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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">q6W4ZsRSkTfVtkkwNy4Npkf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100075</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210912</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210912</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Tromb&#243;lise na Embolia Pulmonar: Octogen&#225;rios Merecem mais Aten&#231;&#227;o!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr-Campus de Botucatu Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr. CEP <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>hugo.yoo@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>75</fpage>
      <lpage>76</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Embolia Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulantes/uso terap&#234;utico</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia</kwd>
        <kwd>Idoso de 80 Anos ou Mais</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="11"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A embolia pulmonar (EP) &#233; uma doen&#231;a cardiovascular comum que pode ser potencialmente fatal, e sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade. Ela &#233; a terceira causa mais comum de mortalidade cardiovascular, al&#233;m de ser respons&#225;vel por 100.000 a 180.000 mortes por ano.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca do lado direito e recorr&#234;ncias s&#227;o as principais causas de morte associadas &#224; EP. A maioria das mortes ocorre na primeira hora ap&#243;s os pacientes apresentarem instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica. Portanto, o progn&#243;stico desses pacientes depende de um tratamento r&#225;pido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Para determinar uma abordagem terap&#234;utica adequada em pacientes com EP, a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco apropriada &#233; decisiva para iniciar o tratamento eficaz o mais r&#225;pido poss&#237;vel e evitar mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Portanto, pacientes com baixo risco de mortalidade podem ser candidatos ao tratamento com anticoagulantes em casa ou &#224; alta hospitalar antecipada. Pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio podem demandar terapias antitromb&#243;ticas e observa&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica pr&#243;xima para escalar o regime terap&#234;utico no caso de debilita&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. J&#225; os pacientes com alto risco devem realizar a pronta revasculariza&#231;&#227;o direcionada por cateter percut&#226;neo ou farmacol&#243;gico ou por tratamento cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A tromb&#243;lise combinada com anticoagula&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o tem potencial de salvar vidas. Esses procedimentos levam a melhorias mais r&#225;pidas na perfus&#227;o pulmonar, desequil&#237;brio pulmonar, troca gasosa, e disfun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo direito. O principal benef&#237;cio &#233; observado quando a tromb&#243;lise &#233; administrada em 48 horas ap&#243;s o aparecimento dos sintomas. Sua efic&#225;cia diminui significativamente ap&#243;s 7 dias, mas pode trazer benef&#237;cios at&#233; 14 dias ap&#243;s o aparecimento dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A vantagem cl&#237;nica da terapia trombol&#237;tica foi demonstrada em pacientes com EP massiva. Pacientes de alto risco que receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica tinham um risco mais baixo de mortalidade global e relacionada a EP do que pacientes de alto risco que n&#227;o a receberam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Entretanto, a meta-an&#225;lise realizada por Quezada et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> demonstrou que, apesar da instabilidade din&#226;mica, apenas 23% dos pacientes de alto risco foram submetidos a tromb&#243;lise.</p>
    <p>Na terapia trombol&#237;tica, o dilema mais significativo &#233; o risco de hemorragia. Em pacientes idosos, as comorbidades e o uso de m&#250;ltiplos medicamentos aumenta ainda mais o risco de hemorragia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A situa&#231;&#227;o restringe a indica&#231;&#227;o total de trombol&#237;ticos pelos cl&#237;nicos, e, consequentemente, h&#225; poucos estudos robustos que avaliaram a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da tromb&#243;lise nos pacientes muito idosos (&gt;80 anos) com EP.</p>
    <p>Nessa quest&#227;o, Zengin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> em um estudo coorte retrospectivo, avaliaram a efici&#234;ncia e a seguran&#231;a do tratamento por tromb&#243;lise em 148 pacientes octogen&#225;rios com EP. Uma dose convencional de ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual (tPA) foi o agente l&#237;tico padr&#227;o usado para pacientes que compareceram em at&#233; 14 dias do aparecimento dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, os autores demonstraram um &#237;ndice de mortalidade no hospital consider&#225;vel de 19%. O &#237;ndice para o grupo trombol&#237;tico era significativamente mais baixo em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o trombol&#237;tico (10,5% <italic>vs</italic> 24,2%, p=0,03). Por outro lado, as complica&#231;&#245;es de hemorragia geral eram significativamente mais frequentes no grupo trombol&#237;tico, determinadas principalmente por pequenas hemorragias (35% <italic>vs</italic> 13%, p&lt;0,01). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as ao se considerar os grandes eventos de hemorragia (7% <italic>vs</italic> 5,5%, p=0,71).</p>
    <p>De forma semelhante, um estudo coorte retrospectivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> que incluiu pacientes com EP acima de 65 anos de idade, relatou a terapia trombol&#237;tica associada a mortalidade mais baixa e &#237;ndices aceit&#225;veis de complica&#231;&#245;es por hemorragia. Esses achados podem incentivar os cl&#237;nicos a administrar terapia trombol&#237;tica com cuidado em pacientes idosos com EP.</p>
