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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vC9ShtsRYWzKLhZBhmtzWfN</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100068</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica em Octogen&#225;rios com Embolia Pulmonar Aguda</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6823-2305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zengin</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karata&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Baran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;zelbur&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6496-4218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yelge&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Nizamettin Sel&#231;uk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emre</surname>
            <given-names>Ay&#351;e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology , University of Health Sciences , Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital , Istambul - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ahmet Zengin &#8226; T&#305;bbiye Cad. No:13 Selimiye 34886 &#220;sk&#252;dar/&#304;stanbul - Turquia E-mail: <email>ahmetzengin85@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zengin A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zengin A, G&#252;zelbur&#231; &#214;, Yelge&#231; NS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Karata&#351; MB; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Karata&#351; MB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zengin A, &#199;anga Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>68</fpage>
      <lpage>74</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Apesar da grande propor&#231;&#227;o de octogen&#225;rios com embolia pulmonar aguda, h&#225; pouca informa&#231;&#227;o indicando a estrat&#233;gia de manejo ideal, especialmente medidas terap&#234;uticas, como a terapia l&#237;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O n&#250;mero de pacientes idosos diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar aguda aumenta constantemente. Por&#233;m, o papel do tratamento trombol&#237;tico n&#227;o est&#225; claramente definido entre os octogen&#225;rios. Nosso objetivo &#233; avaliar a efetividade da terapia l&#237;tica em pacientes octogen&#225;rios diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Cento e quarenta e oito indiv&#237;duos (70,3% de mulheres, n=104) com mais de 80 anos foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: tratamento trombol&#237;tico <italic>versus</italic> n&#227;o-trombol&#237;tico. As taxas de mortalidade hospitalar e epis&#243;dios de sangramento foram definidos como desfechos do estudo. Valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado como estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> A mortalidade hospitalar reduziu significativamente no grupo trombol&#237;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o ao n&#227;o-trombol&#237;tico (10,5% vs. 24,2%; p=0,03). Epis&#243;dios de sangramento menores foram mais comuns no bra&#231;o que recebeu o tratamento trombol&#237;tico, mas grandes hemorragias n&#227;o diferiram entre os grupos (35,1% vs. 13,2%, p&lt;0,01; 7% vs. 5,5% p=0,71, respectivamente). O escore de PESI alto (OR: 1,03 IC95%; 1,01-1,04 p&lt;0,01), a terapia trombol&#237;tica (OR: 0,15 IC95%; 0,01-0,25, p&lt; 0,01) e n&#237;veis altos de troponina (OR: 1,20 IC95%; 1,01-1,43, p=0,03) estiveram independentemente associados a taxas de mortalidade hospitalar na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> A terapia trombol&#237;tica esteve associada &#224; mortalidade hospitalar reduzida em detrimento do aumento geral das complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento em octogen&#225;rios.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Octogen&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Terapia Trombol&#237;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorragia/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="23"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A embolia pulmonar &#233; uma das principais causas de morte na popula&#231;&#227;o em geral. Sua incid&#234;ncia aumenta com a idade, e pacientes com mais de 65 anos constituem quase 60% desses casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Apesar da alta preval&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar entre os idosos, especialmente octogen&#225;rios, este p&#250;blico costuma estar sub-representado na maioria dos estudos. O manejo deste subgrupo de pacientes ainda n&#227;o &#233; claro. A presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e pulmonares subjacentes pode mascarar os sintomas relacionados &#224; embolia pulmonar, levando ao diagn&#243;stico equivocado ou atrasado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Assim, as taxas de mortalidade podem ser t&#227;o altas quanto 29,5% no curto prazo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A r&#225;pida administra&#231;&#227;o da terapia trombol&#237;tica melhora a fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita, previne o desenvolvimento de choque cardiog&#234;nico e mant&#233;m a perfus&#227;o tissular adequada na aus&#234;ncia de contraindica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Apesar da exist&#234;ncia de benef&#237;cio real gerado pela terapia trombol&#237;tica no tratamento de pacientes com alto risco de embolia pulmonar, seu uso ainda &#233; baixo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Preocupa&#231;&#245;es com complica&#231;&#245;es envolvendo sangramentos, principalmente hemorragia intracraniana, e contraindica&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o as principais raz&#245;es para os cl&#237;nicos evitarem este tratamento que pode salvar vidas.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com mais de 80 anos representam um grupo desafiador, n&#227;o s&#243; por dificuldades relacionadas ao diagn&#243;stico, mas tamb&#233;m por apresentarem uma alta carga de comorbidades, mais complica&#231;&#245;es, como sangramentos, e taxas mais altas de mortalidade. Por&#233;m, a idade, por si s&#243;, n&#227;o deveria ser motivo para o baixo uso de modalidades de tratamento que t&#234;m base em evid&#234;ncia. Neste estudo, tentamos investigar se esta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica se beneficia da terapia l&#237;tica no cen&#225;rio da embolia pulmonar aguda.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Verificamos os registros hospitalares entre 2010 e 2017, retrospectivamente, e analisamos um total de 1.380 indiv&#237;duos diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar. Cento e setenta pacientes com mais de 80 anos no momento do diagn&#243;stico foram analisados e, ap&#243;s a exclus&#227;o de 22 pacientes com dados faltantes, um total de 148 pacientes foram recrutados consecutivamente para este estudo. Caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas, par&#226;metros laboratoriais, estrat&#233;gias de tratamento, epis&#243;dios de sangramento e taxas de mortalidade hospitalares foram registrados. Os desfechos prim&#225;rios do estudo foram mortalidade hospitalar e sangramento. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito agudo da terapia l&#237;tica e suas complica&#231;&#245;es associadas. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Defini&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>A embolia pulmonar foi diagnosticada com base na presen&#231;a de achados positivos na angiografia pulmonar computadorizada, como defeito de enchimento completo ou parcial nos ramos principal, lobar, segmentar ou subsegmentar da &#225;rvore pulmonar. Pacientes de alto risco foram definidos quando apresentavam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica levando &#224; parada card&#237;aca, choque obstrutivo ou hipotens&#227;o persistente de acordo com as diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia &#8211; Embolia Pulmonar Aguda (Diagn&#243;stico e Manejo).