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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">3T4KsjHmXXCnyfQ9QvhrbKC</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200400</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200945</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200945</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis de Interleucina-35 em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oflar</surname>
            <given-names>Ersan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Bulent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ertugrul</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulcelil Sait</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4108-6405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oztas</surname>
            <given-names>Didem Melis</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beyaz</surname>
            <given-names>Metin Onur</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugurlucan</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caglar</surname>
            <given-names>Fatma Nihan Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia,Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Akdeniz Saglik Yasam Vakfi</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Ant&#225;lia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Akdeniz Saglik Yasam Vakfi, Departamento de Cardiologia,Ant&#225;lia - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Turkish Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Doha</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="QA">Qatar</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Turkish Hospital, Departamento de Cardiologia,Doha - Qatar</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular,Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Istanbul Medipol University</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Departamento de Cirurgia Cardiovascular,Istambul - Turquia</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Fatma Nihan Turhan Caglar &#8226; Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Bakirkoy, Istambul, Turquia. E-mail: <email>nhnturhan@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Oflar E, Sahin MH, Demir B, Ertugrul AS, Caglar FNT; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Oflar E; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Oflar E, Caglar FNT; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Oflar E, Oztas DM, Beyaz MO, Ugurlucan M, Caglar FNT; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Oflar E, Sahin MH, Demir B, Ertugrul AS, Oztas DM, Beyaz MO, Ugurlucan M, Caglar FNT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>2</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>400</fpage>
      <lpage>408</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Foi demonstrado que as subunidades de interleucina-35 (IL-35) est&#227;o fortemente expressas nas placas ateroscler&#243;ticas em humanos. Assim, considera-se que elas t&#234;m um papel na aterosclerose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram comparados com o grupo controle em pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) est&#225;vel, e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de IL-35 e o tipo, gravidade e extens&#227;o da les&#227;o foram investigadas com o escore Gensini (GS) e o escore Syntax (SS) no grupo de pacientes</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Sessenta pacientes (18 mulheres e 42 homens) com DAC, diagnosticados por meio da angiografia coron&#225;ria, que apresentaram dor no peito t&#237;pica e teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o invasivo positivo, e 46 pacientes (18 mulheres e 28 homens) com luminograma normal, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Tanto o GS quanto o SS foram calculados para o grupo de pacientes, e esses valores foram comparados com os n&#237;veis de IL-35. Vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram avaliadas com o teste U de Mann-Whitney, enquanto os par&#226;metros com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram analisados com o teste t de Student. A diferen&#231;a entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foi avaliada pelo teste de qui-quadrado ou de Fisher. Os valores de p&lt;0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente sinificativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as significativas entre pacientes e o grupo controle em termos de caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e achados laboratoriais. Em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 no grupo com DAC foram consideravalmente menores (36,9&#177;63,9 ng/ml vs. 33,2&#177;13,2 ng/ml, p&lt;0,008). Embora n&#227;o tenha sido estatisticamente significativo, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram maiores em pacientes com SS mais baixo do que nos com SS mais alto (33,2&#177;13,7 vs. 31,8&#177;8,9, p=0,51). Os valores de IL-35 em pacientes com GS alto foram significativamente mais baixos do que em pacientes com GS baixo (35&#177;17,4 vs. 30,7&#177;8,6, p=0,043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Demonstrou-se que os n&#237;veis de IL-35 podem ser um novo biomarcador para a DAC est&#225;vel, e que a IL-35 est&#225; associada &#224; extens&#227;o da DAC.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Aterosclerose</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleucina-35</kwd>
        <kwd>Pontua&#231;&#227;o de Propens&#227;o (Escore Gensini, Escore Syntax</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="16"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma das principais causas de morte pelo mundo, embora a preval&#234;ncia de mortalidade por DAC tenha recentemente apresentado queda na Europa e nos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A DAC &#233; uma disfun&#231;&#227;o progressiva e sist&#234;mica causada pela aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora a inflama&#231;&#227;o tenha papel importante no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose, o mecanismo que a causa n&#227;o est&#225; claro at&#233; o momento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, como a interleucina-10 (IL-10), e o fator de crescimento transformante beta tipo 1 (TGF-1) s&#227;o amplamento avaliados nos ensaios sobre aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Estudos publicados recentemente demonstraram que enquanto os n&#237;veis baixos de IL-10 e TGF-1 est&#227;o associados &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose e ao desenvolvimento da s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda, n&#237;veis altos de IL-10 e TGF-1 est&#227;o correlacionados ao bom progn&#243;stico na DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A interleucina-35 (IL-35), uma citocina anfi-inflamat&#243;ria recentemente definida, suprime a atividade das c&#233;lulas CD4+T, induz a produ&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas T regulat&#243;rias e reduz a progress&#227;o de doen&#231;as inflamat&#243;rias e autoimunes; por isso, tem um papel importante na aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de IL-35 em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e a associa&#231;&#227;o entre IL-35 e a gravidade e extens&#227;o da DAC utilizando os escores Syntax (SS) e Gensini (GS).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este &#233; um estudo transversal e observacional realizado em um centro de refer&#234;ncia terci&#225;rio. Cento e seis pacientes consecutivos, que foram submetidos &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria diagn&#243;stica no Bak&#305;rk&#246;y Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital &#8211; Cl&#237;nica de Cardiologia, entre julho de 2018 e maio de 2019, foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. O grupo de pacientes consistia de 60 pacientes (42 homens e 18 mulheres) com DAC est&#225;vel que apresentaram estenose arterial coron&#225;ria epic&#225;rdica de mais de 50% na angiografia coron&#225;ria (AGC). O grupo controle consistia de 46 pacientes (28 homens e 18 mulheres) com dor no peito, mas AGC normal. Todos os pacientes tinham sido submetidos &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da isquemia modificada, e todos tiveram resultados positivos em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; isquemia. O n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de pacientes foi decidido com base em estudos pr&#233;vios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Os pacientes adequados para o estudo de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos at&#233; atingirmos o n&#250;mero necess&#225;rio de indiv&#237;duos entre julho de 2018 e maio de 2019.</p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico pr&#233;vio de diabetes melitus (DM), o uso de rem&#233;dios para diabetes ou o n&#237;vel de glicose em jejum de 126 mg/dl em dois momentos, em pacientes previamente n&#227;o tratados, foram necess&#225;rios para diagnosticar a DM. A hipertens&#227;o (HT) foi definida com base no uso pr&#233;vio de medica&#231;&#245;es para hipertens&#227;o, press&#227;o sist&#243;lica maior que 140 mmHg, ou press&#227;o diast&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg em pelo menos dois momentos separados. A taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular (TFG) foi estimada utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o da Modifica&#231;&#227;o de Dieta em Doen&#231;a Renal (MDRD) na interna&#231;&#227;o. O &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) foi calculado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS). A hiperlipidemia (HL) foi definida com base no uso pr&#233;vio de antilip&#234;micos nos seis meses anteriores, ou altos n&#237;veis de lip&#237;dios s&#233;ricos medidos ap&#243;s 8 horas de jejum [lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) &gt;160 mg/dl, colesterol total (CT) &gt;240 mg/dl, ou triglic&#233;rides (TG) &gt;160 mg/dl)].</p>
