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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">H5w8fnmFWtPJrDc3gFjCDJG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100052</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200669</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200669</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis Reduzidos de CTRP3 em Pacientes com Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana Est&#225;vel Relacionados &#224; Presen&#231;a de Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial Parox&#237;stica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2798-7488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Arafat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9186-3642</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kucukosmanoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7192-0280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3000-4200</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevlut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences - Adana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Cardiologia , University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center , Adana - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Medicina Interna</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">University of Health Sciences - Adana</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Health Practice and Research Center</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Adana</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Departamento de Medicina Interna , University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center , Adana - Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Arafat Yildirim &#8226; Departamento de Cardiologia, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Dr. Mithat &#214;zsan Bulvar&#305; K&#305;&#351;la Mah. 4522 Sok. No: 1 Y&#252;re&#287;ir, Adana - Turquia Email: <email>arafatdr@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Yildirim A, Kucukosmanoglu; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sumbul HE, Yildirim; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Koc M; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Koc M, Yildirim A; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Yildirim A; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Yildirim A, Kucukosmanoglu M, Sumbul HE, Koc M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>52</fpage>
      <lpage>58</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis de Prote&#237;na 3 relacionada ao fator de necrose tumoral/complemento s&#233;rico C1q (CTRP3) e a rela&#231;&#227;o com a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) na doen&#231;a arterial coron&#225;ria est&#225;vel (DAC) n&#227;o est&#227;o claros atualmente.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a mudan&#231;a nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 e sua rela&#231;&#227;o com a FA parox&#237;stica em DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> O estudo incluiu 252 pacientes com DAC e 50 controles saud&#225;veis com idade/sexo compat&#237;veis. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram medidos, al&#233;m da anamnese de rotina, exame f&#237;sico, exames laboratoriais e ecocardiograma. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos com e sem DAC e indiv&#237;duos com DAC com e sem FA parox&#237;stica. Os valores eram estatisticamente significativos quando p&lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram significativamente menores em pacientes com DAC do que no grupo controle (p&lt;0,001). A FA foi detectada em 28 pacientes (15,08%) no grupo DAC. A frequ&#234;ncia de hipertens&#227;o e do sexo feminino, a prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PCR-as), o nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue, os n&#237;veis de creatinina e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo foram maiores (p&lt;0,05 para cada um), e os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 foram mais baixos em pacientes com FA (p&lt;0,001). Na an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 e os di&#226;metros diast&#243;licos do &#225;trio esquerdo foram independentemente determinados pelos pacientes com FA (p&lt;0,01 para cada um). Nesta an&#225;lise, observamos que cada 1 ng/mL de redu&#231;&#227;o nos n&#237;veis de CTRP3 aumentou o risco de FA em 10,7%. Na an&#225;lise ROC dos valores de CTRP3 para detectar pacientes com FA, a &#225;rea da curva ROC para CTRP3 foi 0,971 (0,951&#8211;991) e considerada estatisticamente significativa (p&lt;0,001). Quando o ponto de corte de CTRP3 foi considerado em 300 ng/mL, demonstrava a presen&#231;a de FA com 87,9% de sensibilidade e 86,8% de especificidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 ca&#237;ram significativamente em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, e n&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP3 estiveram relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a de FA parox&#237;stica nesses pacientes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Adipocinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Prote&#237;na 3 Induzida por Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Fatores de Risco</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="22"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As adipocinas s&#227;o polipept&#237;deos secretados do tecido adiposo, essenciais para regular o metabolismo energ&#233;tico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A prote&#237;na 3 relacionada ao fator de necrose tumoral/complemento s&#233;rico C1q (CTRP3) &#233; um novo membro da fam&#237;lia das adipocinas. Os principais efeitos da CTRP3 s&#227;o inibi&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo induzido pela glicose alta, anti-inflamat&#243;rio, inibi&#231;&#227;o da apoptose e da fibrose, promo&#231;&#227;o da angiog&#234;nese e inibi&#231;&#227;o da gliconeog&#234;nese.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A CTRP3, que foi investigada por seus efeitos metab&#243;licos, tamb&#233;m demonstrou reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (DAC) &#233; a doen&#231;a cardiovascular mais comum, enquanto a fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA) &#233; a arritmia card&#237;aca mais comum. A arritmia mais importante e frequente em pacientes com DAC &#233; a FA. Ambas as doen&#231;as apresentam fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), apneia do sono, obesidade e o h&#225;bito de fumar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 foram investigados em pacientes com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) e angina est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Neste estudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram reduzidos em pacientes com SCA e angina est&#225;vel, e esses resultados sugerem que a CTRP3 pode ser &#250;til para avaliar o risco de DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A fisiopatologia e o mecanismo da FA em pacientes com DAC s&#227;o complexos e multifatoriais. Por&#233;m, a fibrose atrial induzida pelo estiramento, o aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o, o remodelamento vascular, a apoptose e o estresse oxidativo, a hipocontratilidade, a infiltra&#231;&#227;o de gordura, a isquemia, a disfun&#231;&#227;o dos canais i&#244;nicos e a instabilidade do Ca2+ est&#227;o relacionados &#224; presen&#231;a e &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O fato de que n&#237;veis mais baixos de CTRP3 est&#227;o relacionados &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o, fibrose, apoptose e estresse oxidativo nos levou &#224; hip&#243;tese de que a FA, que &#233; a arritmia mais comum em pacientes com DAC, pode estar associada a n&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP3. At&#233; onde sabemos, n&#227;o h&#225; estudos que investigam a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 e FA em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Assim, investigamos as mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 e a presen&#231;a de FA parox&#237;stica nesses pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>Este estudo transversal incluiu 252 pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, internados na cl&#237;nica de arritmia do nosso hospital, cujas idades e sexos eram similares aos 50 controles saud&#225;veis. Os pacientes foram avaliados por dois cardiologistas para a presen&#231;a de FA utilizando um holter de 72 horas (eletrocardiografia &#8211; ECG) antes de serem inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Pelo menos 30 segundos de dura&#231;&#227;o da FA s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para diagnosticar a FA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> De acordo com estudos pr&#233;vios comparando as m&#233;dias de CTRP3 entre os grupos com DAC e controle com o teste-t para duas amostras, com 5% de signific&#226;ncia e poder de 80%, 50 pacientes s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para cada um dos dois grupos. Com base no conhecimento de que 17-47% de pacientes com DAC t&#234;m FA,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> no come&#231;o do estudo 100 pacientes com DAC estavam planejados para se inscrever na pesquisa para que pud&#233;ssemos analisar pelo menos 30 deles com FA. Por&#233;m, durante o processo, o n&#250;mero de pacientes com DAC e FA foi muito menor do que o esperado. Assim, o estudo foi realizado com 252 indiv&#237;duos com DAC. Pacientes com SCA, com uso de medica&#231;&#227;o para arritmia, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida, aqueles com hist&#243;rico de doen&#231;a hep&#225;tica, insufici&#234;ncia renal grave, doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca moderada a grave, doen&#231;a da tireoide ativa, suspeita de c&#226;ncer e/ou gravidez, e aqueles que n&#227;o quiserem ser inclu&#237;dos no estudo, foram exclu&#237;dos. O estudo foi realizado de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki para pesquisa m&#233;dica envolvendo humanos, e o protocolo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da institui&#231;&#227;o. Os termos de consentimento foram explicados detalhadamente aos pacientes, que foram inclu&#237;dos na pesquisa ap&#243;s assinarem o documento.</p>
