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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZYsmLc3pT6QDp8n5kPJq7gB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100110</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210484</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210484</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preparando Pacientes e Otimizando Processos no Perioperat&#243;rio das Cirurgias Card&#237;acas: Como Redesenhar os Fluxos de Assist&#234;ncia ap&#243;s a COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4111-1546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6254-1684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Mendanha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Misumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Sirlei Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sallai</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Maraina Pegorini Lib&#243;rio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palomo</surname>
            <given-names>Jurema da Silva Herbas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Helenice Moreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arita</surname>
            <given-names>Elisandra Trevisan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Roger Daglius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ot&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Sao Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Sao Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Samaritano Paulista</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Harvard Medical School</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">EUA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; EUA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia</bold> &#8226; Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr, En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Mejia OAV, Borgomoni GB, Jatene FB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Mejia OAV, Mioto BM, Borgomoni GB, Camilo JM, Watanabe DM, Nunes SP, Sallai VS, Lima MPL, Palomo JSH, Costa HM, Arita ET, Feltrim MIZ, Coimbra V; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Mejia OAV, Mioto BM, Borgomoni GB, Camilo JM, Watanabe DM, Nunes SP, Sallai VS, Lima MPL, Palomo JSH, Costa HM, Arita ET, Feltrim MIZ, Coimbra V, Dias RD, Galas FRBG, Auler Junior JOC, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>110</fpage>
      <lpage>114</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>03</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Melhoria de Qualidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a do Paciente</kwd>
        <kwd>Procedimentos Cir&#250;rgicos Cardiovasculares</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Recupera&#231;&#227;o P&#243;s-Cir&#250;rgica Melhorada</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="10"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A falta de estrat&#233;gias proativas de cuidados influenciam a fragmenta&#231;&#227;o dos cuidados, desparametriza&#231;&#227;o de processos e prolongamento de tempos hospitalares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> enquanto evid&#234;ncias mostraram que protocolos multiprofissionais baseados em evid&#234;ncias executados por equipes sincronizadas, com padroniza&#231;&#227;o de processos, proatividade e cuidados centrados no paciente diminuem complica&#231;&#245;es, tempos e custos hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neste contexto, cuidados baseados no conceito <italic>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic> (ERAS) revolucionam os fluxos tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Diretrizes para cirurgia card&#237;aca foram publicadas recentemente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> alcan&#231;ando resultados encorajadores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Esta abordagem apontou efici&#234;ncia e seguran&#231;a na alta hospitalar em tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> algo promissor na era COVID-19, em que as filas cir&#250;rgicas cresceram por adiamentos procedimentais, possibilitando maior n&#250;mero de atendimentos em menor tempo, redu&#231;&#227;o do risco de contamina&#231;&#227;o e custos hospitalares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, um dos maiores centros de cirurgia card&#237;aca,10 produziu um manual multiprofissional de cuidados baseado no conceito ERAS, otimizando processos atrav&#233;s do preparo de pacientes para r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s cirurgia card&#237;aca. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">figura 1</xref> apresenta os objetivos da implementa&#231;&#227;o do fluxo Tempos Certos e seu poss&#237;vel impacto.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Objetivos da linha de cuidados Tempos Certos. ERAS: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <sec>
        <title>Parecer</title>
        <p>O manual Tempos Certos foi elaborado por representantes multiprofissionais do Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, baseando-se em evid&#234;ncias no preparo de pacientes para um r&#225;pido retorno &#224;s atividades ap&#243;s cirurgia. O conceito &#233; din&#226;mico, por isso o documento ser&#225; revisado periodicamente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Crit&#233;rios de Inclus&#227;o</title>
        <p>Todo paciente programado para cirurgia card&#237;aca pode ser beneficiado pelos cuidados otimizados, quando coordenados por uma equipe multidisciplinar.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Linha de Cuidados Tempos Certos</title>
