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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8DdG5SHVkDQJfD4B5fVwSXd</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100088</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200921</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200921</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Estrat&#233;gias Econ&#244;micas e Sociais para Anticoagula&#231;&#227;o de Pacientes com Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5776-8684</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Guerrero</surname>
            <given-names>Andressa Zulmira Avila</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Coutinho</surname>
            <given-names>Enia Lucia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraz</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Bosi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cirenza</surname>
            <given-names>Claudio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Cincotto Esteves dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferraro</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233; Roberto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola</bold> &#8226; Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. CEP <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>depaola@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Ferraz MB, Paola AAV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Paola AAV; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Cirenza C, Paola AAV; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Paola AAV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Ferraz MB, Cirenza C, Santos MCE, Ferraro JR, Paola AAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>88</fpage>
      <lpage>94</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>19</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica associado com um risco cinco vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral e mortalidade. A an&#225;lise de custos &#233; importante para a introdu&#231;&#227;o de novas terapias, e deve ser reconsiderada em situa&#231;&#245;es especiais, tais como a pandemia do coronav&#237;rus em 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar os custos (em um per&#237;odo de um ano) relacionados &#224; terapia anticoagulante e a qualidade de vida de pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial tratados em um hospital p&#250;blico universit&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Os custos do paciente foram aqueles relacionados &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e calculados pela m&#233;dia de custos mensais da varfarina ou de anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs). As despesas n&#227;o m&#233;dicas, como alimenta&#231;&#227;o e transporte, foram calculadas a partir de dados obtidos de question&#225;rios. O question&#225;rio brasileiro SF-6D foi usado para medir a qualidade de vida. Valores p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 90 pacientes, 45 em cada bra&#231;o (varfarina vs. DOACs). Os custos foram 20% mais altos no grupo dos DOACs (US$55 532,62 vs. US$46 385,88), e principalmente relacionados ao pre&#231;o dos medicamentos (US$23 497,16 vs. US$1903,27). Os custos hospitalares foram mais altos no grupo da varfarina (US$31 088,41 vs $24 604,74), e relacionados &#224;s visitas ao ambulat&#243;rio. Ainda, as despesas n&#227;o m&#233;dicas foram duas vezes maiores no grupo varfarina ($13 394,20 vs $7 430,72). A equival&#234;ncia de pre&#231;o entre os dois medicamentos seria alcan&#231;ada por uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 39% no pre&#231;o dos DOACs. N&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as quanto &#224; qualidade de vida.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Os custos totais foram mais altos no grupo de pacientes tratados com DOACs que no grupo da varfarina. No entanto, uma redu&#231;&#227;o de cerca de 40% no pre&#231;o dos DOACs tornaria vi&#225;vel a incorpora&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos no sistema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blico brasileiro.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Custos de Cuidados de Sa&#250;de</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Varfarina</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="45"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) n&#227;o valvar &#233; um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica associado a um risco cinco vezes maior de acidente vascular cerebral (AVC) e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A varfarina &#233; amplamente utilizada nessa condi&#231;&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e os pacientes geralmente necessitam de consultas ambulatoriais frequentes para se alcan&#231;ar um tempo na faixa terap&#234;utica (TTR, <italic>time in therapeutic range</italic>) adequado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> O controle laboratorial e as visitas ao ambulat&#243;rio s&#227;o n&#227;o apenas uma carga econ&#244;mica, como tamb&#233;m uma quest&#227;o de distanciamento social, ambos fatores importantes desde que a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de declarou a doen&#231;a do coronav&#237;rus 2019 (COVID-19) como uma emerg&#234;ncia de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica internacional. Estudos sobre medidas preventivas e o controle efetivo de infec&#231;&#245;es durante a pandemia foram realizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs), s&#227;o um avan&#231;o importante na terapia de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na FA, facilitaram o controle cl&#237;nico, com boa efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> No cen&#225;rio atual de pandemia, a terapia anticoagulante com DOACs &#233; adequada uma vez que prescinde de visitas frequentes a servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, favorecendo o distanciamento social.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Contudo, os DOACs ainda n&#227;o est&#227;o dispon&#237;veis no sistema de sa&#250;de no Brasil. Somente 30% dos pacientes no pa&#237;s possuem seguro sa&#250;de privado e acesso aos DOACs para preven&#231;&#227;o de AVC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recursos limitados dificultam a implementa&#231;&#227;o de novas tecnologias, o que representa um problema na sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Avalia&#231;&#245;es da economia ajudam a aliviar a carga de recursos escassos, melhorando a efic&#225;cia alocativa do financiamento dos servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os custos relacionados &#224; terapia anticoagulante (varfarina vs. DOACs) no manejo da FA, utilizando custos do mundo real em pacientes tratados em um hospital universit&#225;rio pelo sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo observacional e retrospectivo. Calculou-se um tamanho amostral de 89 pacientes com base no ambulat&#243;rio de FA da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (680 pacientes), em que a preval&#234;ncia de varfarina foi de 92% e a de DOACs de 8% somente. Um total de 90 pacientes foram recrutados. A amostragem foi realizada por conveni&#234;ncia para equil&#237;brio dos bra&#231;os de tratamento (por exemplo, para cada paciente em uso de DOAC inclu&#237;do, um paciente em uso de varfarina foi convidado a participar). O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (#79785717.2.0000.5505). Os pacientes que n&#227;o compreenderam ou n&#227;o aceitaram a assinar o termo de consentimento n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos em 2018 e os custos foram analisados no per&#237;odo de acompanhamento de 12 meses. A coleta de dados a partir dos prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos n&#227;o afetou a frequ&#234;ncia de visitas dos pacientes ao hospital ou a dosagem de varfarina ou DOACs, estabelecidas a crit&#233;rio da equipe de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o. Para a coleta de dados, desenvolvemos dois question&#225;rios utilizando o REDCAP (Research Electronic Data Capture),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> que consiste em uma aplica&#231;&#227;o <italic>web</italic> segura para a cria&#231;&#227;o e gerenciamento <italic>online</italic> de pesquisas e banco de dados:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Question&#225;rio cl&#237;nico/econ&#244;mico:</bold> incluiu itens a respeito de dados demogr&#225;ficos (idade, sexo, profiss&#227;o, educa&#231;&#227;o), hist&#243;ria cl&#237;nica (comorbidades), e dados econ&#244;micos (sal&#225;rio, renda familiar, tipo de transporte, tempo de viagem).</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Operacional:</bold> quantificou os custos individuais dos participantes na institui&#231;&#227;o. A soma dos valores foi feita por meio do Key Performance Indicators for Health (KPIH), um sistema de c&#225;lculo e an&#225;lise de custos de nossa institui&#231;&#227;o.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Custos</title>
