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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">sTwxVPzSwj45GZkYwMrzYTz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100059</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210940</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210940</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>CTRP-3 em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel e Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica: Um Novo Biomarcador Potencial nas Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro &#8211; Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco &#8211; Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ricardo Mourilhe-Rocha</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cardiologia - Av. 28 de setembro, 77. CEP <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Vila Isabel, RJ &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>ricardomourilhe@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>59</fpage>
      <lpage>60</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>C1q (Fatores Imunol&#243;gicos)</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Necrose Tumoral</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiponectina</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia de prote&#237;nas relacionadas ao fator de necrose tumoral C1q (CTRP), composta por 15 membros (CTRP1-CTRP15), &#233; um par&#225;logo recentemente descoberto e altamente conservado da adiponectina. Embora a fam&#237;lia CTRP e a adiponectina apresentem similaridades estruturais, elas exercem efeito pleiotr&#243;pico sobre o metabolismo celular e apresentam diferentes padr&#245;es regulat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A CTRP3, membro dessa fam&#237;lia, &#233; uma potente adipocina anti-inflamat&#243;ria que inibe vias pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias em mon&#243;citos e microc&#233;lulas, exercendo um efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio, anti-apopt&#243;tico, e cardioprotetor durante o desenvolvimento da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Ainda, essa adiponectina tem propriedades cardioprotetoras, e uma associa&#231;&#227;o inversa com par&#226;metros de resist&#234;ncia insul&#237;nica; seus n&#237;veis circulantes diminuem na obesidade e na hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Um dos primeiros estudos a avaliar n&#237;veis circulantes de CTRP-3 e progranulina em pacientes com DAC foi conduzido na Coreia, com 362 adultos com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda (SCA) e angina est&#225;vel, e indiv&#237;duos controle com v&#225;rios fatores de risco cardiometab&#243;licos. As concentra&#231;&#245;es de CTRP-3 encontravam-se significativamente reduzidos em pacientes com SCA ou angina est&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles. An&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o, ajustada por idade e sexo, revelou que os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 apresentaram uma rela&#231;&#227;o negativa significativa com n&#237;veis de glicose e prote&#237;na C reativa, e uma rela&#231;&#227;o positiva com n&#237;veis de HDL e adiponectina. Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada, o <italic>odds ratio</italic> para DAC foi 5,14 no segundo tercil, e 9,04 no primeiro tercil dos n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao terceiro tercil, ap&#243;s ajuste para as vari&#225;veis de risco cardiometab&#243;lico. Tais resultados sugerem que CTRP-3 possa ser &#250;til na avalia&#231;&#227;o de risco para DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Fadaei et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> determinaram os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP-3, CTRP-13, adiponectina e citocinas inflamat&#243;rias, e sua express&#227;o g&#234;nica em c&#233;lulas mononucleares no sangue perif&#233;rico em 172 indiv&#237;duos categorizados como grupo I (sem diabetes mellitus tipo 2 [DM2] e DAC, grupo II [com DAC e sem DM2], grupo III [com DM2 e sem DAC] e grupo IV [com DM2 e DAC]). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos e a express&#227;o g&#234;nica de CTRP-3, CTRP-13, e adiponectina no grupo I foram maiores em compara&#231;&#227;o aos outros grupos. Os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 associaram-se de maneira independente com IMC, tabagismo e express&#227;o g&#234;nica de CTRP-3. N&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP-3 e CTRP-13 tamb&#233;m apresentaram associa&#231;&#227;o com DAC. N&#237;veis diminu&#237;dos de CTRP-3, particularmente CTRP-13, parecem estar associados com risco aumentado de DM2 e DAC. A CTRP-3 apresentou uma associa&#231;&#227;o negativa e independente significativa com DAC na popula&#231;&#227;o total do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No estudo de Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 145 pacientes que se submeteram &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria foram divididos em dois grupos: sem DAC e com DAC. O grupo com DAC foi ainda dividido em tr&#234;s grupos: pacientes com doen&#231;a de um, dois ou tr&#234;s vasos. Os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com DAC que em pacientes sem DAC. Diferen&#231;as significativas de CTRP-3 tamb&#233;m foram encontradas entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a em dois vasos e em pacientes com doen&#231;a em tr&#234;s vasos. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica m&#250;ltipla revelou que os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3, juntamente com colesterol HDL e glicose, correlacionaram-se com DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Ahmed et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> mediram marcadores bioqu&#237;micos e n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRPs e MCP-1 em 86 mulheres p&#243;s-menopausa. As participantes foram divididas em quatro grupos: 13 aparentemente sadios como controle (grupo 1), 29 pacientes com DAC (grupo II), 29 pacientes com DM2 h&#225; mais de cinco anos, e 15 pacientes com DAC secund&#225;ria a DM2 (grupo IV). N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP-3 eram significativamente mais altos nos grupos III e IV, e significativamente mais baixos no grupo II em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo I. As duas CTRPs apresentaram correla&#231;&#227;o significativa negativa entre si.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