        <p>A linha de cuidados transdisciplinar se inicia no ambulat&#243;rio e &#233; finalizada no seguimento ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar de cada paciente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figuras 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Equipes envolvidas no fluxo Tempos Certos.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Mapa dos processos perioperat&#243;rios: Tempos Certos. CEC: circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf03.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Ambulat&#243;rio</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da adequa&#231;&#227;o da indica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o odontol&#243;gica, psicol&#243;gica (question&#225;rio SF36 &#8212; qualidade de vida &#8212; e HADS &#8212; escala hospitalar de ansiedade e depress&#227;o), fisioterap&#234;utica (medidas de repouso, teste de caminhada de seis minutos, ventilometria, <italic>Short Physical Performance Battery</italic> e reabilita&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria), nutricional (orienta&#231;&#245;es sobre abrevia&#231;&#227;o de jejum), anest&#233;sica, de enfermagem e servi&#231;o social.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Coleta de vigil&#226;ncia: COVID-19.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pr&#233;-interna&#231;&#227;o</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Programar e confirmar a interna&#231;&#227;o segundo orienta&#231;&#245;es multiprofissionais.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Pacientes eletivos: admiss&#227;o 6 horas antes do procedimento.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Checagem da ades&#227;o ao protocolo no preparo pr&#233;vio.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Refei&#231;&#227;o completa at&#233; 8 horas antes da indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Quebra do jejum 2 horas antes da cirurgia (l&#237;quido claro com maltodextrina, volume m&#225;ximo 400 mL).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>N&#227;o prescrever sedativos e/ou ansiol&#237;ticos.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cirurgia</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o paciente Tempos Certos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do circuito da circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea (CEC) e da hemodilui&#231;&#227;o (perfusato &lt;1000 mL).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ultrassonografia g&#225;strica pr&#233;-indu&#231;&#227;o anest&#233;sica.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Analgesia multimodal (podendo ser usados: sulfato de magn&#233;sio, lidoca&#237;na, dextrocetamina e dexametasona antes da incis&#227;o, e dipirona ao final da cirurgia).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Seda&#231;&#227;o e bloqueio regional (eretor da espinha).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Redu&#231;&#227;o do uso de opioides, podendo fazer uso de rocur&#244;nio/cisatrac&#250;rio, ketamina, dexdetomidina, propofol, isofluorano ou sevofluorane e antiem&#233;tico.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fluidoterapia guiada por metas (alvo balan&#231;o zero).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>&#205;ndice bispectral e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o de bloqueio neuromuscular <italic>train-of-four</italic>.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar 3-5 mL/Kg durante a CEC.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Drenagem tor&#225;cica anterior.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Normotermia.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Glicemia &lt;160 mg/dL.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Gerenciamento do sangue.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Transporte do paciente intubado para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) sob efeito residual da anestesia, portando OXILOG e bomba de infus&#227;o com propofol ou precedex.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>UTI</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o paciente Tempos Certos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Anestesia multimodal (ketamina em PCA (<italic>patient-controlled analgesia</italic>), dipirona, dexametasona e tramal).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Antiem&#233;tico preventivo.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Extuba&#231;&#227;o em at&#233; 6 horas.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Press&#227;o positiva cont&#237;nua em vias a&#233;reas (<italic>continuous positive airway pressure</italic> ou CPAP) por at&#233; 1 hora.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reintrodu&#231;&#227;o de ingest&#227;o oral (dieta l&#237;quida) quando houver lucidez (a partir de 2 horas ap&#243;s extuba&#231;&#227;o).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Remo&#231;&#227;o dos drenos ap&#243;s redu&#231;&#227;o da curva de sangramento (ultrassom confirma aus&#234;ncia de derrame).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fisioterapia 6/6 horas: ausculta pulmonar e SpO2, est&#237;mulo &#224; sedesta&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios e motores, deambula&#231;&#227;o precoce, CPAP por 40 minutos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de enfermagem, incluindo avalia&#231;&#227;o <italic>delirium</italic> e dor: 1/1h at&#233; 12 horas de interna&#231;&#227;o e 2/2 horas quando &gt;12 horas.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Enfermaria</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Identifica&#231;&#227;o paciente Tempos Certos.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reconcilia&#231;&#227;o medicamentosa precoce.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Equipe multidisciplinar intensifica visitas e comunica&#231;&#227;o.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Fisioterapia 6/6 horas: ausculta pulmonar e SpO2, est&#237;mulo &#224; sedesta&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cios respirat&#243;rios e motores, deambula&#231;&#227;o precoce, CPAP por 40 minutos. Dia da alta: realizar medidas de repouso, teste da caminhada de seis minutos (meta &gt;80%), ventilometria e <italic>Short Physical Performance Battery</italic> (<italic>SPPB</italic>).