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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">44tJZNkXmZMwcYcQDTRSQ7n</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000200374</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20220028</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20220028</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Considera&#231;&#245;es Especiais na Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares nas Mulheres</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wenger</surname>
            <given-names>Nanette Kasss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Emory University School of Medicine</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Atlanta</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Georgia</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="US">EUA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine,Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; EUA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira.Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. CEP 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>07</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>2</issue>
      <fpage>374</fpage>
      <lpage>377</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Mulheres</kwd>
        <kwd>Preven&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiovascular</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) s&#227;o a principal causa de morte e incapacidade no Brasil, em mulheres e homens. De acordo com as estimativas do Estudo GBD 2019, entre as DCV, a doen&#231;a isqu&#234;mica do cora&#231;&#227;o (DIC) foi a primeira causa de morte no Brasil, seguida pelo acidente vascular cerebral (AVC). A DIC foi respons&#225;vel por 12,03% (II95 10,66%-12,88%) e 12,2% (II95 11,5%-12,77%) dos &#243;bitos e 4,78% (II95 4,08%-5,47%) e 6,48% (II95 5,92%-7,05 %) de anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade (DALYs), em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. &#211;bitos e DALYs por AVC foram maiores em mulheres do que em homens, 10,39% (II95 9,25-11,11%) e 8,41% (II95 7,84%-8,83%) dos &#243;bitos e 4,62% (II 4,01%-5,18%) e 4,19% de DALYs (3,82%-4,53%), respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em 2019, no Brasil, a taxa de incid&#234;ncia de DIC (principalmente infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio) padronizada por idade foi de 78 (II 95%, 69-88) por 100.000 em mulheres e 148 (II 95%, 130-166) por 100.000 em homens. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; DIC cr&#244;nica (IAM pr&#233;vio, angina est&#225;vel ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica), a preval&#234;ncia padronizada por idade foi de 1.046 (II95%, 905-1.209) por 100.000 mulheres e 2.534 (II95%, 2.170-2.975) por 100.000 homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A Pesquisa Nacional de Sa&#250;de (PNS) de 2013, inqu&#233;rito epidemiol&#243;gico de base domiciliar, com entrevistas com representatividade nacional, utilizando o &#8220;Question&#225;rio de Angina da OMS/Rose&#8221;, relatou que a preval&#234;ncia de angina leve (grau I) foi de 9,1% (IC95% 8,5-9,7) e 5,9% (5,3-6,4), em mulheres e homens, respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; angina moderada/grave (grau II), na PNS de 2019, tamb&#233;m foi 5,5% mais frequente em mulheres do que em homens. 3,3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entre os fatores de risco (FR) para DCV em mulheres brasileiras, destacam-se a hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, os riscos diet&#233;ticos, a obesidade, o aumento do colesterol s&#233;rico e a glicemia de jejum elevada ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O FR que mais aumentou no Brasil, de 1990 a 2019, foi o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) elevado, causando altera&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas que levar&#227;o &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial, diabetes e dislipidemia, aumentando o risco individual, principalmente para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Fatores de risco espec&#237;ficos para AVC nas mulheres incluem gravidez, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional, uso de contracep&#231;&#227;o oral, uso de horm&#244;nios na menopausa e altera&#231;&#245;es no estado hormonal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <fig id="f01">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; <italic>Ranking de taxas de mortalidade e de DALYs por doen&#231;as cardiovasculares atribu&#237;veis a fatores de risco padronizadas por idade, em 2019, no Brasil, para mulheres (A) e homens (B).<sup>1</sup> DALY: anos de vida ajustados por desabilidade; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular; GBD: Global Burden of Disease; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade.</italic></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0374-20028-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </p>