      <p>Todos os pacientes assinaram um termo de consentimento, e este estudo est&#225; de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki. Nossa pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Conselho de &#201;tica Institucional.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com DAC diagnosticada, TFG estimada (TFGe) &lt;60ml/min, aqueles com doen&#231;a valvar, indiv&#237;duos com press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica maior que 140 mmHG e press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica maior que 90 mmHg apesar do tratamento, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, insufici&#234;ncia renal, infec&#231;&#227;o aguda/cr&#244;nica, febre, dores musculares, dores de cabe&#231;a, indiv&#237;duos em uso de antibi&#243;ticos, indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a imunoproliferativa, doen&#231;a reum&#225;tica, c&#226;ncer, osteoporose e aqueles com mais de 75 anos foram exclu&#237;dos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o objetiva da isquemia</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes tinham sido submetidos a um teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o-invasivo para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da isquemia. Na maior parte dos casos, o protocolo de Bruce modificado foi realizado. Uma depress&#227;o de segmento ST de pelo menos 1 mm, horizontal ou decrescente, em deriva&#231;&#245;es &#8805;2 ap&#243;s 60*80 milissegundos desde o ponto J durante o exerc&#237;cio, foi considerada anormal. O escore de Duke foi usado para a estratifica&#231;&#227;o do risco.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Uma AGC foi realizada em pacientes que tinham escore de Duke m&#233;dio ou alto. Uma cintilografia do mioc&#225;rdio perfus&#227;o (CMP) foi realizada para avaliar a isquemia em pacientes internados com bloqueio atrioventricular de primeiro grau ou depress&#227;o de ST &#8805;1mm no eletrocardiograma de repouso (ECG), teste de esfor&#231;o n&#227;o diagn&#243;stico, ou com pouca capacidade de esfor&#231;o. A AGC foi realizada em pacientes que apresentavam n&#237;vel de isquemia m&#233;dio ou alto na CMP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas de biomarcadores</title>
        <p>Todos os dados laboratoriais dos pacientes, como troponina card&#237;aca T (TnT), creatinina, contagem de leuc&#243;citos, prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as) etc., foram documentados.</p>
        <p>Amostras sangu&#237;neas para IL-35 foram coletadas no laborat&#243;rio de cateteriza&#231;&#227;o antes da angiografia coron&#225;ria em todos os participantes. As amostras foram obtidas por pun&#231;&#227;o venosa com uso de EDTA (&#225;cido etilenodiaminotetrac&#233;tico), em tubos sem aditivos, e imediatamente centrifugadas a 4.000 rpm por 10 minutos. As amostras foram coletadas ap&#243;s a centrifuga&#231;&#227;o e armazenadas a -80&#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise (n&#227;o mais do que 6 meses).</p>
        <p>As amostras foram descongeladas somente uma vez. A t&#233;cnica do sandu&#237;che, duplo anticorpo &#224; base de biotina, utilizando o kit ELISA, foi usada para a an&#225;lise de IL-35 (interleucina 35 humana: Yehua Biological Technology; Cat No:YHB1739Hu). A IL-35 foi adicionada a po&#231;os pr&#233;-revestidos com o anticorpo monoclonal IL-35, e, depois, incubada. Ap&#243;s a incuba&#231;&#227;o, os anticorpos anti-IL-35 identificados com biotina foram adicionados &#224; unidade com estreptavidina-HRP para formar o complexo imune. Ap&#243;s a lavagem, as enzimas n&#227;o ligadas foram removidas e, depois, adicionadas aos substratos A e B. A solu&#231;&#227;o tornou-se azul e transformou-se em amarelo com o efeito do &#225;cido. Os tons da solu&#231;&#227;o e a concentra&#231;&#227;o de IL-35 estiveram positivamente correlacionados. Os resultados foram expressos em ng/ml. Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o (CV) intra e entre ensaios da an&#225;lise foram de &lt;10% e &lt;12%, respectivamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos de AGC foram realizados com o t&#233;cnica de Judkins, por meio de um procedimento de cineangiografia (Axiom Artis, Siemens, Alemanha). Todas as angiografias foram registradas em <italic>compact discs</italic> (CDs), no formato DICOM, e visualmente examinadas por dois cardiologistas intervencionistas experientes e cegos para o estudo. A gravidade e extens&#227;o da DAC foram avaliadas de acordo com os SS e GS. O n&#237;vel de estreitamento do l&#250;men, a concentricidade e a excentricidade foram avaliados. De acordo com o GS, 1 ponto &#233; dado para 1-25% de estenose; 2 pontos, de 26-50%; 4 pontos, de 51-75%; 8 pontos, de 76-90%; 16 pontos, de 91-99%; e 32 pontos para 100%. Depois, o n&#250;mero de pontos para cada les&#227;o &#233; multiplicado pelo coeficiente considerado para cada segmento vascular principal, de acordo com a signific&#226;ncia funcional do vaso (art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda x 5; segmento proximal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda x 2,5; segmento proximal da art&#233;ria circunflexa x 2,5; segmento m&#233;dio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda x 1,5; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita, segmento distal da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda, art&#233;ria posterolateral e art&#233;ria obtusa marginal x 1; e outros x 0,5), e a soma de todos os pontos constitui a pontua&#231;&#227;o total.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O escore foi realizado com dois observadores e o valor m&#233;dio. GS &lt; 20 foi considerado como DAC leve (grupo 1), e GS &#8805; 20 foi considerado como DAC grave (grupo 2). A SS correspondendo &#224; complexidade da les&#227;o foi medida pelas caracter&#237;sticas da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria, assim como a localiza&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o e suas especificidades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O escore &#233; medido por meio de uma calculadora virtual de acesso livre (www.syntaxscore.com). A pontua&#231;&#227;o foi realizada e a m&#233;dia foi calculada por dois observadores, cegos aos grupos do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software SPSS, vers&#227;o 16. A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foi analisada por m&#233;todos visuais (historama) e anal&#237;ticos (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram demonstradas como m&#233;dia&#177;desvio padr&#227;o (DP). Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram demonstradas como mediana e intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foram avaliadas com o teste U de Mann-Whitney, enquanto os par&#226;metros de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram analisados pelo test t de Student n&#227;o pareado. As diferen&#231;as entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram avaliadas pelo teste de qui-quadrado ou de Fisher. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal foi analisada pelo teste de Spearman; por outro lado, o teste de Pearson foi usado para a correla&#231;&#227;o entre as vari&#225;veis de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de qui-quadrado foi usado para a sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos negativos e positivos. A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para demonstrar a IL-35 como um fator de risco independente da DAC entre os fatores de risco tradicionais. A efetividade e a compatibilidade do modelo criado foram verificadas com o teste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Valores de p &lt;0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os aspectos demogr&#225;ficos dos grupos de pacientes e controle est&#227;o demonstados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. Da mesma forma, a idade m&#233;dia do grupo de pacientes foi maior do que no grupo controle. G&#234;nero, h&#225;bito de fumar, DM, HT, HL e IMC foram semelhantes entre os grupos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os achados laboratoriais dos grupos est&#227;o demonstrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>. Os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram significativamente menores no grupo de pacientes em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (p=0,008) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, enquanto a contagem de leuc&#243;citos, n&#237;veis de colesterol total e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL) estavam maiores no grupo de pacientes, a contagem de tromb&#243;citos foi mais baixa no grupo de pacientes em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>). A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ilustra os n&#237;veis de IL-35 de acordo com os principais aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais no grupo de pacientes. Da mesma forma, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram significativamente mais baixos em indiv&#237;duos com diabetes no grupo de pacientes (p=0,042). Analisamos mais profundamente os n&#237;veis de IL-35 em ambos os grupos, em pacientes com e sem diabetes, para demonstrar se os n&#237;veis baixos de IL-35 em pacientes com DAC estavam relacionados &#224; diabetes ou n&#227;o (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>). Os n&#237;veis de IL-35 n&#227;o estavam associados &#224; presen&#231;a de diabetes (p=0,18). Embora os n&#237;veis de IL-35 tenham sido semelhantes entre os pacientes com DAC com SS baixo (&lt;22) e alto (&#8805;22), foram menores em pacientes com DAC com GS alto (&#8805;20) do que entre aqueles com GS baixo (&lt;20) (p=0,51 e p=0,043, respectivamente) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre IL-35 e outros par&#226;metros est&#225; demonstrada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>. Os n&#237;veis de IL-35 tinham uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa leve com o SS e com os n&#237;veis de colesterol total (p=0,036) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tabela 6</xref>). Por fim, na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica que inclu&#237;a IL-35, HM, g&#234;nero, idade, HT, DM tipo 2 e h&#225;bito de fumar, somente a DM tipo 2 (p= 0,049, RR= 3,44, CI: 1,004-11,8), o h&#225;bito de fumar (p &lt;0,001, RR= 11,27, IC: 3,45-36,83) e os n&#237;veis de IL-35 (p= 0,017, RR= 1,02, GA: 1,005 -1,053) tiveram um efeito independente na presen&#231;a da DAC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Tabela 7</xref>). O ponto de corte para os n&#237;veis de IL-35 para detectar a DAC foi a avaliado pela an&#225;lise ROC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Tabela 8</xref>).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Aspectos demogr&#225;ficos dos grupos de pacientes e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Paciente, n(%)</th>