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O choque obstrutivo foi definido quando a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica era &lt; 90 mmHg, ou quando eram necess&#225;rios vasopressores para manter a press&#227;o &gt; 90 mmHg, apesar da press&#227;o de enchimento adequada, al&#233;m da hipoperfus&#227;o do &#243;rg&#227;o final. A hipotens&#227;o persistente foi definida como press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea &lt;90 mmHg ou uma redu&#231;&#227;o na press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea (&gt; 40 mmHg) durante mais do que 15 minutos na aus&#234;ncia de sepse, nova arritmia ou hipovolemia, enquanto a parada card&#237;aca significa que h&#225; necessidade de reanima&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar (RCP). Pacientes hemodinamicamente est&#225;veis foram classificados como risco intermedi&#225;rio quando o &#205;ndice de Gravidade da Embolia Pulmonar (PESI) foi classificado como classe III ou mais, assim como na presen&#231;a de achados de les&#227;o no mioc&#225;rdio, assim como n&#237;veis altos de troponina e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> O escore PESI original, incluindo onze par&#226;metros (idade, sexo masculino, c&#226;ncer, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca cr&#244;nica, doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, status mental alterado, temperatura, press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea sist&#243;lica e satura&#231;&#227;o de oxihemoglobina), foi calculado para cada paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A hipertens&#227;o foi definida quando a press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea inicial era &gt;140/90 mmHg ou com uso de anti-hipertensivos. A diabetes mellitus foi definida quando o paciente tomava rem&#233;dios para diabetes ou quando os n&#237;veis de glicose em jejum eram acima de 126 mg/dL. O status sobre o ato de fumar foi definido de acordo com consumo atual de tabaco. A insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi definida quando a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) era menor que 40%, com sintomas consistentes e sinais de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Repouso por mais de tr&#234;s dias antes da aplica&#231;&#227;o do &#237;ndice foi definido como imobilidade. Grandes epis&#243;dios de sangramento foram definidos como sangramento intracraniano, sinais cl&#237;nicos claros de sangramento, com redu&#231;&#227;o de n&#237;veis de hemoglobina (&gt; 5 gr/dL), ou sangramento fatal, levando diretamente &#224; morte, de acordo com o escore TIMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Epis&#243;dios de sangramento que n&#227;o estavam de acordo com esses crit&#233;rios foram definidos como complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento menores.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terapias de anticoagula&#231;&#227;o e trombol&#237;ticas</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica seguiram para anticoagula&#231;&#227;o com heparinas de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) assim que o diagn&#243;stico foi confirmado. A HBMP foi administrada de forma subcut&#226;nea, com dose de 1 mg/kg duas vezes ou uma vez por dia, de acordo com as fun&#231;&#245;es renais. Pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia renal grave foram tratados com heparina n&#227;o fracionada (HNF). A decis&#227;o de implementar a terapia l&#237;tica foi tomada pelo primeiro m&#233;dico atendente em nossa institui&#231;&#227;o. O ativador do plasminog&#234;nio tecidual (tPA) foi o agente l&#237;tico padr&#227;o para pacientes 14 dias ap&#243;s o aparecimento dos sintomas. Iniciou-se com uma dose intravenosa de 100 mg em um per&#237;odo de 2 horas, e foi coadministrado com HNF na unidade de terapia intensiva ap&#243;s questionamentos sobre contraindica&#231;&#245;es<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e ap&#243;s a assinatura de um termo de consentimento esclarecido. Pacientes receberam HBPM devido &#224; sua f&#225;cil administra&#231;&#227;o e porque n&#227;o requer acompanhamento com n&#237;veis de Tempo de Tromboplastina Parcial ativado (TTPa) ap&#243;s o curso da terapia l&#237;tica. A varfarina s&#243;dica foi iniciada como terapia anticoagulante oral para todos os pacientes na primeira hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o. A HBPM continuou com o tratamento com varfarina at&#233; que o &#205;ndice Internacional Normalizado (INR) atingisse n&#237;veis terap&#234;uticos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise laboratorial</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas na emerg&#234;ncia, da veia antecubital, de acordo com os protocolos do hospital. Os n&#237;veis de glicose s&#233;rica, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de hemoglobina, a contagem de plaquetas e os valores de creatinina s&#233;rica e D-d&#237;mero foram registrados. Os n&#237;veis de Troponina I Card&#237;aca Humana (cTnI) e Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Cerebral (BNP) foram coletados para futura estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiograma e Tomografia Computadorizada</title>
        <p>Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um ecocardiograma realizado pelo Sistema Vivid-3 (General Electric, Noruega) durante a avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial. A dilata&#231;&#227;o ventricular direita (VD) foi definida com dimens&#227;o &gt;3,3 cm, medida a partir do n&#237;vel m&#233;dio ventricular no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> A press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar foi calculada ao adicionar a press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito ao gradiente de press&#227;o tric&#250;spide, adquirida a partir da velocidade m&#225;xima do refluxo tric&#250;spide. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito foi estimada a partir do di&#226;metro da veia cava inferior e distensibilidade durante o ato de respirar. A press&#227;o m&#233;dia do &#225;trio direito foi considerada como 5 mmHg quando havia colapso completo do vaso e di&#226;metro normal. Estima-se que h&#225; 10 mmHg na presen&#231;a de &gt;50% de colapso e di&#226;metro normal. Se o cen&#225;rio fosse &lt;50% de colapso com a veia cava inferior dilatada, 15 mmHg eram adicionados ao gradiente de press&#227;o tric&#250;spide, e 20 mmHg eram adicionados ao vaso dilatado sem colapsibilidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O diagn&#243;stico foi alcan&#231;ado por meio da angiografia pulmonar por CT espiral, realizada na cl&#237;nica de radiografia e utilizando o protocolo de embolia pulmonar (campo de vis&#227;o: 35 cm; espessura da se&#231;&#227;o: 3 mm; volume do material de contraste: 135 ml; taxa de inje&#231;&#227;o do contraste: 4 mL/seg), e o exame foi realizado por radiologistas certificados da equipe do hospital. Defeito parcial ou completo no enchimento em um ou mais art&#233;rias pulmonares (principal, lobar, segmentar ou subsegmentar) confirmaram o diagn&#243;stico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todos os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, ou mediana [intervalo interquartil] para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o anormal. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas s&#227;o registradas em n&#250;meros ou taxas percentuais. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram verificadas para distribui&#231;&#227;o normal utilizando o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram testadas com o teste qui-quadrado de Pearson e o teste exato de Fisher. As diferen&#231;as entre os grupos foram avaliadas com o teste U de Mann Whitney ou o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, quando apropriado. As an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o log&#237;sticas bin&#225;rias univariadas e multivariadas foram realizadas para investigar as correla&#231;&#245;es independentes da mortalidade hospitalar. Como resultado das an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o univariadas, as vari&#225;veis cujos valor de p eram &lt;0,10 foram inclu&#237;das nas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o multivariada. O valor de p era bilateral, e valores &lt;0,05 foram considerados como estatisticamente significativos. Todos os estudos estat&#237;sticos foram realizados com o software Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 22.0 para Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram 148 octogen&#225;rios diagnosticados com embolia pulmonar aguda, e 88,5% (n=131) estavam nas categorias de risco alta ou intermedi&#225;ria. Cinquenta e sete (38,5%) indiv&#237;duos do grupo total iniciaram a terapia trombol&#237;tica. Nesta popula&#231;&#227;o, 28 pacientes (19%) morreram enquanto estavam internados. Enquanto a frequ&#234;ncia de sangramentos menores foi de 21,6%, a frequ&#234;ncia de grandes sangramentos foi de 6,1%. A idade m&#233;dia da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi 83,2&#177;2,9 anos. Al&#233;m disso, 30% da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era do sexo masculino.</p>
      <p>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais est&#227;o demonstradas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>. A idade m&#233;dia foi similar entre os grupos. Os grupos foram estatisticamente compar&#225;veis em termos de par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos e cl&#237;nicos, exceto pela mortalidade hospitalar e pequenos sangramentos. Enquanto a mortalidade hospitalar ficou mais baixa, os pequenos sangramentos foram mais frequentes no grupo trombol&#237;tico em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo n&#227;o-trombol&#237;tico. Quando comparado com o grupo n&#227;o-trombol&#237;tico, o choque foi numericamente mais frequente, e o escore PESI m&#233;dio foi numericamente mais alto no grupo trombol&#237;tico, mas as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas. A propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com suporte inotr&#243;pico e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica tamb&#233;m foram compar&#225;veis entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e demogr&#225;ficas dos octagen&#225;rios com embolia pulmonar aguda</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=148)</th>