        <p>O estudo comparou os custos de duas interven&#231;&#245;es similares para identificar a de menor custo enquanto se mantinha um n&#237;vel desej&#225;vel de qualidade. Os custos foram classificados em duas categorias &#8211; custos dos pacientes e custos do hospital.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos do paciente</title>
          <p>Os custos m&#233;dicos do paciente inclu&#237;ram os custos relacionados &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e foram calculados pelos custos mensais m&#233;dios com varfarina ou DOACs pagos e identificados pelo paciente. Os custos n&#227;o m&#233;dicos dos pacientes foram calculados a partir de dados fornecidos no question&#225;rio, tais como os custos com refei&#231;&#245;es/bebidas, transporte, e outros gastos. Para o c&#225;lculo com transporte, foi considerado o meio de transporte utilizado por cada paciente no dia da visita ao hospital. Para os pacientes que necessitaram de transporte p&#250;blico, consideramos o pre&#231;o da passagem/ticket de &#244;nibus e o n&#250;mero de passagens/tickets usados por dia. Para os pacientes que utilizaram carro pr&#243;prio, considerou-se a dist&#226;ncia entre a casa e a cl&#237;nica de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e o consumo de combust&#237;vel.</p>
          <p>Os custos foram calculados usando os pre&#231;os de janeiro de 2020 e corrigidos de acordo com o &#237;ndice de pre&#231;os no consumidor, e convertidos a d&#243;lares americanos em 09 de abril de 2020 (1 d&#243;lar americano = 5,10 reais). Neste estudo, todos os custos foram expressos em d&#243;lares americanos (US$).</p>
          <p>O custo de oportunidade, que se referiu &#224; quantidade de renda que o paciente e/ou familiar deixou de ganhar no trabalho durante o estudo, foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise de perda de produtividade. A perda de produtividade no trabalho foi calculada com base nos dias de absente&#237;smo e perda no sal&#225;rio.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Custos hospitalares</title>
          <p>Os custos hospitalares referiram-se aos servi&#231;os oferecidos a cada paciente, e coletados por meio do sistema KPIH. Esse consiste em um indicador de desempenho e quantifica os custos diretos e indiretos de cada departamento. Os custos m&#233;dicos diretos inclu&#237;ram os relacionados com medicamentos, interna&#231;&#245;es, sala de emerg&#234;ncia, visitas ao ambulat&#243;rio, exames laboratoriais e de imagem. Os custos indiretos inclu&#237;ram os gastos gerais e administrativos (por exemplo, despesas com departamento de contabilidade e departamento pessoal), e despesas incorridas em &#225;reas do hospital n&#227;o geradoras de renda que devem ser alocadas sobre as &#225;reas geradoras de renda do hospital.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Qualidade de vida (SF-6D)</title>
        <p>Question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida de 36 itens (SF-36) &#233; um question&#225;rio gen&#233;rico de qualidade de vida composto de 36 itens/quest&#245;es, distribu&#237;dos entre oito dom&#237;nios, resumidos em um componente f&#237;sico e um componente mental. Em 2002, Brazier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> revisaram o SF-36 e desenvolveram um novo &#237;ndex que estabeleceu uma nova classifica&#231;&#227;o de status de sa&#250;de usando seis dom&#237;nios (SF-6D). Uma vers&#227;o brasileira do SF-6D possibilita gerar valores de utilidade, e escores mais altos indicam uma melhor qualidade de vida. O SF-6D descreve sa&#250;de em seis dimens&#245;es (fun&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica, limita&#231;&#227;o nas fun&#231;&#245;es, fun&#231;&#227;o social, dor, sa&#250;de mental, e vitalidade), de dois a seis n&#237;veis de gravidade, descrevendo, assim 18 mil estados de sa&#250;de poss&#237;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
          <p>Para an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica dos dados, as vari&#225;veis quantitativas foram expressas em m&#233;dia e desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas como valores absolutos e porcentagens. A normalidade da distribui&#231;&#227;o dos dados quantitativos foi avaliada pelo teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Para compara&#231;&#245;es entre os grupos, o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado foi usado para dados quantitativos, e o teste do qui-quadrado para dados qualitativos. Valores p&lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas pelo programa SPSS Statistics, vers&#227;o 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>A) Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi composta por 90 pacientes, 45 em cada bra&#231;o do estudo (varfarina vs. DOACs; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Todos os participantes no bra&#231;o de antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK) usavam varfarina. Os DOACs utilizados pelos pacientes foram distribu&#237;dos da seguinte maneira: rivaroxabana 70%, apixabana 18%, dabigatrana 10%, e edoxabana 2%. Os fatores de risco e condi&#231;&#245;es basais est&#227;o descritos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. As m&#233;dias do escore CHA2DS2-VASc foi tr&#234;s, e a m&#233;dia do escore HAS-BLED foi um.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas sociodemogr&#225;ficas e fatores de risco nas condi&#231;&#245;es basais dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial em uso de varfarina e anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo em 2018</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">varfarina (n = 45)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs (n = 45)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Valor p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72 &#177; 10,5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,07</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mulheres (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">51%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">53%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino fundamental, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (71)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (53)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ensino superior, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (47)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aposentados, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (76)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (80)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sal&#225;rio (US$)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">304,03 &#177; $211,34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">379,83 &#177; $300,05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,12</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Necessidade de transporte p&#250;blico, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (84)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (52)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de viagem por consulta (hr.: min.)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2:50 &#177; 1:24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2:55 &#177; 3:06</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,45</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (82)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (60)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (31)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (24)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (17)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">AVC/Ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (11)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,74</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>As vari&#225;veis quantitativas s&#227;o expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e as vari&#225;veis qualitativas em valores absolutos e porcentagens. Ensino fundamental completo &#233; definido como a conclus&#227;o de cinco anos dessa fase escolar. Valores p &lt; 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativo. AVC: acidente vascular cerebral</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>B) Custos hospitalares, custos pessoais, e custo total</title>