                <th>Controle, n(%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">60(100)</td>
                <td align="center">46(100)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</td>
                <td align="center">59&#177;9,1</td>
                <td align="center">54,5(8,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,013*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">42(70)</td>
                <td align="center">28(60,9)</td>
                <td align="center">0,32</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">18(30)</td>
                <td align="center">18(39,1)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Fumar</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38(63,3)</td>
                <td align="center">12(26,1)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">22(36,7)</td>
                <td align="center">10(21,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38(63,3)</td>
                <td align="center">21(45,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hiperlipidemia</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">16(26,7)</td>
                <td align="center">9(19,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,008</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>IMC (m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">26,3&#177;4,4</td>
                <td align="center">28.2&#177;3,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,07*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste de qui-quadrado, *teste t de Student; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados laboratoriais nos grupos de pacientes e controles</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Grupo de pacientes</th>
                <th>Grupo controle</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35 (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 33,2 Intervalo: 23,39-172,6</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 36,9 Intervalo: 23,39-238,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,008</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 0,8 Intervalo: 0,35-1,1</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 0,8 Intervalo: 0,42-1,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol LDL (mg/dl)(m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">149&#177;39,3</td>
                <td align="center">116,5&#177;35,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl) (m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">229,5&#177;47,1</td>
                <td align="center">190,5&#177;46,3</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 44 Intervalo: 25-72</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 45 Intervalo: 27-72</td>
                <td align="center">0,98</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl) (m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">150,5&#177;81</td>
                <td align="center">115,5&#177;83,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,19*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de leuc&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>) (m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">8250&#177;2670</td>
                <td align="center">6550&#177;2030</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,006*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemat&#243;crito (%)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 40,8 Intervalo: 29,7-52,1</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 40,9 Intervalo: 28,6-50,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,93</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl) (m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">13,9&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">13,4&#177;1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,37*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Contagem de tromb&#243;citos (10<sup>3</sup>/mm<sup>3</sup>) (m&#233;dia+DP)</td>
                <td align="center">248&#177;104</td>
                <td align="center">270&#177;64,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,015*</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 2,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,09</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/L)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 4,1 Intervalo: 0,32-18,2</td>
                <td align="center">Intervalo: 0,2-17,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HbA1C(%)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 5,9 Intervalo: 4,0-13,2</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 5,8 Intervalo: 4,5-7,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,45</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>IL-35: Interleucina-35; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; HbA1C: Hemoglobina A1C. Teste U de Mann-Whitney, *teste t de Student</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> N&#237;veis de IL-35 nos grupos de pacientes e controles (Box-plot).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de IL-35 de acordo com os principais aspectos demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais no grupo de pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Mediana/Intervalo Interquartil</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,55</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,7 Intervalo: 23,39-103,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,3 Intervalo: 26,5-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt;50</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 38,1 Intervalo: 27,2-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;50</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,7 Intervalo: 23,9-133,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o (+)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34 Intervalo: 23,39-172,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(-)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 35,8 Intervalo: 25,4-80,61</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes (+)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 30,4 Intervalo: 23,9-172,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(-)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 35,0 Intervalo: 24,16-133,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumar (+)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 35,0 Intervalo: 27,11-133,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(-)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,1 Intervalo: 23,39-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia (+)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,6 Intervalo: 25,4-133,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,56</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>(-)</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,1 Intervalo: 23,39-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&lt;25</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,8 Intervalo: 24,16-56,12</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&#8805;25</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,2 Intervalo: 23,9-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,13</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&lt;30</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 35 Intervalo: 25,3-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC&#8805;30</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 30,7 Intervalo: 23,9-87,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&lt;5mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,6 Intervalo: 24,16-87,51</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;5mg/L</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 33,4 Intervalo: 23,9-172,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de IL-35 de acordo com o hist&#243;rico de diabetes em ambos os grupos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>DAC(+)</th>
                <th>DAC(-)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>DM(-)</td>
                <td align="center">IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 34,4 Intervalo: 24,16-133,3</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 40,6 Intervalo: 24,59-238,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,021</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM(+)</td>
                <td align="center">IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 29,6 Intervalo: 23,39-172,6</td>
                <td align="center">Mediana: 33,4 Intervalo: 25,09-199,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,18</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; N&#237;veis de IL-35 no grupo de pacientes de acordo com os escores Gensini e Syntax</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>N&#250;mero de pacientes (%)</th>
                <th>IL-35(m&#233;dia&#177;DP)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore Gensin</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;20</td>
                <td align="center">23(38,3)</td>
                <td align="center">35&#177;17,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,043*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;20</td>
                <td align="center">37(61,7)</td>