    <p>A preval&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o autorreferida no Brasil foi de 23,9%, sendo maior no sexo feminino do que no masculino (26,4% <italic>versus</italic> 21,1%, respectivamente).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A mortalidade cardiovascular atribu&#237;da &#224; hipertens&#227;o arterial foi maior nas mulheres de 65 a 79 anos de idade, e em homens de 50 a 79 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nos EUA, embora menos mulheres tenham hipertens&#227;o antes dos 55 anos, a porcentagem de mulheres com hipertens&#227;o &#233; maior entre 55-74 anos, e mais mulheres do que homens t&#234;m hipertens&#227;o ap&#243;s os 75 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> &#201; importante notar que em v&#225;rios ensaios cl&#237;nicos randomizados com anti-hipertensivo, o risco de resultados adversos foi significativamente reduzido pelo tratamento farmacol&#243;gico e foi compar&#225;vel para mulheres e homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os riscos alimentares foram o segundo FR mais importante para DCV em 2019, respondendo por 5,0 e 5,7% das mortes por DIC e 2,6 e 2,4% das mortes por AVC em mulheres e homens, respectivamente. A inatividade f&#237;sica, outro FR comportamental, aumentou de 1990 a 2019 no Brasil, com predom&#237;nio de mulheres, 4,7%, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos homens, 3,1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A efic&#225;cia do aconselhamento para incentivar a atividade f&#237;sica indicou diferen&#231;as significativas de sexo, com as mulheres necessitando de acompanhamento mais substantivo do que os homens para induzir mudan&#231;as comportamentais e revers&#227;o do estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Segundo dados do IBGE, no Brasil, os percentuais de adultos (idade &#8805;18 anos) com excesso de peso e obesidade em 2019 foram, respectivamente, 62,6% (IC 95%, 59,1-66,0) e 29,5% (IC 95%, 25,4-34,0) para mulheres e 57,5% (IC 95%, 54,8-60,2) e 21,8% (IC 95%, 19,2-24,7) para homens. Observou-se aumento progressivo da obesidade com o aumento da idade, variando de 10,7% (IC 95%, 7,7-14,7) [feminino: 13,5% (IC 95%, 8,8-20,4); masculino: 7,9% (IC 95%, 4,8-12,8);] na faixa et&#225;ria de 18-24 anos a 34,4% (IC 95%, 29,7-39,4) [feminino: 38,0% (IC 95%, 32,3-44,0); masculino: 30,2% (IC 95%, 24,8-36,3)] na faixa et&#225;ria de 40-59 anos. Destaca-se que a maior preval&#234;ncia de excesso de peso e obesidade foi no sexo feminino para todas as faixas et&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nos EUA, a obesidade aumentou substancialmente desde a d&#233;cada de 1960 at&#233; o presente momento, sendo tamb&#233;m a obesidade mais comum em mulheres do que em homens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Obesidade, padr&#227;o alimentar e sedentarismo s&#227;o fatores de risco bem conhecidos para o desenvolvimento de diabetes tipo 2. A preval&#234;ncia de diabetes aumenta claramente &#224; medida que a preval&#234;ncia de obesidade aumenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Dados da PNS (2014 a 2015), no Brasil, mostraram que a preval&#234;ncia foi maior em mulheres, indiv&#237;duos com idade superior a 30 anos e entre aqueles com sobrepeso ou obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> O diabetes &#233; um fator de risco coronariano mais poderoso para as mulheres do que para os homens, anulando seu efeito protetor de sexo mesmo entre mulheres na pr&#233;-menopausa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>&#201; importante notar que as mulheres s&#227;o duas vezes mais propensas a ter escores de depress&#227;o ap&#243;s o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. Na <italic>Women&#8217;s Health Initiative</italic> , os sintomas depressivos aumentaram significativamente o risco de morte cardiovascular e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Utilizando dados da PNS de 2013, com 31.847 mulheres, os epis&#243;dios depressivos maiores e a idea&#231;&#227;o suicida foram avaliados com o <italic>Patient Health Questionnaire</italic> . A vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia e outras vari&#225;veis sociodemogr&#225;ficas foram autorreferidas. As mulheres apresentaram maiores preval&#234;ncias de epis&#243;dio depressivo (OR = 2,36; IC 95% 2,03-2,74), idea&#231;&#227;o suicida (OR = 2,02; IC 95% 1,73-2,36) e vitimiza&#231;&#227;o por viol&#234;ncia (OR = 1,73; IC 95% 1,45-2,06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os autores discutiram teorias biol&#243;gicas da depress&#227;o que envolvem fun&#231;&#227;o hormonal, adversidade social, incluindo maus-tratos, pap&#233;is de sexo e viol&#234;ncia, que &#233; maior em mulheres, e seu impacto psicol&#243;gico pode ser muito significativo tanto para transtornos depressivos quanto para idea&#231;&#227;o suicida, associando-se provavelmente com mais DCV nessas mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os fatores inerentes ao sexo s&#227;o de fundamental import&#226;ncia para o sexo feminino, e ir&#227;o afetar a ocorr&#234;ncia de DCV ao longo da vida das mulheres. Os dist&#250;rbios hipertensivos s&#227;o os dist&#250;rbios cardiovascular mais prevalentes na gravidez, ocorrendo em 5-10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es norte-americanas. A hipertens&#227;o gestacional ocorre em 6-7% das gesta&#231;&#245;es e pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia/ecl&#226;mpsia em at&#233; 10% das gesta&#231;&#245;es. A pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia nos EUA aumentou 25% nas &#250;ltimas duas d&#233;cadas e est&#225; entre as principais causas de morbidade e mortalidade