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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">DQnZfsKJrSkgmZxqCtZKtRP</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200735</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200735</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Papel dos N&#237;veis S&#233;ricos de ANP na Perda de Peso, Risco Cardiometab&#243;lico e Composi&#231;&#227;o Corporal de Adolescentes com Obesidade Submetidos a Terapia Interdisciplinar</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2919-2806</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kravchychyn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia Pelissari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6132-4349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Munhoz da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5705-6767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Alaby Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6913-7879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Emanuelle de Castro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8684-7290</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corgosinho</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7078-6526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oyama</surname>
            <given-names>Lila Missae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2686-7430</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boldarine</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0834-904X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tock</surname>
            <given-names>Lian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4687-3555</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Thivel</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7675-7470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>D&#226;maso</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Raimunda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o , S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Bioci&#234;ncias</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Santos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Bioci&#234;ncias Campus Baixada Santista - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de , Santos , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Anhanguera Educacional Ltda</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Guarulhos</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Anhanguera Educacional Ltda , Guarulhos , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Goi&#226;nia , GO &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universit&#233; Clermont Auvergne</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Clermont-Ferrand</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">Auvergne-Rh&#244;ne-Alpes</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="FR">Fran&#231;a</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universit&#233; Clermont Auvergne , Clermont-Ferrand , Auvergne-Rh&#244;ne-Alpes &#8211; Fran&#231;a </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Ana Claudia Pelissari Kravchychyn &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Rua Botucatu, 862. CEP 04024-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>anapelissari@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Kravchychyn ACP, Vicente SECF, Oyama LM, Tock L, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Vicente SECF, Corgosinho FC, Tock L, D&#226;maso AR; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Corgosinho FC, Oyama LM, Boldarine VT, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: D&#226;maso AR; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kravchychyn ACP, Ferreira YAM, D&#226;maso AR; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Vicente SECF, Corgosinho FC, Oyama LM, Boldarine VT, Tock L, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>40</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A a&#231;&#227;o do pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP) na natriurese, diurese e vasodilata&#231;&#227;o, resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, f&#237;gado, rim e tecido adiposo pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento metab&#243;lico e cardiovascular saud&#225;vel. Embora o n&#237;vel circulante de ANP seja reduzido em pacientes com obesidade, sua resposta &#224; perda de peso ainda &#233; pouco explorada em popula&#231;&#245;es pedi&#225;tricas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Avaliar os efeitos das varia&#231;&#245;es do ANP em resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar para perda de peso na S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SMet) e nos riscos cardiometab&#243;licos em adolescentes com obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> 73 adolescentes com obesidade participaram de uma terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso de 20 semanas, incluindo uma abordagem cl&#237;nica, nutricional, psicol&#243;gica e de exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. A composi&#231;&#227;o corporal, an&#225;lises bioqu&#237;micas e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea foram avaliadas. A SMet foi classificada de acordo com a Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (IDF) (2007). Ap&#243;s o tratamento, os volunt&#225;rios foram divididos de acordo com os n&#237;veis de plasma do ANP aumento (n=31) ou ANP redu&#231;&#227;o (n=19).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ambos os grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso corporal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) e circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura, pesco&#231;o e quadril (CC, CP e CQ, respectivamente), e aumento da massa livre de gordura (MLG). &#201; interessante observar que houve uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na gordura corporal, na raz&#227;o de TG/HDL-c e na preval&#234;ncia de SMet (de 23% para 6%) somente no grupo com ANP aumento.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Este estudo sugere que o aumento nos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de ANP ap&#243;s a terapia para perda de peso pode estar associado a melhorias nos riscos cardiometab&#243;licos e na preval&#234;ncia reduzida de SMet em adolescentes com obesidade.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</kwd>
        <kwd>Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescente</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda de Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Resist&#234;ncia &#224; Insulina</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolismo</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2017&#8725;07372-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2015/14309-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2013/08522-6</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2011/50414-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2011/50356-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>FAPESP</funding-source>
          <award-id>2008/53069-0</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>301322/2017-1</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>CNPq</funding-source>
          <award-id>409943/2016-9</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2017&#8725;07372-1; 2015/14309-9; 2013/08522-6; 2011/50414-0; 2011/50356-0; 2008/53069-0), CNPq (301322/2017-1 e 409943/2016-9) e CAPES.</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Classificada como um problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica, a obesidade &#233; caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo do tecido adiposo, em grande parte gerado pelo desequil&#237;brio energ&#233;tico causado pelo estilo de vida sedent&#225;rio e o maior consumo de alimentos cal&#243;ricos, com impacto negativo na sa&#250;de f&#237;sica e emocional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Nos &#250;ltimos anos, a preval&#234;ncia de sobrepeso em crian&#231;as e adolescentes aumentou em 60%, tornando-se um fator preocupante para a sa&#250;de p&#250;blica de gera&#231;&#245;es futuras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (NPs): pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico atrial (ANP); pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico ventricular tipo B (BNP); e pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo C (CNP), liberados pelas c&#233;lulas vasculares, s&#227;o horm&#244;nios produzidos pelo cora&#231;&#227;o. Suas a&#231;&#245;es tradicionalmente conhecidas s&#227;o a natriurese, a diurese e a vasodilata&#231;&#227;o que, juntas, neutralizam o estresse card&#237;aco excessivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora sejam considerados como horm&#244;nios cardiovasculares, duas d&#233;cadas atr&#225;s os receptores dos pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos foram encontrados no tecido adiposo de ratos e humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Assim, o ANP esteve relacionado ao aumento da atividade lipol&#237;tica em adip&#243;citos humanos e como um indutor do escurecimento ( <italic>browning</italic> ).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, estudos demonstraram uma rela&#231;&#227;o inversa entre os n&#237;veis circulantes de pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos e o &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC), mostrando que o n&#237;vel circulante de ANP &#233; reduzido em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade e que est&#225; positivamente associado ao aumento da oxida&#231;&#227;o de gordura e perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m foi demonstrado que exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos agudos e regulares, assim como uma dieta saud&#225;vel e normal, t&#234;m um grande impacto na libera&#231;&#227;o de ANP em adultos com obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Assim, as a&#231;&#245;es importantes de ANP podem ser restauradas com perda de peso e um estilo de vida saud&#225;vel por meio de um tratamento interdisciplinar.</p>
      <p>Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi questionar se as mudan&#231;as nos n&#237;veis de ANP em resposta &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica interdisciplinar para perda de peso podem melhorar a preval&#234;ncia da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica (SMet) e os riscos cardiometab&#243;licos em adolescentes com obesidade. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que o aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de ANP, promovidos pela terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso, pode gerar benef&#237;cios metab&#243;licos e impacto na preval&#234;ncia de SMet em compara&#231;&#227;o aos volunt&#225;rios que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o de ANP ap&#243;s o tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Participantes</title>
