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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">JgCJhQJGDnhnzxTmxnxPkGS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200388</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201204</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201204</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>H&#225;bito Alimentar de Idosos Diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o Diab&#233;ticos: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1813-996X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9020-8600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ruiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Pita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7316-1145</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borim</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Silva Arbex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6833-7668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neri</surname>
            <given-names>Anita Liberalesso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8214-5734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-9961</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual de Campinas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Campinas</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia,Campinas, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bras&#237;lia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">DF</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UnB) - Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de,Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Belo Horizonte</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica,Belo Horizonte, MG - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Daniela de Assump&#231;&#227;o &#8226; Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. CEP 13083-887, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>danideassumpcao@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Francisco PMSB; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Malta DC, Francisco PMSB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Ruiz AMP, Borim FSA, Neri AL, Malta DC, Francisco PMSB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>388</fpage>
      <lpage>397</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamentos</title>
          <p> A alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel &#233; um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra o diabetes tipo 2 e desempenha importante papel no tratamento do diabetes e das comorbidades associadas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Caracterizar o h&#225;bito alimentar de idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com 65 anos ou mais, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo transversal com dados da pesquisa Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para as Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico (Vigitel, 2016). Foram estimadas as preval&#234;ncias de diabetes melito segundo vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas, inatividade f&#237;sica, autoavalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC). O h&#225;bito alimentar foi avaliado pela frequ&#234;ncia (semanal e di&#225;ria) de consumo de alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, e pela substitui&#231;&#227;o da comida por lanches. As diferen&#231;as foram verificadas por meio do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (Rao-Scott) com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Foram entrevistados 13.649 idosos, e a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes autorreferido foi de 27,2% (IC95%:25,5; 29,0). Nos pacientes diab&#233;ticos, observou-se maior consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas (32,1% vs. 26,5%/3-4 dias/semana) e menor de frango (3,8% vs. 6,4%/quase nunca/nunca), suco (24,0% vs. 29,6%) e doces (6,8% vs. 16,2%) &#8805;5 dias/semana. Os percentuais de idosos com consumo de leite desnatado (51,5% vs. 44,6%) e refrigerante diet&#233;tico (60,0% vs. 17,3%) &#8805;5 dias/semana, hortali&#231;as cruas (9,1% vs. 2,5%/no jantar) e doces (37,7% vs. 20,5%/2 vezes/dia) 3-4 dias/semana foram maiores nos diab&#233;ticos, comparados aos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> As diferen&#231;as observadas sinalizam a necessidade de promover interven&#231;&#245;es para alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel entre todos os idosos, bem como orienta&#231;&#245;es espec&#237;ficas para os diab&#233;ticos.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Idoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Ingest&#227;o de Alimentos</kwd>
        <kwd>Inqu&#233;ritos Epidemiol&#243;gicos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</funding-source>
          <award-id>02-P-4532/2017</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="34"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Globalmente, o n&#250;mero de diab&#233;ticos passou de 108 milh&#245;es (1980) para 422 milh&#245;es (2014), representando um aumento de quase 40% ao considerar o crescimento e o envelhecimento populacional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 2019, o Brasil ocupava a 5&#170; posi&#231;&#227;o (16,8 milh&#245;es) entre os 10 pa&#237;ses com maior n&#250;mero de portadores de diabetes e a 3&#170; posi&#231;&#227;o entre os que mais gastavam com o tratamento da doen&#231;a (52,3 bilh&#245;es de d&#243;lares).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de de 2013 estimou em 6,2% a preval&#234;ncia de diabetes na popula&#231;&#227;o brasileira (&#8805;18 anos), afetando mais intensamente os indiv&#237;duos sem instru&#231;&#227;o ou com ensino fundamental incompleto, com excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o e colesterol/triglic&#233;rides elevados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Entre os idosos com 65 anos ou mais, 19,8% apresentaram a doen&#231;a,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> indicando o impacto do diabetes nos custos diretos e indiretos para os servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, &#224; sociedade e aos portadores da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o baseada em cereais integrais, hortali&#231;as folhosas, frutas, leguminosas, oleaginosas/&#243;leos vegetais ricos em &#244;mega-6, latic&#237;nios com baixo teor de gordura e com quantidades restritas de carnes vermelhas/processadas, cereais refinados, doces e bebidas a&#231;ucaradas desempenha importante papel na preven&#231;&#227;o e no manejo do diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evid&#234;ncias indicam menor incid&#234;ncia de diabetes com o aumento da ingest&#227;o de cereais integrais e farelos de cereais, e maior incid&#234;ncia para o consumo de carne vermelha, carne processada, <italic>bacon</italic> e bebidas a&#231;ucaradas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Resultados do Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil 2008-2010 e 2012-2014) mostram que o consumo elevado de carne processada aumentou em 68% a chance de novos casos de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica nos homens (&gt;27,1g/dia) e em 23% nas mulheres (&gt; 20,7g/dia); o alto consumo de carne vermelha (&gt;101,9g/dia) elevou em 40% o risco de diabetes em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise dos fatores associados ao diabetes para o conjunto de adultos brasileiros (&#8805;18 anos) n&#227;o revelou diferen&#231;as nos h&#225;bitos alimentares, considerando o consumo de carne vermelha com gordura e o consumo recomendado de frutas e hortali&#231;as, entre os que relataram ter ou n&#227;o a doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em uma institui&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia no tratamento do diabetes que recebe usu&#225;rios do Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS), observou-se que, entre os padr&#245;es alimentares identificados, o &#8220;tradicional brasileiro&#8221;, caracterizado pelo consumo de arroz, feij&#227;o, frango e alimentos regionais, apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o negativa com os n&#237;veis glic&#234;micos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando que a alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel &#233; um fator de prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis, entre elas o diabetes tipo 2, que desempenha importante papel no tratamento do diabetes e suas comorbidades (p. ex. hipertens&#227;o, obesidade e dislipidemia), este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar o h&#225;bito alimentar de idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com 65 anos ou mais, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do estudo</title>
        <p>Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional com entrevistas realizadas por telefone em 2016.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Contexto</title>
        <p>A pesquisa por meio do sistema Vigil&#226;ncia de Fatores de Risco e Prote&#231;&#227;o para as Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas por Inqu&#233;rito Telef&#244;nico (Vigitel) ocorre anualmente, desde 2006, nas capitais dos estados brasileiros e no Distrito Federal (DF). Apresenta o objetivo de monitorar a frequ&#234;ncia e a distribui&#231;&#227;o dos principais fatores que determinam as doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o transmiss&#237;veis no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>No presente estudo, foram inclu&#237;dos idosos com 65 anos ou mais entrevistados pelo Vigitel 2016. A op&#231;&#227;o pelo corte et&#225;rio de 65 anos ou mais foi fundamentada no aumento da expectativa de vida ao nascer, nas mudan&#231;as sociodemogr&#225;ficas e pol&#237;ticas observadas no Brasil desde a promulga&#231;&#227;o do Estatuto do Idoso, em 2003, e na possibilidade de ampliar a compara&#231;&#227;o dos resultados com os de estudos internacionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os participantes do Vigitel 2016 foram selecionados por meio de amostragem probabil&#237;stica de adultos (&#8805;18 anos) residentes em domic&#237;lios servidos por pelo menos uma linha de telefone fixo em 2016. Em linhas gerais, o plano amostral envolve duas etapas. A primeira consiste no sorteio sistem&#225;tico e estratificado por c&#243;digo de endere&#231;amento postal (CEP) de pelo menos 5 mil linhas telef&#244;nicas em cada capital, a partir do cadastro eletr&#244;nico de linhas residenciais fixas das empresas telef&#244;nicas. Em seguida, as linhas sorteadas foram ressorteadas e divididas em r&#233;plicas de 200 linhas, cada r&#233;plica reproduzindo a mesma propor&#231;&#227;o de linhas por CEP do cadastro original. A segunda etapa do plano amostral consiste no sorteio de um dos adultos residentes no domic&#237;lio selecionado, feita ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o das linhas residenciais ativas eleg&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O Vigitel realiza aproximadamente 2 mil entrevistas em cada cidade, amostra que permite estimar a frequ&#234;ncia dos principais fatores de risco para doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas na popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com coeficiente de confian&#231;a de 95% e erro m&#225;ximo de dois pontos percentuais. Cada indiv&#237;duo entrevistado recebe um peso p&#243;s-estratifica&#231;&#227;o visando &#224; infer&#234;ncia estat&#237;stica dos resultados para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de cada capital. Este peso permite igualar a composi&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica estimada para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta com telefone em cada capital &#224;quela que se estima para a popula&#231;&#227;o adulta total da mesma capital, de acordo com as vari&#225;veis: sexo, faixa et&#225;ria e escolaridade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas selecionadas para caracterizar a amostra estudada foram:</p>
        <list list-type="alpha-lower">
          <list-item>
            <p>Sociodemogr&#225;ficas: sexo (masculino, feminino); idade (em anos) e escolaridade (0-4, 5-8 e &#8805; 9 anos de estudo).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Inatividade f&#237;sica nos dom&#237;nios de lazer, trabalho e deslocamento para o trabalho (sim, n&#227;o).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Autoavalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de (muito boa/boa, regular e ruim/muito ruim).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>&#205;ndice de massa corporal (IMC = peso [kg]/altura<sup>2</sup>[m]), calculado com informa&#231;&#245;es referidas e classificado em: baixo peso (IMC &lt;22 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), eutrofia (IMC &#8805;22 e &#8804;27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>) e excesso de peso (IMC &gt;27 kg/m<sup>2</sup>), conforme o crit&#233;rio da Nutrition Screening Initiative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fonte de dados e mensura&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>Foram considerados diab&#233;ticos os idosos que responderam sim &#224; quest&#227;o: &#8220;Algum m&#233;dico j&#225; lhe disse que o(a) sr.(a) tem diabetes?&#8221; (sim ou n&#227;o). O h&#225;bito alimentar foi avaliado pela frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis, e pela substitui&#231;&#227;o da comida por lanches. O consumo de hortali&#231;as (cruas e cozidas), frutas, suco natural, feij&#227;o, leite e frango foi considerado saud&#225;vel, e o de carnes vermelhas (boi, porco e cabrito), carnes com excesso de gordura (carne vermelha com gordura aparente e frango com pele), leite integral, doces, refrigerantes ou suco artificial e o h&#225;bito de substituir as principais refei&#231;&#245;es (almo&#231;o e jantar) por lanches foram considerados n&#227;o saud&#225;veis. As frequ&#234;ncias de consumo dos alimentos foram categorizadas em quase nunca/nunca, 1-2, 3-4 e &#8805;5 dias na semana. O consumo regular corresponde &#224; frequ&#234;ncia &#8805;5 dias/semana.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise dos dados</title>
        <p>Foram estimadas as preval&#234;ncias de diabetes melito e respectivos intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%, segundo as vari&#225;veis selecionadas para a caracteriza&#231;&#227;o dos idosos. Realizaram-se an&#225;lises estratificadas por escolaridade e idade para verificar a influ&#234;ncia dessas caracter&#237;sticas sobre o consumo alimentar. Tamb&#233;m foram apresentadas as distribui&#231;&#245;es de frequ&#234;ncias relativas do consumo alimentar para os idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, assim como a distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal de consumo segundo o tipo do alimento, frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de ingest&#227;o e h&#225;bito de ingerir carne com excesso de gordura. Para verificar as diferen&#231;as entre as propor&#231;&#245;es, foi utilizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (Rao-Scott) com n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5%.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com aux&#237;lio do programa Stata vers&#227;o 15.1, considerando o delineamento complexo de amostragem do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es &#233;ticas</title>
        <p>Os objetivos da pesquisa Vigitel foram informados aos participantes na ocasi&#227;o do contato telef&#244;nico e o consentimento livre e esclarecido foi substitu&#237;do pelo consentimento verbal. O estudo foi aprovado pela Comiss&#227;o Nacional de &#201;tica em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos, do Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de (Parecer n&#186; 355.590 de 26/06/2013).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Dos 18.854 idosos entrevistados, 5.205 foram exclu&#237;dos deste estudo por apresentarem idade menor que 65 anos. Portanto, foram analisadas informa&#231;&#245;es de 13.649 idosos, dos quais 3.349 eram diab&#233;ticos e 10.300, n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes autorreferido foi 27,2% (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 25,5; 29,0). A m&#233;dia de idade foi 73,6 anos (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 73,2; 74,1) nos idosos diab&#233;ticos e de 73,8 anos (IC<sub>95%</sub>: 73,5; 74,0) nos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Na compara&#231;&#227;o desses subgrupos, os diab&#233;ticos apresentaram maior propor&#231;&#227;o de inatividade f&#237;sica (p=0,015), de pior avalia&#231;&#227;o subjetiva da sa&#250;de e de excesso de peso (p&lt;0,001). Quanto &#224; escolaridade, foi observada menor propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos com 9 anos ou mais de estudo (p&lt;0,001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Processo de composi&#231;&#227;o da amostra. Fonte: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0388-01204-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos idosos diab&#233;ticos (n=3.349) e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (n=10.300), segundo caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas, inatividade f&#237;sica, autoavalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de e &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Vigitel, Brasil, 2016</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="17%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup>c</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">%<sup>b</sup> (IC95%)</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">n<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">%<sup>b</sup> (IC95%)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Sexo</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Masculino</td>