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica no per&#237;odo da tarde (exames status urg&#234;ncia).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica e reaplica&#231;&#227;o de question&#225;rios.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Aconselhamento educacional, nutricional e psicol&#243;gico para alta hospitalar.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Seguimento (telessa&#250;de ou presencial)</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>Monitoramento ap&#243;s 3 dias da alta hospitalar.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reabilita&#231;&#227;o fisioter&#225;pica (sinais vitais, SPPB, teste de caminhada 6 minutos e capacidade vital pulmonar).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Reavalia&#231;&#227;o psicol&#243;gica e aplica&#231;&#227;o question&#225;rios. Em caso de demanda emocional, reabilita&#231;&#227;o (psicoterapia breve focal).</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Poss&#237;veis contraindica&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Extuba&#231;&#227;o precoce: sangramento importante, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica e respirat&#243;ria e/ou falta de drive central respirat&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce: baixo d&#233;bito card&#237;aco em uso de marcapasso epic&#225;rdico, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica (SVO2 &lt;60, lactato alterado, noradrenalina 0,2 mcg/kg/min), delirium, sangramento &gt;400 mL em 1 h &gt;100 mL/h por 4 h seguidas, instabilidade respirat&#243;ria &#8211; esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Considera&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Os sistemas de sa&#250;de t&#234;m avan&#231;ando pouco frente a ind&#250;strias de alto desempenho. A chegada da COVID-19 imp&#245;e mudan&#231;as aceleradas para lidar com a nova realidade. A implementa&#231;&#227;o dos conceitos de r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o, que j&#225; apresentavam resultados positivos na era pr&#233;-pandemia, inclusive em nosso cen&#225;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> mais do que nunca se tornaram necess&#225;rias para lidar com a demanda reprimida e ao mesmo tempo reduzir a exposi&#231;&#227;o desnecess&#225;ria do paciente ao ambiente hospitalar. O trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar, de forma sincronizada e harm&#244;nica, conseguiria adotar uma abordagem centrada no paciente, otimizando processos, melhorando a assist&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a do paciente, assim como ampliando o acesso &#224; sa&#250;de. Desta forma, conseguir&#237;amos gerar valor no atendimento dos pacientes para a sustentabilidade dos programas de cirurgia card&#237;aca.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de Estudo prospectivo e randomizado para avalia&#231;&#227;o do impacto do fluxo de r&#225;pida recupera&#231;&#227;o no tempo de p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio em cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica de Gabrielle Barbosa Borgomoni e Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia pela Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Faculdade de Medicina.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Preparing Patients And Optimizing Processes In The Perioperative Period Of Cardiac Surgery: How To Redesign The Flow Of Care After COVID-19</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1635-4984</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mejia</surname>
            <given-names>Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4111-1546</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9243-7407</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Borgomoni</surname>
            <given-names>Gabrielle Barbosa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6254-1684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camilo</surname>
            <given-names>Juliana Mendanha</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Watanabe</surname>
            <given-names>Danielle Misumi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Sirlei Pereira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Sallai</surname>
            <given-names>Vanessa Santos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lima</surname>
            <given-names>Maraina Pegorini Lib&#243;rio de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Palomo</surname>
            <given-names>Jurema da Silva Herbas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Costa</surname>
            <given-names>Helenice Moreira da</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Arita</surname>
            <given-names>Elisandra Trevisan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Feltrim</surname>
            <given-names>Maria Ign&#234;z Zanetti</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coimbra</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Roger Daglius</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Galas</surname>
            <given-names>Filomena Regina Barbosa Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Auler</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Ot&#225;vio Costa</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Fabio Biscegli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Samaritano Paulista, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Boston</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Massachusetts</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="US">USA</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts &#8211; USA</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia &#8226;</bold> Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo &#8211; Av. Dr, En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-900</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>omar.mejia@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Mejia OAV, Borgomoni GB, Jatene FB; Writing of the manuscript: Mejia OAV, Mioto BM, Borgomoni GB, Camilo JM, Watanabe DM, Nunes SP, Sallai VS, Lima MPL, Palomo JSH, Costa HM, Arita ET, Feltrim MIZ, Coimbra V; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Mejia OAV, Mioto BM, Borgomoni GB, Camilo JM, Watanabe DM, Nunes SP, Sallai VS, Lima MPL, Palomo JSH, Costa HM, Arita ET, Feltrim MIZ, Coimbra V, Dias RD, Galas FRBG, Auler Junior JOC, Jatene FB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Quality Improvement</kwd>