        <p>Este estudo incluiu 73 Adolescentes com obesidade de ambos os g&#234;neros, com idades entre 14 e 19 anos. O estudo foi anunciado em diferentes m&#237;dias: jornais, revistas, r&#225;dio e televis&#227;o; e o primeiro contato foi feito com os volunt&#225;rios. A entrevista cl&#237;nica inicial foi realizada por um endocrinologista para determinar os crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o e exclus&#227;o. Todos os volunt&#225;rios apresentaram, como crit&#233;rio de inclus&#227;o, est&#225;gio de Tanner &#8805; V<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e IMC &gt; 95% de acordo com Centro de Controle e Preven&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;as.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: doen&#231;a gen&#233;tica identificada, gravidez, uso pr&#233;vio de drogas, consumo cr&#244;nico de &#225;lcool, presen&#231;a de doen&#231;as hep&#225;ticas virais, outras causas para esteatose hep&#225;tica, incapacidade de realizar atividades f&#237;sicas e n&#227;o ter acesso a meios eletr&#244;nicos (telefone celular ou computador). O estudo foi realizado de acordo com os princ&#237;pios da Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki, e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo (#0052/2016), registrado com o n&#250;mero: RBR-6txv3v.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>A terapia interdisciplinar consistiu na avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica, treinamento f&#237;sico, apoio nutricional e psicol&#243;gico. Al&#233;m disso, a interven&#231;&#227;o incluiu temas educativos via internet, promovendo mudan&#231;as ao estilo de vida e incentivando um comportamento saud&#225;vel entre os adolescentes.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas antropom&#233;tricas e composi&#231;&#227;o corporal</title>
        <p>Peso , estatura, IMC e circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura, pesco&#231;o e quadril (CC, CP e CQ, respectivamente), foram medidos com procedimentos padr&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Para obter os valores relacionados ao IMC e &#224; taxa metab&#243;lica basal, foi realizada an&#225;lise da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foi utilizado para avaliar a composi&#231;&#227;o e a massa corporal (massa gorda e massa magra), assim como a taxa metab&#243;lica de repouso (TMR), utilizando os princ&#237;pios da imped&#226;ncia bioel&#233;trica. Ap&#243;s o tratamento, a raz&#227;o do percentual de gordura corporal (%GC)/ percentual de massa livre de gordura (%MLG) foi calculada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise s&#233;rica</title>
        <p>Amostras de sangue foram coletadas ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo de jejum noturno de 12 horas. A amostra foi dividida em soro e plasma, e as concentra&#231;&#245;es de glicose, insulina, triglic&#233;rides (TG), colesterol total (CT), lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade (HDL-c) e lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade (LDL-c) foram determinadas por m&#233;todos enzim&#225;tico-colorim&#233;tricos (CELM, Barueri, Brasil). O ANP foi medido com um kit Elisa da R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico da S&#237;ndrome Metab&#243;lica</title>
        <p>Os diagn&#243;sticos da SMet foram analisados de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Federa&#231;&#227;o Internacional de Diabetes (IDF):<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura maior que o 90&#186; percentil para idade e sexo, associado a dois ou mais par&#226;metros alterados: valores de HDL-c &#8804;50 mg/dL para meninas e &#8804;40 mg/dL para meninos; concentra&#231;&#245;es de TG maiores que 150 mg/dL; n&#237;veis de glicose no sangue maiores que 100 mg/dL, e press&#227;o sangu&#237;nea &#8805;130/85 mmHg.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolos do tratamento interdisciplinar</title>
        <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram inclu&#237;dos em uma abordagem cl&#237;nica interdisciplinar, com pesquisadores, durante o protocolo. Peso, estatura e circunfer&#234;ncias foram avaliados nos cinco encontros. O perfil do sangue e a composi&#231;&#227;o corporal foram avaliados somente no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o tratamento. A cada abordagem cl&#237;nica, os adolescentes tinham prescri&#231;&#245;es nutricionais adequadas para idade e sexo idade e sexo, uma sess&#227;o com um psic&#243;logo e assist&#234;ncia no programa autoguiado de exerc&#237;cios.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Terapia interdisciplinar</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Interven&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica</title>
          <p>Os volunt&#225;rios foram ao endocrinologista antes e depois da terapia, com seus pais, para avaliar suas condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de e cl&#237;nicas, al&#233;m da matura&#231;&#227;o sexual.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Apoio nutricional</title>
          <p>O consumo di&#225;rio de calorias foi avaliado com o recordat&#243;rio alimentar de 24 horas (24 HR), realizado no in&#237;cio e ao final das 20 semanas de interven&#231;&#227;o. O consumo de energia foi estabelecido considerando os n&#237;veis recomendados pela refer&#234;ncia de consumo para pessoas com baixos n&#237;veis de atividade f&#237;sica, da mesma idade e sexo, seguindo uma dieta balanceada. O software DIETSMART<sup>&#174;</sup> foi utilizado para analisar o consumo alimentar e para determinar a redu&#231;&#227;o do consumo cal&#243;rico entre 300 e 500 kcal/dia. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de macronutrientes foi gordura (25-35%), carboidratos (45-65%) e prote&#237;nas (10-30%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A cada semana, diferentes temas de sa&#250;de foram postados no programa online de perda de peso, incluindo aulas sobre alimenta&#231;&#227;o (exemplos: alimentos de baixa caloria, alimentos diet e light, dietas para perda de peso, boas escolhas alimentares nas f&#233;rias, fins de semana e festas, embalagens dos alimentos e outros t&#243;picos relacionados). N&#227;o foram recomendados medicamentos e nem o uso de antioxidantes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Programa de Exerc&#237;cios</title>
          <p>O exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico foi escolhido pelo modelo autoguiado, pelo qual o adolescente selecionava os exerc&#237;cios de acordo com sua prefer&#234;ncia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A escolha era guiada em termos de abordagem cl&#237;nica por um profissional da &#225;rea, que avaliava frequ&#234;ncia (tr&#234;s vezes/semana) e dura&#231;&#227;o (m&#237;nimo de uma hora). Da mesma forma, as varia&#231;&#245;es da composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e a taxa metab&#243;lica basal foram consideradas para a escolha da modalidade a ser praticada, para garantir os benef&#237;cios no programa da perda de peso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O n&#237;vel de atividade f&#237;sica foi monitorado na avalia&#231;&#227;o inicial e ap&#243;s 5 semanas, utilizando o Question&#225;rio Internacional de Atividade F&#237;sica &#8211; vers&#227;o curta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Nos temas de sa&#250;de do programa virtual, os volunt&#225;rios tinham acesso a v&#237;deos sobre a realiza&#231;&#227;o correta dos exerc&#237;cios, incluindo frequ&#234;ncia, intensidade e volume, ajudando os adolescentes em suas escolhas.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Aconselhamento Psicol&#243;gico</title>
          <p>Os adolescentes participaram de seis sess&#245;es de terapia em grupo cujo objetivo era ajud&#225;-los a lidar com suas emo&#231;&#245;es. Temas diferentes associados &#224; obesidade foram abordados de acordo com a progress&#227;o do tratamento: depress&#227;o, altera&#231;&#245;es na imagem corporal, ansiedade e baixa autoestima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Educa&#231;&#227;o para a sa&#250;de virtual</title>
          <p>O grupo recebeu apoio online voltado &#224; educa&#231;&#227;o para a sa&#250;de durante as 20 semanas. O programa de perda de peso online foi utilizado para acessar v&#237;deos educacionais semanais que poderiam ajudar no entendimento da quest&#227;o da obesidade e no processo de emagrecimento, alimenta&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel e mudan&#231;as no estilo de vida, divididos em 20 temas com base no e-book <italic>Saber Emagrecer</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
      <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando o software STATISTICA, vers&#227;o 7.0 para Windows (StartSoft, Tulsa OK. EUA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi p&lt;0,05. A normalidade dos dados foi verificada com o teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os dados param&#233;tricos foram demonstrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP), e as vari&#225;veis que n&#227;o tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal foram normalizadas com o Escore Z. O teste t foi realizado por compara&#231;&#227;o entre as medidas no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s a terapia para toda a amostra. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre as medidas no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o tratamento foram realizadas utilizando o modelo de ANOVA de medidas repetidas, e o teste post-hoc de Fisher para analisar os efeitos da interven&#231;&#227;o e a diferen&#231;a entre o aumento de ANP nos grupos crescente e decrescente. As compara&#231;&#245;es entre a preval&#234;ncia da SMet antes e depois da terapia foram verificadas com o teste de qui-quadrado.</p>