                <td align="center">1.081</td>
                <td align="center">35,2 (31,7;38,9)</td>
                <td align="center">3.252</td>
                <td align="center">37,7 (35,5;39,9)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">0,254</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">2.268</td>
                <td align="center">64,8 (61,1;68,3)</td>
                <td align="center">7.048</td>
                <td align="center">62,3 (60,1;64,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Escolaridade (em anos de estudo)</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>0-4</td>
                <td align="center">1.165</td>
                <td align="center">51,0 (47,3;54,8)</td>
                <td align="center">3.039</td>
                <td align="center">45,9 (43,7;48,1)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>0,015</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5-8</td>
                <td align="center">669</td>
                <td align="center">24,8 (21,6;28,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.992</td>
                <td align="center">24,8 (22,9;26,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805; 9</td>
                <td align="center">1.515</td>
                <td align="center">24,2 (21,7;26,9)</td>
                <td align="center">5.269</td>
                <td align="center">29,3 (27,7;30,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Inatividade f&#237;sica nos tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>d</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">2.046</td>
                <td align="center">55,4 (51,6;59,2)</td>
                <td align="center">7.125</td>
                <td align="center">67,0 (65,0;69,0)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sim</td>
                <td align="center">1.303</td>
                <td align="center">44,6 (40,8;48,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3.175</td>
                <td align="center">32,9 (31,0;35,0)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Autoavalia&#231;&#227;o da sa&#250;de</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Muito boa/boa</td>
                <td align="center">1.300</td>
                <td align="center">40,1 (36,4;43,9)</td>
                <td align="center">6.148</td>
                <td align="center">59,9 (57,8;62,0)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Regular</td>
                <td align="center">1.629</td>
                <td align="center">47,6 (43,8;51,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3.505</td>
                <td align="center">34,2 (32,2;36,2)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ruim/muito ruim</td>
                <td align="center">380</td>
                <td align="center">12,3 (10,1;15,0)</td>
                <td align="center">537</td>
                <td align="center">5,9 (4,9;7,0)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Categorias de IMC</bold>
                  <sup>
                    <bold>e</bold>
                  </sup>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">257</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (6,3;10,2)</td>
                <td align="center">1.351</td>
                <td align="center">15,6 (14,1;17,3)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">1.113</td>
                <td align="center">39,3 (35,3;43,5)</td>
                <td align="center">4.226</td>
                <td align="center">48,0 (45,7;50,4)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Excesso de peso</td>
                <td align="center">1.532</td>
                <td align="center">52,6 (48,5;56,7)</td>
                <td align="center">3.339</td>
                <td align="center">36,3 (34,2;38,6)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> n: n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos na amostra n&#227;o ponderada. <sup>b</sup> %: percentual ponderado para ajustar a distribui&#231;&#227;o sociodemogr&#225;fica da amostra Vigitel &#224; distribui&#231;&#227;o da popula&#231;&#227;o adulta de cada cidade projetada para 2016; IC95%: intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95%. <sup>c</sup> Valor de p do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson. <sup>d</sup> Dom&#237;nios de atividade f&#237;sica: lazer, trabalho e deslocamento para o trabalho. <sup>e</sup> IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal. Fonte: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Os resultados da an&#225;lise da frequ&#234;ncia do consumo regular de alimentos estratificada segundo n&#237;veis de escolaridade (0-8 e &#8805;9 anos) em idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, s&#227;o mostrados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os resultados indicam menor consumo regular de leite desnatado/semidesnatado e maior de hortali&#231;as cruas no almo&#231;o e no jantar entre os diab&#233;ticos com baixa escolaridade. Entre os n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, observou-se maior propor&#231;&#227;o de idosos com at&#233; 8 anos de estudo ingerindo leite integral, carne vermelha com gordura e hortali&#231;as cruas no jantar em 5 ou mais dias/semana (ver <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia do consumo regular (&#8805;5 dias/semana) de alimentos segundo n&#237;veis de escolaridade (em anos), em idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="2">Diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Escolaridade (em anos)</th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">Escolaridade (em anos)</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
                <th colspan="2" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>0-8</th>
                <th>9 ou +</th>
                <th>0-8</th>
                <th>9 ou +</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de leite</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,009</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Integral</td>
                <td align="center">45,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>53,1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>40,2</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desnatado/semidesnatado</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>48,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>60,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>40,8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>53,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">5,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Como costuma comer carne vermelha</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,813</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,008</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retira a gordura</td>
                <td align="center">71,6</td>
                <td align="center">71,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>66,6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>77,8</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Come com a gordura</td>
                <td align="center">22,8</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>30,1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>19,1</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o come carne com muita gordura</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Como costuma comer frango</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,155</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retira a pele</td>
                <td align="center">88,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">83,1</td>
                <td align="center">90,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Come com a pele</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td align="center">19,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">13,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o come frango com pele</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de refrigerante</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,544</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,089</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">34,9</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">75,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <italic>Diet/light/zero</italic>
                </td>
                <td align="center">61,6</td>
                <td align="center">55,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">3,6</td>
                <td align="center">8,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hortali&#231;as cruas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,010</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Almo&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">63,1</td>
                <td align="center">73,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td align="center">74,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jantar</td>
                <td align="center">4,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>5,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>1,4</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>32,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>15,7</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hortali&#231;as cozidas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,487</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Almo&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">53,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">63,6</td>
                <td align="center">64,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jantar</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">38,5</td>
                <td align="center">35,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">32,0</td>
                <td align="center">30,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frutas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,322</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,369</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 vez por dia</td>
                <td align="center">37,4</td>
                <td align="center">37,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">38,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 vezes por dia</td>
                <td align="center">39,7</td>
                <td align="center">34,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">38,4</td>
                <td align="center">38,6</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 vezes por dia</td>
                <td align="center">22,9</td>
                <td align="center">27,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">20,3</td>
                <td align="center">22,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Suco natural</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,143</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 copo</td>
                <td align="center">57,2</td>
                <td align="center">46,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">53,1</td>
                <td align="center">52,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 copos</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">34,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">27,8</td>
                <td align="center">32,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 copos</td>
                <td align="center">18,7</td>
                <td align="center">19,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">15,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Refrigerante</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,453</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,817</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 a 2 copos/latas por dia</td>
                <td align="center">67,9</td>
                <td align="center">76,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">80,0</td>
                <td align="center">81,2</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 copos/latas por dia</td>
                <td align="center">32,1</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">20,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doces</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,097</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,971</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 vez ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">44,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">64,6</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">22,0</td>
                <td align="center">28,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">23,7</td>
                <td align="center">24,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> Valor de p do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson (Rao-Scott). Valores em negrito indicam diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Fonte: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Observaram-se diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas na frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas, frango, suco natural e doces entre idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Os percentuais de diab&#233;ticos que nunca/quase nunca ingeriam carne de frango foi inferior ao verificado entre os n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. A ingest&#227;o de leite (1-2 dias/semana) foi menor nos diab&#233;ticos. O consumo de suco natural e doces (&#8805; 5 dias/semana) foi menor entre os idosos que apresentavam a doen&#231;a. A maioria dos diab&#233;ticos n&#227;o ingeria doces, no entanto, quase 15% inclu&#237;am esses alimentos no repert&#243;rio alimentar (&#8805;3 dias/semana). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; substitui&#231;&#227;o das grandes refei&#231;&#245;es por lanches, mas cerca de 20% dos diab&#233;ticos comiam lanches no jantar.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal de consumo de alimentos saud&#225;veis e n&#227;o saud&#225;veis e de outros h&#225;bitos alimentares em idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos (n=13.649). Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="10%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;veis de consumo alimentar</th>
                <th colspan="4">Diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th colspan="4">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">Valor de p<sup>b</sup></th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">QN/N<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th>1-2</th>
                <th>3-4</th>
                <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                <th style="font-weight:normal">QN/N<sup>a</sup></th>
                <th>1-2</th>
                <th>3-4</th>
                <th>&#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Dias na semana</th>
                <th colspan="4" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">Dias na semana</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Feij&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">15,3</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">62,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,6</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td align="center">59,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,496</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hortali&#231;as cruas</td>
                <td align="center">7,7</td>