        <p>Um hist&#243;rico detalhado foi analisado e exames foram realizados em todos os indiv&#237;duos. Em seguida, as caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas dos grupos foram coletadas; idade, sexo, hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, fato de ser fumante e hiperlipidemia. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado ao medir peso e altura. Os par&#226;metros laboratoriais, como prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade (PRC-as), glicose, fun&#231;&#245;es renais e hep&#225;ticas, por&#231;&#227;o N-terminal do pr&#243;-horm&#244;nio do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico do tipo B (NT-proBNP) e valores de lip&#237;deos em todos os pacientes e controles foram medidos.</p>
        <p>Os tratamentos em andamento foram continuados antes de os pacientes serem examinados com o holter de 72 horas. Os indiv&#237;duos foram instru&#237;dos a seguir com suas rotinas normais. Um monitor holter programado para 72 horas, com grava&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica e acompanhamento do ritmo, foi utilizado (GE Seer 1000, EUA). Os pacientes foram para casa ap&#243;s receber instru&#231;&#245;es sobre o equipamento. Depois de 72 horas, o monitor foi removido e as grava&#231;&#245;es foram revisadas e conclu&#237;das com o software Mars V8 ambulatory ECG. Informa&#231;&#245;es detalhadas foram dadas aos pacientes. Os resultados do holter foram avaliados por dois eletrofisiologistas (AY e MK) para diagnosticar a FA silenciosa, que n&#227;o sabiam que os fatores de risco e dados cl&#237;nicos, assim como os pacientes em si, seriam inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Como resultado desta avalia&#231;&#227;o, se houvesse algum resultado inconsistente entre os dois eletrofisiologistas (inter-observador), a decis&#227;o definitiva era tomada por um terceiro eletrofisiologista de nossa cl&#237;nica (MK). No holter de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es: &#305;) atividade atrial irregular e variabilidade na dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo atrial (menor que 200 ms); &#305;&#305;) irregularidade no intervalo R-R; &#305;&#305;&#305;) aus&#234;ncia de onda P significativa recorrente; &#305;v) em vez de ondas P, formas e tamanhos irregulares e diferentes de ondas de fibrila&#231;&#227;o podem ser vistos; v) por fim, frequ&#234;ncias ventriculares irregulares e variadas podem ser considerada como FA.</p>
        <p>Amostras de sangue para os n&#237;veis de CTRP foram coletadas dos grupos de pacientes e controles &#224;s 8h da manh&#227;, ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de 12 horas de jejum. As amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas e centrifugadas a 4000 rpm por pelo menos 10 minutos. Obtivemos amostras s&#233;ricas, que foram armazenadas a -80&#186;C at&#233; a an&#225;lise. Para medir os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3, foram utilizados kits ELISA (do ingl&#234;s, <italic>Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay</italic> ) (Adipogen, Coreia do Sul, Cat# AG-45A0042EK-KI01). A sensibilidade da CTRP3 estava dentro do intervalo do estudo: 1 ng/mL &#8211; 1000 ng/mL, e os resultados foram demonstrados em ng/mL.</p>
        <p>Todos os exames ecocardiogr&#225;ficos foram realizados no EPIQ 7 (Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts, EUA). As diretrizes da Sociedade Americana de Ecocardiografia foram utilizadas para obter imagens. Quando os pacientes eram monitorados do lado esquerdo, o eixo longo e curto paraesternal foi obtido, assim como cortes apical das c&#226;maras 5, 4 e 2, e pelo menos 3 ciclos consecutivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O exame do eixo longo paraesternal (modo M) demonstrou o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (LAd). Os volumes diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VEd e VEs) e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE) foram calculados em uma ecocardiografia utilizando o m&#233;todo de Simpson no corte apical das c&#226;maras 4 e 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software SPSS 22.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, que foram expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, ou mediana &#8211; intervalo interquartil. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas em n&#250;meros e porcentagens. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que tiveram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram comparadas utilizando o teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado, enquanto o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi adotado para comparar as diferen&#231;as entre os dois grupos independentes quando a vari&#225;vel dependente era ou ordinal ou cont&#237;nua, mas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. O teste de qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas. Uma an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica foi realizada para determinar os marcadores independentes entre os pacientes com FA. Uma an&#225;lise da curva ROC foi feita para reavaliar os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 para detectar pacientes com FA, e para determinar o valor limite da CTRP3. O valor da &#225;rea dentro da curva foi utilizado para medir a precis&#227;o do teste. A signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aceita foi de p &lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Os dados do estudo foram comparados em dois grupos: pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e o grupo controle. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com DAC foram agrupados e comparados como pacientes com e sem FA parox&#237;stica. Do total dos 302 indiv&#237;duos, 252 pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel (sexo feminino, n=85, 33,7%; m&#233;dia de idade 61,6 &#177; 11,4) e 50 controles (sexo feminino, n=20, 40,0%; m&#233;dia de idade: 60,4 &#177; 9,2) foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Dos pacientes com DAC inclu&#237;dos no estudo, 161 (63,9%) tinham hipertens&#227;o, 84 (33,3%) tinham diabetes mellitus, 86 (34,1%) tinham hiperlipidemia e 69 (27,4%) eram fumantes. A FA foi detectada em 38 (15,07%) pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e achados laboratoriais de todos os participantes est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Quando as caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes e dos controles foram comparadas, a idade e o sexo foram similares (61,6 &#177; 11,4 vs. 60,4 &#177; 9,2; p=0,514 e 33,7% vs. 40,0%, p=0,224, respectivamente). Ao serem comparados com o grupo controle, os n&#237;veis de glicose s&#233;rica, colesterol total e LDL foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel (146 &#177; 75 vs. 95 &#177;12; p&lt;0,001, 184 &#177; 42 vs. 152 &#177; 36; p=0,012, 120 &#177; 34 vs. 100 &#177; 25; p=0,020, respectivamente). Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram estatisticamente mais baixos, enquanto os n&#237;veis de PCR-as foram maiores em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel [331 &#177; 46 vs. 432 &#177; 46; p&lt;0,001 e 1,09 (0,95 &#8211; 1,31), 0,89 (0,76 &#8211; 1,01); p=0,030, respectivamente]. Outros dados laboratoriais foram similares entre os grupos. Quando os par&#226;metros da ecocardiografia foram comparados, as dimens&#245;es do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo foram significativamente maiores (43 &#177; 4,6 vs. 38 &#177; 4,1; p=0.012), e a FEVE foi menor (52 &#177; 6,9 vs. 61 &#177; 4,5; p=0,019) em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratoriais de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e controles saud&#225;veis</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Pacientes com DAC n=252</th>
                <th>Controles saud&#225;veis n=50</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">61,6 &#177; 11,4</td>