      <p>Utilizando o software G<sup>&#8727;</sup>Power<sup>&#174;</sup> 3.0.10, obtivemos uma amostra de 46 volunt&#225;rios, considerando a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica realizada com o modelo de ANOVA de medidas repetidas. O tamanho do efeito foi 0,30, e o poder foi de 80%, com base no ANP dividido em dois grupos e dois per&#237;odos de avalia&#231;&#227;o (in&#237;cio e 20 semanas ap&#243;s a interven&#231;&#227;o).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O protocolo foi iniciado com um n&#250;mero total de 73 adolescentes com obesidade participando da terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso. Dos 73 pacientes, 50 completaram o tratamento (participa&#231;&#227;o em 75% das interven&#231;&#245;es). Ap&#243;s o tratamento, os volunt&#225;rios foram divididos de acordo com os n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos de ANP aumentados (n=31) e reduzidos (n=19) em rela&#231;&#227;o a medida basal. As desist&#234;ncias ocorreram por conta de fatores como trabalho, estudos e n&#227;o-ader&#234;ncia aos meios eletr&#244;nicos.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos reduzidos de ANP ap&#243;s a terapia na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos</title>
        <p>O grupo ANP redu&#231;&#227;o, ap&#243;s o tratamento, apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso, IMC, raz&#227;o de %GC/%MLG, circunfer&#234;ncias da cintura, pesco&#231;o e quadril, e aumento da MLG (kg e %) ap&#243;s o tratamento para perda de peso. No perfil metab&#243;lico do sangue, s&#243; foi poss&#237;vel observar melhorias significativas no HDL-c. Os n&#237;veis de ANP foram significativamente menores neste grupo e, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo aumento de ANP, os valores de ANP no in&#237;cio foram maiores ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e antropom&#233;trica por grupo, de acordo com os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos reduzidos e aumentados de ANP, no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s a terapia interdisciplinar para adolescentes com obesidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Redu&#231;&#227;o ANP (n=19)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Aumento ANP (n=31)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>In&#237;cio</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s a terapia</th>
                  <th>&#916;</th>
                  <th>In&#237;cio</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s a terapia</th>
                  <th>&#916;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Peso (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">110,4&#177;16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">105,7&#177;17,7*</td>
                  <td align="center">-4,7&#177;3,7</td>
                  <td align="center">112,5&#177;14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">105,5&#177;12,1*</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,9&#177;6,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">39,2&#177;4,7</td>
                  <td align="center">37,1&#177;5,0*</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,0&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">37,8&#177;4,4</td>
                  <td align="center">35,3&#177;4,3*</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,4&#177;2,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura corporal (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">37,8&#177;4,9</td>
                  <td align="center">36,6&#177;4,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">38,0&#177;5,6</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1&#177;5,5*</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,9&#177;3,0<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gordura corporal (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,6&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">38,4&#177;7,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,1&#177;3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">42,1&#177;8,9</td>
                  <td align="center">37,2&#177;7,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,8&#177;5,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa livre de gordura (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,1&#177;4,8</td>
                  <td align="center">63,6&#177;3,9*</td>
                  <td align="center">1,5&#177;2,1</td>
                  <td align="center">62,3&#177;5,3</td>
                  <td align="center">64,8&#177;5,5*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,4&#177;3,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa livre de gordura (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">68,6&#177;12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">67,3&#177;12,4*</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,2&#177;2,5</td>
                  <td align="center">70,0&#177;9,2</td>
                  <td align="center">68,3&#177;8,8*</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,6&#177;2,3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o %GC/%MLG</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61&#177;0,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58&#177;0,10*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,03&#177;0,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,62&#177;0,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55&#177;0,12*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,06&#177;0,07</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TMR (kcal)</td>
                  <td align="center">2086,5&#177;367,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2044,2&#177;371,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-42,3&#177;75,9</td>
                  <td align="center">2128,4&#177;282,5</td>
                  <td align="center">2078,9&#177;266,1</td>
                  <td align="center">-49,4&#177;72,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">110,9&#177;11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">107,1&#177;13,7*</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,8&#177;4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">109,4&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">103,3&#177;9,2*</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,0&#177;5,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CQ (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">126,9&#177;9,0</td>
                  <td align="center">123,3&#177;7,9*</td>
                  <td align="center">-3,6&#177;3,0</td>
                  <td align="center">125,6&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">120,5&#177;7,6*</td>
                  <td align="center">-5,1&#177;4,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CP (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">40,1&#177;4,2</td>
                  <td align="center">39,0&#177;4,5*</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,1&#177;0,9</td>
                  <td align="center">40,0&#177;3,6</td>
                  <td align="center">38,6&#177;3,3*</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,4&#177;1,6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>*p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo redu&#231;&#227;o ANP. Os dados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia (DP). Valores de refer&#234;ncia: Glicose (60&#8211;110 mg/dL), Insulina (&lt;20 U/mL); HOMA-IR (&lt;2,0); Colesterol total (&lt;17 mg/dL); HDL-c (&gt;30 mg/dL); LDL-c (&lt;130 mg/dL); Triglic&#233;rides (33&#8211;12 mg/dL). IMC: &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal; raz&#227;o %GC/%MLG: raz&#227;o do percentual de gordura corporal / % massa livre de gordura; TMR: taxa metab&#243;lica de repouso; CC: circunfer&#234;ncia da cintura; CQ: circunfer&#234;ncia do quadril; CP: circunfer&#234;ncia do pesco&#231;o.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Efeitos dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos aumentados de ANP ap&#243;s a terapia na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e nos par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos</title>
        <p>O grupo que aumentou o ANP apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de peso, IMC, raz&#227;o de %GC/MLG, circunfer&#234;ncias de cintura, pesco&#231;o e quadril, e MLG crescente (kg e %) ap&#243;s a terapia para perda de peso. A redu&#231;&#227;o da gordura corporal (%) s&#243; foi observada neste grupo. Foi poss&#237;vel observar melhorias significativas no HDL-c e, considerando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre HDL-c e triglic&#233;rides representada pela raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa foi observada. Os n&#237;veis de ANP foram significativamente maiores ao comparar os momentos iniciais e ap&#243;s o tratamento ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros metab&#243;licos por grupo de acordo com os n&#237;veis sangu&#237;neos reduzidos e aumentados de ANP no in&#237;cio e ap&#243;s o tratamento interdisciplinar para adolescentes com obesidade</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">redu&#231;&#227;o ANP (n=19)</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Aumento ANP (n=31)</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>In&#237;cio</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s a terapia</th>
                  <th>&#916;</th>
                  <th>In&#237;cio</th>
                  <th>Ap&#243;s a terapia</th>
                  <th>&#916;</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS</td>
                  <td align="center">121,3&#177;11,2</td>
                  <td align="center">122,1&#177;11,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,3&#177;12,1</td>
                  <td align="center">116,7&#177;8,3</td>
                  <td align="center">117,9&#177;8,2</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,3&#177;7,1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD</td>
                  <td align="center">78,6&#177;7,7</td>
                  <td align="center">78,9&#177;9,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,8&#177;13,3</td>
                  <td align="center">75,4&#177;,.7</td>
                  <td align="center">75,2&#177;5,1</td>
                  <td align="center">1,2&#177;8,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">88,7&#177;10,3</td>
                  <td align="center">89,6&#177;7,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,9&#177;11,1</td>
                  <td align="center">90,4&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">88,0&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,6&#177;8,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Insulina (U/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">19,9&#177;16,9</td>
                  <td align="center">20,3&#177;18,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,4&#177;14,4</td>