materna/perinatal que afetam desproporcionalmente as mulheres afro-americanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Estudo transversal multic&#234;ntrico, com 27 maternidades de refer&#234;ncia de todas as regi&#245;es do Brasil, referentes a 82.388 parturientes ao longo de 1 ano, identificou 9.555 casos de morbidade materna grave. Houve 140 mortes e 770 casos de <italic>near miss</italic> materno. A principal causa determinante de complica&#231;&#227;o materna foi a doen&#231;a hipertensiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, diabetes gestacional, hipertens&#227;o induzida pela gravidez, parto prematuro, beb&#234; pequeno para a idade gestacional s&#227;o todos indicadores precoces de risco cardiovascular aumentado. Por exemplo, a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia est&#225; associada a um aumento de 3-6 vezes na hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica subsequente, um aumento de 2 vezes na DIC e AVC, um aumento de 4 vezes na insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e um aumento duplicado na morte cardiovascular. Al&#233;m disso, a pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia est&#225; associada &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial residual p&#243;s-parto e associada a um aumento do c&#225;lcio da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Uma hist&#243;ria detalhada de complica&#231;&#245;es na gravidez &#233; um componente intr&#237;nseco da avalia&#231;&#227;o do risco cardiovascular para as mulheres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Recomendamos que nossos colegas obstetras e ginecologistas abordem o risco cardiovascular e os FR em mulheres com essas complica&#231;&#245;es na gravidez.</p>
    <p>&#201; fundamental destacar que, no in&#237;cio da d&#233;cada de 1970 nos pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos e na d&#233;cada de 1980 no Brasil, houve uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade por DCV. Esse fen&#244;meno provavelmente foi associado ao controle dos FR (por exemplo, redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo de tabaco, tratamento e controle da hipertens&#227;o), tratamento de pacientes com alto risco cardiovascular (uso generalizado de estatinas, tromb&#243;lise e ICP/ <italic>stents</italic> para SCA, melhor tratamento da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca), e melhora dos determinantes sociais. No entanto, as taxas de mortalidade por AVC e DALYs ainda s&#227;o altas em mulheres. Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias recentes de que a taxa de decl&#237;nio pode ter diminu&#237;do e que est&#225; ocorrendo sinais precoces de revers&#227;o em alguns grupos populacionais, como adultos jovens, principalmente mulheres. Essa tend&#234;ncia foi observada nos EUA cerca de 5 anos antes do Brasil. Provavelmente est&#225; associado &#224;s lacunas no tratamento das DCV em mulheres, e ao aumento do sobrepeso e obesidade, diabetes, estresse e s&#237;ndrome depressiva/ansiedade em mulheres jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Embora a DCV esteja aumentando em mulheres jovens, a avalia&#231;&#227;o sistem&#225;tica do risco de DCV em mulheres &lt;50 anos de idade e homens &lt;40 anos de idade, sem fatores de DCV conhecidos, n&#227;o &#233; recomendada nas diretrizes. Dado o aumento da DCV em adultos jovens, sugerimos que os limiares de idade mais jovens possam ser autorizados. Evid&#234;ncias sugerem que a evolu&#231;&#227;o da PA ao longo da vida difere nas mulheres em compara&#231;&#227;o com os homens, potencialmente resultando em um aumento do risco cardiovascular em limiares mais baixos de PA. Al&#233;m disso, o tabagismo prolongado &#233; mais perigoso para as mulheres do que para os homens, e as mulheres com diabetes tipo 2 e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parecem ter um risco particularmente maior de AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os FR relacionados ao sexo requerem considera&#231;&#245;es especiais que est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Uma hist&#243;ria de desfechos adversos na gravidez pode ser mais &#250;til em mulheres mais jovens, antes do desenvolvimento de FR convencional e essencial para o aconselhamento das mulheres sobre preven&#231;&#227;o de riscos. Neste momento, n&#227;o h&#225; justificativa para a terapia hormonal na menopausa com o objetivo de prevenir DCV. Considerando os FR sexo-espec&#237;fico; as estatinas s&#227;o recomendadas para preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria, hiperlipidemia prim&#225;ria (LDL-C &#8805;190 mg/dl), diabetes mellitus e preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria na faixa et&#225;ria de 40 a 75 anos e risco alto (&#8805;20%) ou intermedi&#225;rio (&#8805;7,5% a &lt;20%) com potenciadores de risco (menopausa precoce, condi&#231;&#245;es associadas &#224; gravidez que aumentam o risco de DCV). O uso de &#225;cido acetilsalic&#237;lico &#233; indicado apenas na preven&#231;&#227;o secund&#225;ria (doen&#231;a coronariana, ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio/AVC pr&#233;vio, doen&#231;a arterial perif&#233;rica).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>&#8211; Recomenda&#231;&#245;es para preven&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria de fatores de risco relacionados ao sexo para doen&#231;a cardiovascular em mulheres14</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="33%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead>