                <td align="center">60,4 &#177; 9,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,514</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (feminino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">85 (33,7)</td>
                <td align="center">20 (40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,4 &#177; ,.23</td>
                <td align="center">25,9 &#177; 1,30</td>
                <td align="center">0,122</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">146 &#177; 75</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">36,2 &#177; 15,6</td>
                <td align="center">33,1 &#177; 14,5</td>
                <td align="center">0,192</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,90 (0,75 &#8211; 0,99)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,70 &#8211; 0,92)</td>
                <td align="center">0,334</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">184 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">152 &#177; 36</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,012</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">120 &#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">100 &#177; 25</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,020</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">42 &#177; 9,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,856</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">149 (130 &#8211; 175)</td>
                <td align="center">151 (125 &#8211; 186)</td>
                <td align="center">0,956</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,09 (0,95 &#8211; 1,31)</td>
                <td align="center">0,89 (0,76 &#8211; 1,01)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,030</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">331 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">432 &#177; 46</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume VEd (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">102 &#177; 19</td>
                <td align="center">95 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,102</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume VEs (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 10</td>
                <td align="center">0,112</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">43 &#177; 4.6</td>
                <td align="center">38 &#177; 4,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,012</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 6,9</td>
                <td align="center">61 &#177; 4,5</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Os valores foram demonstrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana &#8211; intervalo interquartil ou n (%), IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CTRP3: prote&#237;na 3 relacionada ao fator de necrose tumoral/complemento s&#233;rico C1q; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEd: volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEs: volume sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e os achados laboratoriais de pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, de acordo com a presen&#231;a de FA, est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . Os dados demogr&#225;ficos dos pacientes com e sem FA parox&#237;stica, frequ&#234;ncia do sexo feminino, idade e hipertens&#227;o foram estatisticamente mais altos em pacientes com FA (50,0% vs. 30,8%; p= 0,019, 66,8 &#177; 10,7 vs. 60,3 &#177; 11,2; p=0,001, 78,9% vs. 61,2%; p=0,025, respectivamente). Quando comparados com pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel sem FA parox&#237;stica, os n&#237;veis de nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue e creatinina [44,5 &#177; 21,9 vs. 34,8 &#177; 13,8; p= 0,012, 1,20 (0,90 &#8211; 1,45) vs. 0,85 (0,70 &#8211; 1,35); p=0,004, respectivamente] foram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e FA parox&#237;stica. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram estatisticamente mais baixos, enquanto os n&#237;veis de PCR-as foram mais altos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e FA parox&#237;stica [262 &#177; 27 vs. 343 &#177; 38; p=&lt;0,001, 3,15 (2,22 &#8211; 3,95) vs. 0,80 (0,65 -1,02); p&lt;0,001, respectivamente]. Outros dados laboratoriais foram similares entre os dois grupos. Quando os par&#226;metros da ecocardiografia foram comparados, o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo foi significativamente maior (46 &#177; 5,4 vs. 41 &#177; 4,2; p=0,002) e a FEVE foi significativamente menor (49 &#177; 4,9 vs. 53 &#177; 6,1; p=0,049) em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e FA parox&#237;stica.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Achados demogr&#225;ficos e laboratorais da DAC em pacientes de acordo com a presen&#231;a da fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (+) n=38</th>
                <th>Fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica (-) n=214</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (Anos)</td>
                <td align="center">66,8 &#177; 10,7</td>
                <td align="center">60,3 &#177; 11,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero (feminino), n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">66 (30,8)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,019</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (78,9)</td>
                <td align="center">131 (61,2)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,025</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">15 (39,5)</td>
                <td align="center">69 (32,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,245</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Fumante ativo, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">4 (10,5)</td>
                <td align="center">65 (30,4)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hiperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                <td align="center">13 (34,2)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (34,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,224</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">25,3 &#177; 2,18</td>
                <td align="center">25,5 &#177; 2,24</td>
                <td align="center">0,576</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">160 &#177; 65</td>
                <td align="center">144 &#177; 78</td>
                <td align="center">0,207</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitrog&#234;nio ureico no sangue (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">44,5 &#177; 21,9</td>
                <td align="center">34,8 &#177; 13,8</td>
                <td align="center">0,012</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Creatinina (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">1,20 (0,90 &#8211; 1,45)</td>
                <td align="center">0,85 (0,70 &#8211; 1,35)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,004</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol total (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">179 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">184 &#177; 42</td>
                <td align="center">0,518</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>LDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">116 &#177; 33</td>
                <td align="center">121&#177; 34</td>
                <td align="center">0,380</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HDL (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 13</td>
                <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center">0,823</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">140 (115 &#8211; 165)</td>
                <td align="center">150 (110 -182)</td>
                <td align="center">0,663</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PCR-as (mg/dL)</td>
                <td align="center">3,15 (2,22 &#8211; 3,95)</td>
                <td align="center">0,80 (0,65 -1,02)</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">262 &#177; 27</td>
                <td align="center">343 &#177; 38</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>&lt;0,001</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume VEd (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">104 &#177; 22</td>
                <td align="center">96 &#177; 18</td>
                <td align="center">0,305</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Volume VEs (mL)</td>
                <td align="center">52 &#177; 15</td>
                <td align="center">48 &#177; 11</td>
                <td align="center">0,456</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">46 &#177; 5,4</td>
                <td align="center">41 &#177; 4,2</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,002</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">49 &#177; 4,9</td>
                <td align="center">53 &#177; 6,1</td>
                <td align="center">