                  <td align="center">18,3&#177;7,0</td>
                  <td align="center">16,4&#177;7,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,9&#177;7,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                  <td align="center">4,3&#177;3,8</td>
                  <td align="center">4,6&#177;4,3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,2&#177;3,5</td>
                  <td align="center">4,1&#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">3,6&#177;1,7</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,5&#177;1,8</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>C-total (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">159,4&#177;35,2</td>
                  <td align="center">158,0&#177;41,6</td>
                  <td align="center">-1,3&#177;27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">162,2&#177;33,0</td>
                  <td align="center">155,1&#177;33,0</td>
                  <td align="center">-7,1&#177;38,4</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">43,1&#177;9,8</td>
                  <td align="center">46,0&#177;9/,5*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9&#177;5,9</td>
                  <td align="center">38,1&#177;7,4</td>
                  <td align="center">41,3&#177;7,4*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1&#177;5,6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">91,6&#177;33,7</td>
                  <td align="center">89,0&#177;37,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-2,6&#177;22,7</td>
                  <td align="center">97,3&#177;27,9</td>
                  <td align="center">91,1&#177;28,3</td>
                  <td align="center">-6,2&#177;29,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                  <td align="center">123,4&#177;50,6</td>
                  <td align="center">103,0&#177;61,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-20,3&#177;62,5</td>
                  <td align="center">133,1&#177;66,6</td>
                  <td align="center">113,3&#177;58,8</td>
                  <td align="center">-19,7&#177;62,0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Raz&#227;o TG/HDL-c</td>
                  <td align="center">3,0&#177;1,6</td>
                  <td align="center">2,3&#177;1,4</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,7&#177;1,5</td>
                  <td align="center">3,7&#177;2,2</td>
                  <td align="center">2,9&#177;1,7*</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,7&#177;1,7</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>ANP (pg/mL)</td>
                  <td align="center">435,5&#177;250,1</td>
                  <td align="center">328,7&#177;243,5*</td>
                  <td align="center">-106,6&#177;136,5</td>
                  <td align="center">245,2&#177;194,8<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">394,2&#177;236,7*</td>
                  <td align="center">149,0&#177;136,2</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>*p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao in&#237;cio; <sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0,05 em compara&#231;&#227;o ao redu&#231;&#227;o ANP; PAS: Press&#227;o Arterial Sist&#243;lica; PAD: Press&#227;o Arterial Diast&#243;lica; TG: Triglic&#233;rides; ANP: Pept&#237;deo Natriur&#233;tico Atrial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Compara&#231;&#227;o entre Grupos</title>
        <p>A compara&#231;&#227;o entre os valores delta por grupos mostrou que somente a gordura corporal &#916; foi maior no grupo que aumentou em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo que reduziu o ANP ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Efeitos dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos decrescentes e crescentes de ANP ap&#243;s o tratamento na preval&#234;ncia da s&#237;ndrome metab&#243;lica</p>
        <p>No in&#237;cio, a preval&#234;ncia da SMet foi maior no grupo redu&#231;&#227;o ANP em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo aumento ANP. Ap&#243;s 20 semanas de terapia interdisciplinar, a preval&#234;ncia da SMet diminuiu de 37% para 26% (p=0,10) no grupo redu&#231;&#227;o ANP, e de 23% para 6% no grupo aumento ANP (p=0,00) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Preval&#234;ncia da SMet. *Diferen&#231;a no in&#237;cio em compara&#231;&#227;o ao redu&#231;&#227;o ANP; &#8224;Diferen&#231;a entre o in&#237;cio e o p&#243;s-terapia no mesmo grupo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0033-00735-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O objetivo desta investiga&#231;&#227;o foi avaliar o papel dos n&#237;veis plasm&#225;ticos reduzidos e aumentados p&#243;s terapia ANP e outros riscos cardiometab&#243;licos em adolescentes com obesidade que participaram de um tratamento interdisciplinar para perda de peso. Ambos os grupos apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no peso corporal e no IMC, assim como melhorias na MLG e HDL-c, o que mostra a import&#226;ncia desta abordagem cl&#237;nica para melhorar as condi&#231;&#245;es de sa&#250;de de adolescentes com obesidade.</p>
      <p>&#201; interessante observar que somente os adolescentes que apresentaram n&#237;veis aumentados de ANP tiveram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da preval&#234;ncia da SMet (de 23% para 6%), associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o no TG/HDL-c e gordura corporal, ap&#243;s o tratamento para perda de peso (todos os resultados est&#227;o detalhados na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Destaques separados pelos grupos Aumento e redu&#231;&#227;o do ANP.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0033-00735-gf02.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>A SMet pode ser definida como um grupo de altera&#231;&#245;es, incluindo: hipertens&#227;o, dislipidemia, obesidade abdominal e resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina; e &#233; considerada como uma importante comorbidade da obesidade, com preval&#234;ncia de aproximadamente 32% em crian&#231;as e adolescentes com obesidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> A presen&#231;a da SMet em faixas et&#225;rias mais novas pode ser respons&#225;vel por aumentar as chances de desenvolver diabetes mellitus tipo II em cinco vezes, e as chances de aumentar a mortalidade geral em 1,6 vezes, incluindo 44% das doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Santhekadur et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> recentemente mostraram como a ocorr&#234;ncia da SMet est&#225; associada &#224; presen&#231;a reduzida de horm&#244;nios do cora&#231;&#227;o, como os pept&#237;deos natriur&#233;ticos (ANP, BNP e CNP), e &#224; express&#227;o alterada em seus receptores; assim prejudicando suas fun&#231;&#245;es ben&#233;ficas no c&#233;rebro, cora&#231;&#227;o, m&#250;sculos esquel&#233;ticos, tecido adiposo, p&#226;ncreas, rins e f&#237;gado, contribuindo com a g&#234;nese e manuten&#231;&#227;o da SMet.</p>
      <p>Na verdade, a fun&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria do ANP est&#225; relacionada aos efeitos cardiovasculares. Este horm&#244;nio circulante de origem card&#237;aca tem hemodin&#226;mica relevante e a&#231;&#245;es antirremodeladoras, al&#233;m de um papel importante na regula&#231;&#227;o do volume sangu&#237;neo intravascular e do t&#244;nus vascular por meio da promo&#231;&#227;o da natriurese e da diurese no rim. Atua tamb&#233;m no relaxamento dos m&#250;sculos vasculares lisos, regulando, assim, o volume e press&#227;o sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> O papel ben&#233;fico dos pept&#237;deos tem uma influ&#234;ncia direta na resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e menos toler&#226;ncia &#224; glicose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Anteriormente, Wang et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> descreveram que o n&#237;vel circulante de ANP &#233; reduzido em indiv&#237;duos com obesidade, e que a perda de peso pode promover um aumento neste pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico. Com base na variabilidade interindividual observada na nossa amostra com rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s respostas de ANP &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o, comparamos os adolescentes com n&#237;veis de ANP decrescentes e crescentes, independentemente da perda de peso. De acordo com os nossos resultados, a porcentagem de gordura corporal s&#243; foi significativamente reduzida no subgrupo que apresentou n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos aumentados de ANP. Este resultado pode estar conectado &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o mais recentemente descrita de ANP, que promove um aumento na transcri&#231;&#227;o do gene da UCP-1, mecanismo relevante associado ao gasto de energia, produ&#231;&#227;o de calor, com um poss&#237;vel papel na termog&#234;nese e no escurecimento do tecido adiposo (browning).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Sabemos que este &#233; o primeiro estudo a avaliar os efeitos dos n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos crescentes e decrescentes de ANP na composi&#231;&#227;o corporal e no risco metab&#243;lico, de acordo com a terapia interdisciplinar para perda de peso em adolescentes com obesidade. Juntos, os resultados demonstrados no grupo ANP crescente podem parcialmente explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da SMet somente neste grupo (de 23% para 6%); assim contribuindo com os mecanismos b&#225;sicos que conectam a obesidade e a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica nos primeiros est&#225;gios do desenvolvimento. Para corroborar esta informa&#231;&#227;o, Masquio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> recentemente demonstraram que a preval&#234;ncia de SMet em adolescentes com obesidade pode impactar a redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura da camada &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia de art&#233;rias car&#243;tidas ap&#243;s a terapia para perda de peso. Por fim, esses resultados podem ser importantes para a pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, considerando esta popula&#231;&#227;o analisada.