    <p>Entretanto, &#233; necess&#225;rio considerar que a EP &#233; uma doen&#231;a potencialmente fatal que se torna ainda mais s&#233;ria na popula&#231;&#227;o idosa com &#237;ndices consider&#225;veis de mortalidade no hospital. Uma parte dessa mortalidade poderia ser reduzida pela indica&#231;&#227;o cuidadosa da tromb&#243;lise. &#201; poss&#237;vel que a indica&#231;&#227;o de tromb&#243;lise para a popula&#231;&#227;o idosa possa n&#227;o ser restringida apenas em instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, mas essa quest&#227;o deve ser analisada. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de pacientes idosos que est&#227;o hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis no diagn&#243;stico, mas t&#234;m risco alto de complica&#231;&#245;es precoces, &#233; um desafio maior.</p>
    <p>&#201; importante considerar que em ambos os tipos de estudos, os de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes com EP usando o &#237;ndice de gravidade da embolia pulmonar (PESI) e sua forma simplificada (sPESI) e os estudos com sPESI mais Troponina como marcador baseiam-se principalmente em dados de uma popula&#231;&#227;o geral, em que os pacientes muito mais velhos eram sub-representados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Portanto, a aplicabilidade de uma ferramenta de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para pacientes idosos, desenvolvida com base em dados de popula&#231;&#245;es mais jovens, &#233; question&#225;vel. Ferramentas melhores de estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco devem ser consideradas para melhorar o tratamento cl&#237;nico de pacientes idosos (&gt;65) e muito idosos (&gt;80) com suspeita de EP.</p>
    <p>Outro achado interessante a se destacar nesse estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> &#233; uma amostra que inclui apenas 30% de pacientes do sexo masculino. Embora n&#227;o existam estudos espec&#237;ficos de compara&#231;&#227;o entre sexos que tenham avaliado a efic&#225;cia e a seguran&#231;a da tromb&#243;lise, &#233; importante enfatizar que h&#225; diferen&#231;as na biologia das plaquetas e nas rea&#231;&#245;es de coagula&#231;&#227;o que s&#227;o associadas ao sexo, levando a resultados diferentes incluindo complica&#231;&#245;es por hemorragia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Portanto, o entendimento das diferen&#231;as relacionadas a sexo em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia antitromb&#243;tica e &#224; anticoagula&#231;&#227;o deve levar a uma abordagem terap&#234;utica individualizada para a preven&#231;&#227;o e o tratamento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares diferentes.</p>
    <p>Contraindica&#231;&#245;es tradicionais &#224; terapia trombol&#237;tica devem ser consideradas relativas no cen&#225;rio de EP de alto risco, com o equil&#237;brio entre risco e benef&#237;cio sendo ponderado caso a caso, especialmente nos pacientes acima dos 80 anos de idade. A indica&#231;&#227;o de uma tromb&#243;lise individualizada, notadamente na popula&#231;&#227;o muito idosa e fr&#225;gil, deve ser analisada para melhorar efic&#225;cia e seguran&#231;a, levando o sexo do paciente em considera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    <p>Para reduzir o risco de hemorragia em octogen&#225;rios, op&#231;&#245;es de tromb&#243;lise com dose reduzida de agentes trombol&#237;ticos e doses mais baixas por tromb&#243;lise direcionada por cateter nessa popula&#231;&#227;o precisam ser mais estudadas.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <italic>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Terapia Trombol&#237;tica em Octogen&#225;rios com Embolia Pulmonar Aguda</italic>
        </p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Thrombolysis in Pulmonary Embolism: Octagenarians Deserve More Attention!</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3226-2788</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yoo</surname>
            <given-names>Hugo Hyung Bok</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Hugo Hyung Bok Yoo</bold> &#8226; Universidade Estadual Paulista J&#250;lio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina Campus de Botucatu - Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr-Campus de Botucatu Distrito de Rubi&#227;o Jr. Postal Code <postal-code>18618-687</postal-code>, Campus de Botucatu, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>hugo.yoo@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Embolism</kwd>
        <kwd>Anticoagulants/therapeutic use</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage</kwd>
        <kwd>Aged 80 and Over</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a common cardiovascular disease that may be life threatening, and its incidence increases with age. It is the third most common cause of cardiovascular mortality and is also responsible for 100,000 to 180,000 deaths per year.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Right-sided heart failure and recurrences are the main causes of death associated with PE. Most deaths occur within the first hour of patients presenting hemodynamic instability. Therefore, the prognostic of those patients depends on rapid treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>To determine a suitable therapeutic management approach in patients with PE, the appropriate risk stratification is decisive in order to begin effective treatment as early as possible and to prevent death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Thus, patients at a low-risk of mortality may be candidates for home anticoagulant treatment or early hospital discharge. Patients at intermediate risk may require antithrombotic therapy and close clinical observation to escalate the treatment regime in case of clinical impairment, whereas patients at high-risk should proceed to prompt revascularization either by pharmacologic or percutaneous catheter-directed or surgical treatment.