        <p>Os custos hospitalares foram maiores no grupo varfarina (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref>); seis (12%) pacientes do grupo varfarina e 26 (52%) do grupo DOACs iam rotineiramente &#224;s consultas no ambulat&#243;rio com um familiar acompanhante. Os custos relacionados &#224;s perdas de produtividade dos pacientes e acompanhantes est&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> e os custos totais na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref>.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custos da institui&#231;&#227;o por servi&#231;os prestados ao paciente</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com varfarina (US$)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">No.</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com DOACs (US$)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exames laboratoriais</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2347,17</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">671</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1467,61</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exames de imagem</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">208</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3110,75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">318</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5976,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Visitas ao hospital</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">688</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 778,02</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">348</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4628,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sala de emerg&#234;ncia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9496,54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7475,8</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Interna&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3355,93</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5056,81</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total (US$)</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 088,41</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 604,74</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>DOACs: anticoagulantes orais diretos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Custos totais do paciente para recebimento do tratamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com varfarina (US$) (n=45)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com DOACs (US$) (n=45)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Transporte</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2790,32</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1011,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Paciente/Cuidador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Alimenta&#231;&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2669,67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">605,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Medicamentos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1903,27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23 497,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Perda de produtividade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Paciente</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7393,77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5 185,43</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Cuidador</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">540,43</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">628,94</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 297,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 927,88</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p><italic>DOACs: anticoagulantes orais diretos</italic>.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Despesas totais (referente a 12 meses) dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo em 2018 em tratamento com varfarina (n=45) ou anticoagulantes orais diretos (n=45)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com varfarina (US$) (n=45)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Custos com DOACs (US$) (n=45)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Custo pessoal</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15 297,47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30 927,88</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Custo hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">31 088,41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">24 604,74</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46 385,88</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55 532,62</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>DOACs: anticoagulantes orais diretos.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>C) Vis&#227;o geral dos custos baseada no Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de (SUS)</title>
        <p>Os DOACs foram 10 vezes mais caros que a varfarina; no entanto, os custos totais do bra&#231;o dos DOACs foram aproximadamente 1,2 vezes (20%) maiores. A enorme diferen&#231;a entre esses dois tipos de anticoagulantes (DOACs US$23 497,16 vs. varfarina US$1903,27) pode ser muito reduzida se considerarmos os demais custos envolvidos no estudo. Nesse cen&#225;rio, os custos indiretos do paciente foram relacionados &#224; perda de produtividade, e os custos diretos a transporte e alimenta&#231;&#227;o, o que contribu&#237;ram ao aumento dos custos no bra&#231;o da varfarina. A diferen&#231;a de US$9146,74 (F&#243;rmula 1) poderia ser eliminada com uma redu&#231;&#227;o de aproximadamente 40% (F&#243;rmula 2) no pre&#231;o dos DOACs.</p>
        <p>
          <bold>F&#243;rmula 1 &#8211; diferen&#231;a real: diferen&#231;a entre os custos totais com DOACs e varfarina:</bold>
        </p>
        <disp-formula id="eq1">
          <mml:math display="block" id="m1">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtable columnalign="left">
                <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                  <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>DOACs total</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>varfarin total</mml:mtext>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                  <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>US</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>55</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>532</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>62</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>US</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>46</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>385</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>88</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                  <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>Diferen&#231;a real US</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>9146</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>74</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>
          <bold>F&#243;rmula 2 &#8211; Redu&#231;&#227;o necess&#225;ria no pre&#231;o dos DOACs para torn&#225;-la compar&#225;vel ao pre&#231;o da varfarina:</bold>
        </p>
        <disp-formula id="eq2">
          <mml:math display="block" id="m2">
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mtable columnalign="left">
                <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                  <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>Pre&#231;o dos ADOCs</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext>Diferen&#231;a real difference</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                        <mml:mrow>