                <th>Tratamento trombol&#237;t&#305;co (n=57)</th>
                <th>Tratamento n&#227;o-trombol&#237;t&#305;co (n=91)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">83,2&#177;2,9</td>
                <td align="center">82,4&#177;2,1</td>
                <td align="center">82,6&#177;3,3</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                <td align="center">44 (29,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (28,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o</td>
                <td align="center">98 (66,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (68,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">59 (64,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,72</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">39 (26,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (31,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (23,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumar</td>
                <td align="center">13 (8,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">3 (5,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,23</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ECV</td>
                <td align="center">11 (7,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td align="center">27 (18,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (22,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,25</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a pulmonar cr&#244;nica</td>
                <td align="center">25(16,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">10 (17,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (16,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,86</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Malignidade</td>
                <td align="center">22 (14,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (15,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (14,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cirurgia</td>
                <td align="center">26 (17,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (21,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">14 (15,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,37</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Imobilidade</td>
                <td align="center">34 (23%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (29,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">17 (18,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</td>
                <td align="center">51 (34,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (35,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">31 (34,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dispneia</td>
                <td align="center">139 (93,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (98,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">83 (91,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                <td align="center">37 (25%)</td>
                <td align="center">21 (36,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (17,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoptise</td>
                <td align="center">7 (4,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,58</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hist&#243;rico de TVP</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">2 (3,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">7 (7,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,30</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sinais de TVP</td>
                <td align="center">50 (33,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (28,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (37,4%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,24</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CHOQUE</td>
                <td align="center">46 (31%)</td>
                <td align="center">18 (31,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (30,7%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PESI</td>
                <td align="center">126,3&#177;41,2</td>
                <td align="center">143,1&#177;36,3</td>
                <td align="center">138,6&#177;34,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,06</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Dimens&#227;o do VD (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">3,5&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">3,9&#177;0,3</td>
                <td align="center">3,7&#177;0,6</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PSAP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center">69,4&#177;18,3</td>
                <td align="center">71,2&#177;18,7</td>
                <td align="center">67,1&#177;16,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Mortalidade hospitalar</td>
                <td align="center">28 (18,9%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pequenos sangramentos</td>
                <td align="center">32 (21,6%)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (35,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">12 (13,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Grandes sangramentos</td>
                <td align="center">9 (6,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                <td align="center">5 (5,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,71</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica</td>
                <td align="center">15 (10,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">6 (10,5%)</td>
                <td align="center">9 (9,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Uso de inotr&#243;picos</td>
                <td align="center">36 (24,3%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (22,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (25,2%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,08</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>ECV: Eventos cerebrovasculares; TVP: Trombose venosa profunda; PESI: &#205;ndice de Gravidade da Embolia Pulmonar; VD: Ventr&#237;culo direito; PSAP: Press&#227;o sist&#243;lica da art&#233;ria pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros laboratoriais entre os grupos com tratamento trombol&#237;tico e n&#227;o trombol&#237;tico</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>Total (n=148)</th>
                <th>Tratamento trombol&#237;t&#305;co (n=57)</th>
                <th>Tratamento n&#227;o-trombol&#237;t&#305;co (n=91)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>CGB (10<sup>3</sup>&#181;/L)</td>
                <td align="center">9,1 [5,1]</td>
                <td align="center">11,9 [6,4]</td>
                <td align="center">10,8 [4,6]</td>
                <td align="center">0,21</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hemoglobina (g/L)</td>
                <td align="center">12,5&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,4&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">12,6&#177;1,7</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Plaquetas (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">256,4&#177;101,4</td>
                <td align="center">266,7&#177;125,6</td>
                <td align="center">250,1&#177;82,9</td>
                <td align="center">0,33</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">142,3&#177;52,5</td>
                <td align="center">146,5&#177;57,6</td>
                <td align="center">139,7&#177;49,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,44</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TFG (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">54,6&#177;22,5</td>
                <td align="center">53,5&#177;22,2</td>
                <td align="center">55,4&#177;22,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,62</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>S&#243;dio (mE/L)</td>
                <td align="center">137,5&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">137,1&#177;5,3</td>
                <td align="center">137,7&#177;5,1</td>
                <td align="center">0,48</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Pot&#225;ssio (mE/L)</td>
                <td align="center">4,2&#177;1,0</td>
                <td align="center">4,1&#177;1,2</td>
                <td align="center">4,1&#177;0,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,99</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina I (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">0,12 [1]</td>
                <td align="center">0,42 [1,3]</td>
                <td align="center">0,04 [0,4]</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">450 [580]</td>
                <td align="center">550 [507]</td>
                <td align="center">350 [438]</td>