                <td align="center">22,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>32,1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">38,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">25,5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>26,5</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">39,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,029</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hortali&#231;as cozidas</td>
                <td align="center">4,2</td>
                <td align="center">32,1</td>
                <td align="center">35,4</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">4,9</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">33,1</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
                <td align="center">0,665</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frutas</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,5</td>
                <td align="center">68,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,8</td>
                <td align="center">12,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Leite</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6,6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">68,2</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>9,8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">6,6</td>
                <td align="center">66,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,094</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Carne vermelha</td>
                <td align="center">8,9</td>
                <td align="center">40,9</td>
                <td align="center">31,7</td>
                <td align="center">18,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,8</td>
                <td align="center">36,3</td>
                <td align="center">33,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,062</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Frango</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>3,8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">41,2</td>
                <td align="center">41,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6,4</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">40,5</td>
                <td align="center">38,2</td>
                <td align="center">14,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,034</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Suco natural</td>
                <td align="center">31,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,6</td>
                <td align="center">18,3</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>24,0</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>29,6</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,039</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Refrigerante</td>
                <td align="center">54,7</td>
                <td align="center">27,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">10,3</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,632</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doces</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>53,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">31,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>8,1</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>6,8</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>33,3</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">36,6</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>13,9</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>16,2</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt; 0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o do almo&#231;o por lanches</td>
                <td align="center">83,5</td>
                <td align="center">13,8</td>
                <td align="center">2,4</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
                <td align="center">85,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,0</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,365</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Substitui&#231;&#227;o do jantar por lanches</td>
                <td align="center">45,4</td>
                <td align="center">23,9</td>
                <td align="center">10,2</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">45,4</td>
                <td align="center">21,3</td>
                <td align="center">8,6</td>
                <td align="center">24,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,088</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic><sup><bold>a</bold></sup> Quase nunca ou nunca. <sup><bold>b</bold></sup> Valor de p do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson; valores em negrito indicam diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Fonte: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra os resultados da frequ&#234;ncia de consumo semanal dos idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos de acordo com as caracter&#237;sticas dos alimentos e a frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de consumo. Os diab&#233;ticos apresentaram menores percentuais de ingest&#227;o de leite integral e maiores de leite desnatado, comparados aos n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. O consumo de refrigerante diet&#233;tico foi mais elevado entre os diab&#233;ticos. Considerando a frequ&#234;ncia semanal de 3 a 4 vezes, observou-se maior percentual de consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas (jantar) e doces (2 vezes por dia) nos idosos com diabetes.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia semanal de consumo de alimentos em idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos segundo o tipo, a frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de ingest&#227;o e o costume de ingerir carne com excesso de gordura. Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" colspan="1" rowspan="5">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th colspan="3">Diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th colspan="3">N&#227;o diab&#233;ticos</th>
                <th colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>1-2</th>
                <th colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>3-4</th>
                <th colspan="1" rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>&#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>1-2</th>
                <th>3-4</th>
                <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                <th>1-2</th>
                <th>3-4</th>
                <th>&#8805; 5</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">Dias na semana</th>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">Dias na semana</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de leite</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,839</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,035</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Integral</td>
                <td align="center">47,2</td>
                <td align="center">62,8</td>
                <td align="center">43,3</td>
                <td align="center">68,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,6</td>
                <td align="center">49,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desnatado/semidesnatado</td>
                <td align="center">48,5</td>
                <td align="center">33,8</td>
                <td align="center">51,5</td>
                <td align="center">28,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,1</td>
                <td align="center">44,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">2,9</td>
                <td align="center">4,3</td>
                <td align="center">6,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Como costuma comer carne vermelha</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,826</td>
                <td align="center">0,844</td>
                <td align="center">0,515</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retira a gordura</td>
                <td align="center">84,4</td>
                <td align="center">82,2</td>
                <td align="center">71,5</td>
                <td align="center">83,6</td>
                <td align="center">80,5</td>
                <td align="center">70,0</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Come com a gordura</td>
                <td align="center">10,4</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td align="center">23,3</td>
                <td align="center">11,7</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o come carne com muita gordura</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">5,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td align="center">3,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Como costuma comer frango</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,191</td>
                <td align="center">0,516</td>
                <td align="center">0,194</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Retira a pele</td>
                <td align="center">83,8</td>
                <td align="center">85,8</td>
                <td align="center">86,3</td>
                <td align="center">80,9</td>
                <td align="center">88,4</td>
                <td align="center">84,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Come com a pele</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
                <td align="center">12,3</td>
                <td align="center">12,8</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td align="center">9,8</td>
                <td align="center">11,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#227;o come frango com pele</td>
                <td align="center">0,7</td>
                <td align="center">1,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,9</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">1,8</td>
                <td align="center">3,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Tipo de refrigerante</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Normal</td>
                <td align="center">39,4</td>
                <td align="center">39,4</td>
                <td align="center">35,0</td>
                <td align="center">71,0</td>
                <td align="center">70,4</td>
                <td align="center">71,9</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td><italic>Diet</italic> / <italic>light</italic> /zero</td>
                <td align="center">50,1</td>
                <td align="center">49,1</td>
                <td align="center">60,0</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">23,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">10,5</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">7,8</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">10,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hortali&#231;as cruas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,312</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Almo&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">83,0</td>
                <td align="center">75,3</td>
                <td align="center">66,4</td>
                <td align="center">83,1</td>
                <td align="center">81,5</td>
                <td align="center">71,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jantar</td>
                <td align="center">2,7</td>
                <td align="center">9,1</td>
                <td align="center">6,0</td>
                <td align="center">5,4</td>
                <td align="center">2,5</td>
                <td align="center">4,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">14,3</td>
                <td align="center">15,6</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
                <td align="center">11,5</td>
                <td align="center">16,0</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Hortali&#231;as cozidas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
                <td align="center">0,868</td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Almo&#231;o</td>
                <td align="center">67,6</td>
                <td align="center">67,5</td>
                <td align="center">55,3</td>
                <td align="center">73,2</td>
                <td align="center">65,4</td>
                <td align="center">63,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Jantar</td>
                <td align="center">9,0</td>
                <td align="center">8,1</td>
                <td align="center">7,1</td>
                <td align="center">9,7</td>
                <td align="center">8,4</td>
                <td align="center">4,7</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ambos</td>
                <td align="center">23,4</td>
                <td align="center">24,4</td>
                <td align="center">37,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,1</td>
                <td align="center">26,2</td>
                <td align="center">31,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Frutas</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,566</td>
                <td align="center">0,627</td>
                <td align="center">0,359</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 vez por dia</td>
                <td align="center">69,0</td>
                <td align="center">54,6</td>
                <td align="center">37,5</td>
                <td align="center">65,3</td>
                <td align="center">52,1</td>
                <td align="center">40,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 vezes por dia</td>
                <td align="center">23,0</td>
                <td align="center">31,3</td>
                <td align="center">38,3</td>
                <td align="center">28,3</td>
                <td align="center">30,0</td>
                <td align="center">38,5</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 vezes por dia</td>
                <td align="center">8,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,1</td>
                <td align="center">24,2</td>
                <td align="center">6,4</td>
                <td align="center">17,9</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Suco natural</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,989</td>
                <td align="center">0,354</td>
                <td align="center">0,758</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 copo</td>
                <td align="center">63,9</td>
                <td align="center">60,2</td>
                <td align="center">54,2</td>
                <td align="center">64,3</td>
                <td align="center">55,6</td>
                <td align="center">52,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 copos</td>
                <td align="center">27,6</td>
                <td align="center">29,8</td>
                <td align="center">27,0</td>
                <td align="center">27,4</td>
                <td align="center">30,8</td>
                <td align="center">29,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 copos</td>
                <td align="center">8,5</td>
                <td align="center">10,0</td>
                <td align="center">18,8</td>
                <td align="center">8,3</td>
                <td align="center">13,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Refrigerante</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,134</td>
                <td align="center">0,597</td>
                <td align="center">0,144</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 a 2 copos/latas por dia</td>
                <td align="center">97,4</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td align="center">70,4</td>
                <td align="center">95,0</td>
                <td align="center">84,5</td>
                <td align="center">80,4</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 copos/latas por dia</td>
                <td align="center">2,6</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td align="center">29,6</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
                <td align="center">19,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Doces</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td align="center">0,355</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,020</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center">0,086</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>1 vez ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">80,1</td>
                <td align="center">57,3</td>
                <td align="center">51,9</td>
                <td align="center">78,2</td>
                <td align="center">72,1</td>
                <td align="center">64,3</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">17,7</td>
                <td align="center">37,7</td>
                <td align="center">25,0</td>
                <td align="center">17,4</td>
