collected. The adjusted risk score for surgeries for congenital heart disease (RACHS-1)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> was also applied to predict the surgical risk factor for mortality. For the use of this score, cases of congenital heart surgery are allocated to one of six risk categories, based on the presence or absence of specific diagnoses; category 1 had the lowest risk, and category 6, the highest. Regarding intraoperative and procedural variables, data were collected on the type of surgery, time of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), time of mechanical ventilation (MV), and use of vasoactive and / or inotropic drugs. In the postoperative period, the occurrence of death and complications until the patient&#8217;s hospital discharge was analyzed. Postoperative complications considered in the study were: death, cardiogenic shock (persistent bleeding requiring blood transfusion, need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)), suspected cardiac tamponade and surgical reexploration, refractory shock, requiring inotropic support to maintain mean arterial pressure of &#8805; 60mmHg (for more than 72 hours), cardiopulmonary arrest, significant arrhythmias (including atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, atrioventricular block) and septic shock (confirmation of infectious site requiring antibiotic therapy, confirmed by Infection, which develops persistent fever, respiratory failure requiring prolonged MV or use of noninvasive ventilation, persistent hypotension, and leukocytosis or leukopenia). The occurrence of at least one of the listed complications was considered as a combined event.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>6-minute walk test</title>
          <p>The 6-minute walk test was performed preoperatively, according to the standardized technique proposed by the American Thoracic Society<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in a 30-meter corridor with only one repetition. In addition to the covered distance, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO<sub>2</sub>) (Ohmeda<sup>&#174;</sup>), blood pressure (Philips<sup>&#174;</sup>digital sphygmomanometer), respiratory rate and subjective sensation of dyspnea and lower limb fatigue were measured using the modified Borg Rating Scale of Perceived Exertion<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> at rest, immediately after the test, and three minutes after recovery. Standard encouragement phrases were used every minute during the test. No patient required oxygen during the test.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Heart rate variability</italic>
            </title>
            <p>A heart rate monitor (Polar s810i<sup>&#174;</sup>) was used, and electrical signals from the heart were transmitted to a monitor by an electrode strap placed around the patient&#8217;s chest. Heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed preoperatively at rest for 15 minutes, with the patient in bed at a 45 degree inclination. The first 5 minutes were used for acclimation, and the last 10 minutes, for analysis. The signal was received and sent to the Polar Precision Performance software.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The artifact removal was performed with the same software, and manually, by visual inspection of R-R intervals (oscillations in the intervals between consecutive heart beats) and exclusion of abnormal intervals. Samples that presented more than 85% of sinus beats were included. The HRV analysis using linear methods was performed using Kubios HRV version 2.0 (Biosignal Analysis and Medical Imaging Group). The analyzed time domain variables were SDNN (standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval); rMSSD (root mean square of the successive differences); and pNN50 (percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50 ms). The variables analyzed in the frequency domain (spectral analysis) were the high frequency (HF) component (0.15 to 0.4 Hz); the low frequency (LF) component (0.04 and 0.15Hz); the LF / HF ratio; and data normalization (n.u.) of spectral analysis to minimize the effects of other bands, such as a very low frequency component. The SDNN, rMSSD, pNN50 and HF variables were associated with parasympathetic modulation, whereas LF was associated with both sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>
              <italic>Statistical analysis</italic>
            </title>
            <p>Quantitative variables with normal distribution were presented as mean and standard deviation. Quantitative variables without normal distribution were presented as median and interquartile range (IQR; 25th and 75th percentiles). Categorical variables are presented as frequency and percentage rates. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to evaluate the distribution of quantitative variables. The sample size calculation was based on a pilot sample in preoperative patients; for studying the prognostic through tests with 90% power and 5% significance level, the minimum prediction was of 75 cases. For the univariate analysis, regarding the combined event, the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test or the Mann-Whitney test for quantitative variables and the chi-square or likelihood ratio test were used for categorical variables. For the multivariate analysis, variables with p&lt;0.10 were used in the multiple logistic regression model to assess prognostic factors of death and morbidity. The probability p value &lt;0.05 was used for the criteria of statistical significance. All analyses were performed using the SPSS 15.0 for Windows statistical package.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Ninety seven children and adolescents were evaluated, of whom 15 did not undergo surgery and one interrupted the protocol, withdrawing their consent, and therefore being excluded from the study ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). Of the 81 patients in this study, 59% were male, with mean age of 12 years; 33% were cyanotic; and 72% had undergone previous heart surgery. Cardiogenic shock was the most frequent complication, and 31% had an event combined with the occurrence of at least one of the other complications. The mortality in this study was 6.2% ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Study flowchart.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Postoperative complications of children and adolescents undergoing congenital heart surgery</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Postoperative complications</th>
                  <th>n (%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiac shock</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (29.6)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Septic shock</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (6.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Combined event</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (30.9)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The factors: RACHS-1 and SpO<sub>2</sub>recovery were significantly associated with the occurrence of combined outcomes and are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . In the postoperative period, the times of CPB, MV, ICU stay, hospital discharge and surgical procedure were significantly associated with the occurrence of combined outcomes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive values of preoperative variables according to the group of combined event occurrence in children and adolescents undergoing congenital heart surgery</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Combined event</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="5">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Overall</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Yes</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n=81</th>