                <td align="center">0,10</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D-d&#237;mero (ng/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1995 [2927]</td>
                <td align="center">2735 [4100]</td>
                <td align="center">2040 [2510]</td>
                <td align="center">0,20</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>CGB: Contagem de gl&#243;bulos brancos; TFG: taxa de filtra&#231;&#227;o glomerular; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Ao olhar para par&#226;metros laboratoriais, encontramos m&#233;dias estatisticamente mais altas de troponina I no grupo trombol&#237;tico em rela&#231;&#227;o ao n&#227;o-trombol&#237;tico. Os valores m&#233;dios de BNP e D-d&#237;mero tamb&#233;m foram mais altos no grupo trombol&#237;tico, mas as diferen&#231;as n&#227;o foram estatisticamente significativas.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica univariada, escore PESI, os n&#237;veis de troponina e a terapia trombol&#237;tica estiveram correlacionados &#224; mortalidade de curto prazo. Quando consideramos essas vari&#225;veis na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada, determinamos o escore PESI (OR: 1,03 IC95%: 1,01-1,05, p&lt;0,01), a terapia trombol&#237;tica (OR: 0,15 IC95%: 0,01-0,25, p&lt;0,01) e a troponina (OR: 1,20 IC95%: 1,01-1,43, p=0,03) como preditores independentes de mortalidade hospitalar ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Preditores independentes da mortalidade hospitalar na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel </th>
                <th>OR ajustada (IC95%)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Escore PESI</td>
                <td align="center">1,03 (1,01-1,05)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Terapia trombol&#237;tica</td>
                <td align="center">0,15 (0,01-0,25)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,01</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Troponina</td>
                <td align="center">1,2 (1,01-1,43)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>PESI: &#205;ndice de Gravidade da Embolia Pulmonar.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>De acordo com essas an&#225;lises de regress&#227;o, podemos indicar que pacientes idosos n&#227;o trombol&#237;ticos, com embolia pulmonar aguda, tiveram 6,6 vezes mais riscos de serem acometidos pela mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m verificamos a toler&#226;ncia e o Fator de Infla&#231;&#227;o da Vari&#226;ncia (FIV) para todos os par&#226;metros inclu&#237;dos nos modelos para prevenir a multicolinearidade. De acordo com a estat&#237;stica da multicolinearidade, os valores de toler&#226;ncia foram &gt;0,1, e os valores de FIV foram &lt;10 para todos os par&#226;metros. Assim, determinamos que n&#227;o havia multicolinearidade entre cada uma das vari&#225;veis no modelo de regress&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do nosso estudo s&#227;o: (1) a terapia trombol&#237;tica esteve associada a menores taxas de mortalidade hospitalar entre octogen&#225;rios; (2) complica&#231;&#245;es hemorr&#225;gicas, de modo geral, foram mais frequentes em pacientes tratados com agentes trombol&#237;ticos e primariamente impulsionadas por pequenas hemorragias, sem diferen&#231;as em epis&#243;dios de grandes sangramentos.</p>
      <p>A embolia pulmonar &#233; a terceira s&#237;ndrome card&#237;aca aguda mais frequente, e &#233; a causa de morte evit&#225;vel mais comum em pacientes internados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Pacientes idosos apresentam alta incid&#234;ncia de embolia pulmonar, e tamb&#233;m est&#227;o mais vulner&#225;veis a complica&#231;&#245;es, com 2 a 3 vezes mais chances de mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Um estudo de corte retrospectivo incluindo 470 pacientes (n=365, idade&gt;65) mostrou taxa de mortalidade geral de 14,2%, que aumentou para 18,9% entre os indiv&#237;duos com mais de 80 anos ap&#243;s 30 dias, o que foi compar&#225;vel ao nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, um ter&#231;o dos pacientes com mais de 90 anos morreram devido &#224; embolia pulmonar nos primeiros tr&#234;s meses de tratamento ap&#243;s o diagn&#243;stico no registro RIETE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, desfechos adversos relacionados ao tratamento, principalmente complica&#231;&#245;es envolvendo sangramentos, foram mais frequentemente observados em pacientes idosos. Pacientes com mais de 70 anos t&#234;m 4 vezes mais riscos de apresentar grandes hemorragias em compara&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Orienta&#231;&#245;es atuais recomendam a estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco para decis&#245;es de tratamentos em pacientes com embolia pulmonar confirmada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A embolia pulmonar de alto risco, referida como instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, foi detectada em uma minoria de pacientes, variando entre 3 e 12% em estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, as taxas de mortalidade podem exceder os 50% ap&#243;s 90 dias neste subgrupo de pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A terapia trombol&#237;tica demonstrou reduzir a mortalidade por todas as causas e a mortalidade de curto prazo relacionada &#224; embolia pulmonar em pacientes de risco alto<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> e intermedi&#225;rio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> independentemente da idade, em detrimento de crescentes epis&#243;dios de sangramento. Apesar das controv&#233;rsias, uma meta-an&#225;lise revelou que taxas de grandes sangramentos, incluindo hemorragia intracraniana, foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com mais de 65 anos tratados com trombol&#237;ticos, em compara&#231;&#227;o a pacientes que s&#243; receberam anticoagulantes (12,9% vs. 4,1%, p&lt;0,001, respectivamente), o que n&#227;o ficou claro entre pacientes mais jovens.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Ipek et al. mostrou que pequenas ou grandes complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento foram semelhantes entre os grupos que receberam a terapia trombol&#237;tica ou n&#227;o, considerando a an&#225;lise do subgrupo de pacientes com mais de 65 anos em seu estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a mortalidade total foi significativamente menor em pacientes tratados com agentes l&#237;ticos (7,8% vs. 20,1%, p=0,04). O receio dos m&#233;dicos em rela&#231;&#227;o a complica&#231;&#245;es envolvendo sangramentos pode ser uma grande explica&#231;&#227;o para o baixo uso da terapia trombol&#237;tica em pacientes inst&#225;veis. Quezada et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrou que somente 23% dos pacientes inst&#225;veis receberam terapia trombol&#237;tica em sua meta-an&#225;lise.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Todos os participantes selecionados em nosso corte estavam com risco alto ou intermedi&#225;rio da embolia pulmonar. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a pessoas mais velhas, a reperfus&#227;o foi utilizada de forma mais agressiva (n=57, 38%) em nosso estudo. Ainda assim, deve-se enfatizar que quase dois ter&#231;os dos pacientes que apresentaram choque n&#227;o receberam o tratamento trombol&#237;tico. A mortalidade hospitalar foi significativamente maior, atingindo 18,9% quando comparada &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o geral, provavelmente devido &#224; faixa et&#225;ria mais velha e &#224; alta porcentagem de pacientes com choque (31%). O escore PESI, a troponina alta e o tratamento de reperfus&#227;o foram grandes determinantes da mortalidade hospitalar. A terapia l&#237;tica substancialmente reduziu as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar, o que foi compat&#237;vel com a literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Por outro lado, esta estrat&#233;gia de tratamento trouxe mais complica&#231;&#245;es ligadas a sangramentos, como esperado. Pequenos sangramentos foram mais comuns no grupo da terapia trombol&#237;tica. Grandes complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramentos n&#227;o atingiram signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica entre os grupos; por&#233;m, isso pode estar relacionado &#224; pequena amostra do estudo. Um paciente teve hemorragia intracraniana e morreu; tr&#234;s outros tiveram sangramento gastrointestinal, que foram manejados com medicamentos.</p>