    <p>No cen&#225;rio da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), n&#227;o h&#225; estudo relatando se a CTRP-3 pode ter um papel na FA e remodela&#231;&#227;o atrial concomitante. Chen et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> estudaram 75 pacientes com FA que se submeteram &#224; abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter e 47 pacientes com ritmo sinusal e encontraram que as concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de CTRP-3 foram significativamente mais baixas em pacientes com FA em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle. Em estudos com subgrupos de pacientes, aqueles com FA persistente apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de CTRP-3 que pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica. As concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de CTRP-3 no grupo com recorr&#234;ncia ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por radiofrequ&#234;ncia da FA foram mais baixas que no grupo sem recorr&#234;ncia. An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o multivariada revelou uma correla&#231;&#227;o independente entre CTRP-3 e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Na presente edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, no artigo de Yildirim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> 252 pacientes com DAC e 50 controles sadios foram divididos em grupos de pacientes com e sem DAC, e grupos de pacientes com DAC e FA parox&#237;stica e com DAC sem FA parox&#237;stica. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP-3 foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com DAC que no grupo controle. A FA foi detectada em 15,08% do grupo com DAC. A frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o, indiv&#237;duos do sexo feminino, prote&#237;na C-reativa ultrassens&#237;vel, nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, n&#237;veis de creatinina e di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo foram maiores, e os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 foram mais baixos em pacientes com FA. Neste estudo, cada redu&#231;&#227;o de 1ng/mL nos n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 aumentou o risco de FA em 10,7%. Na an&#225;lise ROC dos valores de CTRP-3 para detectar pacientes com FA, a &#225;rea sob a curva ROC para CTRP-3 foi 0,971, considerada estatisticamente significativa. Um ponto de corte de 300 ng/mL apresentou uma sensibilidade de 87,9% e especificidade de 86,8% para a presen&#231;a de FA. Os autores conclu&#237;ram que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP-3 ca&#237;ram significativamente em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, e n&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP-3 relacionaram-se com a presen&#231;a de FA nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Esta &#233; a primeira publica&#231;&#227;o que tenta associar os n&#237;veis de CTRP-3 com DAC e FA, necessitando de mais estudos para determinar a real import&#226;ncia dessa informa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    <p>CTRP-3 &#233; um fator independente de FA e, de certa forma, a prote&#237;na est&#225; relacionada ao progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com FA ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o com radiofrequ&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fam&#237;lia CTRP exerce um importante papel em todos os est&#225;gios da DAC pela regula&#231;&#227;o imune, de inflama&#231;&#227;o, do metabolismo da glicose e de lip&#237;dios, e fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial vascular. A CTRP-1 representa marcadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios e pr&#243;-ateroscler&#243;ticos ao contribuir para a secre&#231;&#227;o de citocinas inflamat&#243;rias e mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o e promover a forma&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas espumosas a partir de macr&#243;fagos. A CTRP-5 promove o crescimento, a migra&#231;&#227;o e a inflama&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares. Por outro lado, CTRP-3, CTRP-9, CTRP-12, e CTRP-13 ativam mecanismos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e anti-ateroscler&#243;ticos da DAC, por inibi&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o endotelial e redu&#231;&#227;o da forma&#231;&#227;o de placas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Resultados positivos dessa investiga&#231;&#227;o e maior conhecimento dos mecanismos moleculares possibilitar&#227;o a inclus&#227;o desses biomarcadores &#224;s diretrizes da DAC e FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: N&#237;veis Reduzidos de CTRP3 em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel Relacionados &#224; Presen&#231;a de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>CTRP-3 Levels in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: A New Potential Biomarker in Cardiovascular Diseases</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2501-302X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mourilhe-Rocha</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1206-9489</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Bittencourt</surname>
            <given-names>Marcelo Imbroinise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cardiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Pr&#243;-Card&#237;aco - Am&#233;ricas Servi&#231;os M&#233;dicos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ricardo Mourilhe-Rocha</bold> &#8226; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro - Cardiologia - Av. 28 de setembro, 77. Postal Code <postal-code>20551-030</postal-code>, Vila Isabel, RJ &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>ricardomourilhe@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>C1q (Immunologic Factors)</kwd>
        <kwd>Tumor Necrosis Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Adiponectin</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein (CTRP) family, comprised of 15 members (CTRP1-CTRP15), is a newly discovered and highly conserved paralogue of adiponectin. Despite structural similarities between CTRP family and adiponectin, they exert pleiotropic effects on cell metabolism and have different regulation patterns.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> CTRP3 (also known as CORS-26, cartducin and cartonectin) is a member of this family. CTRP3 is a potent anti-inflammatory adipokine that inhibits proinflammatory pathways in monocytes and microcells, exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and cardioprotective effect during development of coronary artery disease (CAD).