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, a presen&#231;a da SMet est&#225; fortemente correlacionada ao status nutricional,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> enfatizando a import&#226;ncia da redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no IMC e na massa de gordura corporal; e um aumento na MLG em um contexto de obesidade. IMC e CC s&#227;o medidas importantes para determinar a preval&#234;ncia de SMet; mas o percentual e distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura podem ser indicadores melhores para a avalia&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica. A obesidade abdominal &#233; o componente mais frequentemente observado da SMet, e o ac&#250;mulo central de gordura corporal est&#225; associado &#224; resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina, enquanto a distribui&#231;&#227;o de gordura corporal perif&#233;rica tem impacto metab&#243;lico relativamente menor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As concentra&#231;&#245;es de HDL-c, al&#233;m de fazerem parte do diagn&#243;stico da SMet, s&#227;o um preditor independente e inverso para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. As fun&#231;&#245;es do HDL-c s&#227;o relacionadas &#224; prote&#231;&#227;o em potencial contra a doen&#231;a arterial, sendo mais conhecidas por sua habilidade de promover o efluxo de colesterol da parede arterial. As part&#237;culas de HDL-c t&#234;m propriedades que reduzem a oxida&#231;&#227;o, a inflama&#231;&#227;o vascular e a trombose, al&#233;m de melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, promover o reparo endotelial, melhorar a sensibilidade &#224; insulina e promover a secre&#231;&#227;o de insulina pelas c&#233;lulas-beta pancre&#225;ticas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Embora os n&#237;veis de HDL-c estejam altos em ambos os grupos, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na raz&#227;o de TG/HDL-c foi observada no grupo ANP crescente, somente. A raz&#227;o de TG/HDL-c &#233; uma medida &#250;nica que integra a informa&#231;&#227;o sobre resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e medidas aterog&#234;nicas de lip&#237;dios com rela&#231;&#227;o ao risco cardiovascular, podendo prever o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;a coronariana e mortalidade cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo aparenta ser o primeiro a comparar o efeito de do aumento e da redu&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis de ANP em reposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o para perda de peso em adolescentes com obesidade. Nossos resultados s&#227;o preliminares, e sua interpreta&#231;&#227;o deve ser analisada com cuidado. Principalmente porque a amostra reduzida requer outros estudos incluindo mais participantes. Da mesma forma, teria sido importante avaliar um grupo controle n&#227;o obeso, sem interven&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>De acordo com este estudo preliminar, adolescentes com obesidade e com aumento das concentra&#231;&#245;es de ANP em resposta &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o interdisciplinar apresentam evid&#234;ncias de redu&#231;&#227;o da preval&#234;ncia da SMet, o que pode contribuir para melhorar a sa&#250;de cardiometab&#243;lica nesta popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>FAPESP (2017&#8725;07372-1; 2015/14309-9; 2013/08522-6; 2011/50414-0; 2011/50356-0; 2008/53069-0), CNPq (301322/2017-1 e 409943/2016-9) e CAPES.</p>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Ana Claudia Pelissari Kravchychyn pela Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela FAPESP (2017&#8725;07372-1; 2015/14309-9; 2013/08522-6; 2011/50414-0; 2011/50356-0; 2008/53069-0), CNPq (301322/2017-1 e 409943/2016-9) e CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Role of ANP Level Response in Interdisciplinary Weight Loss Therapy on Cardiometabolic Risk and Body Composition in Adolescents with Obesity</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2919-2806</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kravchychyn</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Claudia Pelissari</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6132-4349</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Raquel Munhoz da Silveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5705-6767</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Yasmin Alaby Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6913-7879</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Vicente</surname>
            <given-names>Sofia Emanuelle de Castro Ferreira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8684-7290</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corgosinho</surname>
            <given-names>Fl&#225;via Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7078-6526</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Oyama</surname>
            <given-names>Lila Missae</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2686-7430</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Boldarine</surname>
            <given-names>Valter Tadeu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-0834-904X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tock</surname>
            <given-names>Lian</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4687-3555</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Thivel</surname>
            <given-names>David</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5001">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7675-7470</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>D&#226;maso</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Raimunda</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Departamento de Bioci&#234;ncias Campus Baixada Santista - Programa de P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o Interdisciplinar em Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de, Santos, SP - Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Anhanguera Educacional Ltda, Guarulhos, SP &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s &#8211; Nutri&#231;&#227;o, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="FR">France</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universit&#233; Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, Auvergne-Rh&#244;ne-Alpes &#8211; France </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ana Claudia Pelissari Kravchychyn &#8226; Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo - Programa de P&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o em Nutri&#231;&#227;o - Rua Botucatu, 862. Postal Code 04024-002, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: anapelissari@hotmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Kravchychyn ACP, Vicente SECF, Oyama LM, Tock L, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR; Acquisition of data: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Vicente SECF, Corgosinho FC, Tock L, D&#226;maso AR; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Corgosinho FC, Oyama LM, Boldarine VT, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR; Statistical analysis: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS; Obtaining financing: D&#226;maso AR; Writing of the manuscript: Kravchychyn ACP, Ferreira YAM, D&#226;maso AR; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kravchychyn ACP, Campos RMS, Ferreira YAM, Vicente SECF, Corgosinho FC, Oyama LM, Boldarine VT, Tock L, Thivel D, D&#226;maso AR.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>The action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on natriuresis, diuresis and vasodilatation, insulin resistance, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue may contribute to the healthy metabolic and cardiovascular development. Even though the circulating level of ANP is reduced in patients with obesity, its response to weight loss remains poorly explored in pediatric populations.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>To evaluate the effects of ANP variations in response to interdisciplinary weight loss intervention on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with obesity.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>73 adolescents with obesity attended a 20-week clinical interdisciplinary weight loss therapy including clinical, nutritional, psychological and exercise training approach. Body composition, biochemical analyses and blood pressure were evaluated. MetS was classified according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2007). After the treatment, volunteers were divided according to Increasing (n=31) or Decreasing (n=19) ANP plasma levels.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Both groups present significant reduction of body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist, neck and hip circumferences (WC, NC and HC, respectively) and increasing fat-free mass (FFM). Interestingly, a significant reduction in body fat, TG/HDL-c ratio and MetS prevalence (from 23% to 6%) was observed in the Increased ANP group only.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>This study suggests that an increase in ANP serum levels after weight loss therapy could be associated with improvements in cardiometabolic risks and the reduced prevalence of MetS in adolescents with obesity.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Metabolic Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Natriuretic Peptide</kwd>
        <kwd>Obesity</kwd>
        <kwd>Adolescent</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
        <kwd>Insulin Resistance</kwd>
        <kwd>Metabolism</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Classified as a public health disease, obesity is characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, mostly generated by energy imbalance due to sedentary lifestyles and increased consumption of high-calorie foods, with a negative impact on physical and emotional health.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In the past years, the prevalence of overweight in children and adolescents has increased by 60%, leading to worrying public health issues for future generations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The natriuretic peptides (NP): Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP); Ventricular Natriuretic Peptide, B-type (BNP); and natriuretic peptide, C-type (CNP), released by vascular cells, are hormones produced by the heart. Their traditionally known actions are natriuresis, diuresis and vasodilatation, which, together, neutralize excessive heart stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Although classically considered as cardiovascular hormones, two decades ago NP receptors were found in the adipose tissue of both rats and humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Therefore, ANP was related to the increasing lipolytic activity in human adipocytes and as a browning inducer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, studies showed an inverse relationship between circulating NP levels and Body Mass Index (BMI), showing that the circulating level of ANP is reduced in obese individuals and positively associated with the increase in fat oxidation and weight loss.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It has been shown that acute and regular physical exercise, as well as a healthy, normal diet, have a huge impact on ANP release in adults with obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Thus, the important actions of ANP can be restored with weight loss and a healthy lifestyle through an interdisciplinary treatment.</p>