                <td align="center">20,5</td>
                <td align="center">24,1</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#8805;3 vezes ao dia</td>
                <td align="center">2,2</td>
                <td align="center">5,0</td>
                <td align="center">23,1</td>
                <td align="center">4,4</td>
                <td align="center">7,4</td>
                <td align="center">11,6</td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic><sup>a</sup> p: Valor de p do teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson da compara&#231;&#227;o entre diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos; em negrito, p &lt; 0,05. Fonte: Vigitel, Brasil, 2016.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este estudo buscou caracterizar o h&#225;bito alimentar de idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal e, dentre os resultados, observou-se que idosos diab&#233;ticos com baixa escolaridade apresentaram propor&#231;&#227;o inferior de consumo regular de leite com teor reduzido de gordura e propor&#231;&#227;o superior de hortali&#231;as cruas (almo&#231;o e jantar).</p>
      <p>Em Pelotas/RS (2010), um estudo transversal verificou que 67,6% dos idosos ingeriam leite integral e 32,4%, desnatado ou semidesnatado; para o conjunto da popula&#231;&#227;o analisada, foram identificadas menores preval&#234;ncias de consumo de leite desnatado ou semidesnatado nos segmentos com baixos n&#237;veis de escolaridade (&lt;12 anos de estudo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> A concentra&#231;&#227;o de gordura dos tipos de leite flu&#237;do fica em torno de 3,7% para o integral, entre 0,6% e 2,9% para o semidesnatado, e atinge, no m&#225;ximo, 0,5% para o desnatado. Embora seja recomendado o tipo desnatado para diab&#233;ticos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> na elabora&#231;&#227;o do plano alimentar, &#233; necess&#225;rio respeitar a prefer&#234;ncia e a situa&#231;&#227;o de vida dos indiv&#237;duos, considerando que, de modo geral, n&#227;o apresenta boa aceita&#231;&#227;o entre os idosos e que a remo&#231;&#227;o da gordura diminui o teor energia e vitaminas lipossol&#250;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em fam&#237;lias com baixa renda e escolaridade, a estrutura do card&#225;pio cotidiano &#233; composta por arroz, feij&#227;o e uma &#8220;mistura&#8221;, como carne ou vegetais, no almo&#231;o e no jantar,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> o que poderia explicar, parcialmente, o maior consumo regular de hortali&#231;as cruas entre os diab&#233;ticos com baixa escolaridade. Em idosos do munic&#237;pio de Campinas/SP (2008-2009), a qualidade da dieta, avaliada pela ingest&#227;o de 12 componentes alimentares, foi significativamente maior nos mais velhos (&#8805; 80 anos <italic>vs.</italic> 60-69 anos) e nos diab&#233;ticos, que pode decorrer da preocupa&#231;&#227;o com a sa&#250;de, levando o indiv&#237;duo a adotar as recomenda&#231;&#245;es dos profissionais da sa&#250;de para uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o mais saud&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> O consumo alimentar saud&#225;vel &#233; determinado pela posi&#231;&#227;o socioecon&#244;mica, como demonstrado por um estudo com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de, no qual pessoas com n&#237;veis mais elevados de escolaridade e renda apresentaram maiores preval&#234;ncias de consumo de hortali&#231;as, frutas, suco de frutas, peixes, leite desnatado/semidesnatado e carnes sem gordura aparente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas, frango, leite, suco natural e doces diferiu entre diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Tamb&#233;m foram observadas diferen&#231;as no tipo de leite e refrigerante ingerido e na frequ&#234;ncia di&#225;ria de consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas e doces. Mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, incluindo a ado&#231;&#227;o de h&#225;bitos alimentares saud&#225;veis, s&#227;o fundamentais para a preven&#231;&#227;o, o tratamento do diabetes tipo 2 e para a redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de complica&#231;&#245;es decorrentes da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A propor&#231;&#227;o de diab&#233;ticos que nunca/quase nunca comiam frango foi menor do que a de n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos. Uma metan&#225;lise de tr&#234;s coortes realizadas entre 1986-2006, 1980-2008 e 1991-2005 com adultos norte-americanos revelou que a substitui&#231;&#227;o di&#225;ria de uma por&#231;&#227;o de 85g de carne vermelha e processada por frango ou peixe reduzia em 10% o risco de diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A associa&#231;&#227;o entre o consumo de carne vermelha e processada e a incid&#234;ncia de diabetes tem sido explicada por v&#225;rios fatores, entre eles, o excesso de ferro no organismo humano, o aumento do estresse oxidativo, o teor de gordura saturada e a presen&#231;a de s&#243;dio e conservantes nas carnes processadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Foi observada menor propor&#231;&#227;o de consumo de leite de 1 a 2 vezes por semana nos idosos com diabetes e maior propor&#231;&#227;o de consumo de leite desnatado ou semidesnatado. Uma revis&#227;o sistem&#225;tica de 53 estudos realizados de 2007-2018 n&#227;o encontrou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa para o risco de diabetes e o consumo de leite com alto (risco relativo [RR] = 0,99; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,88-1,11) e baixo teor de gordura (RR = 1,01; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,98-1,05), considerando um incremento de 200g/dia, assim como para iogurte (incremento de 50g/dia, RR = 0,94; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,91-0,98) e latic&#237;nios (200g/dia, RR = 0,96; IC<sub>95%</sub>: 0,94-0,99).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Uma pesquisa analisou dados de tr&#234;s coortes prospectivas com profissionais da sa&#250;de (1986-2012, 1984-2012, 1991-2013) e n&#227;o observou associa&#231;&#227;o entre consumo de latic&#237;nios com gordura e risco de diabetes, comparado com as calorias de carboidratos; tamb&#233;m foi verificado que a substitui&#231;&#227;o equivalente de 5% das calorias de gorduras l&#225;cteas por outras gorduras de origem animal aumentava 17% o risco de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os idosos com diabetes apresentaram propor&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas de consumo de hortali&#231;as cruas (3 a 4 vezes/semana). Uma metan&#225;lise de estudos prospectivos publicados de 1997 a 2014 identificou que maior ingest&#227;o de hortali&#231;as folhosas reduziu o risco de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Um estudo de coorte europeu (1993-2004) com 3.704 participantes e com informa&#231;&#245;es de sete di&#225;rios alimentares detectou associa&#231;&#227;o inversa para incid&#234;ncia de diabetes e maior quantidade (mediana = 2,6 por&#231;&#245;es/dia de 80g) e variedade (m&#233;dia = 11,4 itens/semana) de hortali&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Habitualmente, as hortali&#231;as s&#227;o ingeridas junto com arroz, feij&#227;o e outros alimentos que comp&#245;em o almo&#231;o e o jantar, o que pode acarretar no menor consumo de alimentos de alta densidade energ&#233;tica e baixa densidade nutricional; uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o rica em hortali&#231;as, especialmente as folhosas, fornece uma variedade de compostos bioativos, que atuam na preven&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> O achado destaca a import&#226;ncia de orienta&#231;&#245;es para promover o consumo regular de hortali&#231;as no almo&#231;o e no jantar para o conjunto dos idosos. Deve-se considerar que problemas de sa&#250;de bucal (p. ex., c&#225;rie dent&#225;ria, doen&#231;a periodontal e edentulismo) podem dificultar a mastiga&#231;&#227;o de hortali&#231;as mais fibrosas, por isso &#233; necess&#225;rio empregar t&#233;cnicas de coc&#231;&#227;o adequadas &#224; textura de cada tipo de hortali&#231;a.</p>
      <p>Foi observado que quase 46% dos diab&#233;ticos ingeriam dois ou mais copos de suco por dia, regularmente. Um estudo com dados de coortes prospectivas norte-americanas (1984-2008, 1991-2009, 1986-2008) detectou que o consumo de suco de frutas (&#8805; 1 por&#231;&#227;o/dia) aumentava em 21% o risco de desenvolver diabetes; observou-se, tamb&#233;m, que a substitui&#231;&#227;o do suco por frutas inteiras reduzia em 7% o risco da doen&#231;a, especialmente mirtilo (-33%), uva/passas (-19%), ameixa seca (-18%), ma&#231;&#227;/pera (-14%) e banana (-13%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Fatores como a carga glic&#234;mica, o conte&#250;do de fibras alimentares e outros nutrientes e o estado l&#237;quido podem explicar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre ingest&#227;o de sucos de frutas e ocorr&#234;ncia de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O preparo do suco pode prejudicar o conte&#250;do de fibra alimentar e outros nutrientes, al&#233;m de favorecer a r&#225;pida absor&#231;&#227;o da glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o foi verificada associa&#231;&#227;o estat&#237;stica entre o costume de ingerir carne vermelha com gordura entre idosos com e sem diabetes, mas cerca de um quarto dos diab&#233;ticos ingeriam regularmente carne com excesso de gordura. As carnes vermelhas apresentam quantidades importantes de &#225;cidos graxos (AG) saturados e colesterol, e, ainda, as carnes processadas t&#234;m alto teor de s&#243;dio e conservantes, como nitratos e nitritos, estando associadas ao maior risco de diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Uma metan&#225;lise com seis estudos prospectivos evidenciou que o consumo di&#225;rio de 100g de carnes vermelhas e 50g de carnes processadas aumentava em 19% e 51% a incid&#234;ncia de diabetes, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A qualidade do carboidrato e da gordura &#233; mais importante do que a quantidade ingerida, destacando o papel dos carboidratos de baixo &#237;ndice glic&#234;mico/carga glic&#234;mica, dos AG &#244;mega-6 e das dietas predominantemente de origem vegetal para a preven&#231;&#227;o e controle do diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao perfil lip&#237;dico das dietas, ressalta-se a import&#226;ncia do equil&#237;brio no consumo de AG &#244;mega-6/&#244;mega-3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> A alimenta&#231;&#227;o da sociedade contempor&#226;nea &#233; caracterizada pelo consumo excessivo de AG &#244;mega-6, encontrados principalmente em &#243;leos vegetais ricos em &#225;cido linoleico (p. ex.: milho, soja, girassol), comumente empregados na fabrica&#231;&#227;o de alimentos processados e ultraprocessados, e pelo consumo insuficiente de AG &#244;mega-3, presentes em peixes, &#243;leos de peixes, sementes/&#243;leos de chia, linha&#231;a e hortali&#231;as verde-escuras, ricos em &#225;cido &#945;-linol&#234;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> O excesso de AG &#244;mega-6 na dieta provoca um estado inflamat&#243;rio, que est&#225; relacionado com o desenvolvimento de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, incluindo as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neste estudo, o consumo de doces (2 vezes por dia) e refrigerantes diet&#233;ticos foi maior nos diab&#233;ticos. Os doces/sobremesas apresentam elevado teor de energia e carboidratos simples de adi&#231;&#227;o, e s&#227;o dispens&#225;veis em uma alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel. No entanto, s&#227;o alimentos que fazem parte da cultura alimentar e n&#227;o s&#227;o proibidos aos diab&#233;ticos, mas &#233; necess&#225;rio que o consumo seja controlado em termos de frequ&#234;ncia e porcionamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A ingest&#227;o de refrigerantes deve ser evitada, independentemente do tipo. Um estudo de coorte multic&#234;ntrico com mulheres de 50 a 79 anos constatou que a maior frequ&#234;ncia de consumo de refrigerante <italic>diet</italic> (&#8805; 2 vezes/dia) elevava o risco de acidente vascular cerebral e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Resultados de outros estudos revelam que a ingest&#227;o de refrigerantes aumenta o risco de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica gordurosa n&#227;o alco&#243;lica por mecanismos relacionados ao metabolismo da frutose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> De modo geral, o plano alimentar para diab&#233;ticos deve atender as recomenda&#231;&#245;es energ&#233;ticas e nutricionais definidas para o est&#225;gio de vida, e basear-se em alimentos <italic>in natura</italic> e minimamente processados, tais como leguminosas, cereais, hortali&#231;as e frutas, evitando alimentos de baixa qualidade nutricional como os ultraprocessados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ressalta-se ainda orienta&#231;&#227;o de alternar os &#243;leos vegetais usados no preparo dos alimentos e fazer misturas com azeite de oliva para obter propor&#231;&#245;es mais adequadas de AG linoleico e &#945;-linol&#234;nico.</p>
      <p>Os percentuais de idosos diab&#233;ticos que ingeriam bebidas ado&#231;adas e doces foram elevados. Os a&#231;&#250;cares de adi&#231;&#227;o presentes nas bebidas ado&#231;adas (refrigerantes/refrescos) e nos doces induzem a resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e a hiperinsulinemia, representando um fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e diabetes tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Portanto, a recomenda&#231;&#227;o de evitar ou limitar o consumo de carnes vermelhas/processadas e a&#231;&#250;cares de adi&#231;&#227;o se justifica pelos benef&#237;cios no controle dos fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos relacionados ao diabetes, como excesso de peso, hipertens&#227;o arterial e dislipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A ades&#227;o dos diab&#233;ticos &#224;s orienta&#231;&#245;es nutricionais depende, em parte, do respeito &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es socioecon&#244;micas, culturais, familiares e &#224;s prefer&#234;ncias alimentares do indiv&#237;duo. Um estudo qualitativo com diab&#233;ticos tipo 2, sem complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas da doen&#231;a, n&#227;o medicados com insulina, atendidos por servi&#231;os de aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica em um munic&#237;pio do interior paulista, mostrou que a prescri&#231;&#227;o nutricional &#233; reconhecida como essencial no controle do diabetes, mas que o significado de controle da dieta &#233; peculiar, resultante de ajustes nos modos de comer que considerem os gostos e a vida social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em ocasi&#245;es de comensalidade, o consumo de alimentos e bebidas n&#227;o recomendados por profissionais da sa&#250;de pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o do indiv&#237;duo para n&#227;o afetar a sociabilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo mostram que ainda s&#227;o grandes os desafios para promover e viabilizar o acesso &#224; alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel para os idosos em geral. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do Plano de A&#231;&#245;es Estrat&#233;gicas para o Enfrentamento das Doen&#231;as Cr&#244;nicas n&#227;o Transmiss&#237;veis no Brasil identificou avan&#231;os nas metas de redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo regular de refrigerantes e aumento do consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> atualiza&#231;&#227;o do Guia Alimentar para a Popula&#231;&#227;o Brasileira e aprova&#231;&#227;o das novas regras de rotulagem nutricional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Apesar dos importantes avan&#231;os na &#225;rea da alimenta&#231;&#227;o, ainda n&#227;o foram implantadas medidas regulat&#243;rias pelo Estado, como a taxa&#231;&#227;o de alimentos e bebidas ultraprocessados, e incentivo fiscal para estimular a produ&#231;&#227;o, a comercializa&#231;&#227;o e o consumo de frutas e hortali&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Entre as limita&#231;&#245;es, destaca-se o vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, composta por indiv&#237;duos que possu&#237;am linha telef&#244;nica residencial fixa. No entanto, o uso de fatores de pondera&#231;&#227;o minimiza diferen&#231;as observadas nas popula&#231;&#245;es com e sem telefone e o peso de p&#243;s-estratifica&#231;&#227;o permite que as estimativas sejam extrapoladas para a totalidade dos indiv&#237;duos (com e sem telefone).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Outra limita&#231;&#227;o refere-se ao poss&#237;vel vi&#233;s de recordat&#243;rio especialmente quanto &#224; frequ&#234;ncia de consumo dos alimentos. O desenho transversal do inqu&#233;rito Vigitel impossibilita conhecer as rela&#231;&#245;es de temporalidade das associa&#231;&#245;es observadas entre diabetes e consumo alimentar, ou seja, n&#227;o &#233; poss&#237;vel avaliar se o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a e as orienta&#231;&#245;es recebidas produziram mudan&#231;as na alimenta&#231;&#227;o, como verificado em rela&#231;&#227;o ao consumo de refrigerante <italic>diet</italic> . Os inqu&#233;ritos telef&#244;nicos s&#227;o pesquisas r&#225;pidas, que produzem dados confi&#225;veis e de baixo custo para o monitoramento da preval&#234;ncia de fatores de risco e condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de das popula&#231;&#245;es.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo indicam diferen&#231;as no h&#225;bito alimentar de idosos diab&#233;ticos e n&#227;o diab&#233;ticos com rela&#231;&#227;o a hortali&#231;as cruas, leite, frango, suco natural, refrigerantes e doces. Ressalta-se a necessidade de promover a alimenta&#231;&#227;o adequada e saud&#225;vel nessa popula&#231;&#227;o, com orienta&#231;&#245;es realizadas por nutricionista no &#226;mbito da aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica com equipe multiprofissional, e que sejam adequadas &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o de vida dos idosos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimento</title>