      <p>Em nossa opini&#227;o, uma quest&#227;o se destaca. O ensaio PEITHO, que avaliou principalmente pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio de embolia pulmonar, revelou que a terapia trombol&#237;tica n&#227;o estava associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade no longo prazo, melhoria da capacidade funcional ou ao desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o pulmonar tromboemb&#243;lica cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, deve-se enfatizar que pacientes receberam tenecteplase como o agente l&#237;tico neste estudo. Polo Friz et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> demonstraram que a sobrevida de longo prazo foi basicamente afetada pelas comorbidades subjacentes, e n&#227;o pela embolia pulmonar em si, em estudo no qual o n&#250;mero de pacientes com mais de 80 anos era de 46,2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Isso significa que octogen&#225;rios que sobrevivem ao evento agudo e apresentam boas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de podem se beneficiar mais da terapia trombol&#237;tica, e n&#227;o devem ser considerados como candidatos inadequados para este tratamento por conta de sua idade.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Primeiramente, foi um estudo com &#250;nico centro e retrospectivo, com uma amostra pequena. Benef&#237;cios de curto (30 dias) e longo prazo do tratamento l&#237;tico n&#227;o foram avaliados, o que pode influenciar na escolha da estrat&#233;gia de manejo nesta popula&#231;&#227;o espec&#237;fica. Por&#233;m, foi dif&#237;cil avaliar qualquer escore de fragilidade ou contribui&#231;&#227;o das doen&#231;as subjacentes nas taxas de mortalidade, principalmente em pacientes que n&#227;o receberam a terapia trombol&#237;tica. Devido ao pequeno tamanho da amostra e &#224; baixa porcentagem do grupo de risco intermedi&#225;rio e baixo (12%) na popula&#231;&#227;o completa do estudo, n&#227;o pudemos analisar a mortalidade e os epis&#243;dios de hemorragia separadamente entre esses grupos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nosso estudo demonstrou que a reperfus&#227;o reduz a mortalidade hospitalar em octogen&#225;rios. Embora mais complica&#231;&#245;es de sangramento tenham ocorrido em indiv&#237;duos tratados com trombol&#237;ticos, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as para grandes hemorragias. Consideramos que esses resultados podem ajudar os m&#233;dicos a selecionar tratamentos para pacientes idosos.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do University of Health Sciences, Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 28001928-604.01.01. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Thrombolytic Therapy in Octogenarians with Acute Pulmonary Embolism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6823-2305</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zengin</surname>
            <given-names>Ahmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Karata&#351;</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet Baran</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;anga</surname>
            <given-names>Yi&#287;it</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>G&#252;zelbur&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>&#214;zge</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6496-4218</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yelge&#231;</surname>
            <given-names>Nizamettin Sel&#231;uk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Emre</surname>
            <given-names>Ay&#351;e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiology</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istambul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology , University of Health Sciences , Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital , Istambul - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ahmet Zengin &#8226; T&#305;bbiye Cad. No:13 Selimiye 34886 &#220;sk&#252;dar/&#304;stanbul - Turkey E-mail: ahmetzengin85@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zengin A; Acquisition of data: Zengin A, G&#252;zelbur&#231; &#214;, Yelge&#231; NS; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Karata&#351; MB; Statistical analysis: Karata&#351; MB; Writing of the manuscript: Zengin A, &#199;anga Y.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Despite the high proportion of octogenarians with acute pulmonary embolism, there is little information indicating the optimal management strategy, mainly therapeutic measures, such as lytic therapy.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The number of elderly patients diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism increases constantly. However, the role of thrombolytic treatment is not clearly defined among octogenarians. Our objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of lytic therapy in octogenarian patients diagnosed with pulmonary embolism.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One hundred and forty eight subjects (70.3% women, n=104) aged more than eighty years were included in the study. The patients were divided in two groups: thrombolytic versus non-thrombolytic treatment. In-hospital mortality rates and bleeding events were defined as study outcomes. P-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistical significance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>In-hospital mortality decreased significantly in the thrombolytic group compared to the non-thrombolytic group (10.5% vs. 24.2% p=0.03). Minor bleeding events were more common in the arm that received thrombolytic treatment, but major hemorrhage did not differ between the groups (35.1% vs. 13.2%, p&lt;0.01; 7% vs. 5.5% p=0.71, respectively). High PESI score (OR: 1.03 95%CI; 1.01-1.04 p&lt;0.01), thrombolytic therapy (OR: 0.15 95%CI; 0.01-0.25, p&lt; 0.01) and high troponin levels (OR: 1.20 95%CI; 1.01-1.43, p=0.03) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality rates in the multivariate regression analysis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Thrombolytic therapy was associated with reduced in-hospital mortality at the expense of increased overall bleeding complications in octogenarians.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Aged, 80 and over</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Thrombolytic Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Hemorrhage/complications</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Pulmonary embolism is a leading cause of death in the general population. Its incidence rises with age, and patients aged more than 65 years constitute nearly 60% of these cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Despite the high prevalence of pulmonary embolism among the elderly, particularly octogenarians, they are frequently underrepresented in most studies. The management of these subgroup of patients are still unclear. The presence of underlying cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases may mask the symptoms related to pulmonary embolism, thus leading to misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Therefore, mortality rates may be as high as 29.5% in the short term.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The fast administration of thrombolytic therapy improves right ventricular functions, prevents the development of cardiogenic shock and maintains adequate tissue perfusion in the absence of contraindications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Despite the existence of net clinical benefit due to thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of patients with high risk pulmonary embolism, its use is still low.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Concerns about bleeding complications, particularly intracranial hemorrhage, and contraindications are the main reasons for clinicians to refrain from this life-saving treatment.</p>
        <p>Patients aged more than eighty years represent a challenging group, not only for difficulties related to diagnoses, but also because they present a high burden of comorbidities, more complications, such as bleeding, and higher mortality rates. Nevertheless, age alone should not be the reason for the underuse of evidence-based treatment modalities. In this study, we tried to investigate whether or not this highly specific population benefits from lytic therapy in the setting of acute pulmonary embolism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Population</title>
          <p>We screened our hospital records between 2010 and 2017, retrospectively, and analyzed a total number of 1,380 subjects diagnosed with pulmonary embolism. One hundred and seventy patients aged more than 80 years at the time of diagnosis were analyzed, and after the exclusion of 22 patients with missing data, a total of 148 subjects were recruited consecutively for this study. Demographic characteristics, laboratory parameters, treatment strategies, bleeding events and in-hospital mortality rates were recorded. The primary outcomes for our study were in-hospital mortality and bleeding. The objective of the study was to evaluate the acute effect of lytic therapy and its associated complications. The study protocol was approved by the local Ethics Committee.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Definitions</title>
