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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BWcdfNPzKcSXmvXRqjbSSsP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100103</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210040</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210040</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endomiocardiofibrose como Causa Rara de Transplante Card&#237;aco e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Trombofilia: Relato de Caso</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Caroline Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Hehn de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Santiago Alonso Tobar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Servi&#231;o de Patologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Laura Caroline Tavares Hastenteufel</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, CEP <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>laura.hastenteufel@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Hastenteufel LCT, Oliveira FH, Goldraich LA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Hastenteufel LCT, Leit&#227;o SAT; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Goldraich LA; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Hastenteufel LCT, Clausell NO, Leit&#227;o SAT, Goldraich LA; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Clausell NO, Oliveira FH, Goldraich LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>103</fpage>
      <lpage>105</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>30</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Endomiocardiofibrose/transplante</kwd>
        <kwd>Transplante do Cora&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombofilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Protrombina</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Trombose Venosa</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="3"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A endomiocardiofibrose (EMF) &#233; uma doen&#231;a rara de etiologia desconhecida caracterizada pela deposi&#231;&#227;o de tecido fibroso no endomioc&#225;rdio afetando um ou ambos os ventr&#237;culos e o aparelho valvar atrioventricular. O aumento da rigidez e o di&#226;metro gradualmente reduzido do ventr&#237;culo envolvido levam a um padr&#227;o restritivo, que se apresenta como insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, eventos tromboemb&#243;licos, arritmias n&#227;o fatais ou, menos frequentemente, morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Embora estudos anteriores relatem baixos &#237;ndices de sobrevida em pacientes com EMF, em s&#233;ries contempor&#226;neas, o progn&#243;stico &#233; incerto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Fatores gen&#233;ticos, imunol&#243;gicos, infecciosos e ambientais, entre outros, foram propostos para explicar sua patog&#234;nese. Entretanto, n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre uma teoria causal unificada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar de seus progn&#243;sticos ruins e das op&#231;&#245;es terap&#234;uticas modificadoras da doen&#231;a limitadas, a endocardectomia sendo uma delas como medida paliativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> h&#225; uma escassez de dados na literatura que relatem o transplante card&#237;aco como alternativa terap&#234;utica para pacientes com EMF. Neste estudo, descreve-se o desfecho favor&#225;vel de uma paciente com EMF que foi submetida a transplante card&#237;aco. No presente caso, tamb&#233;m houve uma associa&#231;&#227;o de EMF com o fator V de Leiden e a muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina como parte da apresenta&#231;&#227;o fenot&#237;pica, que n&#227;o havia sido relatada anteriormente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma paciente do sexo feminino de 36 anos da Regi&#227;o Sul do Brasil foi encaminhada ao ambulat&#243;rio de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca devido a um diagn&#243;stico preliminar de EMF, que n&#227;o &#233; end&#234;mica na regi&#227;o. O hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico inclu&#237;a uma trombofilia heredit&#225;ria, com testes positivos para fator V de Leiden e muta&#231;&#227;o do gene da protrombina (20210G&gt;A), associada a eventos tromboemb&#243;licos recorrentes, incluindo trombose venosa profunda, tromboembolismo pulmonar e acidente vascular cerebral cardioemb&#243;lico. O hist&#243;rico familiar n&#227;o apresentava ind&#237;cios significativos de doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. Os exames de laborat&#243;rio revelaram contagem de eosin&#243;filos levemente elevada, e testes diagn&#243;sticos abrangentes n&#227;o demonstraram m&#225; nutri&#231;&#227;o, doen&#231;as autoimunes ou infec&#231;&#245;es paras&#237;ticas. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico de linha de base demonstrou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda preservada e c&#226;maras esquerdas dilatadas com espessura normal de parede. Foram observados padr&#227;o de enchimento restritivo e oblitera&#231;&#227;o apical marcada. A paciente relatou limita&#231;&#227;o funcional leve durante atividades rotineiras.</p>