            <tr>
              <th align="left">Fatores de risco relacionados ao sexo</th>
              <th>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es padr&#227;o</th>
              <th>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es adicionais</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Doen&#231;as hipertensivas da gravidez (hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, hipertens&#227;o gestacional, pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, ecl&#226;mpsia, s&#237;ndrome HELLP)</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Diabetes mellitus gestacional</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento intrauterino</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Parto prematuro (idiop&#225;tico/espont&#226;neo)</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Descolamento de placenta</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Obesidade/ganho excessivo de peso na gravidez/reten&#231;&#227;o de peso p&#243;s-parto</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Dist&#250;rbios do sono; apneia obstrutiva do sono moderada a grave</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>* Idade materna superior a 40 anos</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Triagem de risco cardiovascular em at&#233; 3 meses ap&#243;s o parto</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; Exame f&#237;sico</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>&#8226; Exames laboratoriais</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- O Col&#233;gio Americano de Obstetr&#237;cia e Ginecologia atualmente recomenda iniciar aspirina em dose baixa em mulheres com pelo menos 1 fator de risco alto (hist&#243;ria de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, gravidez multifetal, hipertens&#227;o cr&#244;nica, diabetes mellitus I ou II, doen&#231;a renal cr&#244;nica ou doen&#231;a autoimune) ou pelo menos 2 fatores de risco moderados (nuliparidade, obesidade, hist&#243;rico familiar de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia, fatores socioecon&#244;micos, idade &gt; 35 anos ou fatores de hist&#243;ria pessoal) para reduzir o risco de pr&#233;-ecl&#226;mpsia.</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>- A aspirina em dose baixa, iniciada no come&#231;o da gravidez, pode prevenir a restri&#231;&#227;o de crescimento intrauterino em certas pacientes.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>SOP</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
              <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Exame f&#237;sico</p>
                  </list-item>
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Exames laboratoriais</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Todas as mulheres com SOP devem ser rastreadas para risco cardiovascular, incluindo, pelo menos, verifica&#231;&#227;o anual da press&#227;o arterial, painel lip&#237;dico em jejum, triagem para controle glic&#234;mico e avalia&#231;&#245;es para tabagismo e atividade f&#237;sica.</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td>
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Menopausa prematura</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
              <td align="center">
                <list list-type="simple">
                  <list-item>
                    <p>Diur&#233;tico tiaz&#237;dico para reduzir a excre&#231;&#227;o de c&#225;lcio e prevenir a osteoporose em idades avan&#231;adas</p>
                  </list-item>
                </list>
              </td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>
              <italic>HELLP: hem&#243;lise, eleva&#231;&#227;o das enzimas hep&#225;ticas, plaquetopenia; SOP: S&#237;ndrome de ov&#225;rio polic&#237;stico.</italic>
            </p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
    </p>
    <p>Diretrizes futuras devem evitar a incorpora&#231;&#227;o de perspectivas hist&#243;ricas e infundadas que impe&#231;am melhorias na sa&#250;de da mulher durante a gravidez e ao longo de sua vida reprodutiva.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> &#201; fundamental promover iniciativas para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a import&#226;ncia da sa&#250;de cardiovascular ao longo da vida da mulher. Al&#233;m disso, &#233; fundamental compreender melhor as disparidades locais na sa&#250;de cardiovascular das mulheres para definir pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas e assist&#234;ncia &#224; sa&#250;de, reduzir lacunas, e promover a equidade de sexo na aten&#231;&#227;o &#224; sa&#250;de brasileira.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Special Considerations in the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Women</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0737-6188</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0990-6151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wenger</surname>