                          <mml:mtext>f&#243;rmula 1</mml:mtext>
                        </mml:mrow>
                        <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                      </mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
                <mml:mtr columnalign="left">
                  <mml:mtd columnalign="left">
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mtext>US</mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>23</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>497</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>16</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>9</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>146</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>74</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mi>$</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mn>14</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mtext> </mml:mtext>
                      <mml:mn>350</mml:mn>
                      <mml:mo>,</mml:mo>
                      <mml:mn>42</mml:mn>
                    </mml:mrow>
                  </mml:mtd>
                </mml:mtr>
              </mml:mtable>
            </mml:mrow>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>(61% do pre&#231;o dos AODCs ou redu&#231;&#227;o de 39% no pre&#231;o do medicamento)</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>D) Question&#225;rio <italic>Short Form</italic> (SF-6D)</title>
        <p>O SF-6D foi usado para medir a qualidade de vida dos participantes (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). Os escores de utilidade mais baixos foram relatados pelo dom&#237;nio da fun&#231;&#227;o social, mostrando um importante d&#233;ficit social em ambos os bra&#231;os. A m&#233;dia do escore de utilidade do SF-6D foi 0,649 para o grupo AVK vs 0,641 para o grupo DOACs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref>). N&#227;o foi observada diferen&#231;a em nenhum outro par&#226;metro de qualidade de vida entre os grupos.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>M&#233;dia de escores dos dom&#237;nios do question&#225;rio de qualidade de vida SF-6D dos pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial atendidos no ambulat&#243;rio da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo em 2018 em tratamento com varfarina (n=45) ou anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs) (n=45)</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="20%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">varfarin</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">DP</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o f&#237;sica</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,692</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,338</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,633</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Limita&#231;&#245;es nas fun&#231;&#245;es</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,564</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,356</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,570</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,364</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fun&#231;&#227;o social</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,240</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,302</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,220</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,274</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Dor</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,877</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,324</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,906</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,393</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sa&#250;de mental</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,680</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,424</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,802</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,322</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Vitalidade</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,446</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,236</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,448</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0,220</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>Os escores do SF-6D varia de 0 a 1, em uma escala onde 0 &#233; igual ao pior estado de sa&#250;de e 1 significa o melhor estado de sa&#250;de. DOACs.: anticoagulantes orais diretos; DP: desvio padr&#227;o.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ampla utiliza&#231;&#227;o da varfarina no Brasil &#233; justificada por seu baixo custo e boa efic&#225;cia. No entanto, a necessidade de controle laboratorial e varia&#231;&#245;es no TTR s&#227;o causas frequentes de complica&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas e interrup&#231;&#227;o no tratamento medicamentoso,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> o que pode tornar o manejo do paciente ainda mais desafiador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de anticoagulantes &#233; mais pronunciada em pa&#237;ses de renda m&#233;dia, como em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica do Sul, em que o uso chega a ser inferior a 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os DOACs foram introduzidos no Brasil em 2012,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> com uma clara vantagem sobre outras terapias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Infelizmente, devido aos altos custos, os DOACs t&#234;m sido praticamente utilizados exclusivamente na pr&#225;tica privada. Contudo, a necessidade de testes laboratoriais e frequentes visitas ao hospital para o manejo da terapia com varfarina geram problemas log&#237;sticos que se tornaram mais cr&#237;ticos na pandemia da COVID-19 devido &#224; necessidade de distanciamento social/isolamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Tais problemas podem ser minimizados com a incorpora&#231;&#227;o dos DOACs ao SUS. Uma an&#225;lise de custo efetividade d&#225; evid&#234;ncia de que, apesar dos custos mais elevados, os DOACs s&#227;o mais vantajosos, com melhor custo efetividade que a varfarina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A avalia&#231;&#227;o econ&#244;mica com foco somente na assist&#234;ncia financeira direta n&#227;o leva em considera&#231;&#227;o alguns fatores importantes para a an&#225;lise global, como transporte, alimenta&#231;&#227;o, absente&#237;smo no trabalho, e estresse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> O grupo da varfarina apresentou mais custos diretos (por exemplo, alimenta&#231;&#227;o: US$2669,67 vs. US$605,25 para varfarina e DOACs, respectivamente; transporte: US$2790,32 vs. US$1011,10 para varfarina e DOACs, respectivamente), bem como um maior n&#250;mero de visitas e testes laboratoriais (varfarina US$1709 vs. DOACs US$1019). No entanto, nosso estudo mostrou que os custos totais do tratamento com DOACs (US$55 532,62) foram mais altos que com varfarina (US$46 385,88). Essa diferen&#231;a no pre&#231;o total foi diretamente relacionada ao pre&#231;o dos DOACs (DOACs US$23497,16 vs. varfarina US$1903,27).</p>
      <p>Os DOACs n&#227;o s&#227;o atualmente cobertos pelo SUS principalmente por seu elevado pre&#231;o. Estudos locais com foco n&#227;o somente em custos institucionais como tamb&#233;m em custos sociais s&#227;o necess&#225;rios. O manejo da varfarina &#233; dif&#237;cil; muitos cl&#237;nicos gerais s&#227;o c&#233;ticos em prescrever ou manter prescri&#231;&#245;es pr&#233;vias de AVK. Nosso estudo refor&#231;a a ideia de que os DOACs podem ser fornecidos pelo servi&#231;o p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de. Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref></sup> em um estudo sobre a qualidade do controle da anticoagula&#231;&#227;o em pacientes com FA n&#227;o valvar, tratados com varfarina em um servi&#231;o de sa&#250;de privado, relataram que mais de 60% dos pacientes estavam abaixo do alvo desejado (em termos de TTR), o que se associou com maiores custos.</p>