        <p>In that context, the aim of the present study was to question whether or not ANP level changes in response to clinical interdisciplinary weight loss therapy may contribute to improve the metabolic syndrome (MetS) prevalence and cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with obesity. We hypothesize that increasing plasma levels of ANP promoted by interdisciplinary therapy for weight loss have greater beneficial effects on cardiometabolic risks and impact the prevalence of MetS in comparison to volunteers who presented decreasing ANP after treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Participants</title>
          <p>This study included 73 obese adolescents of both genders aged from 14 to 19 years. The study was announced in the different media: journals, magazines, radio, and television; and the first contact with volunteers was made. The initial clinical interview was performed by an endocrinologist to determine the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All volunteers presented the inclusion criteria of post-pubertal Tanner Stage &#8805; V<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and BMI &gt; 95% in the Center for Diseases Control.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> The exclusion criteria were: identified genetic disease, pregnancy, previous drug use, chronic alcohol use, presence of viral hepatic diseases, other causes of liver steatosis, inability to perform physical activities and no access to any electronic means (cell phone or computer). The study was conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, and it was approved by the ethics committee <italic>Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo</italic> (#0052/2016), being registered with Brazilian Clinical Trial registration number: RBR-6txv3v.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Research design</title>
          <p>The classical interdisciplinary therapy consisted of clinical assessment, exercise training, nutritional and psychological support. Additionally, the intervention included web-based education themes promoting lifestyle changes to encourage a healthy behavior among adolescents.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Anthropometric measurements and body composition</title>
          <p>Weight, height, BMI, and waist, neck and hip circumference (WC, NC and HC, respectively), were measured using standard procedures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In order to obtain the values related to BMI and the basal metabolic rate, a body composition analyzer was used to assess body mass and composition (fat and lean body mass), as well as the resting metabolic rate (RMR), using bioelectrical impedance principles. Post treatment, percent body fat (%BF)/ percent fat-free mass (%FFM) ratio was calculated.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Serum analysis</title>
          <p>Blood samples were collected after an overnight fasting period (12 hours). Serum was separated into serum and plasma, and concentrations of glucose, insulin, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-c), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-c) were determined by enzymatic colorimetric methods (CELM, Barueri, Brazil). ANP was measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit from R&amp;D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Metabolic syndrome diagnosis</title>
          <p>The MetS diagnoses were analyzed according to International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> waist circumference being higher than the 90<sup>th</sup>percentile for age and gender, and associated with two or more altered parameters: HDL-c values &#8804;50 mg/dL for girls and &#8804;40 mg/dL for boys; concentrations of TG higher than 150 mg/dL; blood glucose levels higher than 100 mg/dL, and blood pressure &#8805;130/85 mmHg.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interdisciplinary treatment protocols</title>
          <p>Volunteers were involved in an interdisciplinary clinical approach with researchers throughout the protocol. Weight, height, and circumferences were evaluated in the five meetings. Serum blood profile and body composition were evaluated only at the baseline and after treatment. At each clinical approach, the adolescents had low-calorie dietary prescriptions per age and gender, a session with a psychologist and assistance in the self-guided exercise program.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Interdisciplinary therapy</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Clinical intervention</title>
            <p>The volunteers visited the endocrinologist before and after therapy with their parents to address their health, clinical conditions, and sexual maturation.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Nutritional Support</title>
            <p>Daily intake of calories was assessed using a self-reported 24-hour dietary recall (24 HR) completed at baseline and at the end of the 20-week intervention. Energy intake was set at levels recommended by the dietary reference intake for subjects with low levels of physical activity and of the same age and gender following a balanced diet. The DIETSMART<sup>&#174;</sup>software was used to analyze dietary intake and to determine the reducing caloric intake between 300 and 500 kcal/day. The distribution of macronutrients was fat (25-35%), carbohydrate (45-65%) and protein (10-30%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
            <p>Every week, different health themes were posted in the online weight loss program with instruction dietary lessons (Example: low-calorie foods, diet and light foods, weight loss diets, good food choices on holidays, weekends and celebrations, food labels and other related topics). No pharmacotherapies or antioxidant were recommended.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Exercise program</title>
            <p>Physical exercise was chosen by the self-guided method, in which the adolescent selected exercises according to personal pleasure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The choice was guided, in terms of clinical approach, by a professional in this field for frequency (tree times/week) and duration (minimum of one hour/session), and variables of body composition and basal metabolic rate were considered for choosing the modality to be practiced, in order to guarantee benefits for the weight loss program.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The physical activity level was monitored at the initial evaluation and after every 5 weeks using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ - short version).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
            <p>In the online program health themes, volunteers had access to videos about the correct performance of physical exercises, including frequency, intensity and volume, to help them in their choices.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Psychological Counseling</title>
            <p>The adolescents attended six therapy group sessions that aimed at helping them deal with their emotions. Different themes associated with obesity were approached according to the progression of the treatment: depression, disturbances of body image, anxiety and decreased self-esteem.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Web-based health education</title>
            <p>The group received web-based support to health education during the 20 weeks. The online weight loss program was used to access weekly educational videos that would help to understand the obesity issue and the slimming process, healthy eating and changes in lifestyle divided into 20 themes based on the e-book <italic>Saber Emagrecer.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Statistical analysis</title>
        <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the software STATISTICA, version 7.0 for Windows (StartSoft, Tulsa OK. USA). The level of statistical significance was set at p&lt;0.05. Data normality was verified using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Parametric data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD), and variables that did not have a normal distribution were normalized by the Z-score. The t-test was performed by comparison between measures at the beginning and after therapy for the entire sample. Comparisons between measures at the baseline and afterwards were made using the repeated measures ANOVA (two-way ANOVA) and the Fisher&#8217;s post-hoc test to analyze the effects of intervention and difference between the ANP Increase and Decrease group. Comparisons between the prevalence of MetS before and after therapy was verified by the chi-square test.</p>
        <p>Using the G<sup>&#8727;</sup>Power<sup>&#174;</sup>3.0.10 software, we obtained a sample of 46 volunteers, considering the statistical analysis carried out with the repeated measures ANOVA (two-way ANOVA). The effect size was 0.30, and power was 80%, based on ANP divided in two groups and two periods of evaluation (baseline and 20 weeks after the intervention).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We started with a total number of 73 obese adolescents engaged in interdisciplinary therapy for weight loss. Out of the 73 patients, 50 completed the weight loss therapy (attendance in 75% of treatment interventions). After treatment, the volunteers were divided according to Increasing (n=31) or Decreasing (n=19) ANP plasma levels. The dropouts occurred due to factors such as work, studies, and non-adherence to electronic means. It important to note that no differences were observed in any variables between the completers and non-completers.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of decreasing ANP plasma levels after therapy on body composition and metabolic parameters</title>