      <p>Depois de um per&#237;odo de 16 anos de estabilidade cl&#237;nica com tratamento m&#233;dico, que inclu&#237;a inibidores de enzima conversora da angiotensina, betabloqueadores e anticoagulantes (varfarina), na idade de 52 anos, ficaram evidentes o status funcional de piora progressiva, fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial e necessidade crescrente de diur&#233;ticos. O ecocardiograma revelou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda de 45% e acinesia do v&#233;rtice do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; algumas &#225;reas apicais sugeriam calcifica&#231;&#227;o ou fibrose no endoc&#225;rdio, compat&#237;vel com o avan&#231;o da EMF; n&#227;o foi observada valvulopatia significativa, e a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita e o di&#226;metro eram normais. Esses aspectos tamb&#233;m foram destacados por imagens por resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>), mostrando c&#226;maras esquerdas dilatadas e oblitera&#231;&#227;o do &#225;pice ventricular. Um teste de exerc&#237;cio cardiopulmonar demonstrou um volume m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio gravemente prejudicado de 8,4 mL/min/Kg, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o hemodin&#226;mica invasiva mostrou um &#237;ndice card&#237;aco baixo de 1,9 L/min/m<sup>2</sup>. A paciente foi colocada na lista de transplante em seguida. O transplante card&#237;aco foi realizado sem complica&#231;&#245;es perioperat&#243;rias ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de sete meses na lista de espera. A an&#225;lise do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado revelou espessamento endoc&#225;rdico difuso de at&#233; 3 mm com &#225;reas de calcifica&#231;&#227;o distr&#243;fica nos dois-ter&#231;os inferiores do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). O exame histopatol&#243;gico mostrou dep&#243;sito abundante de col&#225;geno extracelular causando grave espessamento fibroso subendoc&#225;rdico (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de quatro c&#226;maras mostrando c&#226;maras esquerdas dilatadas e oblitera&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca do &#225;piice marcada (seta). (B) Vista macrosc&#243;pica do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado mostrando espessamento endoc&#225;rdico aumentado mais proeminente nas c&#226;maras esquerdas (setas). (C) Microscopia do cora&#231;&#227;o explantado mostrando uma &#225;rea de espessamento fibroso grave na camada subendotelial. HE 10X. (D) Mecanismo proposto de trombofilia como contribuidora para a endomiocardiofibrose: o estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico pode promover a ativa&#231;&#227;o de fibroblastos e a deposi&#231;&#227;o de col&#225;geno, que progressivamente se organizam em endomiocardiofibrose (criado com BioRender.com). AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0103-10040-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      <p>No acompanhamento de 50 meses ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco, a paciente n&#227;o apresentava evid&#234;ncia de EMF recorrente em ecocardiogramas de rotina ou bi&#243;psias endomioc&#225;rdicas de vigil&#226;ncia. Ocorreram tr&#234;s epis&#243;dios de rejei&#231;&#227;o celular de moderada a grave no primeiro ano ap&#243;s o transplante, mas todos eles foram tratados com sucesso com corticosteroides. Devido &#224; neurotoxicidade associada ao tacrolimo, a imunossupress&#227;o de manuten&#231;&#227;o consistia em ciclosporina, everolimo e prednisona. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; trombofilia, o regime de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o foi trocado de varfarina para anticoagulante oral direto. N&#227;o se observou recorr&#234;ncia de eventos tromboemb&#243;licos desde o transplante.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente relato ilustra o curso progressivo da EMF at&#233; doen&#231;a card&#237;aca de fase terminal em que a indica&#231;&#227;o do transplante card&#237;aco no momento certo e o desfecho favor&#225;vel p&#243;s-procedimento sugerem que ele deveria ser considerado uma alternativa terap&#234;utica para pacientes selecionados. Al&#233;m disso, a associa&#231;&#227;o com a trombofilia heredit&#225;ria &#233; uma observa&#231;&#227;o interessante, j&#225; que os mecanismos subjacentes &#224; evolu&#231;&#227;o da EMF ainda s&#227;o pouco entendidos.</p>