          <p>Pulmonary embolism was diagnosed, based on the presence of positive computerized pulmonary angiography findings, as complete or partial filling defect in the main, lobar, segmental or sub-segmental branches of the pulmonary tree. High risk patients were defined as presenting hemodynamic instability encompassing cardiac arrest, obstructive shock or persistent hypotension according to the guidelines from the European Society of Cardiology &#8211; Acute Pulmonary Embolism (Diagnosis and Management).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Obstructive shock was defined as systolic blood pressure &lt;90 mmHg or requiring vasopressors to maintain blood pressure &gt;90 mmHg, despite the adequate filling pressures, accompanied by the end organ hypoperfusion. Persistent hypotension was defined as blood pressure &lt;90 mmHg or a reduction in blood pressure (&gt;40 mmHg) lasting more than 15 minutes in the absence of sepsis, new onset arrhythmia or hypovolemia, whereas cardiac arrest means the need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Hemodynamically stable patients were classified as intermediate risk when the Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index (PESI) was class III or higher, and at the presence of findings of myocardial injury, such as elevated cardiac troponin levels and/or right ventricular dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> The original PESI score including eleven parameters (age, male gender, cancer, chronic heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease, heart rate, respiratory rate, altered mental status, temperature, systolic blood pressure and oxyhemoglobin saturation) was calculated for each patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Hypertension was defined as initial blood pressure &gt;140/90 mmHg or using antihypertensives. Diabetes mellitus was defined when the patient was on antidiabetic drugs or when fasting blood glucose levels were above 126 mg/dL. Smoking status was defined as current tobacco use. Heart failure was defined when ejection fraction (EF) was under 40%, with consistent symptoms and signs of heart failure. Bedrest more than three days before the index event was defined as immobility. Major bleeding events were defined as any intracranial bleeding, clear clinical signs of bleeding with a reduction in hemoglobin levels (&gt; 5 gr/dL), or fatal bleeding directly resulting in death according to the TIMI bleeding criteria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Bleeding events that did not meet these criteria were defined as minor bleeding complications.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anticoagulant and Thrombolytic Therapies</title>
          <p>All patients without hemodynamic instability anticoagulated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) as soon as the diagnosis was confirmed. LMWH was administered subcutaneously dosing 1 mg/kg twice or once a day, according to renal functions. Patients with severe renal failure were treated with unfractionated heparin (UFH). The decision of implementing lytic therapy was left to the discretion of the first attending physician in our institution. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) was the standard lytic agent for patients 14 days after the onset of symptoms. It started with an intravenous dose of 100 mg over a 2-hour period, and was co-administrated with UFH in the coronary intensive care unit after questioning for contraindications<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and obtaining a written informed consent. Patients received LMWH due to its easy administration and because it does not require follow-up with aPTT levels after the course of lytic therapy. Warfarin sodium was initiated as an oral anticoagulant therapy for all patients at index hospitalization. LMWH continued with warfarin therapy until the international normalization ratio (INR) reached therapeutic levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Laboratory Analysis</title>
          <p>Blood samples were taken at the emergency department from the antecubital vein, according to hospital protocols. Admission serum glucose levels, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, serum creatinine and D-dimer values were recorded. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) levels were collected for further risk stratification.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography and Computed Tomography Examinations</title>
          <p>All patients underwent an echocardiographic examination performed by Vivid-3 System (General Electric, Norway) during the initial evaluation. Right ventricular (RV) dilatation was defined as RV dimension &gt;3.3 cm, measured from the mid-ventricular level in the apical four chamber views.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Systolic pulmonary artery pressure was calculated by adding the mean right atrial pressure to the tricuspid pressure gradient, which was acquired from the tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity. Mean right atrial pressure was estimated from the inferior vena cava diameter and distensibility while breathing. Mean right atrial pressure was assumed to be 5 mmHg when there was complete collapse of the vessel and normal diameter. It is estimated to be of 10 mmHg in the presence of &gt;50% collapse and normal diameter. If there was &lt;50% collapse with a dilated inferior vena cava, 15 mmHg was added to the tricuspid pressure gradient, and 20 mmHg was added for a dilated vessel without collapsibility.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The diagnosis was achieved by spiral computerized pulmonary angiography, performed in the radiology clinic using the pulmonary embolism protocol (field of view: 35 cm, section thickness: 3 mm, contrast material volume: 135 ml, contrast material injection rate: 4 mL/sec) and examined by certified radiologists from to hospital staff. Partial or complete filing defect in one or more main, lobar, segmental or sub-segmental pulmonary arteries confirmed the diagnosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All data are presented as a mean &#177; standart deviation (SD) for variables with normal distribution, or median [interquartile range] for variables with non-normal distribution. Categorical variables are reported as numbers and percentage rates. Continuous variables were checked for normal distribution using Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistics. Categorical variables were tested by Pearson&#8217;s X2 test and Fisher&#8217;s Exact Test. Differences between groups were evaluated by using the Mann Whitney U test or the Student t-test as unpaired, when appropriate. Univariate and multivariate binary logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the independent correlations of in-hospital mortality. As the result of the univariate regression analyses, variables whose p-values were &lt;0.10 were included in the multivariate regression analyses. P-values were two sided, and values &lt; 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. All statistical studies were carried out using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS 22.0 for Windows, SPSS Inc., Chicago, Illinois).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>There were 148 octogenarians diagnosed with acute pulmonary embolism, and 88.5% (n=131) were in the high or intermediate-high risk category. Fifty-seven (38.5%) subjects from the total group began with thrombolytic therapy. In the study population, 28 patients (19%) died during hospitalization. Whereas the frequency of minor bleeding was 21.6%, the frequency of major bleeding was 6.1%. The mean age of the study population was 83.2&#177;2.9 years. Besides, 30% of the study population was from the male gender.</p>
        <p>Clinical, demographic, and laboratory characteristics of groups are depicted in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>. Mean age was similar between groups. The groups were statistically comparable in terms of demographic and clinical parameters, except in-hospital mortality and minor bleeding. While in-hospital mortality was lower, minor bleeding was higher in the thrombolytic group compared to non-thrombolytic group. When compared with the non- thrombolytic group, shock was numerically more frequent, and mean PESI score was numerically high in the thrombolytic group, but the differences were not statistically significant. The proportion of patients with inotropic support and mechanical ventilation were also comparable between groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and demographic characteristics of octogenarians presented with acute pulmonary embolism</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=148)</th>
                  <th>Thrombolyt&#305;c treatment (n=57)</th>
                  <th>Non-thrombolyt&#305;c treatment (n=91)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">83.2&#177;2.9</td>
                  <td align="center">82.4&#177;2.1</td>
                  <td align="center">82.6&#177;3.3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male gender</td>