                <td align="center">30,7&#177;8,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore Syntax</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;22</td>
                <td align="center">52(86,7)</td>
                <td align="center">33,2&#177;13,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,51<sup>&#165;</sup></td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">&#8805;22</td>
                <td align="center">8(13,3)</td>
                <td align="center">31,8&#177;8,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>* Teste t de Student, &#165; Teste U de Mann-Whitney.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Tabela 6</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o entre a IL-35 e outros par&#226;metros</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="13%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Rho</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
                <th colspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th>Rho</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Colesterol total</td>
                <td align="center">-0,204</td>
                <td align="center">0,036</td>
                <td align="center">IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Escore Gensini</td>
                <td align="center">-0,208</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Leuc&#243;citos</td>
                <td align="center">0,12</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
                <td align="center">IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">Escore Syntax</td>
                <td align="center">-0,293</td>
                <td align="center">0,023</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">PCR-as</td>
                <td align="center">-0,03</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>
                <italic>PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; Rho: coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de teste de Spearman ou &#961; de Spearman.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Associa&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de IL-35 e o escore Syntax.</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Tabela 7</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica dos principais par&#226;metros para previs&#227;o da DAC</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Par&#226;metros</th>
                <th>RR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia</td>
                <td align="center">1,22</td>
                <td align="center">0,34-4,34</td>
                <td align="center">0,75</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,27-2,98</td>
                <td align="center">0,87</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">0,96</td>
                <td align="center">0,91-1,02</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertension</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">0,56-5,15</td>
                <td align="center">0,34</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes</td>
                <td align="center">3,44</td>
                <td align="center">1,004-11,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,049</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumar</td>
                <td align="center">11,27</td>
                <td align="center">3,45-36,83</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">1,02</td>
                <td align="center">1,005-1,053</td>
                <td align="center">0,017</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p>
                <italic>RR: raz&#227;o de risco; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f03">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>
              <italic><bold>&#8211;</bold> Poder diagn&#243;stico e pontos de corte de valores de IL-35 e PCR em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; presen&#231;a da DAC (an&#225;lise ROC).</italic>
            </title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href=""/>
        </fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Tabela 8</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Valores da &#193;rea sob a Curva (AUC) para IL-35 e pontos de corte substitutos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>AUC</th>
                <th>SE</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>IL-35</td>
                <td align="center">0,354</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,24-0,46</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,011</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto de corte=29,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,431</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,32-0,54</td>
                <td align="center">0,22</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto de corte=33,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,446</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,33-0,55</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto de corte=34,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,412</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,3-0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,14</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ponto de corte=37,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,414</td>
                <td align="center">0,056</td>
                <td align="center">0,3-0,52</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Sabe-se que a aterosclerose &#233; multifatorial e est&#225; muito relacionada &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O equil&#237;brio entre as citocinas proinflamat&#243;rias e anti-inflamat&#243;rias est&#225; associado &#224; estabilidade das placas e &#224; progress&#227;o da aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Baixos n&#237;veis de IL-35 s&#227;o indicativos tanto da resposta anti-inflamat&#243;ria insuficiente quanto do n&#237;vel da inflama&#231;&#227;o na DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Normalmente, a IL-35 s&#243; &#233; induzida com inflama&#231;&#227;o, e depois detectada no sangue perif&#233;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em um estudo conduzido com ratos, a IL-35 n&#227;o foi detectada no perfil tecidual de sujeitos saud&#225;veis; por&#233;m, estava aumentada em amostras teciduais de ratos com resposta inflamat&#243;ria formada externamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A express&#227;o de IL-35 e os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos foram avaliados por muitos pesquisadores em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Kempe et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstraram forte express&#227;o de IL-35 nas c&#233;lulas endoteliais, c&#233;lulas do m&#250;sculo liso vascular e macr&#243;fagos de pacientes sintom&#225;ticos com placas nas car&#243;tidas, enquanto n&#227;o poderiam detectar a express&#227;o de IL-35 na camada &#237;ntima da car&#243;tida saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por outro lado, h&#225; uma rela&#231;&#227;o linear entre a gravidade da inflama&#231;&#227;o e a baixa IL-35 na DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A resposta anti-inflamat&#243;ria inadequada na aterosclerose leva &#224; resposta inflamat&#243;ria excessiva na placa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Em outras palavras, quanto mais baixos os n&#237;veis de IL-35, mais alta a carga ateroscler&#243;tica nas art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, Yanmei et al. demonstraram uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis decrescentes de IL-35 e a gravidade da doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Esses dados sugerem que, primeiro, a IL-35 aumenta de forma secund&#225;ria &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, e depois diminui conforme a inflama&#231;&#227;o se torna mais grave.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No grupo de pacientes, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com GS alto em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles com GS baixo (35&#177;17,4 vs. 30,7&#177;8,6, p=0,043). Por outro lado, os n&#237;veis de IL-35 foram semelhantes entre pacientes com CAD com SS baixo e alto (31,8&#177;8,9 vs. 33,2&#177;13,7, p=0,51); por&#233;m, em nossa opini&#227;o, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com SS alto foi muito pequeno para uma an&#225;lise significativa. Um motivo para incluirmos poucos pacientes com SS alto pode ser o fato de termos consideraedo somente pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, e n&#227;o indiv&#237;duos com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda nem aqueles com hist&#243;rico de DAC. Nossos achados s&#227;o &#250;nicos porque, at&#233; onde sabemos, este estudo &#233; o primeiro que revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o entre a gravidade da DAC e os n&#237;veis de IL-35. Recentemente, Lin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> demonstraram n&#237;veis mais baixos de IL-35 em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle; por&#233;m, n&#227;o avaliaram o efeito da extens&#227;o e gravidade da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Os n&#237;veis mais baixos de IL-35 est&#227;o no grupo IAM do estudo de Lin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Assim, especulou-se que a IL-35 pode ser usada como preditor do desfecho cl&#237;nico para aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Como o teste PCR-as &#233; um marcador inflamat&#243;rio conhecido para aterosclerose, &#233; considerado como preditor independente da DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Embora os n&#237;veis de PCR-as sejam mais altos no grupo de pacientes do que no controle, n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativos em nosso estudo. Al&#233;m disso, n&#227;o houve correla&#231;&#227;o entre a PCR-as e a IL-35. Este achado pode parecer incompat&#237;vel com a literatura, por&#233;m, em nossa opini&#227;o, isso pode se dever ao fato de que a PCR-as est&#225; mais relacionada &#224; instabilidade da placa e associada a eventos cardiovasculares, e n&#227;o &#224; extens&#227;o da aterosclerose. Assim, a IL-35 pode pode ser um marcador melhor do que a PCR-as para DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conduziram um estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> com animais e fez com que as c&#233;lulas T regulat&#243;rias de ratos secretassem IL-35 para tratar a doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria intestinal e artrite induzida pelo col&#225;geno, conhecidas por estarem relacionadas &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Assim, a regula&#231;&#227;o celular da express&#227;o de IL-35 pode ser um novo tratamento para DAC.</p>