      <p>Como os fatores ambientais e laboratoriais ainda precisam explicar as intera&#231;&#245;es complexas que d&#227;o origem &#224; EMF na variedade de cen&#225;rios em que ela se desenvolve, hip&#243;teses adicionais merecem passar por an&#225;lises explorat&#243;rias posteriores. No presente caso, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a EMF e a trombofilia levantou a hip&#243;tese de que a EMF pudesse ser uma consequ&#234;ncia da organiza&#231;&#227;o de eventos sucessivos de trombose intracard&#237;aca que levam a fibrose e contra&#231;&#227;o das trab&#233;culas ventriculares. Na verdade, j&#225; se prop&#244;s que um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico tenha um papel na patog&#234;nese da EMF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Shaper e Wright descreveram uma preval&#234;ncia de 47% de trombos intracard&#237;acos em mais de cem aut&#243;psias em pacientes com EMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Kartha et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> relataram uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre defici&#234;ncia qualitativa e/ou quantitativa de prote&#237;na C e a ocorr&#234;ncia de EMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, esse padr&#227;o de envolvimento card&#237;aco foi descrito no contexto de outros poss&#237;veis estados pr&#243;-tromb&#243;ticos e/ou doen&#231;as autoimunes, tais como a s&#237;ndrome de Beh&#231;et.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Como nossa paciente n&#227;o era de uma regi&#227;o altamente end&#234;mica de EMF nem tinha doen&#231;as autoimunes ou infecciosas com&#243;rbidas, especula-se que poderia haver uma intera&#231;&#227;o causal entre a trombofilia como um estado pr&#243;-tromb&#243;tico e a EMF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
      <p>Considerando os v&#225;rios cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos em que a EMF &#233; identificada, o tratamento precisa abordar, sempre que necess&#225;rio, a causa prim&#225;ria e o manejo dos sintomas. Alguns pacientes podem se beneficiar de tratamentos imunossupressores quando uma s&#237;ndrome autoimune estiver presente. Entretanto, a maioria dos pacientes ainda n&#227;o tem um tratamento espec&#237;fico para sua doen&#231;a. O tratamento cir&#250;rgico na forma de endocardectomia seguido pelo reparo da v&#225;lvula mitral e/ou da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide pode melhorar os desfechos, especialmente em centros altamente especializados, embora com limita&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, essa abordagem &#233; baseada principalmente em s&#233;ries de casos e em ensaios n&#227;o randomizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Moraes et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> sugerem a endocardectomia como procedimento paliativo, j&#225; que ela n&#227;o altera o curso progressivo da doen&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No presente caso, como decis&#227;o da equipe de cardiologia, levando em considera&#231;&#227;o a experi&#234;ncia limitada com esse procedimento cir&#250;rgico, que provavelmente traria desfechos diferentes em compara&#231;&#227;o a centros com altos volumes, decidiu-se realizar o transplante. Na realidade, pacientes selecionados que avan&#231;am para doen&#231;a card&#237;aca em fase terminal devido &#224; EMF podem se beneficiar do transplante card&#237;aco com desfecho favor&#225;vel no curto prazo, especialmente aqueles que n&#227;o t&#234;m doen&#231;as sist&#234;micas subjacentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este relato de caso teve o objetivo de destacar a perspectiva de resultados favor&#225;veis ap&#243;s o transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes selecionados com EMF. Al&#233;m disso, os achados podem sugerir uma nova rela&#231;&#227;o mecan&#237;stica entre EMF e trombofilia heredit&#225;ria, ainda que sejam necess&#225;rios estudos para explicar seu papel no escopo amplo de cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos que podem transcorrer com a EMF.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Endomyocardial Fibrosis as a Rare Cause of Heart Transplantation and its Association with Thrombophilia: A Case Report</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2022-7512</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Hastenteufel</surname>
            <given-names>Laura Caroline Tavares</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4207-3809</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Clausell</surname>
            <given-names>Nadine Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Francine Hehn de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Leit&#227;o</surname>
            <given-names>Santiago Alonso Tobar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Goldraich</surname>