                  <td align="center">44 (29.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (28.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">98 (66.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (68.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (64.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.72</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (26.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (23.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Smoking</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (8.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (5.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.23</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CVE</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (7.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (17.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart Failure</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (18.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.25</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chronic Pulmonary Disease</td>
                  <td align="center">25(16.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (17.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.86</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Malignancy</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (14.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (15.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (14.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Surgery</td>
                  <td align="center">26 (17.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (21.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (15.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.37</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Immobility</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (23%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (29.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">17 (18.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Atrial Fibrillation</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (34.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (35.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">31 (34.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dyspnea</td>
                  <td align="center">139 (93.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (98.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">83 (91.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Syncope</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21 (36.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (17.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoptysis</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (4.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.58</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVT History</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (3.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (7.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.30</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DVT Signs</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (33.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (28.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (37.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.24</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Shock</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (31%)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (31.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (30.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PESI</td>
                  <td align="center">126.3&#177;41.2</td>
                  <td align="center">143.1&#177;36.3</td>
                  <td align="center">138.6&#177;34.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.06</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RV Dimension (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.5&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">3.9&#177;0.3</td>
                  <td align="center">3.7&#177;0.6</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>sPAP (mmHg)</td>
                  <td align="center">69.4&#177;18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">71.2&#177;18.7</td>
                  <td align="center">67.1&#177;16.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>In-hospital Mortality</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (18.9%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Minor Bleedings</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (21.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (35.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (13.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Major Bleedings</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (6.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (5.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.71</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mechanical ventilation</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (10.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (10.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (9.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Inotrop use</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (24.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (22.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (25.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.08</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CVE: Cerebrovascular events; DVT: Deep vein thrombosis; PESI: Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index;RV Right ventricle; sPAP: Systolic pulmonary artery pressure.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Laboratory parameters between groups thrombolytic treatment vs non-thrombolytic treatment</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total (n=148)</th>
                  <th>Thrombolyt&#305;c treatment (n=57)</th>
                  <th>Non-thrombolyt&#305;c treatment (n=91)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>WBC (10<sup>3</sup>&#181;/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">9.1 [5.1]</td>
                  <td align="center">11.9 [6.4]</td>
                  <td align="center">10.8 [4.6]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.21</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobin (g/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">12.5&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">12.4&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">12.6&#177;1.7</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Platelet (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">256.4&#177;101.4</td>
                  <td align="center">266.7&#177;125.6</td>
                  <td align="center">250.1&#177;82.9</td>
                  <td align="center">0.33</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">142.3&#177;52.5</td>
                  <td align="center">146.5&#177;57.6</td>
                  <td align="center">139.7&#177;49.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.44</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>GFR (ml/min/1.73m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">54.6&#177;22.5</td>
                  <td align="center">53.5&#177;22.2</td>
                  <td align="center">55.4&#177;22.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.62</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sodium (mE/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">137.5&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">137.1&#177;5.3</td>
                  <td align="center">137.7&#177;5.1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.48</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Potassium (mE/L)</td>
                  <td align="center">4.2&#177;1.0</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1&#177;1.2</td>
                  <td align="center">4.1&#177;0.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.99</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin I (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.12 [1]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.42 [1.3]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04 [0.4]</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">450 [580]</td>
                  <td align="center">550 [507]</td>
                  <td align="center">350 [438]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.10</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>D-Dimer (ng/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1995 [2927]</td>
                  <td align="center">2735 [4100]</td>
                  <td align="center">2040 [2510]</td>
                  <td align="center">0.20</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>WBC: White blood cell; GFR Glomerular filtration rate; BNP Brain natriuretic peptide.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>When we looked at laboratory parameters, we statistically found higher mean troponin-I levels in the thrombolytic group against the non-thrombolytic group. The mean BNP and D-dimer values were also higher in the thrombolytic group, but the differences were not statistically significant.</p>