      <p>&#192; Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES, Processo n&#186; 02-P-4532/2017) pela bolsa de p&#243;s-doutorado de Assump&#231;&#227;o D. e de doutorado de Ruiz AMP.</p>
    </ack>
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              <surname>Santos</surname>
              <given-names>MA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Andrade</surname>
              <given-names>SS</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Silva</surname>
              <given-names>MM</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Progress with the Strategic Action Plan for Tackling Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases in Brazil, 2011-2015</article-title>
          <source>Epidemiol Serv Saude</source>
          <year>2016</year>
          <volume>25</volume>
          <issue>2</issue>
          <fpage>373</fpage>
          <lpage>390</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.5123/S1679-49742016000200016.</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation>34. Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria. Anvisa Aprova Norma sobre Rotulagem Nutricional [Internet]. Bras&#237;lia: Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de; 2021 [cited 2021 Feb 8]. Available from: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2020/aprovada-norma-sobre-rotulagem-nutricional">https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2020/aprovada-norma-sobre-rotulagem-nutricional</ext-link>.</mixed-citation>
        <element-citation publication-type="report">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria</collab>
          </person-group>
          <source>Anvisa Aprova Norma sobre Rotulagem Nutricional</source>
          <comment>Internet</comment>
          <publisher-loc>Bras&#237;lia</publisher-loc>
          <publisher-name>Minist&#233;rio da Sa&#250;de</publisher-name>
          <year>2021</year>
          <date-in-citation content-type="cited-date">cited 2021 Feb 8</date-in-citation>
          <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2020/aprovada-norma-sobre-rotulagem-nutricional">https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/noticias-anvisa/2020/aprovada-norma-sobre-rotulagem-nutricional</ext-link>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento</p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Eating Behavior of Older Adults with and Without Diabetes: The Vigitel Survey, Brazil, 2016</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1813-996X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Assump&#231;&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9020-8600</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ruiz</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Maria Pita</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7316-1145</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borim</surname>
            <given-names>Flavia Silva Arbex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6833-7668</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neri</surname>
            <given-names>Anita Liberalesso</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8214-5734</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Malta</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah Carvalho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7361-9961</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Francisco</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Gerontologia, Campinas, SP - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade de Bras&#237;lia (UnB) - Departamento de Sa&#250;de Coletiva - Escola de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Bras&#237;lia, DF - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG) - Departamento de Enfermagem Materno-Infantil e Sa&#250;de P&#250;blica, Belo Horizonte, MG - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Daniela de Assump&#231;&#227;o &#8226; Rua Tess&#225;lia Vieira de Camargo, 126. Postal Code 13083-887, Cidade Universit&#225;ria, Zeferino Vaz, Campinas, SP - Brazil. E-mail: danideassumpcao@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Francisco PMSB; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Malta DC, Francisco PMSB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Assump&#231;&#227;o D, Ruiz AMP, Borim FSA, Neri AL, Malta DC, Francisco PMSB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>A healthy diet is a protection factor against type 2 diabetes and plays an important role in the treatment of the disease, as well as associated comorbidities.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>Characterize the eating habits of older adults (&#8805; 65 years) with and without diabetes residing in capital cities and the Federal District of Brazil.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases Through a Telephone Survey (Vigitel, 2016). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus was estimated according to sociodemographic variables, physical inactivity level, self-rated health status and body mass index. Dietary habits were assessed based on the frequency (weekly and daily) of consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods and the replacement of food by snacks. Differences were determined using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test (Rao-Scott), with the significance level set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>A total of 13,649 older adults were interviewed. The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 27.2% (95% CI: 25.5; 29.0). Compared to non-diabetics, diabetic individuals had a higher consumption of raw vegetables (32.1% vs. 26.5%/3-4 days/week) and lower consumption of chicken (3.8% vs. 6.4%/hardly ever/never), fruit juice (24.0% vs. 29.6%) and sweets (6.8% vs. 16.2%) &#8805; 5 days/week. Compared to non-diabetics, diabetic individuals consumed more skim milk (51.5% vs. 44.6%) and diet soda (60.0% vs. 17.3%) &#8805; 5 days/week, raw vegetables (9.1% vs. 2.5%/at dinner) and sweets (37.7% vs. 20.5%/twice/day) 3-4 days/week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>The observed differences emphasize the need for healthy eating interventions for all older adults, as well as specific counseling for those with diabetes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aged</kwd>
        <kwd>Diabetes Mellitus</kwd>
        <kwd>Eating</kwd>
        <kwd>Health Surveys</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>On the global scale, the number of individuals with diabetes increased from 108 million in 1980 to 422 million in 2014. Taking into account the increase and aging of the population, this represents an increase of nearly 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 2019, Brazil occupied the 5<sup>th</sup>position (16.8 million) among the 10 countries with the highest number of diabetic individuals and 3<sup>rd</sup>position among those that spent most on the treatment of the disease (52.3 billion US dollars).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The 2013 National Health Survey estimated the prevalence of diabetes in the adult population (&#8805; 18 years) in Brazil to be 6.2%, with the disease exerting a greater effect on individuals with no schooling or an incomplete elementary school education, as well as those with excess weight, hypertension and high cholesterol/triglyceride levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The prevalence among older adults (&#8805; 65 years) was 19.8%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> which indicates the impact of the disease on direct and indirect costs for healthcare services, society and affected invididuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A diet based on whole grains, leafy vegetables, fruits, legumes, seeds/vegetable oils rich in omega-6 and dairy products with a low fat content, as well as restricted quantities of red/processed meats, refined grains, sweets and sweetened beverages plays an important role in the prevention and management of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Evidence indicates a lower incidence of diabetes with the increase in the consumption of whole grains and bran and a greater incidence with the increase in the consumption of red/processed meats, bacon and sweetened beverages.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Results from the 2008-2010 and 2012-2014 Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health] [ <italic>Estudo Longitudinal de Sa&#250;de do Adulto</italic> (ELSA)] show that the high consumption of processed meats increased the likelihood of new cases of insulin resistance by 68% in men (&gt; 27.1 g/day) and 23% in women (&gt; 20.7 g/day) and the high consumption of red meat (&gt; 101.9 g/day) increased the risk of diabetes by 40% in men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An analysis of factors associated with diabetes in Brazilian adults (&#8805; 18 years) revealed no differences in dietary habits (consumption of fatty red meats and recommended intake of fruits and vegetables) between those who reported having or not having the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> At a reference institution for the treatment of diabetes that received individuals from the public healthcare system, the &#8220;traditional Brazilian&#8221; diet, which is characterized by the consumption of rice, beans, chicken and regional foods, was negatively correlated with blood sugar levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As healthy eating is a protection factor against chronic noncommunicable diseases, including type 2 diabetes, and plays an important role in the treatment of diabetes, as well as associated comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia), the aim of the present study was to characterize the eating habits of older adults (&#8805; 65 years) with and without diabetes residing in capital cities and the Federal District of Brazil.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted using data from telephone interviews held in 2016.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Context</title>
          <p>The Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases Through a Telephone Survey (Vigitel) has occurred annually since 2006 in state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. The aim of the Vigitel survey is to monitor the frequency and distribution of the main factors that determine chronic noncommunicable diseases in the country.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>The present study involved older adults (&#8805; 65 years) interviewed during the 2016 Vigitel survey. The choice of this age group was based on the increase in life expectancy, sociodemographic and political changes in Brazil since the decree of the Older Adult Statute in 2003 and the possibility of comparing the results with those of international studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The participants in the 2016 Vigitel survey were selected through probabilistic sampling of adults (&#8805; 18 years) residing in households with at least one residential telephone line in 2016. The two-stage sampling was performed. The first stage consisted of a systematic drawing (stratified by postal code) of at least five thousand telephone lines in each capital city using the electronic records of landlines of telephone companies. The selected lines were submitted to another drawing and divided into replicates of 200 lines, with each replicate reproducing the same proportion of lines per postal code of the original records. The second stage consisted of the drawing of one of the adults residing in the selected household after the identification of the eligible active residential lines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Vigitel conducts approximately two thousand interviews in each city, which enables estimating the frequency of the main risk factors for chronic diseases in the adult population with a 95% confidence interval and maximum error of two percentage points. Each interviewee receives a post-stratification weight to enable the statistical inference of the results for the adult population in each city. Weighting ensures the linking of the sociodemographic composition estimated for the adult population with a telephone line in each capital city to that estimated for the total adult population of the same city in terms of gender, age group and level of schooling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Variables</title>
          <p>The following characteristics were selected to characterize the sample:</p>
          <list list-type="alpha-lower">
            <list-item>
              <p>Sociodemographic: gender (male, female); age (in years); level of schooling (0-4, 5-8 and &#8805; 9 years of study);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Physical inactivity level at leisure and work and when commuting to work (yes, no);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Self-rated health status (very good/good, fair and poor/very poor);</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Body mass index (BMI = weight [kg]/height [m]<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), calculated from thr reported information and classified as underweight (&lt; 22 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ), ideal weight range (22 to &#8804; 27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) and excess weight (BMI &gt; 27 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) based on the criteria of the Nutrition Screening Initiative.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data source and measurement</title>
          <p>Older adults who answered yes to the following question were considered to be diabetic: &#8220; <italic>Has any physician ever told you that you have diabetes?</italic> &#8221; (yes or no). Dietary habits were assessed based on the frequency of the consumption of healthy and unhealthy foods, as well as the replacement of food for by snacks. The consumption of vegetables (raw and cooked), fruits, natural fruit juice, beans, milk and chicken was considered healthy. The consumption of red meat (beef, pork and goat), fatty meats (red meat with visible fat and chicken with skin), whole milk, sweets, sweetened beverages (soda and artificial juice) and the habit of replacing a main meal (lunch or dinner) by snacks were considered unhealthy. Food intake frequencies were categorized as hardly ever/never, 1-2, 3-4 and &#8805; 5 days per week. Regular consumption corresponded to &#8805; 5 days/week.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Data analysis</title>
          <p>The prevalence of <italic>Diabetes mellitus</italic> was estimated with its respective 95% confidence intervals (CI) according to the variables selected for sample characterization. The analyses were stratified by level of schooling and age to determine the influence of these characteristics on dietary habits. The distribution of relative frequencies of food intake, as well as of weekly consumption according to the type of food, daily intake and the habit of consuming fatty meats were presented for older adults with and without diabetes. The differences between proportions were determined using Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test (Rao-Scott) with the significance level set at 5% (p &gt; 0.05). The statistical analyses were performed with the aid of the Stata program, version 15.1, considering the complex sampling design.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ethical considerations</title>