            <given-names>L&#237;via Adams</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre &#8211; Servi&#231;o de Patologia, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Laura Caroline Tavares Hastenteufel</bold> &#8226; Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas de Porto Alegre - Servi&#231;o de Cardiologia - Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Postal Code <postal-code>90035-903</postal-code>, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>laura.hastenteufel@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Hastenteufel LCT, Oliveira FH, Goldraich LA; Acquisition of data: Hastenteufel LCT, Leit&#227;o SAT; Statistical analysis: Goldraich LA; Writing of the manuscript: Hastenteufel LCT, Clausell NO, Leit&#227;o SAT, Goldraich LA; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Clausell NO, Oliveira FH, Goldraich LA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Endomyocardiol Fibrosis/transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Transplantation</kwd>
        <kwd>Thromphilia</kwd>
        <kwd>Prothrombin</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Venous Thrombosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by endomyocardial fibrous tissue deposition affecting either one or both ventricles and the atrioventricular valve apparatus. Increased stiffness and progressively reduced diameter of the involved ventricle lead to a restrictive pattern, which appears as heart failure, thromboembolic events, non-fatal arrhythmias, or less frequently, sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>. Though earlier studies report poor survival rates among EMF patients, in contemporary series prognosis, it is uncertain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Genetic, immune, infectious, and environmental factors, among others, have been proposed to explain its pathogenesis; however, there is no consensus on a unified causal theory.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite its poor prognosis and limited disease modifying therapeutic options, endocardectomy among them as a palliative measure,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> there is a paucity of data in the literature reporting heart transplantation as a therapeutic alternative for patients with EMF. The present study describes the favorable outcome of a patient with EMF who underwent heart transplantation. In the present case, there was also an association of EMF with both factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene mutation as part of the phenotypic presentation, which has not been previously reported.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 36-year-old female patient from the South of Brazil was referred to our outpatient heart failure clinic due to a primary diagnosis of EMF, which is not endemic in the region. Past medical history included a hereditary thrombophilia, with positive tests for factor V Leiden and prothrombin gene (20210G&gt;A) mutation, associated with recurrent thromboembolic events, including deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary thromboembolism, and cardioembolic stroke. Family history was unremarkable for cardiac diseases. Laboratory tests revealed normal to mildly elevated eosinophil count and a comprehensive diagnostic workup failed to demonstrate malnutrition, autoimmune diseases, or parasitic infections. Baseline transthoracic echocardiogram showed a preserved left ventricular ejection fraction and dilated left chambers with normal wall thickness; restrictive filling pattern and marked apical obliteration were noted. The patient reported mild functional limitation during ordinary activity.</p>
        <p>After a 16-year period of clinical stability on medical therapy, which included angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, beta blocker, and anticoagulant (warfarin), at 52 years of age, progressive worsening functional status, atrial fibrillation, and increasing diuretic requirements were evident. Echocardiography revealed left ventricular ejection fraction of 45% and akinesia of the left ventricular apex; some apical areas were suggestive of calcification or fibrosis in the endocardium, compatible with progression of EMF; no significant valvulopathy was noted, and right ventricular function and diameter were normal. These aspects were also highlighted by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1A</xref>), showing dilated left chambers and apex obliteration. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing demonstrated a severely impaired peak oxygen uptake of 8.4 mL/min/Kg, and invasive hemodynamic assessment showed a low cardiac index of 1.9 L/min/m&#178;. The patient was subsequently listed for transplant. Heart transplantation was performed without perioperative complications after a seven-month period on the waiting list. Analysis of the explanted heart revealed diffuse endocardial thickening up to 3 mm with dystrophic calcification areas in the inferior two-thirds of the left ventricle (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1B</xref>). Histopathologic examination showed an abundant extracellular collagen deposit causing severe subendocardial fibrous thickening (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Four-chamber cardiac magnetic resonance showing dilated cardiac left chambers and marked cardiac apex obliteration (arrow). (B) Macroscopic view of the explanted heart showing increased endocardial thickening more prominent in left chambers (arrows). (C) Microscopy of the explanted heart showing an area of severe fibrous thickening in the subendothelial layer. HE 10X. (D) Proposed mechanism for thrombophilia as a contributor to endomyocardial fibrosis: the prothrombotic state may promote fibroblast activation and collagen deposition, with progressive organization into endomyocardial fibrosis (created with BioRender.com). LA: left atrium; LV: left ventricle; RA: right atrium; RV: right ventricle.