            <given-names>Nanette Kasss</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia,Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="US">USA</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia &#8211; USA</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Gl&#225;ucia Maria Moraes de Oliveira &#8226;Rua Visconde de Piraj&#225;, 330 Sala 1114. Postal Code 21941-901, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: glauciamoraesoliveira@gmail.com</corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Women</kwd>
        <kwd>Prevention</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Disease</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) are the major cause of death and disability in Brazil, in women and men. According to the GBD 2019 Study estimates, among CVDs, IHD was the number 1 cause of death in Brazil, followed by Stroke. IHD was responsible for 12.03% (II95 10.66%-12.88%) and 12.2% (II95 11 .5%-12.77%) , of deaths and 4.78 %(II95 4.08%-5.47%) and 6.48% (II95 5.92%-7.05%) of Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) , in women and men, respectively. Deaths and DALYs from Stroke were higher in women than in men, 10.39% (II95 9.25-11.11%) and 8.41% (II95 7.84%-8.83%) of the deaths and 4.62% (II 4.01%-5.18%) and 4.19% of DALYs (3.82%-4.53%), respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In 2019, in Brazil, the incidence rate of IHD (mainly myocardial infarction) standardized by age was 78 (II 95%, 69-88) per 100,000 in women and 148 (II 95%, 130-166) per 100,000 in men. Regarding chronic IHD (previous AMI, stable angina or ischemic heart failure), the age-standardized prevalence rate was 1,046 (II 95%, 905-1,209) per 100,000 women and 2,534 (II 95%, 2,170-2,975) per 100,000 men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The PNS 2013, a household-based epidemiological survey with nationally representative interviews, using the &#8220;WHO/Rose Angina Questionnaire,&#8221; reported that the prevalence of mild angina (grade I) was 9.1% (95%CI 8.5 - 9.7) and 5.9% (5.3 - 6.4), in women and men respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Regarding moderate/severe angina (grade II), in the 2019 PNS, it was also 5.5% more frequent in women than in men. 3.3%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Among the risk factors (RF) for CVD in Brazilian women, systemic arterial hypertension, dietary risks, obesity, increased serum cholesterol, and high fasting glucose stand out ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> The RF that increased the most in Brazil, from 1990 to 2019, was the high BMI, causing metabolic changes that will lead to arterial hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, increasing the individual&#8217;s risk, especially for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Sex-specific stroke risk factors in women include pregnancy, pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, oral contraception use, menopausal hormone use, and changes in hormonal status.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01001">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Ranking of age-standardized mortality and DALY rates for cardiovascular diseases attributable to risk factors in 2019 in Brazil, for females (A) and males (B).<sup>1</sup>DALYs: Disability Adjusted Life Years; CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases; GBD: GBD: Global Burden of Disease; LDL: low density lipoprotein.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-02-0374-20028-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>The prevalence of self-reported hypertension in Brazil was 23.9%, and was higher in females than in males (26.4% versus 21.1%, respectively),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> and CV mortality attributed to arterial hypertension is higher in women aged 65 to 79 years old and in younger age groups in men, 50 to 79 years old.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the USA, although fewer women have hypertension before age 55, the percentage of women with hypertension is higher between ages 55-74, and far more women than men have hypertension after age 75.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> It is important to note that in multiple randomized controlled trials of antihypertensive treatment, the risk for adverse outcomes was significantly reduced by pharmacologic treatment and was comparable for women and men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dietary risks were the second most crucial RF for CVD in 2019, accounting for 5.0 and 5.7% of deaths from IHD and 2.6 and 2.4% of deaths from stroke in women and men, respectively. Physical inactivity, another behavioral RF, increased from 1990 to 2019 in Brazil, with a predominance of women, 4.7%, compared to men, 3.1%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Efficacy of counseling for encouraging physical activity indicated significant gender differences with women requiring more substantive follow-up than men to induce behavioral changes and sedentary lifestyle reversal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>According to data from IBGE, in Brazil, the percentages of adults (age &#8805;18 years) with excess weight and obesity in 2019 were, respectively, 62.6% (95% CI, 59.1 &#8211; 66.0) and 29.5% (95% CI, 25.4 &#8211; 34.0) for women, and 57.5% (95% CI, 54.8 &#8211; 60.2) and 21.8 % (95% CI, 19.2 &#8211; 24.7) for men. Progressive increase of obesity was observed with age increase, ranging from 10.7% (95% CI, 7.7 &#8211; 14.7) [female: 13.5% (95% CI, 8.8 &#8211; 20.4); male: 7.9% (95% CI, 4.8 &#8211; 12.8);] in the age group of 18-24 years to 34.4% (95% CI, 29.7 &#8211; 39.4) [female: 38.0% (95% CI, 32.3 - 44.0); male: 30.2% (95% CI, 24.8 &#8211; 36.3)] in the age group of 40-59 years The higher prevalence of excess weight and obesity in females is worth noting for all age groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the US, obesity has increased substantially. from the 1960s to the present, with obesity more common in women than men.