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Thrombolysis combined with standard anticoagulation is potentially lifesaving. These procedures lead to faster improvements in pulmonary perfusion, hemodynamic defect, gas exchange, and right ventricular dysfunction. The foremost benefit is observed when thrombolysis is administrated within 48h of the onset of symptoms. Its efficacy decreases significantly after 7 days, but it may be beneficial up to 14 days after the onset of symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The clinical advantage of thrombolytic therapy has been shown in patients with massive PE. High-risk patients who received thrombolytic therapy had a lower risk of all-causes and PE-related mortality than high-risk patients who did not receive it.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>However, in the meta-analysis performed by Quezada et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> showed that, despite hemodynamic instability, only 23% of high-risk patients underwent thrombolysis.</p>
      <p>In thrombolytic therapy, the most significant dilemma is the risk of bleeding. In elderly patients, comorbidities and multidrug use further increase the risk of bleeding.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This situation restricts the full indication of thrombolytics by clinicians, and as a result, there are few robust studies that have evaluated the efficacy and safety of thrombolysis in very elderly (&gt;80 ys) patients with PE.</p>
      <p>In this issue, Zengin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> in a retrospective cohort study, have evaluated the effectiveness and safety of thrombolysis therapy in 148 aged octagenarian patients with PE. A conventional dose of the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was the standard lytic agent used for patients who sought medical care within 14 days of the onset of the symptoms.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In that study, the authors showed a considerable in-hospital mortality rate of 19%. The thrombolytic group rate was significantly lower when compared to the non-thrombolytic group (10.5% <italic>vs.</italic> 24.2%, p=0.03). By contrast, the overall bleeding complications were significantly more frequent in the thrombolytic group, mainly determined by minor bleeding (35% <italic>vs.</italic> 13%, p&lt;0.01). No difference was found when considering the major bleeding events (7% <italic>vs</italic> 5.5%, p=0.71).</p>
      <p>Similarly, a retrospective cohort study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> which included PE patients over 65 years of age, reported thrombolytic therapy associated with lower mortality and acceptable bleeding complication rates. Those findings may encourage clinicians to administer thrombolytic therapy with caution to elderly patients with PE.</p>
      <p>However, one must bear in mind that PE is a life-threatening disease that becomes even more serious in the elderly population, with considerable in-hospital mortality. A portion of this mortality could be reduced by a careful thrombolysis indication. It is possible that the indication for thrombolysis in the elderly population could not be restricted only in hemodynamic instability, but this issue should be reviewed. The identification of elderly patients who are hemodynamically stable in the diagnosis, but who are at a high risk of early complications, is more challenging.</p>
      <p>It is important to consider that in both types of studies, those for a risk stratification in PE patients using the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) and its Simplified form (sPESI), as well as studies with sPESI plus Troponin as a marker, are mainly based on data from a general population, where the much older patients were underrepresented.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Therefore, the applicability of a risk stratification tool for elderly patients, developed based on data from younger populations, is questionable. Better risk stratification tools should be taken into consideration to improve the clinical management of the elderly (&gt;65ys) and very elderly (&gt;80) patients with suspected PE.</p>
      <p>Another interesting finding to be highlighted in this study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> is a sample with only 30% of male patients included. Although there are no sex-specific comparative studies that have evaluated efficacy and safety in thrombolysis, it is important to stress the sex-related differences in platelet biology and coagulation reactions, resulting in different outcomes including bleeding complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Thus, understanding sex-related differences with regard to antithrombotic therapy and anticoagulation should result in an individualized therapeutic approach for the prevention and treatment of different cardiovascular diseases.</p>
      <p>Traditional contraindications to thrombolytic therapy should be considered relative in the scenario of high-risk PE, with the benefit-risk balance weighed in each individual case, especially in those over 80 years of age. The indication of an individualized thrombolysis, notably in the very elderly and frail population, should be reviewed to improve efficacy and safety, taking into account the sex.</p>
      <p>To reduce the risk of bleeding in octagenarians, thrombolysis options with an individualized reduced dose of thrombolytic agents and lower doses by catheter-directed thrombolysis in that population need to be further studied.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>
            <italic>Short Editorial related to the article: Thrombolytic Therapy in Octogenarians with Acute Pulmonary Embolism</italic>
          </p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