      <p>A principal limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo foi seu desenho em centro &#250;nico e o n&#250;mero relativamente baixo de participantes. Em segundo lugar, s&#243; avaliamos a DAC por meio da AGC; por&#233;m, outros m&#233;todos, como o ultrassom intravascular e a tomografia de coer&#234;ncia &#243;ptica, que s&#227;o capazes de determinar a morfologia da placa, aumentariam o poder deste estudo. Por fim, o estudo seria mais completo se pud&#233;ssemos medir outras citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, como fator de crescimento tumoral beta e interleucina-10; por&#233;m, t&#237;nhamos um or&#231;amento limitado.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A IL-35 &#233; uma nova citocina que tem efeitos imunossupressores e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Os principais achados deste estudo s&#227;o os n&#237;veis baixos de IL-35 em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, principalmente com GS alto, e a correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre IL-35 e SS. Esses achados sugerem que os n&#237;veis baixos de IL-35 est&#227;o associados &#224; extens&#227;o e &#224; gravidade de DAC. Al&#233;m disso, a secre&#231;&#227;o de IL-35 externamente induzida pode ser usada para o tratamento de aterosclerose. Mais estudos devem ser realizados em popula&#231;&#245;es maiores.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ersan Oflar pelo Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 2014/03. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Interleukin-35 Levels in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oflar</surname>
            <given-names>Ersan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sahin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Demir</surname>
            <given-names>Bulent</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ertugrul</surname>
            <given-names>Abdulcelil Sait</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4108-6405</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oztas</surname>
            <given-names>Didem Melis</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Beyaz</surname>
            <given-names>Metin Onur</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ugurlucan</surname>
            <given-names>Murat</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Caglar</surname>
            <given-names>Fatma Nihan Turhan</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Istambul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Akdeniz Saglik Yasam Vakfi, Department of Cardiology, Antalya - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="QA">Qatar</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Turkish Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Doha - Qatar</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Bagcilar Training and Research Hospital, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istambul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Istanbul Medipol University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istambul - Turkey</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"> Mailing Address: Fatma Nihan Turhan Caglar &#8226; Bakirkoy Dr. Sadi Konuk Education and Research Hospital, Bakirkoy, Istambul, Turkey. E-mail: nhnturhan@gmail.com </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Oflar E, Sahin MH, Demir B, Ertugrul AS, Caglar FNT; Acquisition of data: Oflar E; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Oflar E, Caglar FNT; Writing of the manuscript: Oflar E, Oztas DM, Beyaz MO, Ugurlucan M, Caglar FNT; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Oflar E, Sahin MH, Demir B, Ertugrul AS, Oztas DM, Beyaz MO, Ugurlucan M, Caglar FNT.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p> It has been shown that interleukin-35 (IL-35) subunits are strongly expressed in atherosclerotic plaques in humans. Therefore, it is considered to play a role in atherosclerosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p> In this study, IL-35 levels were compared with the control group in patients with stable coronary artery disease (CAD), and the association between IL-35 levels and the lesion type, lesion severity and extension was investigated with the Gensini score (GS) and the Syntax score (SS) in the patient group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p> Sixty patients (18 female and 42 male) with CAD diagnosed by coronary angiography, who presented with typical chest pain and positive noninvasive cardiac stress test, and 46 patients (18 female and 28 male) with normal coronary lumenogram, were included in this study. Gensini and Syntax scores were calculated in the patient group, and these values were compared with IL-35 levels. Non-normally distributed variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test, whereas normally distributed parameters were assessed by Student&#8217;s t-test. The difference between categorical variables were evaluated by the Chi-square or Fisher test. P-values&lt;0.05 were considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p> No significant differences were observed between patients and the control group in terms of demographic characteristics and laboratory findings. Compared to the control group, IL-35 levels of the CAD group were considerably lower (36.9&#177;63.9 ng/ml vs. 33.2&#177;13.2 ng/ml, p&lt;0.008). Although not statistically significant, IL-35 levels were higher in patients with low SS than among those with high SS (33.2&#177;13.7 vs. 31.8&#177;8.9, p=0.51). The IL-35 values of the patients with high GS were significantly lower than in patients with low GS (35&#177;17.4 vs. 30.7&#177;8.6, p=0.043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p> It has been shown that IL-35 levels can be a new biomarker for stable CAD, and IL-35 is associated with the extension of CAD.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Coronary artery disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atherosclerosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Interleukin-35</kwd>
        <kwd>Gensini score</kwd>
        <kwd>Syntax score</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of death worldwide, although the prevalence of CAD mortality has recently decreased in Europe and in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> CAD is a progressive and systemic disorder mainly caused by atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although inflammation plays a major role in the development of atherosclerosis, the precise underlying mechanism is still not clear.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Anti-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) are widely evaluated in atherosclerosis trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Recently published studies have demonstrated that while low IL-10 and TGF-1 levels are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis and the development of acute coronary syndrome, high IL-10 and TGF-1 levels are correlated with good prognosis in CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a recently defined anti-inflammatory cytokine, supresses the CD4+T cell activity, induces the production of regulatory T cells, and reduces the progression of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases; hence, it also plays a role in atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate IL-35 plasma levels in patients with stable CAD, and the association between IL-35 and CAD severity and extension using the Syntax (SS) and Gensini (GS).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>This is a cross-sectional, observational study carried out in a tertiary referral center. One hundred and six consecutive patients who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography in Bak&#305;rk&#246;y Dr. Sadi Konuk Research and Training Hospital Cardiology Clinic between July 2018 and May 2019 were included in the study. The patient group consisted of 60 patients (42 male, 18 female) with stable CAD who presented with epicardial coronary artery stenosis of more than 50% in the coronary angiogram (CAG). The control group consisted of 46 patients (28 male, 18 female) who had chest pain, but normal CAG. All of the patients had undergone modified objective ischemia assessment, and they all had positive test results in terms of ischemia. The required number of patients was decided based on previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The patients who were appropriate for the study according to inclusion criteria were included until we reached the necessary number of patients between July 2018 and May 2019.</p>
        <p>A previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM), use of anti-diabetic medicines, or a fasting glucose level of 126 mg/dl on two occasions in previously untreated patients were required to diagnose DM. Hypertension (HT) was defined based on the previous use of antihypertensive medications, systolic pressure higher than 140 mmHg, or diastolic pressure higher than 90mm Hg in at least two separate measurements. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation at admission. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. Hyperlipidemia (HL) was defined based on the previous use of antilipidemics in the 6 previous months, or high serum levels of lipids measured after 8 hours of fasting [low-density lipoprotein (LDL) &gt;160 mg/dl, total cholesterol (TC) &gt;240 mg/dl, or triglycerides (TG) &gt;160 mg/dl)].</p>