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Obesity, diet pattern, physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle are well-known risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes clearly increases as the prevalence of obesity increases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Data from the PNS (2014 to 2015), in Brazil, have shown the prevalence was higher in women, individuals aged over 30 years, and among those with overweight or obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diabetes is a more powerful coronary risk factor for women than men, negating their gender protective effect even among premenopausal women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>It is important to note that women are twice as likely to have depression scores following myocardial infarction. In the Women&#8217;s Health Initiative, depressive symptoms significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular death and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Using data from the 2013 Brazilian National Health Survey, with 31,847 women, the major depressive episodes and suicidal ideation were evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire. Violence victimization and other sociodemographic variables were self-reported. Women had higher prevalences of major depressive episode (OR = 2.36; 95%CI 2.03-2.74), suicidal ideation (OR = 2.02; 95%CI 1.73-2.36) and violence victimization (OR = 1.73; 95%CI 1.45-2.06.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The authors discussed biological theories of depression involve hormonal function, social adversity, including maltreatment, gender roles, and violence, which is higher in women, and its psychological impact can be very significant for both depressive disorders and suicidal ideation, and probably with more CVD in these women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>For females, another cardiovascular RF is of crucial importance and unique, the factors inherent to tgender that will affect the occurrence of CVD throughout their life course. Hypertensive disorders are the most prevalent CV disorder in pregnancy, occurring in 5-10% of US pregnancies. Gestational hypertension occurs in 6-7% of pregnancies and pre-eclampsia/eclampsia in up to 10% of pregnancies. Pre-eclampsia in the US has increased by 25% in the last two decades and is among the major causes of maternal/perinatal morbidity and mortality disproportionately affecting African American women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> A multicentre cross-sectional study, with 27 referral maternity hospitals from all regions of Brazil, related to 82 388 delivering women over one year, identified 9555 cases of severe maternal morbidity. There were 140 deaths and 770 cases of maternal near-miss. The leading determining cause of maternal complication was hypertensive disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes, pregnancy-induced hypertension, preterm delivery, small for gestational age baby are all early indicators of increased CV risk. For example, pre-eclampsia is associated with a 3-6 fold increase in subsequent chronic hypertension, a 2-fold increase in ischemic heart disease and stroke, a 4-fold increase in heart failure, and a doubled increase in CV death. Also, pre-eclampsia is associated with residual endothelial dysfunction post-partum and associated with an increase in coronary artery calcium; a detailed history of pregnancy complications is an intrinsic component of CV risk assessment for women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> We recommend that our OB-GYN colleagues address CV risk and risk factors in women with these pregnancy complications.</p>
      <p>It is essential to point out that, in the early 1970s in developed countries and the 1980s in Brazil, there was a significant decrease in mortality from CVD. This phenomenon was probably associated with RF control (e.g., reduced tobacco consumption, hypertension treatment, and control), treatment of high-risk CV patients (widespread statin use, thrombolysis, and PCI/stents for ACS, improved treatment of heart failure), and improvement of social determinants. However, stroke mortality rates and DALYs are still high in women. In addition, recent evidence that the rate of decline may have diminished and early signs of reversal in some population groups, as young adults, especially women. This trend was observed in the USA about five years before Brazil. It is probably associated with the gaps in CVD treatment in women and the increase in overweight and obesity, diabetes, stress, and the depressive/anxcety syndrome in young women.