      <p>Com base nas nossas an&#225;lises, o pre&#231;o &#8220;ideal&#8221; dos DOACs seria US$14 350,42 (f&#243;rmula 2). Nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o controle de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com varfarina e DOACs teria custos compar&#225;veis. Pacientes que n&#227;o requerem monitoramento frequente est&#227;o mais propensos a praticar o distanciamento social, requerido pelas autoridades sanit&#225;rias durante a pandemia da COVID-19.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Nesse contexto, seria muito desej&#225;vel o desenvolvimento de uma abordagem vi&#225;vel de incorpora&#231;&#227;o de DOACs nas pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas de sa&#250;de, contribuindo para um sistema de sa&#250;de &#250;nico e justo. Redu&#231;&#245;es nos custos no grupo DOACs s&#227;o a &#250;nica possibilidade de redu&#231;&#227;o de custo nesse cen&#225;rio. Uma estrat&#233;gia simples para isso seria a redu&#231;&#227;o do pre&#231;o dos DOACs, calculado para esse prop&#243;sito neste estudo.</p>
      <p>O reembolso dos gastos no SUS &#233; inadequado, com pouca transfer&#234;ncia de pagamentos para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica. Assim, medidas administrativas s&#227;o necess&#225;rias para promover um equil&#237;brio racional dos custos e acuidados acess&#237;veis e conscientes. Sugerimos que algumas interven&#231;&#245;es nos pre&#231;os poderiam gerar um retorno econ&#244;mico positivo, e a presta&#231;&#227;o eficiente de servi&#231;os de sa&#250;de, levando a um cen&#225;rio vi&#225;vel para o uso de DOACs na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica.</p>
      <p>Interessante notar que um grande n&#250;mero de consultas n&#227;o influenciou a qualidade de vida relacionada &#224; sa&#250;de no grupo varfarina. Provavelmente, o alto grau de humanismo de nossa equipe de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o na FA tenha compensado a falta de apoio social e desconforto causados pelas visitas repetitivas ao hospital, conforme descrito em estudos realizados em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> O fornecimento de DOACs a pacientes com FA &#233; justificado e necess&#225;rio n&#227;o apenasdurante uma pandemia, como tamb&#233;m em cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos e epidemiol&#243;gicos normais.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo apresentou algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. O estudo n&#227;o foi randomizado, e desfechos como AVC, mortalidade e ades&#227;o n&#227;o foram analisados. As despesas foram analisadas durante um per&#237;odo de 12 meses, e possivelmente um acompanhamento de longo prazo possa revelar mais benef&#237;cios.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os custos no grupo DOACs mostraram-se maiores que no grupo varfarina. Custos n&#227;o medicamentosos s&#227;o importantes cargas no grupo varfarina, demandando estrat&#233;gias econ&#244;micas em sa&#250;de racionais para o manejo da doen&#231;a. Uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 40% no pre&#231;o das DOACs pode ser importante para a incorpora&#231;&#227;o desses medicamentos no SUS, uma pol&#237;tica vi&#225;vel durante a pandemia da COVID-19.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Andressa Zulmira Avila Guerrero pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O presente estudo foi realizado com apoio da Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior - Brasil (CAPES) - C&#243;digo de Financiamento 001.</p>
    </ack>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Paola</surname>
            <given-names>Angelo Amato Vincenzo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP- Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Angelo Amato Vincenzo de Paola</bold> &#8226; Rua Napole&#227;o de Barros, 715. Postal Code <postal-code>04021-001</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>depaola@uol.com.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Ferraz MB, Paola AAV; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Paola AAV; Statistical analysis: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Cirenza C, Paola AAV; Obtaining financing: Paola AAV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Guerrero AZA, Coutinho EL, Ferraz MB, Cirenza C, Santos MCE, Ferraro JR, Paola AAV.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Atrial fibrillation is a public health problem associated with a fivefold increased risk of stroke or death. Analyzing costs is important when introducing new therapies and must be reconsidered in special situations, such as the novel coronavirus pandemic of 2020.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study aimed to evaluate the costs related to anticoagulant therapy in a one-year period, and the quality of life of atrial fibrillation patients treated in a public university hospital.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Patient costs were those related to the anticoagulation and calculated by the average monthly costs of warfarin or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Patient non-medical costs (eg., food and transportation) were calculated from data obtained by questionnaires. The Brazilian SF-6D was used to measure the quality of life. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The study population consisted of 90 patients, 45 in each arm (warfarin vs direct oral anticoagulants). Costs were 20% higher in the DOAC group ($55,532.62 vs $46,385.88), and mainly related to drug price ($23,497.16 vs $1,903.27). Hospital costs were higher in the warfarin group ($31,088.41 vs $24,604.74) and related to outpatient visits. Additionally, non-medical costs were almost twice higher in the warfarin group ($13,394.20 vs $7,430.72). Equivalence of price between the two drugs could be achieved by a 39% reduction in the price of DOACs. There were no significant group differences regarding quality of life.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Total costs were higher in the group of patients taking DOACs than those taking warfarin. However, a nearly 40% reduction in the price of DOACs could make it feasible to incorporate these drugs into the Brazilian public health system.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Health Care Costs</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants</kwd>
        <kwd>Warfarin</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior &#8211; Brasil (CAPES)</funding-source>
          <award-id>001</award-id>
        </award-group>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) is a public health problem associated with a fivefold increased risk of stroke and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Warfarin is largely used in this condition, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> and patients usually need frequent outpatient visits to achieve the optimal time in therapeutic range (TTR). Laboratory control and outpatient visits are not only an economic burden but also a social distancing-related issue, both important factors after the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as an international public health emergency. Studies on preventive measures and the effective control of infections during the COVID-19 pandemic have been carried out.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), a major advancement in anticoagulant therapy for AF, have made clinical control easier, with good efficacy and safety.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> In the current pandemic scenario, anticoagulation therapy with DOACs is adequate as it dispenses with frequent visits to health services, favoring social distancing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> However, DOACs are not available in the public health system in Brazil yet. It has been reported that only 30% of patients in Brazil have private health insurance and access to DOACs for stroke prevention.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Limited resources hamper the implementation of new technologies and represent a real problem in public health. Economic evaluations help to alleviate the burden of scarce resources by improving the allocative efficiency of health care financing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        <p>This study aimed to evaluate the costs related to anticoagulant therapy (warfarin vs DOACs) in the management of AF, using real-world costs in patients treated in a university hospital by the public health system.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>This was an observational and retrospective study. An ideal sample size of 89 patients was calculated based on the AF outpatient clinic at the Federal University of Sao Paulo (680 patients), where the prevalence of warfarin was 92% while that of DOACs was only 8%. A total sample of 90 patients was recruited. Sampling was made by convenience for balance of treatment arms and sample homogenization (e.g for each patient taking DOACs included, a patient taking warfarin was invited to participate). The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Federal University of Sao Paulo (#79785717.2.0000.5505). Patients who failed to understand and/or refused to sign the informed consent form were not recruited.</p>