        <kwd>Patient Safety</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures</kwd>
        <kwd>COVID-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The lack of proactive care strategies influences the fragmentation of care, deparametrization of processes and extension of hospital times,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> while evidence has shown that multidisciplinary protocols based on evidence executed by synchronized teams, with standardized processes, proactivity and patient-centered care decrease complications, hospital times and hospital costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> In this context, care based on the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) concept revolutionizes traditional flows.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Guidelines for cardiac surgery were recently published,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> producing encouraging results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This approach showed efficiency and safety in hospital discharge within three days after cardiac surgery,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> which is promising in the COVID-19 era, in which surgical queues have grown due to procedural delays, enabling a greater number of visits in less time, reducing the risk of contamination and hospital costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o, a leading cardiac surgery center,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> produced a multiprofessional care guidebook based on the ERAS concept, optimizing processes by preparing patients for a quick recovery after cardiac surgery. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> presents the objectives of implementing the flow <italic>Tempos Certos</italic> and its possible impact.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title><italic>Objectives of the Tempos Certos care line. ERAS: Enhanced Recovery After Surgery</italic>.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Opinion</title>
          <p>The <italic>Tempos Certos</italic> guidebook was created by multiprofessional representatives from Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, based on evidence to prepare patients for a quick return to activities after surgery. The concept is dynamic, so the document will be revised periodically.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Inclusion Criteria</title>
          <p>Every patient scheduled for cardiac surgery can benefit from optimized care when coordinated by a multidisciplinary team.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Tempos Certos Line of Care</title>
          <p>The line of transdisciplinary care begins in the outpatient clinic and ends in the follow-up after each patient is discharged from the hospital (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figures 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title><italic>Teams involved in the Tempos Certos flow</italic>.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <fig id="f6">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Map of perioperative processes: Tempos Certos. CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0110-10484-gf03-en.jpg"/></fig>
          <sec>
            <title>Outpatient clinic</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Assessment of appropriateness of the recommendation.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Dental and psychological assessment (SF36 questionnaire &#8212; quality of life &#8212; and HADS &#8212; hospital anxiety and depression scale), physiotherapy assessment (measures at rest, six-minute walk test, respiration, Short Physical Performance Battery and preoperative rehabilitation), nutritional assessment (guidance on fasting abbreviation), anesthetic and nursing evaluation, and social work.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Collection for surveillance purposes: COVID-19.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Pre-admission</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Schedule and confirm admission according to multidisciplinary guidelines.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Hospital admission</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Elective patients: admission 6 hours before the procedure.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Checking adherence to the preparation protocol.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Full meal up to 8 hours before anesthetic induction.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Fasting break 2 hours before surgery (clear liquid with maltodextrin, maximum volume 400 mL).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Do not prescribe sedatives and/or anxiolytics.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Surgery</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Identification of <italic>Tempos Certos</italic> patient.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Reduced cardiopulmonary bypass circuit (CBC) and hemodilution (perfusate &lt;1000 mL).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Anesthetic pre-induction gastric ultrasound.