          <p>The participants received clarifications regarding the objectives of the Vigitel survey during telephone contact. Written consent was substituted by verbal consent. This study received approval from the National Human Research Ethics Committee of the Health Ministry (certificate number355.590, of June 26, 2013).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>Among of 18,854 older adults (&#8805; 60 years of age) interviewed, 5,205 were excluded from the present study for being younger than 65 years of age. Thus, data from 13,649 older adults were analyzed, 3,349 of whom were diabetic and 10,300 were not diabetic ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The prevalence of self-reported diabetes was 27.2% (95%CI : 25.5 to 29.0). Mean age was 73.6 years (95%CI: 73.2 to 74.1) among those with diabetes and 73.8 years (95%CI: 73.5 to 74.0) among those without diabetes. Compared to non-diabetics, individuals with diabetes had greater proportions of physical inactivity (p = 0.015), worse self-rated health status and excess weight (p &lt; 0.001). The diabetics also had a lower proportion of schooling with nine or more years of study (p &lt; 0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Sample composition process. Vigitel, Brazil, 2016.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0388-01204-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of diabetic (n = 3349) and non-diabetic (n = 10,300) older adults according to sociodemographic characteristics, physical inactivity, self-rated health status and body mass index. Vigitel, Brazil, 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="17%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="4">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Diabetics</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Non-diabetics</th>
                  <th rowspan="4" style="font-weight:normal">p-value<sup>c</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">%<sup>b</sup>(95%CI)</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">n<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">%<sup>b</sup>(95%CI)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male</td>
                  <td align="center">1081</td>
                  <td align="center">35.2 (31.7;38.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">3252</td>
                  <td align="center">37.7 (35.5;39.9)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">0.254</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">2268</td>
                  <td align="center">64.8 (61.1;68.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">7048</td>
                  <td align="center">62.3 (60.1;64.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Level of schooling (years of study)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0-4</td>
                  <td align="center">1165</td>
                  <td align="center">51.0 (47.3;54.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">3039</td>
                  <td align="center">45.9 (43.7;48.1)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>0.015</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5-8</td>
                  <td align="center">669</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8 (21.6;28.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1992</td>
                  <td align="center">24.8 (22.9;26.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 9</td>
                  <td align="center">1515</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2 (21.7;26.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">5269</td>
                  <td align="center">29.3 (27.7;30.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Physical inactivity in 3 domains<sup>d</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>No</td>
                  <td align="center">2046</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4 (51.6;59.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">7125</td>
                  <td align="center">67.0 (65.0;69.0)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Yes</td>
                  <td align="center">1303</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6 (40.8;48.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3175</td>
                  <td align="center">32.9 (31.0;35.0)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Self-rated health status</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Very good/good</td>
                  <td align="center">1300</td>
                  <td align="center">40.1 (36.4;43.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">6148</td>
                  <td align="center">59.9 (57.8;62.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fair</td>
                  <td align="center">1629</td>
                  <td align="center">47.6 (43.8;51.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3505</td>
                  <td align="center">34.2 (32.2;36.2)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Poor/very poor</td>
                  <td align="center">380</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3 (10.1;15.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">537</td>
                  <td align="center">5.9 (4.9;7.0)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI categories<sup>e</sup></td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Underweight</td>
                  <td align="center">257</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (6.3;10.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">1351</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6 (14.1;17.3)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ideal weight range</td>
                  <td align="center">1113</td>
                  <td align="center">39.3 (35.3;43.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">4226</td>
                  <td align="center">48.0 (45.7;50.4)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Excess weight</td>
                  <td align="center">1532</td>
                  <td align="center">52.6 (48.5;56.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">3339</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3 (34.2;38.6)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>a) n: number of individuals in the unweighted sample; b) %: percentage weighted to adjust sociodemographic distribution of Vigitel sample to distribution of the adult population in each city projected for 2016; CI: confidence interval; c) p-value of Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test; d) Physical activity domains: leisure, work and commuting to work; e) BMI: body mass index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>The results of the analysis of regular food intake stratified by schooling (0-8 and &#8805; 9 years) in diabetic and non-diabetic older adults are displayed in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Lower regular consumption of reduced-fat/skim milk and greater consumption of raw vegetables at lunch and dinner were found among diabetics with low level of schooling. Among non-diabetics, a higher proportion of those with up to eight years of schooling consumed whole milk, fatty red meat and raw vegetables at dinner five or more days/week ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequency of regular consumption (&#8805; 5 days/week) of foods according to the level of schooling (in years) in diabetic and non-diabetic older adults. Vigitel, Brazil, 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Diabetics</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th colspan="2">Non-Diabetics</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Level of schooling (years)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Level of schooling (years)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                  <th colspan="2">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>0-8</th>
                  <th>9 or +</th>
                  <th>0-8</th>
                  <th>9 or +</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Type of milk</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.009</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Whole</td>
                  <td align="center">45.7</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>53.1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>40.2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skim/reduced-fat</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>48.9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>60.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>40.8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>53.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">5.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>How do you usually eat red meat</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.813</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.008</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Removes fat</td>
                  <td align="center">71.6</td>
                  <td align="center">71.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>66.6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>77.8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eats with fat</td>
                  <td align="center">22.8</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>30.1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>19.1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not eat meat with much fat</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>How do you usually eat chicken</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.155</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.084</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Removes skin</td>
                  <td align="center">88.9</td>
                  <td align="center">78.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">83.1</td>
                  <td align="center">90.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eats with skin</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td align="center">19.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">13.0</td>
                  <td align="center">5.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not eat chicken with skin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Type of soda</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.544</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.089</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">34.9</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">75.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diet/light/zero</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6</td>
                  <td align="center">55.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">3.6</td>
                  <td align="center">8.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td align="center">11.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Raw vegetables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.010</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lunch</td>
                  <td align="center">63.1</td>
                  <td align="center">73.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td align="center">74.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dinner</td>
                  <td align="center">4.0</td>
                  <td align="center">10.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>5.9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>1.4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>32.9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>15.7</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">24.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Cooked vegetables</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.487</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.893</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lunch</td>
                  <td align="center">53.4</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">63.6</td>
                  <td align="center">64.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dinner</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">38.5</td>
                  <td align="center">35.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">32.0</td>
                  <td align="center">30.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fruits</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.322</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.369</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a day</td>
                  <td align="center">37.4</td>
                  <td align="center">37.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">41.2</td>
                  <td align="center">38.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twice a day</td>
                  <td align="center">39.7</td>
                  <td align="center">34.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">38.4</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 times a day</td>
                  <td align="center">22.9</td>
                  <td align="center">27.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">20.3</td>
                  <td align="center">22.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Natural fruit juice</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.143</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 glass</td>
                  <td align="center">57.2</td>
                  <td align="center">46.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">53.1</td>
                  <td align="center">52.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 glasses</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">34.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">27.8</td>
                  <td align="center">32.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 glasses</td>
                  <td align="center">18.7</td>
                  <td align="center">19.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">19.1</td>
                  <td align="center">15.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Soda</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.453</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.817</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 to 2 glasses/cans a day</td>
                  <td align="center">67.9</td>
                  <td align="center">76.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">80.0</td>
                  <td align="center">81.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 glasses/cans a day</td>
                  <td align="center">32.1</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">20.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sweets</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.097</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.971</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a day</td>
                  <td align="center">44.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">64.6</td>
                  <td align="center">63.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twice a day</td>
                  <td align="center">22.0</td>
                  <td align="center">28.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">23.7</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 times a day</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup>p-value of Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test (Rao-Scott). Values in bold type indicate statistically significant differences.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Significant differences between diabetics and non-diabetics were found for the intake frequency of raw vegetables, chicken, natural fruit juice and sweets ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). The percentage of diabetics that hardly ever/never consumed chicken was lower than that found in the non-diabetics. Milk intake (1-2 days/week) was lower among diabetics. The consumption of natural fruit juice and sweets (&#8805; 5 days/week) was lower among diabetics. The majority of diabetics did not consume sweets, but nearly 15.0% included these foods in their diet (&#8805; 3 days/week). No significant difference was found regarding the replacement of meals by snacks, but approximately 20.0% of the diabetics ate snacks for dinner.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the weekly frequency of healthy and unhealthy food consumption and other dietary habits in diabetic and non-diabetic older people. Vigitel, Brazil, 2016 (n = 13,649)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="9%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5">Food intake variables</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Diabetics</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Non-Diabetics</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p-value<sup>b</sup></th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HE/N<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th>1-2</th>