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Although CVD is increasing in young women, systematic CVD risk assessment in women &lt;50 years of age and men &lt;40 years of age with no known CVD factors is not recommended in guidelines. Given the increase in CVD in young adults, we suggest that younger age thresholds may be warranted. Evidence suggests that lifetime BP evolution differs in women compared to men, potentially resulting in an increased CVD risk at lower BP thresholds. Also, prolonged smoking is more hazardous for women than men, and women with type 2 DM, and atrial fibrillation appear to have a particularly higher risk for stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sex-related risk factors require special considerations that are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . A history of adverse pregnancy outcomes may be most helpful in younger women, before the development of conventional RF, and essential for women counseling about risk prevention. At this time, here is no role for menopausal hormone therapy for CVD prevention. Considering sex-specific RF; the statins are recommended for Secondary Prevention, Primary Hyperlipidemia (LDL-C &#8805;190 mg/dl), Diabetes mellitus, and Primary Prevention in age 40-75 years and high risk (&#8805;20%) or intermediate risk (&#8805;7.5% to &lt; 20%) with risk enhancers (premature menopause, pregnancy-associated conditions that increase CVD risk). The use of aspirin is indicated only in secondary Prevention (coronary heart disease, prior TIA/Stroke, peripheral artery disease).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1001">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Recommendations for Primary Prevention of Sex-related risk factors Cardiovascular Disease in Women14</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Sex-related risk factors</th>
                <th>Standard recommendations</th>
                <th>Additional recommendations</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, eclampsia, HELLP syndrome)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Gestational diabetes mellitus</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Intrauterine growth retardation</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Preterm birth (idiopathic/spontaneous)</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Placental abruption</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Obesity/excessive pregnancy weight gain/post- partum weight retention</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Sleep disorders; moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>* Maternal age older than 40 years</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Cardiovascular risk screening within 3 months post-partum</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Medical History</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Physical Examination</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Laboratory testing</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>-The American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology currently recommends initiation of lowdose aspirin in women with at least 1 high risk factor (history of pre-eclampsia, multifetal pregnancy, chronic hypertension, diabetes mellitus I or II, chronic kidney disease, or autoimmune disorder) or at least 2 moderate risk factors (nulliparity, obesity, family history of pre-eclampsia, socioeconomic factors, age &gt;35 years, or personal history factors) to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- Low-dose aspirin started in early pregnancy may prevent Intrauterine growth retardation in certain patients</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>PCOS</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="2">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Medical History</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Physical Examination</p>
                    </list-item>
                    <list-item>
                      <p>&#8226; Laboratory testing</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>- All women with PCOS should be screened for CVD risk, including at least annual blood pressure check, fasting lipid panel, screen for glycemic control, and assessments for smoking and physical activity</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Premature menopause</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
                <td align="center">
                  <list list-type="simple">
                    <list-item>
                      <p>Thiazide diuretic reduce calcium excretion and prevent osteoporosis in old ages</p>
                    </list-item>
                  </list>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1001">
              <p>
                <italic>PCOS: Polycistic ovariansyndrome; CVD: Cardiovascular Diseases.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Future guidelines should avoid integration of historical, unsubstantiated perspectives that impede improvements in women&#8217;s health during pregnancy and throughout women&#8217;s reproductive lives.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> It is fundamental to promote initiatives to increase knowledge about the importance of cardiovascular health across a woman&#8217;s lifespan. Furthermore, it is crucial to understand better local disparities in women&#8217;s cardiovascular health to define public policy and health care, reduce gaps, and promote gender equity in Brazilian health care.</p>
    </body>
  </sub-article>
</article>