          <p>The <italic>decreased ANP group,</italic> post treatment, presented significant reduction of weight, BMI, %BF/%FFM ratio, waist, neck, and hip circumferences, and increasing FFM (kg and %) after weight loss therapy. In the metabolic blood profile, it was only possible to observe significant improvements in HDL-c. ANP levels were significantly lower in this group and, when compared with the <italic>Increasing ANP group,</italic> the values of ANP at baseline were higher (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Anthropometric and Body composition per group according to Decreasing and Increasing ANP blood levels at baseline and after interdisciplinary therapy in adolescents with obesity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Decreasing ANP (n=19)</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Increasing ANP (n=31)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>After therapy</th>
                    <th>&#916;</th>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>After therapy</th>
                    <th>&#916;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Weight (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">110.4&#177;16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">105.7&#177;17.7*</td>
                    <td align="center">-4.7&#177;3.7</td>
                    <td align="center">112.5&#177;14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">105.5&#177;12.1*</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.9&#177;6.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">39.2&#177;4.7</td>
                    <td align="center">37.1&#177;5.0*</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.0&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">37.8&#177;4.4</td>
                    <td align="center">35.3&#177;4.3*</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.4&#177;2.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body fat (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">37.8&#177;4.9</td>
                    <td align="center">36.6&#177;4.0</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.1&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">38.0&#177;5.6</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1&#177;5.5*</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.9&#177;3.0<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Body fat (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.6&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">38.4&#177;7.6*</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.1&#177;3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">42.1&#177;8.9</td>
                    <td align="center">37.2&#177;7.6*</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.8&#177;5.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Free fat mass (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.1&#177;4.8</td>
                    <td align="center">63.6&#177;3.9*</td>
                    <td align="center">1.5&#177;2.1</td>
                    <td align="center">62.3&#177;5.3</td>
                    <td align="center">64.8&#177;5.5*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.4&#177;3.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Free fat mass (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">68.6&#177;12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">67.3&#177;12.4*</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.2&#177;2.5</td>
                    <td align="center">70.0&#177;9.2</td>
                    <td align="center">68.3&#177;8.8*</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.6&#177;2.3</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>%BF/%FFM ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61&#177;0.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58&#177;0.10*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.03&#177;0.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.62&#177;0.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55&#177;0.12*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.06&#177;0.07</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RMR (kcal)</td>
                    <td align="center">2086.5&#177;367.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2044.2&#177;371.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-42.3&#177;75.9</td>
                    <td align="center">2128.4&#177;282.5</td>
                    <td align="center">2078.9&#177;266.1</td>
                    <td align="center">-49.4&#177;72.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>WC (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">110.9&#177;11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">107.1&#177;13.7*</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.8&#177;4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">109.4&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">103.3&#177;9.2*</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.0&#177;5.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HC (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">126.9&#177;9.0</td>
                    <td align="center">123.3&#177;7.9*</td>
                    <td align="center">-3.6&#177;3.0</td>
                    <td align="center">125.6&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">120.5&#177;7.6*</td>
                    <td align="center">-5.1&#177;4.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>NC (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">40.1&#177;4.2</td>
                    <td align="center">39.0&#177;4.5*</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.1&#177;0.9</td>
                    <td align="center">40.0&#177;3.6</td>
                    <td align="center">38.6&#177;3.3*</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.4&#177;1.6</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*p&lt;0.05 compared to Baseline;<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared to the Decreasing ANP group. Data are presented as mean (SD). Reference values: Glucose (60&#8211;110 mg/dL), Insulin (&lt;20 U/mL); HOMA-IR (&lt;2.0); Total cholesterol (&lt;17 mg/dL); HDL-c (&gt;30 mg/dL); LDL-c (&lt;130 mg/dL); Triglycerides (33&#8211;12 mg/dL). BMI: Body Mass Index; %BF/%FFM ratio: percent body fat / % fat-free mass ratio; RMR: resting metabolic rate; WC: waist circumference; HC: hip circumference; NC: neck circumference.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of increasing ANP plasma levels after therapy on body composition and metabolic parameters</title>
          <p>The <italic>Increasing ANP group</italic> presented significant reduction of weight, BMI, %BF/%FFM ratio, waist, neck, and hip circumferences, and increasing FFM (kg and %) after weight loss therapy. Body fat (%) reduction was only observed in this group. It was possible to see significant improvements in HDL-c and, considering the relationship between HDL-c and Triglycerides represented by the TG/HDL-c ratio, a significant reduction was observed. ANP levels were significantly higher when comparing the moments of baseline and after therapy ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Metabolic parameters by groups according to Decreasing and Increasing ANP blood levels at baseline and after interdisciplinary therapy in adolescents with obesity</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Decreasing ANP (n=19)</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Increasing ANP (n=31)</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>After therapy</th>
                    <th>&#916;</th>
                    <th>Baseline</th>
                    <th>After therapy</th>
                    <th>&#916;</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP</td>
                    <td align="center">121.3&#177;11,2</td>
                    <td align="center">122.1&#177;11.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.3&#177;12.1</td>
                    <td align="center">116.7&#177;8.3</td>
                    <td align="center">117.9&#177;8.2</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.3&#177;7.1</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP</td>
                    <td align="center">78.6&#177;7.7</td>
                    <td align="center">78.9&#177;9.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.8&#177;13.3</td>
                    <td align="center">75.4&#177;5.7</td>
                    <td align="center">75.2&#177;5.1</td>
                    <td align="center">1.2&#177;8.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Glucose (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">88.7&#177;10.3</td>
                    <td align="center">89.6&#177;7.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.9&#177;11.1</td>
                    <td align="center">90.4&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">88.0&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.6&#177;8.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Insulin (U/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">19.9&#177;16.9</td>
                    <td align="center">20.3&#177;18.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.4&#177;14.4</td>
                    <td align="center">18.3&#177;7.0</td>
                    <td align="center">16.4&#177;7.8</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.9&#177;7.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HOMA-IR</td>
                    <td align="center">4.3&#177;3.8</td>
                    <td align="center">4.6&#177;4.3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.2&#177;3.5</td>
                    <td align="center">4.1&#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">3.6&#177;1.7</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.5&#177;1.8</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total-c (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">159.4&#177;35.2</td>
                    <td align="center">158.0&#177;41.6</td>
                    <td align="center">-1.3&#177;27.9</td>
                    <td align="center">162.2&#177;33.0</td>
                    <td align="center">155.1&#177;33.0</td>
                    <td align="center">-7.1&#177;38.4</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">43.1&#177;9.8</td>
                    <td align="center">46.0&#177;9/.5*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9&#177;5.9</td>
                    <td align="center">38.1&#177;7.4</td>
                    <td align="center">41.3&#177;7.4*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1&#177;5.6</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL-c (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">91.6&#177;33.7</td>