        <p>All patients signed an informed consent and this study is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Our study was approved by the local Institutional Review Board and Ethics Commitee.</p>
        <p>Patients with known CAD, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) &lt;60ml/min, those with valvular disease, individuals with systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg despite the treatment, heart failure, liver failure, acute/chronic infection, fever, muscle aches, headache, the ones receiving antibiotic therapy, individuals with immunoproliferative disease, rheumatic disease, cancer, osteoporosis and the ones who were older than 75 years were excluded.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective ischemia assessment</title>
          <p>All of the patients had undergone a non-invasive stress test for ischemia assessment. Mostly, the modified Bruce exercise test was performed. At least 1 mm horizontal or downsloping ST segment depression in &#8805;2 derivations after 60*80 msec from the J point during exercise was considered as an abnormal test. The Duke treadmill score was used for risk stratification.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CAG was performed in patients who had medium or high Duke treadmill score. Myocardial perfussion scintigraphy (MPS) was used to evaluate ischemia in inpatients who had left the bundle branch block or &#8805;1mm ST depression in the at rest electrocardiogram (ECG), nondiagnostic exercise test, or wth poor exercise capacity. CAG was performed in patients who had medium or high ischemia level on MPS.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biomarker measurements</title>
          <p>All of the patients&#8217; laboratory data, such as cardiac troponin-T (cTr-T), creatinine, white blood cell count (WBC), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP) etc, were documented.</p>
          <p>Blood samples for IL-35 were drawn in the catheterization laboratory before coronary angiography in all of the participants. Blood samples were obtained by venipuncture in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) blood collection tubes without additives, and immediately centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes. The sample was collected aftercentrifugation and stored at -80 &#186;C until analysis (no longer than 6months). The samples were thawed only once. The biotin-based double antibody sandwich technique using the enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) kit was used for the analysis of IL-35 (Human Interleukin 35: Yehua Biological Technology; Cat No:YHB1739Hu). IL-35 was added to wells that were precoated with IL-35 monoclonal antibody and, then, incubated. After incubation, anti-IL-35 antibodies labeled with biotin were added to the unit with streptavidin-HRP to form the immune complex. After washing, unbound enzymes were removed, then added to substrates A and B. The solution turned blue and changed to yellow with the effect of acid. The shades of the solution and the concentration of IL-35 were positively correlated. Results were expressed as ng/ml. Intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation (CV) of the analysis were &lt;10% and &lt;12%, respectively.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Coronary angiogram</title>
          <p>All CAG procedures were performed using the standard Judkins method with a cineangiography device (Axiom Artis, Siemens, Germany). All of the angiograms were recorded in compact discs, in DICOM format, and visually examined by two experienced interventional cardiologists blinded to the study. The severity and extent of CAD were evaluated according to the SS and GS. The degree of lumen narrowing, concentricity and eccentricity of the plaques were evaluated. According to the Gensini Score system, 1 point is given for 1&#8211;25% stenosis; 2 points for 26&#8211;50%; 4 points for 51&#8211;75%; 8 points for 76&#8211;90%; 16 points for 91&#8211;99%; and 32 points for 100% stenosis. Then, the number of points for each lesion is multiplied by the coefficient which is given for each main vascular segment according to the functional significance of the vessel (left main coronary artery &#215; 5; proximal segment of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) &#215; 2.5; proximal segment of the circumflex artery &#215; 2.5; mid-segment of LAD &#215; 1.5; right coronary artery, distal segment of LAD, posterolateral artery and the obtuse marginal artery &#215; 1; and others &#215; 0.5), and the sum of all points constitutes the total score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Scoring was performed together with two observers and the average value. GS &lt; 20 was considered as mild CAD (group 1), and GS &#8805; 20 was accepted as severe CAD (group 2). The SS corresponding to the lesion complexity was measured by the coronary tree characteristics, as well as the lesion locations and specifics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The score is measured using the openly accessible web based score calculator (www.syntaxscore.com). Scorings were performed and averaged by two observers who were blinded to the study groups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the software SPSS, version 16. The normal distribution of continuous variables was analyzed by visual (histogram) and analitic methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov). Continuous variables with normal distribution were shown as mean&#177;standard deviation (SD). Continuous variables with non-normal distribution were demonstrated as median and interquartile range. Non-normally distributed variables were analyzed by the Mann-Whitney U test, whereas normally distributed parameters were assessed by the unpaired Student&#8217;s t-test. The differences between categorical variables were evaluated by Chi-square or Fisher test. The association between non-normally distributed variables were analyzed by the Spearman test; on the other hand, the Pearson test was used for the correlation between normally distributed variables. The chi-square test was used for sensitivity, specificity, negative, and positive predictive values. The logistic regression analysis was performed to demonstrate IL-35 as an independent CAD risk factor among traditional CAD risk factors. The effectiveness and compatibility of the created model was tested by the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. P-values &lt;0.05 were considered as statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The demographic features of the patient and control groups are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>. Accordingly, the mean age of the patient group was higher than that in the control group. Gender, smoking, DM, HT, HL, and BMI were similar between groups (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref>). Laboratory findings of the groups are demonstrated in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>. IL-35 levels were significantly lower in the patient group than in the control group (p=0.008) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref>). Besides, while leucocyte count, total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were higher in the patient group, thrombocyte count was lower in the patient group compared to the control group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref>). <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> illustrates IL-35 levels according to main demographic and laboratory features in the patient group. Likewise, IL-35 levels were significantly lower in individuals with diabetes in the patient group (p=0.042). We further analyzed IL-35 levels in both groups, in patients with and without diabetes, in order to demonstrate if the low IL-35 levels in patients with CAD were owed to diabetes or not (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref>). IL-35 levels were not associated with the presence of diabetes (p=0.18). Although IL-35 levels were similar among CAD patients with low (&lt;22) and high SS (&#8805;22), it was lower in CAD patients with high (&#8805;20) than among those with low (&lt;20) GS (p=0.51 and p=0.043, respectively) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref>). The correlation analysis between IL-35 and other parameters is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>. IL-35 levels had a mild negative correlation with the SS and total cholesterol levels (p= 0.036) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t6001">Table 6</xref>). Finally, in the logistic regression analysis that included IL-35, HM, gender, age, HT, type 2 DM, and smoking, only type 2 DM (p= 0.049, RR= 3.44, CI: 1.004-11.8), smoking (p &lt;0.001, RR= 11.27, CI: 3.45-36.83) and IL-35 levels (p= 0.017, RR= 1.02, GA: 1.005 -1.053) were found to have an independent effect on the presence of CAD (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7001">Table 7</xref>). The cut-off point for IL-35 levels for detecting CAD was evaluated by the ROC analysis (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref>) (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t8001">Table 8</xref>).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic features of the patient and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patient, n(%)</th>
                  <th>Control, n(%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">60(100)</td>
                  <td align="center">46(100)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (mean&#177;SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">59&#177;9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">54.5(8.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.013*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sex</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">42(70)</td>