          <p>All patients were included in 2018 and costs were analyzed during their last 12 month-period. The data-gathering for this study from health records did not affect the frequency of hospital visits, warfarin or DOACs dosage, which were at the anticoagulation team's discretion. For data collection, we developed two questionnaires using Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCAP),21 which is a secure web-based application for creating and managing online surveys and databases, as follows:</p>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Clinical/Economical:</bold> This included items concerning demographic data (age, gender, occupation, education), medical history (comorbidities), and patient economic data (salary, household incoming, type of transport used, time spent traveling).</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Operational:</bold> Quantified the individual costs of participants in the institution. The sum of the values was made using the Key Performance Indicators for Health (KPIH), a system for calculating and analyzing costs in our institution.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Costs</title>
          <p>This study compared the costs of two similar interventions to ascertain which is less expensive while maintaining a desired level of quality. The costs were classified into 2 categories: patient and hospital costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
          <sec>
            <title>Patient costs</title>
            <p>Patient medical costs included costs related anticoagulation and were calculated by the average monthly cost of warfarin or DOACs paid and identified by the patient. Patient non-medical costs were calculated from data provided in the patient questionnaire, such as the costs of meals/drinks, transportation, and other expenses. To calculate transportation costs, the means of transport used by each patient on the day of hospital visit was considered. For those who needed public transportation, we used the price of the bus ticket and the number of tickets used per day. For patients who used their own car, we used the distance between their home and the anticoagulation clinic and calculated the fuel consumption.</p>
            <p>The costs were calculated using January 2020 prices and corrected in accordance with the consumer price index and converted to US dollars (USD) on April 9, 2020 (USD 1 = BRL 5.10). In this study, all costs are expressed in US dollars.</p>
            <p>Opportunity cost, referred as the amount of income that the patient and/or family caregivers missed out during the study, was included in productivity loss analysis. Loss of productivity at work was calculated based on the days of absenteeism and lost wages.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Hospital costs</title>
            <p>Hospital costs referred to the services provided for each patient and were collected using the KPIH system. This is a performance indicator and quantifies the direct and indirect costs from each department. Direct medical costs included those related to medications, hospitalizations, emergency room, outpatient visits, imaging and laboratory tests. Indirect costs included general and administrative expenses (eg., accounting department costs and personnel department costs), and costs incurred by non-revenue-generating areas of the hospital that must be allocated over the revenue-producing departments.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quality of life</title>
          <p>The 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) is a generic quality of life questionnaire comprising 36 items/questions, distributed in eight domains, summarized in one physical and one mental component. In 2002, Brazier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> reviewed the SF-36 and developed a new index that established a new health state classification using six domains (SF-6D). A Brazilian version of the SF-6D provides a method for generating utility values, and higher scores indicate better quality of life. The SF-6D describes health on six dimensions (physical functioning, role limitation, social functioning, pain, mental health, and vitality), from two to six seveiry levels, then describing 18,000 possible health states.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>For statistical analysis of the data, quantitative variables were expressed as means &#177; standard deviation (SD) and qualitative variables as absolute values and percentages. Normality of quantitative data distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. For comparisons between groups, the unpaired t-student test was used for quantitative data, and the chi-square test for qualitative data. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All analyzes were carried out using software SPSS Statistics, version 25.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, EUA).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>A) Sociodemographic characteristics</title>
          <p>The study population consisted of 90 patients, 45 in each arm (warfarin vs DOACs; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>). The DOACs used by participants were distributed as follows: rivaroxaban 70%, apixaban 18%, dabigatran 10%, and edoxaban 2%. Risk factors and baseline conditions are described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 1</xref>, the mean CHA2DS2-VASc score was three and the mean HAS-BLED score was one.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t6">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Sociodemographic characteristics and risk factors and baseline conditions of atrial fibrillation patients taking warfarin and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">warfarin (n = 45)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs (n = 45)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">p- value</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">68 &#177; 9</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">72 &#177; 10.5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Women (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">51%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Elementary school, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">32 (71)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">24 (53)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="2" valign="middle">0.08<break/> 0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Higher education, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">21 (47)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Retired, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">34 (76)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (80)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Salary, ($)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">304.03 &#177; $211.34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">379.83 &#177; $300.05</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.12</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Need for public transportation n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">37 (84)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">23 (52)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Travel time per visit (hr.: min.)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2:50 &#177; 1:24</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2:55 &#177; 3:06</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.45</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hypertension n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">36 (82)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">27 (60)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Diabetes mellitus n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">11 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart failure n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">9 (20)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (17)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Myocardial infarction n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Stroke/Transient ischemic attack n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">6 (13)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">5 (11)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.74</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>