                  <bold>0,049</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Os valores foram demonstrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, mediana &#8211; intervalo interquartil ou n (%); IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DAC: doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; CTRP3: prote&#237;na 3 relacionada ao fator de necrose tumoral/complemento s&#233;rico C1q; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-as: prote&#237;na C reativa de alta sensibilidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEd: volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; VEs: volume sist&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Par&#226;metros demogr&#225;ficos, cl&#237;nicos e laboratoriais associados &#224; FA parox&#237;stica na an&#225;lise univariada foram avaliados pela regress&#227;o log&#237;stica multivariada. Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 (OR: 0,893; IC95%, 0,856&#8211;0,931; p&lt;0,001) e os valores do di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (OR: 1,160; IC95%, 1,101&#8211;1,229; p=0,003) determinaram, de forma independente, os pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ). Nesta an&#225;lise, cada 1 ng/mL a menos no n&#237;vel de CTRP3 aumentou as chances de se ter FA parox&#237;stica em 10,7%.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o vari&#225;vel para detector DAC em pacientes com fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>OR</th>
                <th>IC95%</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do &#225;trio esquerdo (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">1,160</td>
                <td align="center">1,101 &#8211; 1,229</td>
                <td align="center">0,003</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                <td align="center">0,893</td>
                <td align="center">0,856 &#8211; 0,931</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>CTRP3: prote&#237;na 3 relacionada ao fator de necrose tumoral/complemento s&#233;rico C1q; OR: odds ratio; IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise da curva ROC dos valores de CTRP3 para detectar pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica, a &#225;rea dentro da curva ROC para CTRP3 foi 0,971 (IC95%: 0,951&#8211;0,991), estatisticamente significativo (p&lt;0,001 e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Quando o ponto de corte da CTRP3 foi considerado em 300 ng/mL, considerou-se como fator preditivo da FA, com 87,9% de sensibilidade e 86,8% de especificidade.</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Curva caracter&#237;stica de opera&#231;&#227;o do receptor dos valores de CTRP para determiner pacientes com FA parox&#237;stica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0052-00669-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O achado mais importante do nosso estudo &#233; o de que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel quando comparados aos controles. N&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP3 estiveram relacionados &#224; FA parox&#237;stica, que &#233; a forma mais comum de arritmia em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel. Na literatura, somente um estudo reportou que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 diminu&#237;ram em pacientes com angina est&#225;vel e SCA; por&#233;m, nosso estudo trata da import&#226;ncia dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 para prever a FA que pode se apresentar nesses pacientes. Quando o valor limite para o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CTRP3 &#233; considerado como 300 ng/mL, prev&#234; o risco de desenvolver a FA parox&#237;stica com sensibilidade e especificidade aceit&#225;veis. Por isso, nosso estudo traz dados importantes para a literatura.</p>
      <p>Nos estudos sobre os efeitos da CTRP3 no sistema cardiovascular mostra-se que: i) reduz o estresse oxidativo, ii) inibe a apoptose, iii) tem efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e antiaterog&#234;nicos, iv) reduz o desenvolvimento de fibrose, v) inibe a gliconeog&#234;nese e, como resultado de todos esses efeitos, a CTRP3 reduz as chances de desenvolver doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CV).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Considerando seus efeitos atuais, observou-se que a CTRP3 pode, em termos fisiopatol&#243;gicos, proteger e melhorar os aspectos cl&#237;nicos de pacientes com DAC. N&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram avaliados em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida (ICFEr), SCA, angina est&#225;vel e dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica aguda; e os n&#237;veis s&#233;rios de CTRP3 foram significativamente menores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Em estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> em ratos, a CTRP3 demonstrou melhorar as fun&#231;&#245;es de contra&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca com efeitos antiapopt&#243;ticos e proangiog&#234;nicos ap&#243;s uma isquemia do mioc&#225;rdio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Da mesma forma, em pacientes com SCA e angina est&#225;vel, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram significativamente menores do que nos indiv&#237;duos do grupo controle.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A CTRP3 pode ter tido esses efeitos positivos com impactos antiaterog&#234;nicos e anti-inflamat&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A arritmia mais comum e importante em pacientes com DAC &#233; a FA. Ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es apresentam fatores de risco como hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, apneia do sono, obesidade e o h&#225;bito de fumar. A preval&#234;ncia de DAC em pacientes com FA varia de 17 a 46,5%, enquanto a preval&#234;ncia de FA entre pacientes com DAC &#233; baixa, estimando-se variar entre 0,2 e 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a inflama&#231;&#227;o tem papel etiol&#243;gico em ambas as doen&#231;as. N&#227;o &#233; f&#225;cil explicar a patog&#234;nese da FA em pacientes com DAC por um mecanismo. A ativa&#231;&#227;o dos fibroblastos, a melhor deposi&#231;&#227;o do tecido conjuntivo e a fibrose s&#227;o as marcas deste processo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Tamb&#233;m deve-se considerar que a infiltra&#231;&#227;o gordurosa no &#225;trio, infiltrados inflamat&#243;rios, hipertrofia dos mi&#243;citos, necrose e amiloidose s&#227;o encontrados em pacientes com FA e condi&#231;&#245;es concomitantes que predisp&#245;em a FA.</p>
      <p>O fato de que o n&#237;vel de CTRP3 tem um efeito positivo em mecanismos essenciais, que s&#227;o efetivos na fisiopatologia da FA, levou-nos a considerar que pode haver uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 e FA. Como resultado, em nosso estudo, o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CTRP3 foi significativamente menor no grupo de pacientes com FA devida &#224; DAC do que no grupo de pacientes sem FA. Assim, nosso objetivo foi analisar as mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 e a presen&#231;a de FA parox&#237;stica nesses pacientes.</p>
      <p>Diversos estudos anteriores reportaram que os fatores de risco do metabolismo, como obesidade, maior circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, press&#227;o arterial, glicose de jejum e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, est&#227;o negativamente associados aos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Um achado semelhante foi demonstrado pelo n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CTRP3 significativamente menor em pacientes com DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A DAC e a DM est&#227;o muito relacionadas, e demonstrou-se que os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 s&#227;o reduzidos em ambos os grupos de pacientes; h&#225; uma redu&#231;&#227;o mais significativa naqueles com DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Como resultado deste estudo, reportou-se que n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos menores de CTRP3 podem ser efetivos na fisiopatologia dessas duas doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Na nossa an&#225;lise, assim como em outros estudos, observou-se que o n&#237;vel s&#233;rico de CTRP3 foi significativamente menor em pacientes com DM e DAC, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles sem DM. Por&#233;m, em nosso estudo, a taxa de pacientes com DM foi maior em compara&#231;&#227;o a estudos anteriores, e a regula&#231;&#227;o da glicose no sangue estava relativamente fora do controle. Isso pode ter sido mais efetivo na redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3.</p>