                  <td align="center">28(60.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">18(30)</td>
                  <td align="center">18(39.1)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Smoking</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38(63.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">12(26.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Diabetes</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">22(36.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">10(21.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hypertension</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38(63.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">21(45.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hyperlipidemia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">16(26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">9(19.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>BMI (mean&#177;SD)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">26.3&#177;4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">28.2&#177;3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.07*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Chi-square test, *Student&#8217;s t- test; BMI:body mass index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory findings of the patient and control groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patient group</th>
                  <th>Control group</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-35 (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 33.2 Range: 23.39-172.6</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 36.9 Range: 23.39-238.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.008</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 0.8 Range: 0.35-1.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 0.8 Range: 0.42-1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dl)(mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">149&#177;39.3</td>
                  <td align="center">116.5&#177;35.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dl) (mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">229.5&#177;47.1</td>
                  <td align="center">190.5&#177;46.3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 44 Range: 25-72</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 45 Range: 27-72</td>
                  <td align="center">0.98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglyceride (mg/dl) (mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">150.5&#177;81</td>
                  <td align="center">115.5&#177;83.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.19*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Leucocyte count (103/mm3) (mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">8250&#177;2670</td>
                  <td align="center">6550&#177;2030</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.006*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hematocrit (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 40.8 Range: 29.7-52.1</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 40.9 Range: 28.6-50.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.93</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/dl) (mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4&#177;1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thrombocyte count(103/mm3) (mean+SD)</td>
                  <td align="center">248&#177;104</td>
                  <td align="center">270&#177;64.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.015*</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 4.1 Range: 0.32-18.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 2.6 Range: 0.2-17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA1C(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 5.9 Range: 4.0-13.2</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 5.8 Range: 4.5-7.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.45</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>IL-35: Interleukin 35; LDL:low density lipoprotein; HDL:high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; HbA1C:Hemoglobin A1C. Mann-Whitney U-test, *Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>IL-35 levels in the patient and control groups (Box-plot).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; IL-35 levels according to the main demographic and laboratory features in the patient group</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Median/Interquartile Range</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.55</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.7 Range: 23.39-103.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.3 Range: 26.5-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;50</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 38.1 Range: 27.2-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;50</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.7 Range: 23.9-133.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension (+)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34 Range: 23.39-172.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(-)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 35.8 Range: 25.4-80.61</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes (+)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 30.4 Range: 23.9-172.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(-)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 35.0 Range: 24.16-133.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking (+)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 35.0 Range: 27.11-133.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(-)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.1 Range: 23.39-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia (+)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.6 Range: 25.4-133.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>(-)</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.1 Range: 23.39-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI&lt;25</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.8 Range: 24.16-56.12</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI&#8805;25</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.2 Range: 23.9-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.13</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI&lt;30</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 35 Range: 25.3-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI&#8805;30</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 30.7 Range: 23.9-87.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt;5mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.6 Range: 24.16-87.51</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805;5mg/L</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 33.4 Range: 23.9-172.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>BMI: body mass index; hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; IL-35 levels according to history of diabetes in both groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Variables</th>
                  <th>CAD(+)</th>
                  <th>CAD(-)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM(-)</td>
                  <td align="center">IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 34.4 Range: 24.16-133.3</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 40.6 Range: 24.59-238.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.021</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM(+)</td>
                  <td align="center">IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 29.6 Range: 23.39-172.6</td>
                  <td align="center">Median: 33.4 Range: 25.09-199.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.18</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CAD: Coronary Artery Disease</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; IL-35 levels in the patient group according to the Gensini and Syntax scores</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Patient number (%)</th>
                  <th>IL-35(mean&#177;SD)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gensini score</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;20</td>
                  <td align="center">23(38.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">35&#177;17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.043*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;20</td>
                  <td align="center">37(61.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">30.7&#177;8.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syntax score</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;22</td>
                  <td align="center">52(86.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">33.2&#177;13.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.51&#165;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">&#8805;22</td>
                  <td align="center">8(13.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.8&#177;8.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>* Student&#8217;s t-test, &#165; Mann Whitney U-test.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t6001">
            <label>Table 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Correlation analysis between IL-35 and other parameters</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="13%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" colspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th>Rho</th>
                  <th>p- value</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Variables</th>
                  <th>Rho</th>
                  <th>p- value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Total cholesterol</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.204</td>
                  <td align="center">0.036</td>