                  <italic>Quantitative variables are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and qualitative variables as absolute values and percentages. Elementary school is defined as completion of five years of primary school. Risk factors and baseline conditions are expressed as mean and percentage. P-values &lt; 0.05 were considered statistically significant.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>B) Hospital, personal and total costs</title>
          <p>Hospital costs were higher in the warfarin group (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 2</xref>); six (12%) patients of the warfarin group and twenty-six (52%) of the DOACs routinely attended the clinic with one family caregiver. Costs related to productivity losses of patients and family caregivers are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 3</xref> and total costs in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t9">Table 4</xref>.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t7">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Hospital costs referred to the services provide for each patient</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">No.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">warfarin costs</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">No.</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs costs</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Laboratory tests</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">1021</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$2,347.17</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">671</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$1,467.61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Imaging tests</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">208</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$3,110.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">318</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$5,976.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospital visits</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">688</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$12,778.02</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">348</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$4,628.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Emergency room</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">71</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$9,496.54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$7,475.8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospitalizations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">8</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$3,355.93</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">10</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$5,056.81</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$31,088.41</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$24,604.74</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <p>
                  <italic>DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t8">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Personal costs</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">warfarin (45)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs (45)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Patient/Family caregivers cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Transport</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$2,790.32</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$1,011.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Food</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$2,669.67</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$605.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Drug</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$1,903.27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$23,497.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="2" valign="middle">Productivity loss</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Patient</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$7,393.77</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$5,185.43</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Family caregivers</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$540.43</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$628.94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$ 15,297.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$30,927.88</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <p>
                  <italic>DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t9">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Total costs (12 months) of atrial fibrillation patients seen at the outpatient clinic of Sao Paulo Federal University in 2018 treated with warfarin (n=45) or direct oral anticoagulants (n=45)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">warfarin (45)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs (45)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Personal cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$15,297.47</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$30,927.88</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Hospital cost</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$31,088.41</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$24,604.74</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Total</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$46,385.88</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">$55,532.62</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <p>
                  <italic>DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>C) Overview of costs based on Brazil's unified health system (Sistema &#218;nico de Sa&#250;de [SUS]).</title>
          <p>DOACs were 10 times more expensive than warfarin; however, the total costs of the DOACs arm were approximately 1.2 times (20%) higher. The huge price difference between these two types of anticoagulants (DOACs $23,497.16 vs warfarin $1,903.27) may be drastically reduced if we considered the other costs involved in this study. In this setting, indirect patient costs were related to loss of productivity, and direct patient costs were related to transportation and food, which contributed to increased costs observed in the warfarin arm. The difference of $9,146.74 (Formula 1) could be eliminated with a reduction of approximately 40% (Formula 2) in the price of DOACs.</p>
          <disp-quote>
            <p>
              <bold>Formula 1 - Real difference: Difference between total costs with DOACs and warfarin:</bold>
            </p>
            <p>DOACs total - warfarin total</p>
            <p>$55,532.62 - $46,385.88</p>
            <p>Real difference of $9,146.74</p>
            <p>
              <bold>Formula 2 &#8211; Necessary reduction in DOAC price to make it comparable to the costs of warfarin:</bold>
            </p>
            <p>Price of DOACs - Real difference (formula 1) =</p>
            <p>$23,497.16 - $9,146.74 = $14,350.42</p>
            <p>(61% of the price of DOACs or a reduction of 39% in the drug price)</p>
          </disp-quote>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>D) Short Form SF-6D</title>
          <p>SF-6D was used to measure the quality of life of participants (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). The lowest utility scores were reported by the social functioning domain, showing an important social deficit in both arms. Mean SF-6D utility score was 0.649 for VKA and 0.641 for DOACs (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t10">Table 5</xref>). No other significant differences in health-related quality of life parameters were observed between the study arms.</p>