                    <td align="center">89.0&#177;37.8</td>
                    <td align="center">-2.6&#177;22.7</td>
                    <td align="center">97.3&#177;27.9</td>
                    <td align="center">91.1&#177;28.3</td>
                    <td align="center">-6.2&#177;29.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG (mg/dL)</td>
                    <td align="center">123.4&#177;50.6</td>
                    <td align="center">103.0&#177;61.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-20.3&#177;62.5</td>
                    <td align="center">133.1&#177;66.6</td>
                    <td align="center">113.3&#177;58.8</td>
                    <td align="center">-19.7&#177;62.0</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TG/HDL-c ratio</td>
                    <td align="center">3.0&#177;1.6</td>
                    <td align="center">2.3&#177;1.4</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.7&#177;1.5</td>
                    <td align="center">3.7&#177;2.2</td>
                    <td align="center">2.9&#177;1.7*</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.7&#177;1.7</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ANP (pg/mL)</td>
                    <td align="center">435.5&#177;250.1</td>
                    <td align="center">328.7&#177;243.5*</td>
                    <td align="center">-106.6&#177;136.5</td>
                    <td align="center">245.2&#177;194.8<sup>&#8224;</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">394.2&#177;236.7*</td>
                    <td align="center">149.0&#177;136.2</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>*p&lt;0.05 compared to Baseline;<sup>&#8224;</sup>p&lt;0.05 compared to Decreasing ANP; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; TG: Triglycerides; ANP: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Comparison between Groups</title>
          <p>The comparison between delta values by groups showed that only &#916; body fat was higher in the <italic>Increasing ANP</italic> group compared to the <italic>Decreasing ANP</italic> group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Effects of decreasing and increasing ANP plasma levels after therapy on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome</title>
          <p>At baseline, the MetS prevalence was higher in the decreasing ANP group compared to the increasing ANP group. After 20 weeks of interdisciplinary therapy, the prevalence of MetS decreased from 37% to 26% (p=0.10) in the decreasing ANP group, and from 23% to 6% in the increasing ANP group (p=0.00) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Prevalence of MetS. *Difference at baseline compared to Decreasing ANP;&#8224;Difference between baseline and after in same group.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0033-00735-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the role of <italic>increasing and decreasing ANP plasma levels</italic> on MetS and other cardiometabolic risks in adolescents with obesity who attended interdisciplinary weight loss therapy. Both groups present significant reduction in body weight and BMI and improvements in FFM and HDL-c, showing the importance of this clinical approach in improving the health conditions of adolescents with obesity.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, only the adolescents who presented with <italic>increased ANP</italic> levels showed a significant reduction of the MetS prevalence (from 23% to 6%), associated with a decrease in TG/HDL-c and body fat, after the weight loss treatment (all results are detailed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The highlights separated by the decreasing and the increasing ANP groups.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0033-00735-gf02-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>MetS can be defined as a cluster of alterations, including: hypertension, dyslipidemia, abdominal obesity and insulin resistance; and is considered as an important comorbidity of obesity, with prevalence of about 32% among children and adolescents with obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> The presence of MetS at an early age may be responsible for increasing the chances of developing diabetes mellitus type II in five times, and the chances to increase general mortality in 1.6 times, including 44% of cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Santhekadur et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> recently showed how the occurrence of MetS is associated with the reduced presence of cardiac hormones, such as natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP and CNP) and altered expression in their receptors; thus damaging their beneficial functions in the brain, heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, pancreas, kidney and liver, and contributing with the genesis and maintenance of the MetS.</p>
        <p>In fact, the primary function of ANP is related to cardiovascular effects. This circulating hormone of cardiac origin has relevant hemodynamic and anti-remodeling actions, and plays an important role in the regulation of intravascular blood volume and vascular tone through the promotion of natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney and the relaxation of vascular smooth muscles, thereby regulating blood volume and pressure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> The beneficial role of cardiac peptides in diabetes has been described, and any decrease in these peptides has a direct influence on insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Previously, Wang et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> described that the circulating level of ANP is reduced in obese individuals, and that weight loss can promote an increase of this natriuretic peptide. Based on the inter-individual variability observed in our sample regarding ANP responses to the intervention, we compared the adolescents who had <italic>decreased</italic> versus <italic>increased ANP levels,</italic> independently of weight loss. According to our results, the percentage of body fat was only significantly reduced in the subgroup that presented <italic>increased</italic> ANP serum levels. This result may be linked to the most recently described function of ANP, which promotes an increase in UCP-1 gene transcription, a relevant mechanism associated with energy expenditure, heat production, and with a possible role in the thermogenesis and adipose tissue browning.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of <italic>increasing and decreasing</italic> serum ANP levels on body composition and cardiometabolic risk following interdisciplinary weight loss therapy in adolescents with obesity. Together, the results shown in the <italic>increasing ANP group</italic> can partially explain the significant reduction in MetS prevalence only in this group (from 23% to 6%); thus contributing with the underlying mechanisms connecting obesity and cardiometabolic health in the early stage of life development. To corroborate this information, Masquio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> recently showed that the presence of MetS in adolescents with obesity may impair the reduction in the carotid intima-media thickness after weight loss therapy. Altogether, these results may be important for the clinical practice considering this analyzed population.</p>
        <p>In addition, the presence of MetS is strongly correlated with nutritional status,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> highlighting the importance of a significant reduction in BMI and body fat mass; and an increase in the FFM in a context of obesity. BMI and WC are important measurements to determine the MetS prevalence; but fat percentage and distribution may be better indicators for the clinical evaluation. Abdominal obesity is the most frequently observed component of MetS, and central accumulation of body fat is associated with insulin resistance, whereas the distribution of peripheral body fat has a relatively lower metabolic impact.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The HDL-c concentrations, besides being part of the MetS diagnosis, is an independent inverse predictor for cardiovascular disease. The functions of HDL-c are related to potential protection against arterial disease, being best known by its ability to promote cholesterol efflux from the artery wall. HDL-c particles have properties that reduce oxidation, vascular inflammation and thrombosis, improve endothelial function, promote endothelial repair, enhance insulin sensitivity, and promote insulin secretion by pancreatic beta islet cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Even though HDL-c levels were high in both groups, a significant decrease in the TG/HDL-c ratio has been observed in the <italic>increasing ANP group</italic> only. The TG/HDL-c ratio may serve as a single measure that integrates information on insulin resistance and atherogenic lipid measurements related to cardiovascular risk, being able to predict the development of coronary heart disease and cardiovascular mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study appears to be the first to compare the effect of <italic>increased vs decreased ANP</italic> in response to weight loss intervention in adolescents with obesity. Our results remain preliminary and their interpretation should be analyzed carefully. Mainly, the reduced sample size calls for further studies including more participants. Similarly, it would have been important to have a non-intervention lean control group.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>According to the present preliminary work, adolescents with obesity with <italic>increased ANP</italic> concentration in response to an interdisciplinary intervention present evidence to reduce the MetS prevalence, which may contribute with improved cardiometabolic health in this population.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>FAPESP (2017&#8725;07372-1; 2015/14309-9; 2013/08522-6; 2011/50414-0; 2011/50356-0; 2008/53069-0), CNPq (301322/2017-1 and 409943/2016-9) e CAPES.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Ana Claudia Pelissari Kravchychyn, from Universidade Federal de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by FAPESP (2017&#8725;07372-1; 2015/14309-9; 2013/08522-6; 2011/50414-0; 2011/50356-0; 2008/53069-0), CNPq (301322/2017-1 and 409943/2016-9) e CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