        <p>In the univariate logistic regression analysis, PESI score, troponin levels and thrombolytic therapy were found to be correlated with short-term mortality. When we consider these variables in the multivariate regression analysis, we determined the PESI score (OR: 1.03 95%CI: 1.01-1.05, p&lt;0.01), thrombolytic therapy (OR: 0.15 95%CI: 0.01-0.25, p&lt;0.01), troponin (OR: 1.20 95%CI: 1.01-1.43, p=0.03) as independent predictors of in-hospital mortality ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001"> Table 3 </xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Independent predictors of in-hospital mortality in multivariate regression analysis</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="33%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Adjusted OR (95%CI)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PESI score</td>
                  <td align="center">1.03 (1.01-1.05)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Thrombolytic therapy</td>
                  <td align="center">0.15 (0.01-0.25)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.01</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Troponin</td>
                  <td align="center">1.2 (1.01-1.43)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>PESI: Pulmonary Embolism Severity Index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>According to these regression analyses, we can indicate that non-thrombolytic elderly patients with acute pulmonary embolism had a 6.6-fold increased risk for in-hospital mortality.</p>
        <p>We also checked the Tolerance and Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) for all parameters included in the models to prevent multicollinearity. According to the multicollinearity statistic, the tolerance values were &gt;0.1, and VIF values were &lt;10 for all parameters. Therefore, we determined there was no multicollinearity between each of the variables in the regression model.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of our study are as follows: (1) thrombolytic therapy was associated with lower in-hospital mortality rates among octogenarians; (2) overall hemorrhagic complications were more frequent in patients treated with thrombolytic agents primarily driven by minor hemorrhage, with no differences in major bleeding events.</p>
        <p>Pulmonary embolism is the third most frequent acute cardiovascular syndrome and is the most common preventable cause of death in hospitalized patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Elderly patients have higher incidence of pulmonary embolism, and they are also more prone to complications, with 2-3 fold increase in all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A retrospective cohort study including 470 patients (n=365 age&gt;65) showed overall mortality rate of 14.2%, which increased to 18.9% among subjects aged more than 80 after 30 days, which was comparable with our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Similarly, one third of the patients aged more than 90 years died due to pulmonary embolism in the first three months of therapy after diagnosis in the RIETE registry.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In addition, treatment-related adverse outcomes, mainly bleeding complications, were more frequently observed in elderly patients. Patients aged more than 70 years have 4 times more risks of presenting major hemorrhage compared with younger subjects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Current guidelines recommend risk stratification for treatment decisions in patients with confirmed pulmonary embolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> High risk pulmonary embolism referred as hemodynamic instability was detected in a minority of patients, ranging between 3-12% in previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> However, mortality rates may exceed 50% after 90 days in this subgroup of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Thormbolytic therapy has been shown to reduce all-cause and pulmonary embolism-related short-term mortality in high<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> and intermediate risk patients,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> regardless of age, at the cost of increased bleeding events. Despite controversies, a meta-analysis revealed that major bleeding rates including intracranial hemorrhage were significantly higher in patients aged more than 65 years treated with thrombolytics compared with patients who only received anticoagulants (12.9% vs. 4.1%, p&lt;0.001, respectively), which was not clear among younger patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> On the other hand, Ipek et al. showed that minor and major bleeding complications were similar between groups who received thrombolytic therapy or not in the subgroup analysis of patients aged more than 65 years in their study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Furthermore, total mortality was significantly lower in patients treated with lytic agents (7.8% vs. 20.1%, p=0.04). The fear of physicians about bleeding complications may be the potential explanation for the underuse of thrombolytic therapy in unstable patients. Quezada et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> demonstrated that only 23% of unstable patients received thrombolytic therapy in their meta-analysis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>All participants recruited in our cohort were at high or intermediate risk of pulmonary embolism. Compared to older ones, reperfusion was used more aggressively (n=57, 38%) in our study. Even so, it should be emphasized that almost two thirds of the patients who presented with shock did not receive thrombolytic therapy. In-hospital mortality was significantly higher, reaching 18.9% when compared with the general population, probably due to older age and the high percentage of patients presenting with shock (31%). PESI score, high troponin and receiving reperfusion treatment were major determinants of in-hospital mortality. Lytic therapy substantially decreased in-hospital mortality rates, which was compatible with the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> On the other hand, this treatment strategy came with the results of increased bleeding complications, as expected. Minor bleedings were more frequent in the thrombolytic therapy group. Major bleeding complications did not reach statistical significance between groups; however, this may be owed to the small sample size of the study cohort. One patient suffered from intracranial hemorrhage and died; three other patients had gastrointestinal bleeding, which were medically managed.</p>
        <p>In our opinion, one special issue stands out. The PEITHO trial, which predominantly evaluated patients at intermediate risk of pulmonary embolism, revealed that thrombolytic therapy was not associated with long-term reduction of mortality, improvement in functional capacity or development of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> However, it should be emphasized that patients received tenecteplase as the lytic agent in this study. Polo Friz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> demonstrated that long-term survival was basically affected by underlying comorbidities rather than pulmonary embolism itself, in a study in which the number of patients aged &gt;80 was 46.2%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> This means that octogenarians who survive the acute event and present good health conditions may benefit most from thrombolytic therapy, and should not be considered as an inappropriate candidate for this treatment because of their age.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>Our study has some limitations. First, it was a single centered and retrospective study design with a small sample. Short (30 days) and long-term benefits of lytic treatment were not assessed, which may influence the choice of management strategy in this specific population. On the other hand, it was hard to evaluate any fragility score or contribution of underlying diseases to mortality rates, particularly in patients who did not receive thrombolytic therapy. Due to the small sample size of our study and the low percentage of the low-intermediate risk group (12%) in the entire study population, we were not able to analyze mortality and hemorrhagic events separately between those groups.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclus&#305;on</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our study demonstrated that reperfusion reduces in-hospital mortality in octogenarians. Even though more bleeding complications occurred in subjects treated with thrombolytics, with major hemorrhage it was not different. We think that these results may help clinicians with treatment selection for elderly patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Health Sciences, Dr. Siyami Ersek Training and Research Hospital under the protocol number 28001928-604.01.01. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