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0103-10040-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        <p>At 50 months of follow-up after heart transplantation, the patient showed no evidence of recurrent EMF on routine echocardiograms or surveillance endomyocardial biopsies. Three episodes of moderate to severe cellular rejection occurred in the first year post-transplantation, but all of them were successfully managed with corticosteroids. Due to neurotoxicity, associated with tacrolimus, maintenance immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine, everolimus, and prednisone. Regarding the thrombophilia, the anticoagulation regimen has been switched from warfarin to direct oral anticoagulant; no recurrence of thromboembolic events have been noted since transplantation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present report illustrates the progressive course of EMF to end-stage heart disease in which the timely indication of heart transplantation and the favorable post procedure outcome suggest it could be considered as a therapeutic alternative for selected patients. Further, the association with hereditary thrombophilia is an interesting remark, as the mechanisms underlying the development of EMF are still poorly understood.</p>
        <p>As environmental and laboratorial factors have yet to explain the complex interactions that originate EMF in the variety of scenarios in which it develops, additional hypotheses deserve further exploratory analysis. In the present case, the association between EMF and thrombophilia raised the hypothesis that EMF could be a consequence of the organization of successive intracardiac thrombosis, leading to fibrosis and contraction of the ventricular trabeculae. In fact, a prothrombotic state has already been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis of EMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Shaper and Wright described a prevalence of 47% of intracardiac thrombi in more than one hundred autopsies from patients with EMF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Kartha et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> reported a possible link between qualitative and/or quantitative protein-C deficiency and EMF occurrence.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Furthermore, this pattern of cardiac involvement has been described in the context of other potential prothrombotic states and/or autoimmune conditions, such as Behcet's syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> As our patient was not from a highly endemic region for EMF, nor did she have comorbid infectious or autoimmune conditions, it was speculated that there could be a causal interaction between thrombophilia as a prothrombotic state and EMF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>Considering the diverse clinical scenarios in which EMF is identified, treatment must address, whenever possible, the primary cause and symptom management. Some patients can benefit from immunosuppressive therapies when an autoimmune syndrome is present; however, most patients lack a specific treatment for their condition. Surgical treatment in the form of endocardectomy, followed by mitral and/or tricuspid repair, may improve outcomes, especially in highly specialized centers, although to a limited extent; however, this approach is mostly based on case series and on non-randomized trials.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Moraes et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> suggests endocardectomy as a palliative procedure, as it does not modify the progressive course of the disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> As a heart team decision, taking into consideration our limited experience with this surgical procedure, which would most likely bring different outcomes when compared to high volume centers, we decided to proceed with transplantation. Indeed, selected patients who progress to end-stage heart disease due to EMF may benefit from heart transplantation with a favorable short-term outcome, particularly those with no underlying systemic diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This case report aimed to highlight the perspective of favorable outcomes after heart transplantation in selected patients with EMF. Furthermore, our findings may suggest a novel mechanistic relationship between EMF and inherited thrombophilia, yet studies are necessary to explain its role in the broad scope of clinical scenarios that may run in line with EMF.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