      <p>Nosso estudo tem algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. Embora os resultados sejam significativos, foram insuficientes em termos do n&#250;mero de pacientes inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. Em nossa pesquisa, somente pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel foram inclu&#237;dos, e n&#227;o havia pacientes com SCA. Dever&#237;amos incluir pacientes com SCA. Em nossa an&#225;lise, embora tenhamos feito as medidas bioqu&#237;micas, os n&#237;veis de CTRP3 n&#227;o foram mensurados a partir de amostras de tecido. Achados semelhantes poderiam ser mais significativos ao serem examinados no n&#237;vel dos mi&#243;citos. Em nossa pesquisa, embora a presen&#231;a de FA tenha sido detectada pelo holter de 72 horas, a carga da FA n&#227;o foi realizada pelo fato de a amostra ser pequena. O efeito dos medicamentos usados pelos pacientes inclu&#237;dos em nosso estudo, devido &#224; presen&#231;a da FA parox&#237;stica, n&#227;o foi avaliado. Poderia ter sido importante avaliar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a medica&#231;&#227;o e a presen&#231;a da FA. Nosso estudo n&#227;o foi planejado para ter acompanhamento. Um acompanhamento de longo prazo teria trazido resultados mais significativos.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram significativamente menores em pacientes com DAC, e relacionados &#224; FA parox&#237;stica, o que era comum nesses pacientes. De acordo com nosso estudo e an&#225;lises pr&#233;vias investigando o n&#237;vel de CTRP3 em doen&#231;as CV, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 podem ser um par&#226;metro &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico de pacientes com DAC. Embora a CTRP3 seja muito importante para detectar o desenvolvimento da FA parox&#237;stica em pacientes com DAC, nossos achados requerem grupos de pacientes diferentes e precisam ser apoiados por estudos que envolvam mais indiv&#237;duos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Mensagem principal</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 foram significativamente mais baixos em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel em compara&#231;&#227;o aos controles saud&#225;veis.</p>
        <p>N&#237;veis reduzidos de CTRP3 estiveram relacionados &#224; FA, que &#233; a arritmia mais frequente em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quest&#245;es da pesquisa</title>
        <p>Outros estudos s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para avaliar a signific&#226;ncia dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de CTRP3 em pacientes com DAC e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O que se sabe sobre o tema?</title>
        <p>A CTRP3 &#233; um novo membro da fam&#237;lia de adipocinas, e est&#225; relacionada &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o do estresse oxidativo, tem efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios, inibe a apoptose e a fibrose, promove a angiog&#234;nese e a inibi&#231;&#227;o da gliconeog&#234;nese.</p>
        <p>CTRP3 demonstrou reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (CV).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Reduced CTRP3 Levels in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Related with the Presence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2798-7488</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Yildirim</surname>
            <given-names>Arafat</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9186-3642</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kucukosmanoglu</surname>
            <given-names>Mehmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7192-0280</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sumbul</surname>
            <given-names>Hilmi Erdem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
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          <name>
            <surname>Koc</surname>
            <given-names>Mevlut</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Adana - Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Arafat Yildirim &#8226; Department of Cardiology, University of Health Sciences - Adana Health Practice and Research Center, Dr. Mithat &#214;zsan Bulvar&#305; K&#305;&#351;la Mah. 4522 Sok. No: 1 Y&#252;re&#287;ir, Adana - Turkey Email: arafatdr@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Yildirim A, Kucukosmanoglu M; Acquisition of data: Sumbul HE, Yildirim A; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Koc M; Statistical analysis: Koc M, Yildirim A; Writing of the manuscript: Yildirim A; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual contente: Yildirim A, Kucukosmanoglu M, Sumbul HE, Koc M.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Serum Complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3) levels and the relationship with atrial fibrillation (AF) in stable coronary artery disease (CAD) are not clearly known.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the change in serum CTRP3 levels and its relationship with paroxysmal AF in stable CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Method</title>
          <p>The study included 252 patients with CAD and 50 age-sex matched healthy control subjects. Serum CTRP3 levels were measured in addition to routine anamnesis, physical examination, laboratory and echocardiography examinations. The patients were divided into groups with and without CAD and CAD patients with and without paroxysmal AF. Statistical significance was accepted as p&lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Serum CTRP3 levels were found to be significantly lower in patients with CAD than in the control group (p&lt;0.001). AF was detected in 38 patients (15.08%) in the CAD group. The frequency of hypertension and female gender, hs-CRP, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine levels and left atrial end-diastolic (LAd) diameter were higher (p&lt;0.05 for each one), and CTRP3 levels were lower in patients with AF (p &lt;0.001). In the logistic regression analysis, serum CTRP3 levels and LAd diameters were independently determined the patients with AF (p&lt;0.01 for each one). In this analysis, we found that every 1 ng/mL reduction in CTRP3 levels increased the risk of AF by 10.7%. In the ROC analysis of CTRP3 values for detecting patients with AF, the area under the ROC curve for CTRP3 was 0.971 (0.951&#8211;991) and was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001). When the CTRP3 cut-off value was taken as 300 ng/mL, it was found to predict the presence of AF with 87.9% sensitivity and 86.8% specificity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Serum CTRP3 levels were significantly reduced in patients with stable CAD and decreased CTRP3 levels were closely related to the presence of paroxysmal AF in these patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Induced Protein 3</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Fibrillation</kwd>
        <kwd>Risk Factors</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhythmias Cardiac</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Adipokines are polypeptides that are secreted from the adipose tissue and critical for regulating energy metabolism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) related protein-3 (CTRP3) is a new member of the adipokine family. The main effects of CTRP3 are high glucose-induced oxidative stress inhibition, anti-inflammation, apoptosis inhibition, inhibited fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis and gluconeogenesis inhibition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> CTRP3, which has been investigated for its metabolic effects, has also been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common cardiovascular disease, whereas atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. The most important and frequent arrhythmia in patients with CAD is atrial fibrillation (AF). Both diseases present risk factors such as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), sleep apnea, obesity and smoking.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>CTRP3 levels were investigated in patients with who had acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and stable angina pectoris before.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In this study, serum CTRP3 levels were reported to decrease in patients with ACS and stable angina pectoris, and these results suggest that CTRP3 might be useful for assessing the risk of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The pathophysiology and mechanism of AF in patients with CAD is complex and multifactorial. However, stretch-induced atrial fibrosis, increased inflammation, vascular remodeling, apoptosis and oxidative stress, hypocontractility, fatty infiltration, ischemia, ion channel dysfunction and Ca2+ instability are closely related to the presence and occurrence of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The fact that decreased CTRP3 levels are closely related to inflammation, fibrosis, apoptosis and oxidative stress has brought us to the hypothesis that AF, which is the most common arrhythmia in patients with CAD, may be associated with reduced CTRP3 levels. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies which investigate the relationship between serum CTRP3 levels and AF in patients with stable CAD.</p>