          <table-wrap id="t10">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Mean scores of the SF-6D questionnaire domains of atrial fibrillation patients seen at the outpatient clinic of Sao Paulo Federal University in 2018 treated with warfarin (n=45) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) (n=45)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle"/>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">warfarin</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">DOACs</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">SD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Physical functioning</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.692</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.338</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.633</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.429</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Role limitations</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.564</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.356</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.570</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.364</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Social functioning</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.240</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.302</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.220</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Pain</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.877</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.324</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.906</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.393</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Mental health</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.680</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.424</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.802</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.322</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Vitality</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.446</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.236</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.448</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">0.220</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <p>
                  <italic>The SF-6D scores is calculated by perfect health rated at 1.0. SD: standard deviation; DOACs: direct oral anticoagulants.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec sec-type="discussion">
          <title>Discussion</title>
          <p>Low costs and good efficacy explain the wide use of warfarin in Brazil. However, the requirement of laboratory control and TTR variations are frequent causes of clinical complications and drug discontinuation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which can make patient management even more challenging.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Underuse of oral anticoagulation become even more pronounced in middle-income countries, like in South American countries, where it has been reported to be less than 40%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
          <p>DOACs have been introduced in Brazil since 2012<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> with clear advantage over other therapies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Unfortunately, due to high costs, DOACs have been used almost exclusively used in private practice. However, the need for laboratory tests and frequent hospital visits for warfarin control create logistic problems that have become more critical in the COVID-19 pandemic due to the requirements for social distancing/isolation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> These problems can be minimized with the incorporation of DOACs into Brazil's unified health system. Cost-effectiveness analysis provides evidence that, despite higher costs, DOACs are preferable and may be more cost-effective when compared to warfarin.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Economic evaluation focusing only on direct financial assistance does not consider important factors for a real global analysis, like travel, food, working absenteeism, and stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> Warfarin group had more direct costs (e.g. food: $2,669.67 vs $605.25 for warfarin and DOACs, respectively; transport: $2,790.32 vs $1,011.10 for warfarin and DOACs, respectively) and also higher numbers of visits and laboratory tests (warfarin $1,709 vs DOACs $1,019). However, our study showed that the total costs of treatment with DOACs ($55,532.62) were higher than with warfarin ($46,385.88). This difference was directly related to the price of DOACs (DOACs $23,497.16 vs warfarin $1,903.27).</p>
          <p>DOACs are not currently covered by the SUS in Brazil mainly because their high price. Local studies focused not only on institutional costs but also on social costs are needed. Warfarin management is difficult; general practitioners are skeptical in prescribing or maintaing AVK previous prescriptions. Our study supports that DOACs can be provided by the public health service. Silva et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> in a study on the quality of anticoagulation control in patients with nonvalvular AF treated with warfarin in a Brazilian private care center, reported that more than 60% of the patients were below the desired target (in terms of TTR), who were associated with costs.</p>
          <p>Based on our analyses, the &#8220;ideal&#8221; price of DOACs would be $14,350.42 (formula 2). In this situation, anticoagulation control with warfarin and DOACs would have comparable costs. Patients who do not need frequent monitoring are more prone to practice social distancing, required by health authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> In this context, it would be highly desirable to develop a feasible approach to incorporate DOACs into the public health policy, contributing to a unified and fair health system. Reductions in the costs of DOACs group are the only possibility of cost reduction in this setting. A simple strategy for this goal would be the reduction of DOACs&#8217; price, calculated for this purpose in this study.</p>
          <p>Cost reimbursements in SUS are inadequate, with low federal transfer payments for public health. Thus, administrative measures are necessary to provide a rational balance of costs and affordable and conscious care. We suggested that some price interventions could generate a positive economic return and an efficient delivery of health services, and lead to a feasible scenario for the use of DOACs in clinical practice.</p>
          <p>Interestingly, the large number of consultations did not influence the health-related quality of life of the warfarin group. Probably the high degree of humanism of our AF anticoagulation team has compensated the lack of social support and discomfort caused by repetitive hospital visits required as reported in studies from other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref></sup> The provision of DOACs for patients with AF is warranted not only during a pandemic but also in normal clinical and epidemiological scenarios.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>There were some limitations in our study. This study was not randomized and outcomes such as stroke, mortality and adherence were not analyzed. The costs were assessed during a 12-month period, and long-term follow-up may reveal more and extended benefits.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The costs in the DOACs group were found to be higher than the warfarin group. Non-medical costs are an important burden in the warfarin group, requiring rational economic health strategies for disease management. A 40% reduction in the DOACs&#8217; price may be important for the incorporation of these drugs into the SUS, a feasible policy during this COVID-19 pandemic.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This study was partly funded by the <italic>Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior</italic> &#8211; Brasil (CAPES) &#8211; Finance Code 001</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Andressa Zulmira Avila Guerrero, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