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Also, this adipokine has cardioprotective properties and is inversely associated with insulin resistance parameters; its circulating levels drop in obesity and hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>One of the first studies to evaluate circulating CTRP-3 and progranulin levels in patients with CAD was conducted on 362 Korean adults with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), stable angina pectoris and control subjects with various cardiometabolic risk factors. CTRP-3 concentrations were significantly decreased in patients with ACS or stable angina compared to control subjects. Correlation analysis adjusted for age and gender showed that CTRP-3 levels had a significant negative relationship with glucose and high sensitive C-reactive protein levels, and a positive relationship with HDL-cholesterol and adiponectin levels. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for CAD was 5.14 in the second tertile, and 9.04 in the first tertile of CTRP-3 levels compared to the third tertile, after adjusting for other cardiometabolic risk variables. These results suggest that CTRP-3 might be useful for assessing the risk of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fadaei et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> determined serum levels of CTRP-3, CTRP-13, adiponectin and inflammatory cytokines and their gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 172 subjects categorized as group I [without type 2 diabetes melitus (T2DM) and CAD], group II (with CAD but no T2DM), group III (with T2DM but no CAD) and group IV (with T2DM and CAD). Serum levels and gene expression of CTRP-3, CTRP-13 and adiponectin in the group I were higher compared to other groups. CTRP-3 serum levels had an independent association with BMI, smoking and CTRP-3 gene expression. Decreased serum levels of CTRP-3 and CTRP-13 were also associated with CAD. It appears that the decreased levels of CTRP-3, and particularly CTRP-13, were associated with increased risk of T2DM and CAD. CTRP-3 showed a significant independent negative association with the presence of CAD in the whole study population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the study by Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> 145 patients who underwent coronary angiography were divided into two groups: non-CAD and CAD group. The CAD group was further divided into single-vessel, double-vessel, and triple-vessel disease groups. Serum levels of CTRP-3 were significantly higher in CAD patients than in non-CAD patients. Significant differences of CTRP 3 levels were also found between single-vessel group and triple-vessel group. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that CTRP 3 levels, together with HDL cholesterol and glucose, correlated with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ahmed et el.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> measured biochemical markers and serum levels of CTRPs and MCP-1 in 86 postmenopausal females. Subjects were divided into four groups: 13 apparent healthy subjects as control (group I), 29 patients with CAD (group II), 29 patients with T2DM for five years or longer (group III) and 15 patients with CAD secondary to T2DM (group IV). Serum CTRP-3 levels were found to be significantly higher in groups III and IV, and significantly lower in group II as compared with group I. Both CTRPs were significantly negatively correlated with each other.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the scenario of atrial fibrillation (AF), no study has reported whether CTRP-3 may play a role in AF and concomitant atrial remodeling. Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> studied 75 AF patients who underwent catheter ablation and 47 sinus rhythm patients and found that plasma CTRP-3 concentrations were significantly lower in AF patients compared with control group. In subgroup studies, patients with persistent AF had lower plasma CTRP-3 concentrations than those with paroxysmal AF. The concentrations of plasma CTRP-3 in the recurrence group after radiofrequency catheter ablation of AF were lower than those in the nonrecurrence group. Multivariate regression analysis revealed the independent correlation between plasma CTRP-3 level and AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the present issue, Yildirim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> studied 252 patients with CAD and 50 healthy controls, who were divided into groups with and without CAD and CAD patients with and without paroxysmal AF. Serum CTRP-3 levels were significantly lower in patients with CAD than in the control group. AF was detected in 15.08% of patients in the CAD group. The frequency of hypertension and female sex, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels and left atrial diastolic diameter were higher, and CTRP-3 levels were lower in patients with AF. In this study, every 1 ng/mL reduction in CTRP-3 levels increased the risk of AF by 10.7%. In the ROC analysis of CTRP-3 values to detect patients with AF, the area under the ROC curve for CTRP-3 was 0.971 and considered statistically significant. A CTRP-3 cutoff point of 300 ng/mL had an 87.9% sensitivity and 86.8% specificity for the presence of AF. It was concluded that serum CTRP-3 levels dropped significantly in patients with stable CAD, and reduced levels of CTRP-3 were related to the presence of paroxysmal AF in these patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> This is the first publication that attempts to associate CTRP-3 levels with CAD and AF, requiring further studies to determine the real importance of this information.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>CTRP-3 is an independent factor of AF, and to some extent, it is related to the prognosis of patients with AF after radiofrequency ablation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The CTRP family plays an important role in all stages of CAD by regulating immuno-inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism, and vascular endothelial function. CTRP-1 represents as pro-inflammatory and pro-atherosclerotic markers by contributing toward the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules and promoting the formation of foam cells from macrophages. CTRP-5 promotes vascular smooth muscle cell growth, migration, and inflammation. In contrast, CTRP-3, CTRP-9, CTRP-12, and CTRP-13 activate anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of CAD, by inhibiting endothelial inflammation and reducing plaque formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Positive results from such research and further understanding of their molecular mechanisms will promote adding these biomarkers to CAD and AF guidelines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Reduced CTRP3 Levels in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Related with the Presence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