        <p>Therefore, we aimed to investigate the changes in serum CTRP3 levels in patients with stable CAD and the relationship between CTRP3 levels and the presence of paroxysmal AF in these patients.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>This cross-sectional study included 252 patients with stable CAD who were admitted to the arrhythmia clinic of our hospital, whose age and sex were similar to 50 healthy controls. Patients were evaluated by two cardiologists for the presence of AF in the 72-hour Holter electrocardiography (ECG) before being included in the study. At least 30 seconds of AF duration is required for the diagnosis of AF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> According to previous studies for comparing CTRP3 means between CAD and control groups with a two-sample t test at a 5% significance level and 80% power, 50 patients are required for each one of the two groups. Based on the knowledge that 17-47 % of CAD patients have AF,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> at the beginning of the study, 100 CAD patients were planned to enroll the study in order to analyze at least 30 of them with AF. However, during the study, the number of CAD patients with AF was much lower than the expected. Therefore, the study was carried out with 252 CAD individuals. Patients with acute coronary syndrome, known arrhythmia and anti-arrhythmic drug use, heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, those with a history of liver disease, severe kidney failure, moderate to severe heart valve disease, active thyroid disease, suspected cancer and / or pregnancy, and the ones who did not wish to be included in the study were excluded. The study was conducted according to the recommendations of the Declaration of Helsinki for medical research including human subjects, and the protocol was approved by the institution&#8217;s Ethics Committee. Voluntary consent forms were explained in detail to all patients, who were included in the study after providing a written consent.</p>
          <p>A detailed history was taken and physical examinations were performed in all patients. Subsequently, the demographic characteristics of all groups were collected; age, gender, history of hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), active smoking and hyperlipidemia (HPL) was questioned. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated by measuring weight and height. Laboratory parameters, such as high sensitivity C reactive protein (hs-CRP), glucose, renal and liver functions, N-terminal (NT)-prohormone BNP (NT-proBNP) and lipid values of all patients and healthy controls were measured.</p>
          <p>Current treatments continued before the patients were examined for the 72-hour Holter ECG. They were instructed to go on with their routine. A holter monitor programmed for 72 hours with automatic recording and rhythm tracking was used (GE Seer 1000, USA). Patients went home after receiving instructions about the device. After 72 hours, the monitor was removed and the records were reviewed and concluded with the software Mars V8 ambulatory ECG. Detailed information was provided to the patients. The holter results were assessed by two electrophysiologists (AY and MK) for the diagnosis of silent AF, who were unaware that the patients&#8217; clinical and risk factors, as well the patients themselves, were included in the study. As a result of this evaluation, if there was an inconsistent result between the two electrophysiologists (interobserver), the definitive decision was made by a third electrophysiologist in our clinic (MK). In the 12-lead Holter ECG: &#305;) irregular atrial activity and variability in the length of the atrial cycle (shorter than 200 ms); &#305;&#305;) irregularity in R-R interval; &#305;&#305;&#305;) absence of recurrent significant P wave; &#305;v) instead of P waves, fast, irregular, different shapes and sizes of fibrillation waves can be seen; v) finally, irregular and variable ventricular rates were considered as AF.</p>
          <p>Blood samples for CTRP3 levels were taken from the patient and control groups at 8 a.m., after a 12-hour fasting period. Venous blood samples were taken and centrifuged at 4000 rpm for at least 10 minutes. We obtained serum samples and kept them stored at -80&#176;C until the analysis. For measuring serum CTRP3 levels, CTRP3 (human) competitive EL&#304;SA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) kits (Adipogen, South Korea, Cat# AG-45A0042EK-KI01) were used. CTRP3 sensitivity was assay within range: 1 ng/mL &#8211; 1000 ng/mL, and the results were shown as ng/mL.</p>
          <p>All echocardiography examinations were performed on EPIQ 7 (Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts, USA). The American Echocardiography Society guidelines were used to obtain images. When the patients were monitored and left-sided, a standard parasternal long and short axis was obtained, as well as apical 5, 4 and 2 space chambers, and at least 3 consecutive cycles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Parasternal long-axis M-mode examination revealed left atrial diastolic (LAd) diameters. LV end-diastolic and systolic (LVd and LVs) volumes and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were calculated in an echocardiography by using the modified Simpson method from apical 4 and 2 space chambers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>All analyses were performed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical software package (Chicago, IL, USA). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to analyze the distribution of continuous variables. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation or median - interquartile range. Categorical variables were expressed as numbers and percentage rates. Continuous variables that showed normal distribution were compared using the unpaired sample Student&#8217;s t test, whereas the Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare differences between two independent groups when the dependent variable was either ordinal or continuous, but not normally distributed. The chi-square (&#967;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> ) test was used to compare categorical variables. A logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent markers among patients with AF. A ROC curve analysis was performed to re-evaluate the CTRP3 levels for detecting patients with AF, and to determine the limit value of CTRP3. The value of the area under the curve was used as a measure of test&#8217;s accuracy. Statistical significance was accepted if p &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The study data were compared in two groups: patients with stable CAD and the control group. In addition, patients with CAD were grouped and compared as patients with and without paroxysmal AF. Of the total number of 302 individuals, 252 patients with stable CAD (female, n=85, 33.7%; mean age 61.6 &#177; 11.4) and 50 healthy controls (female, n=20, 40.0%; mean age: 60.4 &#177; 9.2) were included in the study. Of the CAD patients included in the study, 161 (63.9%) had HT, 84 (33.3%) had DM, 86 (34.1%) had HPL and 69 (27.4%) were active smokers. AF was detected in 38 (15.07%) patients with stable CAD.</p>
        <p>Demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of all participants are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . When the demographic characteristics of the patients and control subjects were compared, age and gender were found to be similar (61.6 &#177; 11.4 vs. 60.4 &#177; 9.2; p=0.514 and 33.7% vs. 40.0%, p=0.224, respectively). When compared with the control subjects, serum glucose, total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels were found to be significantly higher in patients with stable CAD (146 &#177; 75 vs. 95 &#177;12; p&lt;0.001, 184 &#177; 42 vs. 152 &#177; 36; p=0.012, 120 &#177; 34 vs. 100 &#177; 25; p=0.020, respectively). Serum CTRP3 levels were statistically lower, whereas hs-CRP levels were higher in patients with stable CAD (331 &#177; 46 vs. 432 &#177; 46; p&lt;0.001 and 1.09 (0.95 &#8211; 1.31), 0.89 (0.76 &#8211; 1.01); p=0.030, respectively). Other laboratory data were similar between the two groups. When echocardiography parameters were compared, LAd dimensions were significantly higher (43 &#177; 4.6 vs. 38 &#177; 4.1; p=0.012), and LVEF was significantly lower (52 &#177; 6.9 vs. 61 &#177; 4.5; p=0.019) in patients with stable CAD.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and laboratory findings of patients with coronary artery disease and healthy controls</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Patients with CAD n=252</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">Healthy Controls n=50</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">61.6 &#177; 11.4</td>
                  <td align="center">60.4 &#177; 9.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.514</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (female), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (33.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.4 &#177; 2.23</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9 &#177; 1.30</td>
                  <td align="center">0.122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">146 &#177; 75</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">36.2 &#177; 15.6</td>