                  <th>n=56 (69.1%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n=25 (30.9%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)<sup>*</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">12 &#177; 3</td>
                  <td align="center">13 &#177; 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.190</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.204</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (37.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (42.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (62.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (72.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 (12 &#8211; 27)</td>
                  <td align="center">17(15 - 21)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (15 - 20)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.581</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior surgery<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.098</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (28%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">58 (72%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (66.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (84.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N prior surgery<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.227</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (28.40%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (33.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (30.87%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (32.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (35.81%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (30.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current heart disease<sup>&#1006;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Non-cianotic</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (65,43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (71.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (52.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cianotic</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (34.57%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (28.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (48.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Rachs-1<sup>&#8225;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.018</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.41%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (27.16%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (32.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (16.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (65.43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (57.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (84.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Distance walked (meter)*</td>
                  <td align="center">521 &#177; 99</td>
                  <td align="center">517 &#177; 89</td>
                  <td align="center">502 &#177; 94</td>
                  <td align="center">0.480</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR rest (bpm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">86 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">87 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">84 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.326</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR 6MWT(bpm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 17</td>
                  <td align="center">123 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">127 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.423</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR recovery (bpm)*</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">90 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.372</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>rest (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">96 (84 &#8211; 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (85 - 98)</td>
                  <td align="center">89 (80 - 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.076</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>6MWT (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">94 (74 &#8211; 91)</td>
                  <td align="center">94 (74 - 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (65 - 96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.050</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>recovery (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">96 (85 &#8211; 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">97 (87 - 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">87 (81 - 96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.009</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SDNN (ms)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">37 (23 &#8211; 59)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (26 - 50)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (22 - 41)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.184</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>rMSSD (ms)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26 (13 &#8211; 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (14 - 46)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (14 - 28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.157</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>pNN50 (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">3.8 (0.2 &#8211; 26)</td>
                  <td align="center">7.3 (0.3 &#8211; 25.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2 (0.3 &#8211; 5.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.222</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF (Hz)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">402 (86 &#8211; 816)</td>
                  <td align="center">318 (148 - 812)</td>
                  <td align="center">312 (94 - 445)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.225</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HF (Hz)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">216 (46 &#8211; 479)</td>
                  <td align="center">229 (39 - 526)</td>
                  <td align="center">103 (46 - 254)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.189</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LFn.u (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">35 ( 50 &#8211; 79)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (50 - 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (53 - 80)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HFn.u (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">35 (21 &#8211; 55)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (21 - 52)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (20 - 47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.905</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LF/HF<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1 &#8211; 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (1 &#8211; 3.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.7 (1.1 - 4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.967</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*: t-Student unpaired;<sup>&#8224;</sup>: chi-square test;<sup>&#916;</sup>: Mann-Whitney;<sup>&#8225;</sup>: Likelihood test; n(%): number (%), or mean&#177;standard deviation or median (interquartile range); BMI: body mass index; Rachs 1: Risk adjustment for congenital heart disease; HR: heart rate; bpm: heart beats per minute; SpO<sub>2:</sub>peripheral oxygen saturation; 6MWT: six-minute walk test; SDNN: standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals recorded in a time interval; rMSSD: root mean square of the successive differences; pNN50: percentage of successive RR intervals that differ by more than 50 ms; LF: low frequency component ranging from 0.04 to 0.15Hz; HF: high frequency component with frequency range between 0.15 to 0.4 Hz; n. u.: normality unit.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Descriptive values of postoperative variables according to the group of occurrence of combined events in children and adolescents undergoing congenital heart surgery</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Variable</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Combined event</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="5">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Overall</th>