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Multimodal analgesia (the following can be used: magnesium sulfate, lidocaine, dextroketamine and dexamethasone before the incision, and dipyrone at the end of surgery).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Sedation and regional block (erector spinae).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Reduction of opioids. Rocuronium/cisatracurium, ketamine, dexdetomidine, propofol, isoflurane or sevoflurane and antiemetic can be used.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Goal-guided fluid therapy (zero balance target).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Bispectral index and monitoring train-of-four neuromuscular blockade.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Pulmonary ventilation 3&#8211;5 mL/kg during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Anterior thoracic drainage.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Normothermia.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Blood glucose &lt;160 mg/dL.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Blood management.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Take the intubated patient to the intensive care unit (ICU) under residual effects of anesthesia, carrying OXILOG and infusion pump with propofol or precedex.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>ICU</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Identification of <italic>Tempos Certos</italic> patient.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Multimodal anesthesia (ketamine in PCA (patient-controlled analgesia), dipyrone, dexamethasone and tramal).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Preventive antiemetic.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Extubation within 6 hours.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Continuous positive airway pressure or CPAP for up to 1 hour.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Reintroduction of oral intake (liquid diet) when patient is conscious (from 2 hours after extubation).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Removal of drains after reduction of the bleeding curve (ultrasound confirms no effusion).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Physiotherapy 6/6 hours: pulmonary auscultation and SpO<sub>2</sub>, patient encouraged to sit, respiratory and motor exercises, early ambulation, 40-minute CPAP.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Nursing assessment, including delirium and pain assessment: 1/1 h up to 12 hours of hospitalization and 2/2 hours when &gt;12 hours.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Ward</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Identification of <italic>Tempos Certos</italic> patient.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Early drug reconciliation.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Multidisciplinary team intensifies visits and communication.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Physiotherapy 6/6 hours: pulmonary auscultation and SpO<sub>2</sub>, patient encouraged to sit, respiratory and motor exercises, early ambulation, 40-minute CPAP. Day of discharge: taking measurements at rest, six-minute walk test (goal &gt;80%), respiration and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Medical assessment in the afternoon (urgent tests).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Psychological reassessment and re-application of questionnaires.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Educational, nutritional and psychological counseling for hospital discharge.</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Follow-up (by telephone or in person)</title>
            <list list-type="order">
              <list-item>
                <p>Monitoring 3 days after hospital discharge.</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Physical therapy rehabilitation (vital signs, SPPB, 6-minute walk test and vital pulmonary capacity).</p>
              </list-item>
              <list-item>
                <p>Psychological reassessment and application of questionnaires. In case of emotional demand, rehabilitation (brief focal psychotherapy).</p>
              </list-item>
            </list>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Potential contraindications</title>
          <p>Early extubation: major bleeding, hemodynamic and respiratory instability and/or lack of central respiratory drive.</p>
          <p>Early mobilization: low cardiac output using an epicardial pacemaker, hemodynamic instability (SVO<sub>2</sub> &lt;60, altered lactate, norepinephrine 0.2 mcg/kg/min), delirium, bleeding &gt;400 mL in 1 h &gt;100 mL/h for 4 h in a row, respiratory instability &#8211; respiratory effort.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comments</title>
          <p>Health systems have made little progress compared to high-performance industries. The outbreak of COVID-19 requires fast changes to deal with the new reality. The implementation of rapid recovery concepts, which already had positive results in the pre-pandemic era, including in our scenario,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> became, more than ever, necessary to deal with the unmet demand while reducing the unnecessary exposure of patients to the hospital setting. Multidisciplinary teamwork conducted in a synchronized and harmonious way would be able to adopt a patient-centered approach, optimizing processes, improving patient care and safety, and expanding access to healthcare. This way, we would be able to generate value in patient care for the sustainability of cardiac surgery programs.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of a prospective randomized study to assess the impact of rapid recovery flow on postoperative time in coronary artery bypass graft surgery by Gabrielle Barbosa Borgomoni and Omar Asdr&#250;bal Vilca Mejia from the University of S&#227;o Paulo - Faculdade de Medicina.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