                  <td align="center">33.1 &#177; 14.5</td>
                  <td align="center">0.192</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.90 (0.75 &#8211; 0.99)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.70 &#8211; 0.92)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.334</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">184 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">152 &#177; 36</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.012</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">120 &#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">100 &#177; 25</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.020</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">42 &#177; 9.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.856</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">149 (130 &#8211; 175)</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (125 &#8211; 186)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.956</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.09 (0.95 &#8211; 1.31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.89 (0.76 &#8211; 1.01)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.030</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">331 &#177; 46</td>
                  <td align="center">432 &#177; 46</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVd volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">102 &#177; 19</td>
                  <td align="center">95 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.102</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVs volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 14</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 10</td>
                  <td align="center">0.112</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAd diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 &#177; 4.6</td>
                  <td align="center">38 &#177; 4.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.012</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">61 &#177; 4.5</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>The values were shown as mean &#177; standard deviation, median - interquartile range or n (%), BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CAD: coronary artery disease; CTRP3: complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein-3; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVd: left ventricular diastolic; LVs: left ventricular systolic; LAd: left atrial diastolic.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Demographic characteristics and laboratory findings of patients with stable CAD according to presence of AF are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . Demographic data of the patients with and without paroxysmal AF, frequency of the female gender, age and HT were statistically higher in patients with AF (50.0% vs. 30.8%; p= 0.019, 66.8 &#177; 10.7 vs. 60.3 &#177; 11.2; p=0.001, 78.9% vs. 61.2%; p=0.025, respectively). When compared with the stable CAD patients without paroxysmal AF, serum blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels [44.5 &#177; 21.9 vs. 34.8 &#177; 13.8; p= 0.012, 1.20 (0.90 &#8211; 1.45) vs. 0.85 (0.70 &#8211; 1.35); p=0.004, respectively] were significantly higher in patients with stable CAD and paroxysmal AF. Besides, serum CTRP3 levels were statistically lower, whereas hs-CRP levels were higher in patients with stable CAD and paroxysmal AF [262 &#177; 27 vs. 343 &#177; 38; p=&lt;0.001, 3.15 (2.22 &#8211; 3.95) vs. 0.80 (0.65 -1.02); p&lt;0.001, respectively]. Other laboratory data were similar between the two groups. When echocardiography parameters were compared, the LAd diameter was significantly higher (46 &#177; 5.4 vs. 41 &#177; 4.2; p=0.002) and LVEF was significantly lower (49 &#177; 4.9 vs. 53 &#177; 6.1; p=0.049) in patients with stable CAD and paroxysmal AF.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Demographic and laboratory findings of CAD patients according to the presence of atrial fibrillation.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal Atrial fibrillation (+) n=38</th>
                  <th>Paroxysmal Atrial fibrillation (-) n=214</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">66.8 &#177; 10.7</td>
                  <td align="center">60.3 &#177; 11.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender (female), n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (30.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.019</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (78.9)</td>
                  <td align="center">131 (61.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.025</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (39.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">69 (32.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.245</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Current smoker, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (10.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (30.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hyperlipidemia, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (34.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (34.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.224</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">25.3 &#177; 2.18</td>
                  <td align="center">25.5 &#177; 2.24</td>
                  <td align="center">0.576</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">160 &#177; 65</td>
                  <td align="center">144 &#177; 78</td>
                  <td align="center">0.207</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BUN (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">44.5 &#177; 21.9</td>
                  <td align="center">34.8 &#177; 13.8</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinine (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.20 (0.90 &#8211; 1.45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.85 (0.70 &#8211; 1.35)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.004</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">179 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">184 &#177; 42</td>
                  <td align="center">0.518</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">116 &#177; 33</td>
                  <td align="center">121&#177; 34</td>
                  <td align="center">0.380</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 13</td>
                  <td align="center">40 &#177; 12</td>
                  <td align="center">0.823</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglycerides (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (115 &#8211; 165)</td>
                  <td align="center">150 (110 -182)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.663</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>hs-CRP (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.15 (2.22 &#8211; 3.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.80 (0.65 -1.02)</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">262 &#177; 27</td>
                  <td align="center">343 &#177; 38</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVd volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 &#177; 22</td>
                  <td align="center">96 &#177; 18</td>
                  <td align="center">0.305</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVs volume (mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">52 &#177; 15</td>
                  <td align="center">48 &#177; 11</td>
                  <td align="center">0.456</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAd diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">46 &#177; 5.4</td>
                  <td align="center">41 &#177; 4.2</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.002</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 &#177; 4.9</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 6.1</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.049</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>The values were shown as mean &#177; standard deviation, median - interquartile range or n (%),BMI: body mass index; BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CAD: coronary artery disease; CTRP3: complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein-3; HDL: high density lipoprotein; hs-CRP: high sensitivity C reactive protein; LAd: left atrial diastolic; LDL: low density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVd: left ventricular diameter diastolic; LVs: left ventricular diameter systolic.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters associated with paroxysmal AF in the univariate analysis were evaluated by multivariate logistic regression. Serum CTRP3 levels (OR: 0.893; 95%CI, 0.856&#8211;0.931; p&lt;0.001) and LAd dimension values (OR: 1.160; 95%CI, 1,101&#8211;1,229; p=0.003) were found to independently determine the patients with paroxysmal AF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ). In this analysis, every 1 ng/mL reduction in the CTRP3 level was found to increase the probability of having paroxysmal AF by 10.7%.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Variable regression analysis for the detection of CAD patients with atrial fibrillation</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>95%CI</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAd diameter (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.160</td>