                  <th>No</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Yes</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n = 81</th>
                  <th>n=56 (69.1%)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n=25 (30.9%)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of CPB (min)*</td>
                  <td align="center">110 &#177; 70</td>
                  <td align="center">92 &#177; 57</td>
                  <td align="center">156 &#177; 76</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Time of MV (hours)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">11 &#177; 20</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5 (3.3 - 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8 (7.8 - 19.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ICU stay (day)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8 &#177; 5</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (4 - 8)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (7 - 16)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hospital discharge (day)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">17 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (8 - 17)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (14 - 27)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Surgical procedure<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial septum correction</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ventricular septum correction</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (8.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV-PA tube procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (16.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (12.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (24.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fontan procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (19.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (28.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mitral valve replacement</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tricuspide valve replacement</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glenn procedure</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Isthmoplast</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (11.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (16.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial duct ligature</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary Artery Enlargement</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (7.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (8.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pulmonary valve replacement</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TGA correction</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fallot tetralogy correction</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (8.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ebstein correction</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (3.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Blalock-Taussig surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anomalous correction of pulmonar veins</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aortic valve replacement</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (4.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Others</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (2.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (4.0%)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>*: t-Student unpaired;<sup>&#916;</sup>: Mann-Whitney;<sup>&#8224;</sup>: chi-square test; n(%); number (%), or mean&#177;standard deviation or median (interquartile range); CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; MV: mechanical ventilation; ICU: intensive unit care; RV-PA: right ventricle to pulmonary artery trunk; TGA: transposition of great arteries.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When SpO<sub>2</sub>values were divided into groups of cyanotic and non-cyanotic heart disease, the groups showed a significant difference in relation to SpO<sub>2</sub>at rest, 6MWT and recovery. The non-cyanotic group has significantly higher SpO<sub>2</sub>values when compared to the cyanotic group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; SpO2 values in non-cyanotic and cyanotic heart disease in different moments of the 6MWT</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Variable</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Current heart disease</th>
                  <th colspan="1" rowspan="5">p<sup>&#916;</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Non-cyanotic</th>
                  <th>Cyanotic</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>n=53</th>
                  <th>n=28</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>at rest (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">97 (93 - 98)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (75 -83)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>6MWT (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">95 (96 - 97)</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (56.5 &#8211; 68.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SpO<sub>2</sub>recovery (%)<sup>&#916;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">97 (93 &#8211; 97.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5 (77 &#8211; 83.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>&#916;</sup>= Mann-Whitney; median (IQR).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The variables prior surgery, types of current heart disease, RACHS-1, preoperative SpO<sub>2</sub>at rest, during 6MWT and recovery, and CPB time were selected to compose the multivariate analysis. The preoperative SpO<sub>2</sub>during recovery remained as an independent risk factor (OR 0.93, 95%CI [0.88 - 0.99], p = 0.02), for increased combined events ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Probabilities estimated by the logistic regression model for SpO<sub>2</sub>recovery.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>It was observed that the higher the SpO<sub>2</sub>after recovery time, the lower the probability of combined events. Through the ROC curve, we observed that the cutoff point for SpO<sub>2</sub>is 96% (OR 3.28, 95%CI [1.21 - 8.90], p = 0.02). This point provides 68.0% sensitivity, 60.7% specificity and 63.0% accuracy. The chances of a patient with SpO<sub>2</sub>of less than 96% at the time of recovery to present combined events is three times higher than for patients whose SpO<sub>2</sub>is higher than 96%.</p>