                  <td align="center">IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Gensini score</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.208</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Leucocyte</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                  <td align="center">IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">Syntax score</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.293</td>
                  <td align="center">0.023</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">hs-CRP</td>
                  <td align="center">-0.03</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6001">
                <p>
                  <italic>hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; Rho: Spearman&#8217;s rank correlation coefficient or Spearman&#8217;s &#961;.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>The association between IL-35 levels and Syntax score.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t7001">
            <label>Table 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Logistic regression analysis of main parameters in CAD prediction</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Parameters</th>
                  <th>RR</th>
                  <th>%95CI</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia</td>
                  <td align="center">1.22</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34-4.34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.75</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sex</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.27-2.98</td>
                  <td align="center">0.87</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">0.96</td>
                  <td align="center">0.91-1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">0.56-5.15</td>
                  <td align="center">0.34</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes</td>
                  <td align="center">3.44</td>
                  <td align="center">1.004-11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.049</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">11.27</td>
                  <td align="center">3.45-36.83</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL-35</td>
                  <td align="center">1.02</td>
                  <td align="center">1.005-1.053</td>
                  <td align="center">0.017</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7001">
                <p>
                  <italic>RR: risk ratio; CI: confidence interval; CAD: Coronary Artery Disease.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03001">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; D<italic>iagnostic power and potential cut-off values of IL-35 and CRP values in terms of the presence of CAD (ROC analysis).</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href=""/>
          </fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t8001">
            <label>Table 8</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Area Under Curve (AUC) values for IL-35 and surrogate cut-off values</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>AUC</th>
                  <th>SE</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>IL35</td>
                  <td align="center">0.354</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24-0.46</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.011</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cut-off value=29.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.431</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.32-0.54</td>
                  <td align="center">0.22</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cut-off value=33.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.446</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33-0.55</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cut-off value=34.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.412</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3-0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.14</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cut-off value=37.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.414</td>
                  <td align="center">0.056</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3-0.52</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>It is well-known that atherosclerosis is multifactorial and closely related with inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines is associated with plaque stabilisation and atherosclerosis progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Low IL-35 levels are indicators of both insufficient antiinflammatory response and the amount of inflammation in CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Normally, IL-35 is only induced with inflammation, and then detected in peripheral blood.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In a study conducted with mice, IL-35 was not detected in the tissue profile of healthy subjects; however, it was increased in tissue samples of mice with externally formed inflammatory response.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>IL-35 expression and blood levels have been evaluated by many researchers in different clinical scenarios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Kempe et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated strong expression of IL-35 in endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages of symptomatic patients with carotid plaques, whereas they could not detect IL-35 expression in healthy carotid intima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>On the other hand, there is a linear relationship between the severity of inflammation and low IL-35 in CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Inadequate antiinflammatory response in atherosclerosis leads to excessive inflammatory response in the plaque.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> In other words, the lower the IL-35 levels, the higher the atherosclerotic burden in the coronary arteries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Similarly, Yanmei et al. demonstrated a correlation between decreasing IL-35 levels and the severity of inflammatory bowel disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> These data suggest that, first, IL-35 rises secondary to the inflammation, and then declines as the inflammation gets severe.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the patient group, IL-35 levels were significantly lower in patients with high GS in comparison with those with low GS (35&#177;17.4 vs . 30.7&#177;8.6 , p= 0.043). Conversely, IL-35 levels were similar among CAD patients with low and high SS (31.8&#177;8.9 vs. 33.2&#177;13.7, p=0.51); however, in our opinion, the number of patients with high SS was too low for a powerful analysis. A reason for having few patients with high SS might be because we only enrolled patients with stable CAD, and not individuals with acute coronary syndrome nor those with a history of known CAD. Our findings are unique because, to our knowledge, this study is the first that revealed a correlation between CAD severity and IL-35 levels. Recently, Lin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> showed lower IL-35 levels in patients with stable CAD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in comparison to the control group; however, they did not evaluate the effect of CAD extent and severity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> The lowest IL-35 levels were in the AMI group in Li&#8217;s study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Hence, it it has been speculated that IL-35 may be used as a clinical outcome predictor in atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An hs-CRP test is a well-known inflammatory marker in atherosclerosis, and is considered as an independent predictor of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Although hs-CRP levels were higher in the patient group than among controls, it was not statistically significant in our study. Furthermore, there was no correlation between hs-CRP and IL-35. This finding may seem incompatible with the literature, however, in our opinion, it may be because hs-CRP is more related with plaque instability and its associated cardiovascular events, rather than the extent of atherosclerosis. Therefore, IL-35 might be a better marker than hs-CRP in stable CAD.</p>
        <p>Moreover, Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> conducted an <italic>in vitro</italic> animal study, and made regulatory T cells&#8217; of mice secrete IL-35 to treat inflammatory bowel disease and collagen-induced arthritis, which are known to be related with chronic inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Thus, the cellular regulation of IL-35 expression may be a new treatment target in CAD.</p>
        <p>The main limitation of our study was its single-center design and relatively low number of participants. Secondly, we only evaluated CAD by CAG; however, other methods, such as intravascular ultrasound and optical coherence tomography, which are capable of determining plaque morphology, would increase the power of this study. Lastly, the study would be more thorough if we could measure other inflammatory cytokines, like tumor growth factor beta and interleukin-10; yet, we had a limited budget.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>IL-35 is a new cytokine which has immunosuppressive and strong antiinflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The main findings of this study are low IL-35 levels in patients with stable CAD, especially with high GS, and the negative correlation between IL-35 and SS. These findings suggest that low IL-35 levels are associated with the extent and severity of CAD. Additionally, externally induced IL-35 secretion might be used in atherosclerosis treatment. Further studies conducted in larger populations are required.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Ersan Oflar, from Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Bakirkoy Dr Sadi Konuk Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 2014/03. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