                  <td align="center">1.101 &#8211; 1.229</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>0.003</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTRP3 (ng/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.893</td>
                  <td align="center">0.856 &#8211; 0.931</td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>&lt;0.001</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>CTRP3: complement C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein-3; LAd: left atrial diastolic; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>In the ROC analysis of CTRP3 values for detecting patients with paroxysmal AF, the area under the ROC curve for CTRP3 was 0.971 (95%CI: 0.951&#8211;0.991), and it was statistically significant (p&lt;0.001 and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). When the cutoff point of CTRP3 was considered as 300ng/mL, it was found to predict AF with 87.9% sensitivity and 86.8% specificity.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Receiver operating characteristic curves of CTRP values in predicting patients with paroxysmal AF.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0052-00669-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The most important finding of our study is that serum CTRP3 levels were significantly lower in patients with stable CAD compared to healthy controls, and reduced CTRP3 levels were closely related to paroxysmal AF, which is the most frequent arrhythmia in patients with stable CAD. In the literature, only one study reported that serum CTRP3 levels decreased in patients with stable angina pectoris and ACS; however, our study is about the importance of serum CTRP3 levels in predicting the AF that may present itself in these patients. When the limit value for serum CTRP3 level is considered as 300 ng/mL, it predicts the risk of having paroxysmal AF with acceptable sensitivity and specificity. For this reason, our study provides important data to the literature.</p>
        <p>In the studies about the effects of CTRP3 on the cardiovascular system: it i) reduces oxidative stress, ii) inhibits apoptosis, iii) has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects, iv) reduces the development of fibrosis, v) inhibits gluconeogenesis and, as a result of all these effects, CTRP3 reduces the chances of CV diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Considering its current effects, it was found that CTRP3 can, in physiopathological terms, protect and improve the clinical features of patients with CAD. Serum CTRP3 levels were investigated in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), acute coronary syndrome, stable angina pectoris and acute aortic dissection; and serum CTRP3 levels were reported to be significantly lower.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> In <italic>in vivo</italic> studies on mice, CTRP3 has been shown to improve cardiac contractile functions with anti-apoptotic and pro-angiogenic effects after myocardial ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Similarly, in patients with acute coronary syndrome and stable angina, serum CTRP3 levels were reported to be significantly lower than in healthy controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> CTRP3 may also have had these positive effects with anti-atherogenic and anti-inflammatory effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The most important and frequent arrhythmia in patients with CAD is AF. Both diseases present risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, sleep apnea, obesity and smoking. The prevalence of CAD in patients with AF is from 17 to 46.5%, whereas the prevalence of AF among patients with CAD is low and, estimated to range from 0.2 to 5%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Moreover, inflammation plays a causative role in both diseases. It is not easy to explain the AF pathogenesis in patients with CAD by a mechanism. Activation of fibroblasts, enhanced connective tissue deposition, and fibrosis are the hallmarks of this process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In addition, atrial fatty infiltration, inflammatory infiltrates, myocytes hypertrophy, necrosis, and amyloidosis are found in patients with AF and concomitant conditions predisposing to AF.</p>
        <p>The fact that the CTRP3 level has a positive effect on essential mechanisms that are effective in the pathophysiology of AF led us to consider that there may be a relationship between CTRP3 levels and AF. As a result, in our study, the serum CTRP3 level was found to be significantly lower in the patient group with AF due to CAD compared to the patient group without AF. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the changes in serum CTRP3 levels in patients with stable CAD and the relationship between CTRP3 levels and the presence of paroxysmal AF in these patients.</p>
        <p>Many previous studies have reported that dysmetabolic risk factors, such as obesity, increased waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose and insulin resistance are negatively associated with serum CTRP-3 levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A similar finding was demonstrated by the significantly lower serum CTRP-3 level in patients with DM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> CAD and DM are closely related diseases, and it has been shown that serum CTRP-3 levels are reduced in both patient groups; there is a more significant decrease in those with CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> As a result of this study, it was reported that a reduced serum CTRP-3 level may be effective in the pathophysiology of these two diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> In our analysis, similarly to previous studies, it was observed that the serum CTRP-3 level was significantly lower in patients with DM together with CAD compared to those without DM. However, in our study, the rate of patients with DM was higher in comparison to previous studies, and blood glucose regulation was relatively not under control. This may have been more effective in the reduction of serum CTRP-3 levels.</p>
        <p>Our study has some important limitations. Although the results were significant, they were insufficient in terms of the number of patients included in the study. In our analysis, only patients with stable CAD were included, and there were no patients with ACS. We should include patients with ACS in our study. In our analysis, although biochemical measurements were taken, CTRP3 levels were not measured from tissue samples. Similar findings could be more meaningful to examine at the level of myocytes. In our research, although the presence of AF was detected by 72-hour Holter ECG recordings, the AF burden evaluation was not performed because the sample was small. The effect of the drugs used by the patients included in our study due to the presence of paroxysmal AF was not evaluated. It could have been more meaningful if the relationship between medication and the presence of AF had been evaluated. Our study was not planned to be a follow-up study. Long-term follow-up would have brought more meaningful results.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Serum CTRP levels were significantly reduced in patients with CAD and closely related to paroxysmal AF, which was common in these patients. According to our study and previous analyses investigating the level of CTRP3 levels in CV diseases, serum CTRP3 levels may be a useful parameter in the diagnosis of patients with CAD. Although CTRP3 is found to be very important in detecting paroxysmal AF development in CAD patients, our current findings require different patient groups and need to be supported by studies involving more patients.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Main message</title>
          <p>The serum CTRP3 levels were significantly lower in patients with stable coronary artery disease compared to healthy controls.</p>
          <p>Reduced CTRP3 levels were closely related to AF, which is the most frequent arrhythmia in patients with stable CAD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Current research questions</title>
          <p>Further studies are required to evaluate the significance of serum CTRP3 levels in patients with CAD and atrial fibrillation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>What is already known on the subject?</title>
          <p>CTRP3 is a new member of the adipokine family and is related to oxidative stress inhibition, anti-inflammation, apoptosis inhibition, inhibited fibrosis, promoting angiogenesis and gluconeogenesis inhibition.</p>
          <p>CTRP3 has been shown to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular (CV) diseases.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