        <p>We observed that in the comparison between SpO<sub>2</sub>values in the three moments (at rest, 6MWT and recovery), in groups with and without a combined event, SpO<sub>2</sub>was lower, with a statistically significant difference, in the recovery period in the combined event group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Box-plot with comparison of 6MWT oxygen saturation at rest, during the test and at recovery in groups with and without combined events.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0411-01137-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study identified that the preoperative SpO<sub>2</sub>variable after the 6MWT was the only independent predictor of association with the occurrence of postoperative complications in children and adolescents undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart disease, and that HRV was not capable of predicting the same association. These data suggest that measuring SpO<sub>2</sub>may be an important tool for postoperative prognosis. By observing low preoperative SpO<sub>2</sub>values, clinical actions can be taken to optimize cardiorespiratory function and, thus, possibly decrease combined events in this patient population.</p>
        <p>In children, the 6MWT was the test of choice in relation to cardiopulmonary tests on treadmills or cycle ergometers for being easy to apply, safe, and not expensive, as it does not require expensive equipment nor highly trained professionals. Studies highlight that the lack of encouragement and overprotection in this patient population have negative impacts on their physical capacity and increase the risk of developing complications over time.</p>
        <p>The assessment of the walking distance presented lower values than those presented by Geiger et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> and Priesnitz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> in healthy children aged more than 8 years, indicating that children with congenital heart disease have lower physical capacity than those in the healthy population. However, the present study observed that the mean walking distance was similar between the patients who presented the occurrence of a combined event and those who progressed without complications.</p>
        <p>Monitoring pulse oximetry during the 6MWT is not a standardized procedure; however, it may offer a better estimate of gas exchange during exercise, thus showing a better correlation with the prognosis. The mechanism of oxygen desaturation may be directly related to the cardiac defect that leads to increased vascular resistance, ventricular overload, especially of the right ventricle, resulting in reduced cardiac output. Oxygen desaturation during the 6MWT is well described in patients with Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> and interstitial lung disease,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> but these data, to our knowledge, are not well described among chldren to determine prognosis in the postoperative period, and this study may encourage other studies.</p>
        <p>Schaan et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> evaluated the functional capacity of children and adolescents with congenital heart disease in a systematic review and meta-analyses, and found that the maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2max</sub>) was the variable associated with low functional capacity, possibly being influenced by impaired chronotropic response. No measurement of pulse oximetry was reported in the presented studies.</p>
        <p>These anatomical and pathophysiological changes may also be associated with decreased chronotropic response in this patient population. The need for reintervention is frequent and, consequently, the chances of desensitization of the &#946;-adrenergic receptor may be directly related to altered autonomic regulation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In the present study, 72% of the patients had already undergone previous cardiac surgery; however, no statistically significant differences were observed between the patients who did or did not present with postoperative complications.</p>
        <p>In a study by Hami et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> in which HRV was evaluated in surgeries requiring atriotomy, the study was unable to demonstrate the influence of the surgical procedure associated with its reduction. This study observed that the Fontan procedure was the most frequent type of surgery, in 19.8% of the evaluated cases. Studies with these patients have shown a decline in physical capacity over time, attributed to reduced HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The use of different techniques (atriopulmonary with lateral tunnel or extracardiac tube) for this procedure does not seem to interfere, at first, with the reduction in HRV. However, the technique using the extracardiac tube seems to preserve the sinoatrial node, reducing the risk of arrhythmias. Although the fenestration technique has reduced the occurrence of postoperative complications,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> the reduction in SpO<sub>2</sub>remains a point of concern, as identified in our study.</p>
        <p>The mortality rate in the present study was 6.2%, corroborating with other studies that showed an incidence between 3.6% and 15%. Approximately 66% of the patients were classified in Category 3 of RACHS-1, which, according to Jenkins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> has a mortality rate of around 9.5%, confirming the complexity of heart diseases. All deaths that occurred in the ICU evolved from postoperative heart failure.</p>
        <p>Finally, in this study, other variables were associated with postoperative complications. We identified that times of CPB, MV, ICU stay, hospital discharge and surgical procedure were significantly associated with the occurrence of combined outcomes. Giamberti et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> described that severe morbidity is relatively frequent, and generally associated with the preoperative (high level of hematocrits due to cyanosis, congestive heart failure, and the number of previous operations) and operative (Fontan procedure/conversion and cardiopulmonary bypass duration) conditions of the patient. In fact, 84% of the patients with complications had undergone previous surgery and had more time of CPB, MV and length of hospital stay.</p>
        <p>Our study has some potential limitations, such as including a heterogeneous sample and the non-inclusion of other variables, like nutritional status and cardiac function, which could explain the overall functional status of patients. In addition, the results cannot be generalized to other populations, since they were obtained at a single center.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the peripheral oxygen desaturation after the application of the 6MWT in the preoperative period seems to be an independent predictor of prognosis in children and adolescents undergoing surgical correction of congenital heart disease. The walked distance and the variables of heart rate variability did not present the same association.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank Funda&#231;&#227;o Amparo &#224; Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo (FAPESP n. 2008/52902-0) for financial support.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Angela Sachiko Inoue, from Programa de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by FAPESP.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