                  <th>3-4</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">HE/N<sup>a</sup></th>
                  <th>1-2</th>
                  <th>3-4</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="8" rowspan="1" style="font-weight:normal">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="4">Days per week</th>
                  <th colspan="4">Days per week</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beans</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">15.3</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">62.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">19.9</td>
                  <td align="center">59.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.496</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raw vegetables</td>
                  <td align="center">7.7</td>
                  <td align="center">22.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>32.1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">38.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>26.5</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">39.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.029</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cooked vegetables</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">32.1</td>
                  <td align="center">35.4</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3</td>
                  <td align="center">4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.665</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fruits</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.5</td>
                  <td align="center">68.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.8</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.144</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Milk</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6.6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">68.2</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>9.8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">6.6</td>
                  <td align="center">66.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.094</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Red meat</td>
                  <td align="center">8.9</td>
                  <td align="center">40.9</td>
                  <td align="center">31.7</td>
                  <td align="center">18.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.8</td>
                  <td align="center">36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">33.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chicken</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>3.8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">41.2</td>
                  <td align="center">41.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6.4</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">40.5</td>
                  <td align="center">38.2</td>
                  <td align="center">14.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.034</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Natural fruit juice</td>
                  <td align="center">31.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.6</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>24.0</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">28.4</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>29.6</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.039</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Soda</td>
                  <td align="center">54.7</td>
                  <td align="center">27.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">10.3</td>
                  <td align="center">52.8</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.632</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sweets</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>53.9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">31.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>8.1</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>6.8</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>33.3</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">36.6</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>13.9</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>16.2</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt; 0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Replacement of lunch by snacks</td>
                  <td align="center">83.5</td>
                  <td align="center">13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">2.4</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">85.7</td>
                  <td align="center">12.0</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.365</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Replacement of dinner by snacks</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">23.9</td>
                  <td align="center">10.2</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">45.4</td>
                  <td align="center">21.3</td>
                  <td align="center">8.6</td>
                  <td align="center">24.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.088</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup><bold>a</bold></sup> hardly ever or never;<sup><bold>b</bold></sup> p-value of Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test; Values in bold type indicate statistically significant differences.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> displays the weekly intake frequencies in the diabetic and non-diabetic groups according to the characteristics of the foods and daily intake frequency. Diabetics had lower percentages of the consumption of whole milk and higher percentages of skim milk consumption compared to non-diabetics. The consumption of diet soda was higher among the diabetics. Considering a weekly frequency of 3-4 times, greater intakes of raw vegetables (dinner) and sweets (twice per day) were found in the diabetics.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of the weekly frequency of food intake in diabetic and non-diabetic older adults according to type, daily intake frequency and habit of eating meat with excess fat. Vigitel, Brazil, 2016</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="9%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="5">Variables</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Diabetics</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Non-Diabetics</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>1-2</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>3-4</th>
                  <th rowspan="5" style="font-weight:normal">p<sup>a</sup>&#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>1-2</th>
                  <th>3-4</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                  <th>1-2</th>
                  <th>3-4</th>
                  <th>&#8805; 5</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3">Days per week</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Days per week</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type of milk</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.839</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.035</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Whole</td>
                  <td align="center">47.2</td>
                  <td align="center">62.8</td>
                  <td align="center">43.3</td>
                  <td align="center">68.7</td>
                  <td align="center">60.6</td>
                  <td align="center">49.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Skim/reduced-fat</td>
                  <td align="center">48.5</td>
                  <td align="center">33.8</td>
                  <td align="center">51.5</td>
                  <td align="center">28.4</td>
                  <td align="center">35.1</td>
                  <td align="center">44.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">4.3</td>
                  <td align="center">6.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>How do you usually eat red meat</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.826</td>
                  <td align="center">0.844</td>
                  <td align="center">0.515</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Removes fat</td>
                  <td align="center">84.4</td>
                  <td align="center">82.2</td>
                  <td align="center">71.5</td>
                  <td align="center">83.6</td>
                  <td align="center">80.5</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eats with fat</td>
                  <td align="center">10.4</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3</td>
                  <td align="center">11.7</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not eat meat with much fat</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">5.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td align="center">3.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>How do you usually eat chicken</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.191</td>
                  <td align="center">0.516</td>
                  <td align="center">0.194</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Removes skin</td>
                  <td align="center">83.8</td>
                  <td align="center">85.8</td>
                  <td align="center">86.3</td>
                  <td align="center">80.9</td>
                  <td align="center">88.4</td>
                  <td align="center">84.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eats with skin</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">12.3</td>
                  <td align="center">12.8</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3</td>
                  <td align="center">9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">11.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Does not eat chicken with skin</td>
                  <td align="center">0.7</td>
                  <td align="center">1.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.9</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">1.8</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Type of soda</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">39.4</td>
                  <td align="center">39.4</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0</td>
                  <td align="center">71.0</td>
                  <td align="center">70.4</td>
                  <td align="center">71.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diet/light/zero</td>
                  <td align="center">50.1</td>
                  <td align="center">49.1</td>
                  <td align="center">60.0</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">10.5</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">7.8</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raw vegetables</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.312</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lunch</td>
                  <td align="center">83.0</td>
                  <td align="center">75.3</td>
                  <td align="center">66.4</td>
                  <td align="center">83.1</td>
                  <td align="center">81.5</td>
                  <td align="center">71.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dinner</td>
                  <td align="center">2.7</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1</td>
                  <td align="center">6.0</td>
                  <td align="center">5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">2.5</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">14.3</td>
                  <td align="center">15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6</td>
                  <td align="center">11.5</td>
                  <td align="center">16.0</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cooked vegetables</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.144</td>
                  <td align="center">0.868</td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Lunch</td>
                  <td align="center">67.6</td>
                  <td align="center">67.5</td>
                  <td align="center">55.3</td>
                  <td align="center">73.2</td>
                  <td align="center">65.4</td>
                  <td align="center">63.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dinner</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0</td>
                  <td align="center">8.1</td>
                  <td align="center">7.1</td>
                  <td align="center">9.7</td>
                  <td align="center">8.4</td>
                  <td align="center">4.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Both</td>
                  <td align="center">23.4</td>
                  <td align="center">24.4</td>
                  <td align="center">37.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.1</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">31.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fruits</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.566</td>
                  <td align="center">0.627</td>
                  <td align="center">0.359</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a day</td>
                  <td align="center">69.0</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6</td>
                  <td align="center">37.5</td>
                  <td align="center">65.3</td>
                  <td align="center">52.1</td>
                  <td align="center">40.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twice a day</td>
                  <td align="center">23.0</td>
                  <td align="center">31.3</td>
                  <td align="center">38.3</td>
                  <td align="center">28.3</td>
                  <td align="center">30.0</td>
                  <td align="center">38.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 times a day</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0</td>
                  <td align="center">14.1</td>
                  <td align="center">24.2</td>
                  <td align="center">6.4</td>
                  <td align="center">17.9</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Natural fruit juice</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.989</td>
                  <td align="center">0.354</td>
                  <td align="center">0.758</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 glass</td>
                  <td align="center">63.9</td>
                  <td align="center">60.2</td>
                  <td align="center">54.2</td>
                  <td align="center">64.3</td>
                  <td align="center">55.6</td>
                  <td align="center">52.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2 glasses</td>
                  <td align="center">27.6</td>
                  <td align="center">29.8</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4</td>
                  <td align="center">30.8</td>
                  <td align="center">29.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 glasses</td>
                  <td align="center">8.5</td>
                  <td align="center">10.0</td>
                  <td align="center">18.8</td>
                  <td align="center">8.3</td>
                  <td align="center">13.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Soda</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.134</td>
                  <td align="center">0.597</td>
                  <td align="center">0.144</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1 to 2 glasses/cans a day</td>
                  <td align="center">97.4</td>
                  <td align="center">80.4</td>
                  <td align="center">70.4</td>
                  <td align="center">95.0</td>
                  <td align="center">84.5</td>
                  <td align="center">80.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 glasses/cans a day</td>
                  <td align="center">2.6</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                  <td align="center">19.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sweets</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center">0.355</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.020</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">0.086</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Once a day</td>
                  <td align="center">80.1</td>
                  <td align="center">57.3</td>
                  <td align="center">51.9</td>
                  <td align="center">78.2</td>
                  <td align="center">72.1</td>
                  <td align="center">64.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Twice a day</td>
                  <td align="center">17.7</td>
                  <td align="center">37.7</td>
                  <td align="center">25.0</td>
                  <td align="center">17.4</td>
                  <td align="center">20.5</td>
                  <td align="center">24.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#8805; 3 times a day</td>
                  <td align="center">2.2</td>
                  <td align="center">5.0</td>
                  <td align="center">23.1</td>
                  <td align="center">4.4</td>
                  <td align="center">7.4</td>
                  <td align="center">11.6</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic><sup>a</sup>p-value of Pearson&#8217;s chi-square test of the comparison between diabetics and non-diabetics; significant differences (p &lt; 005) in bold type.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study sought to characterize the eating habits of older adults with and without diabetes residing in state capitals and the Federal District of Brazil. Among the findings, diabetic individuals with low level of schooling had a lower proportion of the regular consumption of reduced-fat/skim milk and a higher proportion of the regular consumption of raw vegetables at lunch and dinner.</p>
        <p>A cross-sectional study conducted in 2010 in the city of Pelotas (southern Brazil) found that 67.6% of older adults consumed whole milk and 32.4% consumed skim or reduced-fat milk. In the overall analyzed population, lower frequencies of skim or reduced-fat milk intake were found aming individuals with lower levels of schooling (&lt; 12 years of study).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The concentration of fat is around 3.7% in whole milk, between 0.6% and 2.9% in reduced-fat milk and a maximum of 0.5% in skim milk. Although skim milk is recommended for diabetics,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> the design of a dietary plan should respect the preferences and living situation of individuals, considering that skim milk is generally not well accepted by older adults and the removal of the fat reduces the energy content and quantity of liposoluble vitamins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In families with low income and level of schooling, the daily menu consists of rice, beans and a source of animal protein, such as meat, or vegetables at lunch and dinner,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which may partially explain the greater consumption of raw vegetables among diabetics with a low level of schooling. In a survey conducted in 2008-2009 in the city of Campinas (southeastern Brazil), diet quality (assessed by the consumption of 12 dietary components) in older adults was significantly better among the oldest individuals (&#8805; 80 years <italic>versus</italic> 60-69 years) and diabetics, which may stem from health concerns, leading individuals to adopt the recommendations of healthcare providers for a healthier diet.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Healthy eating is determined by one&#8217;s socioeconomic position, as demonstrated in a study using data from the National Health Survey, in which individuals with higher levels of schooling and income had higher frequencies of the consumption of vegetables, fruits, fruit juices, fish, reduced-fat/skim milk and meat without visible fat.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The frequency of the consumption of raw vegetables, chicken, natural fruit juice and sweets differed between the diabetics and non-diabetics. Moreover, differences were found regarding the type of milk and soda consumed, as well as the daily intake of raw vegetables and sweets. Changes in lifestyle, including the adoption of healthy eating habits, are fundamental in the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, as well as the reduction in the risk of disease complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The proportion of diabetics who hardly ever/never consumed chicken was lower compared to that found in the non-diabetics. A meta-analysis of three cohort studies conducted in 1986-2006, 1980-2008 and 1991-2005 involving American adults revealed that the daily replacement of a 85-g portion of red meat and processed meat by chicken or fish reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes by 10%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> The association between the consumption of red and processed meats and the incidence of diabetes has been explained by several factors, including the excess of iron in the organism, the increase in oxidative stress, the saturated fat content and the presence of sodium and preservatives in processed meats.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A proportion of milk intake lower than 1-2 times a week and a higher proportion of the consumption of skim or reduced-fat milk were found in the individuals with diabetes. A systematic review of 53 studies conducted between 2007 and 2018 found no significant association between the risk of diabetes and the consumption of milk with high fat (relative risk [RR] = 0.99; 95%CI: 0.88 to 1.11) or low fat content (RR = 1.01; 95%CI: 0.98 to 1.05), considering an increase of 200 g/day; the same was true for yogurt (increase of 50 g/day, RR = 0.94; 95%CI: 0.91 to 0.98) and other dairy products (200 g/day, RR = 0.96; 95%CI: 0.94 to 0.99).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A study analyzing data from three prospective cohorts involving healthcare providers (1986-2012, 1984-2012 and 1991-2013) found no association between the consumption of dairy products with fat and the risk of diabetes compared to calories from carbohydrates; moreover, the replacement of 5% of calories from dairy fat by fat from an animal source increased the risk of diabetes by 17%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The older adults with diabetes had higher proportions of the consumption of raw vegetables (3-4 times/week). A meta-analysis of prospective studies published between 1997 and 2014 found that a greater intake of leafy vegetables reduced the risk of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A European cohort study (1993-2004) involving 3,704 participants and information on seven foods consumed daily detected an inverse association between the incidence of diabetes and a greater quantity (median = 2.6 portions/day of 80 g) and variety (mean = 11.4 items/week) of vegetables.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Vegetables are normally consumed with rice, beans and other foods that constitute lunch and dinner, which may lead to the lower consumption of foods with high energy and low nutritional density. A diet rich in vegetables, especially leafy greens, provides a variety of bioactive compounds that contribute to the disease prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> This finding underscores the importance of counseling for the promotion of the regular consumption of vegetables at lunch and dinner by all older people. However, one should bear in mind that oral health problems (e.g., dental caries, periodontal disease and edentulism) can hinder the chewing of more fibrous vegetables. It is therefore necessary to employ cooking techniques that are adequate for the texture of each type of vegetable.</p>
        <p>Nearly 46% of the diabetics regularly consumed two or more glasses of juice per day. A study with data from American cohorts (1984-2008, 1991-2009 and 1986-2008) found that the consumption of fruit juices (&#8805; 1 portion/day) increased the risk of developing diabetes by 21% and also found that the replacement of juice by the whole fruit reduced the risk of the disease by 7%, especially blueberries (-33%), grapes/raisins (-19%), prunes (-18%), apples/pears (-14%) and bananas (-13%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Factors, such as the glycemic load, fiber and nutrient content and the liquid state may explain the association between fruit juices and the occurrence of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Moreover, preparing juice lowers the content of fiber and other nutrients and favors the fast absorption of glucose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>No significant difference was found regarding the habit of eating fatty red meat between the individuals with and without diabetes, but approximately one-quarter of the diabetics regularly consumed meat with excess fat. Red meat has important quantities of saturated fatty acids and cholesterol and processed meats have a high content of sodium and preservatives, such as nitrates and nitrites, which are associated with a greater risk of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> A meta-analysis with six prospective studies revealed that the daily intake of 100 g of red meat and 50 g of processed meat increased the incidence of diabetes by 19% and 51%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The quality of carbohydrates and fat is more important than the consumed amount, as carbohydrates with a low glycemic index/glycemic load, omega-6 fatty acids and predominantly plant-based diets play an important role in the prevention and control of diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Moreover, it is important to have the adequate balance of omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> The diet of contemporary society is characterized by excessive intake of omega-6 fatty acids, which are mainly found in vegetable oils rich in linoleic acid (e.g., corn, soybean and sunflower seed oil) commonly employed in the manufacturing of processed and ultraprocessed foods, and insufficient omega-3 intake, which is found in fish, fish oils, chia and flax seedoils, and dark green vegetables rich in &#945;-linolenic acid.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> The excess of omega-6 fatty acids in the diet provokes an inflammatory state, which is related to the development of several chronic diseases, including cardiovascular disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the present study, the consumption of sweets (twice a day) and diet soda was greater in the diabetics. Sweets/desserts have a high energy content and added simple carbohydrates, which are dispensable in a healthy diet. However, these foods are part of the eating culture and are not prohibited for diabetics, but it is necessary to control consumption in terms of frequency and portion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The consumption of soda should be avoided, regardless of the type. A multicenter cohort study with women 50 to 79 years of age found that the greater frequency of diet soda intake (&#8805; twice/day) raised the risk of stroke and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Results from other studies showed that the consumption of soda increases the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through mechanisms related to the metabolism of fructose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> In general, the dietary plan for diabetics should meet the energy and nutritional recommendations for the stage of life and should be based on whole foods and minimally processed foods, such as legumes, grains, fruits and vegetables, with the avoidance of foods of low nutritional quality, such as ultra-processed products.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Moreover, one should alternate vegetable oils used in the preparation of foods and make blends with olive oil to obtain more adequate proportions of linoleic and &#945;-linolenic acids.</p>
        <p>The percentages of diabetic older adults who consumed sweetened beverages and sweets were high. The added sugar in sugar-sweetened soft drinks and sweets induces insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia and is a risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Therefore, the recommendation to avoid or limit the consumption of red/processed meats and added sugar is justified by the benefits in the control of cardiometabolic risk factors related to diabetes, such as excess weight, arterial hypertension and dyslipidemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The diabetics&#8217; adherence f to nutritional counseling partially depends on socioeconomic, cultural and familial characteristics, as well as individual food preferences. A qualitative study involving individuals with type 2 diabetes (without chronic complications of the disease and not taking insulin) in the primary care setting in a city in the state of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil, found that the nutritional prescription is recognized as essential for diabetes control, but the meaning of diet control is unique, resulting from adjustments in eating habits that consider one&#8217;s tastes and social life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> At gatherings, an individual may choose to consume foods and beverages not recommended by healthcare providers as to not affect sociability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The results of this study emphasize the considerable challenges in promoting and ensuring access to a healthy diet for older adults in general. The assessment of the Strategic Action Plan for Combating Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases in Brazil has recognized advances in goals related to a reduction in the regular consumption of soda and an increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> as well as the updating of the Dietary Guide for the Brazilian Population and the approval of new nutritional labeling rules.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Despite important advances in the field of diet and nutrition, no regulatory measures have been implemented by the government, such as taxation on ultraprocessed foods and beverages and fiscal incentives to stimulate the production, sales and consumption of fruits and vegetables.</p>
        <p>The present study has limitations that should be considered. One limitation regards selection bias, as the sample comprised individuals with a residential telephone line only. However, the use of weighting factors minimizes differences in populations with and without a telephone line and post-stratification weighting enables the estimates to be extrapolated to the totality of individuals (with and without a residential telephone line).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Another limitation regards a possible recall bias, especially regarding the frequency of food consumption. The cross-sectional design of the Vigitel survey prevents the determination of temporality relations in the associations found between diabetes and food intake, meaning that it is not possible to determine whether the diagnosis of the disease and counseling resulted in changes in eating habits, as found in relation to the consumption of diet soda. Telephone surveys are quick and produce reliable data at low cost for the monitoring the prevalence of risk factors and health conditions in populations.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The results of the present study indicate differences in the eating habits of older adults with and without diabetes in terms of the consumption of raw vegetables, milk, chicken, natural fruit juice, soda and sweets. It is necessary to encourage adequate, healthy eating habits in this population, with counseling provided by nutritionists from the multidisciplinary teams in primary care that is adequate to the living conditions of older people.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgment</title>
        <p>The authors are grateful for the financial support of the Brazilian fostering agency Coordena&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> (CAPES [Coordination for the Advancement of Higher Education Personnel], Process n. 02-P-4532/2017) for the post-doctoral grant awarded to Assump&#231;&#227;o D and the doctoral grant awarded to Ruiz AMP.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding</p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
