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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Jd6xs6smnxcpdGW54GF8tZB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100022</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210980</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210980</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarcadores em Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares: O Papel da Fetu&#237;na-A</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana U.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">UNESP</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marina P. Okoshi</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. CEP <postal-code>18618 687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>marina.okoshi@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>22</fpage>
      <lpage>23</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetu&#237;na-A</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcifica&#231;&#227;o Vascular</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Acidente Vascular Cerebral</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflama&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="15"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares (DCV) possuem altas taxas de incapacidade e mortalidade em todo o mundo, representando s&#233;rio problema de sa&#250;de p&#250;blica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Atualmente, muitas pesquisas t&#234;m se intensificado na procura por biomarcadores associados &#224;s DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A fetu&#237;na-A &#233; uma glicoprote&#237;na multifuncional, predominantemente expressa no f&#237;gado, que apresenta diferentes mecanismos de a&#231;&#227;o como, por exemplo, modula&#231;&#227;o da calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular, da resposta &#224; inflama&#231;&#227;o sist&#234;mica, do metabolismo &#243;sseo e da atividade da insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Na &#250;ltima d&#233;cada, pesquisadores t&#234;m avaliado o papel da fetu&#237;na-A no desenvolvimento de DCV e como biomarcador do progn&#243;stico de pacientes com diferentes DCV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Baixas concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas de fetu&#237;na-A foram associadas a maior gravidade de calcifica&#231;&#227;o de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Adicionalmente, a concentra&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de fetu&#237;na-A foi estatisticamente menor em pacientes com infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio do que em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em contraste, V&#246;r&#246;s et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> mostraram que indiv&#237;duos com infarto do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio apresentaram concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas significativamente maiores de fetu&#237;na-A em rela&#231;&#227;o a indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o infartados. Altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de fetu&#237;na-A tamb&#233;m foram associadas a maior risco de acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Esses dados mostram que o envolvimento da fetu&#237;na-A com DCV ainda n&#227;o &#233; totalmente compreendido, pois tanto n&#237;veis mais baixos quanto mais elevados foram associados com presen&#231;a ou risco aumentado para DCV. Assim, estudos que abordem o tema e avaliem o papel da fetu&#237;na-A como poss&#237;vel biomarcador para DCV s&#227;o importantes atualmente.</p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, o estudo de &#199;ak&#305;r et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> revelou dados interessantes sobre a associa&#231;&#227;o entre concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de fetu&#237;na-A na fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e progn&#243;stico de longo prazo. Os autores acompanharam 180 pacientes por per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de 10 anos. A amostra do estudo foi dividida em dois subgrupos de acordo com a concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica de fetu&#237;na-A (&#8804; 288 &#956;g/mL e &gt; 288 &#956;g/mL), quantificada durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. O acompanhamento foi realizado por contato telef&#244;nico ap&#243;s a alta hospitalar. O estudo mostrou que menor concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A foi associada a pior progn&#243;stico, com mortalidade global e por DCV significativamente maior no grupo com concentra&#231;&#227;o menor de fetu&#237;na-A (44% vs 24%, p=0,005; e 48% vs 31%, p=0,022, respectivamente). Al&#233;m disso, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A foi inversamente correlacionada &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o s&#233;rica da prote&#237;na C reativa ultra-sens&#237;vel e, curiosamente, apresentou correla&#231;&#227;o direta com a glicemia de jejum. Como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica e cont&#237;nua, a concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A foi um preditor de mortalidade cardiovascular independentemente de fatores de risco tradicionais.</p>
    <p>Ap&#243;s o infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio, o processo inflamat&#243;rio cr&#244;nico que se estabelece est&#225; intimamente relacionado com remodelamento adverso, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Uma das hip&#243;teses dos autores &#233; que maior concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A possa ter papel ben&#233;fico ap&#243;s o infarto na regula&#231;&#227;o da inflama&#231;&#227;o e, consequentemente, no processo de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. A rela&#231;&#227;o entre fetu&#237;na-A e resposta inflamat&#243;ria j&#225; foi descrita em outras condi&#231;&#245;es. Em modelo experimental de sepse, n&#237;veis circulantes de fetu&#237;na-A foram menores na presen&#231;a dos mediadores inflamat&#243;rios IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945; e HMGB1 e a suplementa&#231;&#227;o ex&#243;gena de fetu&#237;na-A diminuiu drasticamente a concentra&#231;&#227;o desses mediadores, o que sugere seu papel protetor na inflama&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarmente, em estudo <italic>in vitro</italic>, macr&#243;fagos estimulados com lipopolissacar&#237;deo exibiram alta produ&#231;&#227;o de IL-1&#946; e &#243;xido n&#237;trico, componentes chave durante a inflama&#231;&#227;o. Esse quadro foi significativamente revertido pela adi&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A &#224;s culturas macrof&#225;gicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outros autores tamb&#233;m verificaram a participa&#231;&#227;o da fetu&#237;na-A na regula&#231;&#227;o da resposta inflamat&#243;ria e associa&#231;&#227;o com melhor progn&#243;stico durante isquemia cerebral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os achados de &#199;akir et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> devem ser confirmados em estudos futuros com tamanho amostral maior e mensura&#231;&#245;es da fetu&#237;na-A em diferentes momentos ao longo do tempo para que seu valor progn&#243;stico para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares possa ser melhor estabelecido.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: N&#237;veis mais Baixos de Fetu&#237;na-A S&#233;rica est&#227;o Associados a um Maior Risco de Mortalidade em Dez Anos em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio por Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease: The Role of Fetuin-A</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-1865-0207</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pagan</surname>
            <given-names>Luana U.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3115-0795</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Gatto</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Martinez</surname>
            <given-names>Paula F.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8980-8839</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Katashi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7728-4505</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Okoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Marina P.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Botucatu</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica - Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu (UNESP), Botucatu, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Campo Grande</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Integrado de Sa&#250;de, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande, MS - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marina P. Okoshi</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cl&#237;nica M&#233;dica, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Rubi&#227;o Junior, S/N. Postal Code <postal-code>18618 687</postal-code>, Botucatu, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: <email>marina.okoshi@unesp.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetuin-A</kwd>
        <kwd>Vascular Calcification</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Stroke</kwd>
        <kwd>Inflammation</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a serious health public concern worldwide due to its high rates of morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Extensive research has been performed in the search for biomarkers associated with CVD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Fetuin-A is a multifunctional glycoprotein, predominantly expressed in the liver, which modulates the function of several cells and systems, such as vascular calcification, systemic inflammatory response, bone metabolism, and insulin activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> In the last decade, researchers have evaluated the role of fetuin-A in the development and prognosis of patients with different CVDs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Lower plasma levels of fetuin-A were associated with a higher severity of coronary artery calcification<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and its plasma levels were lower in acute myocardial infarction patients than in healthy individuals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> By contrast, V&#246;r&#246;s et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> reported that individuals with a previous infarction have a significantly higher plasma concentration of fetuin-A than healthy controls. High concentrations of fetuin-A were also associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> These data show that the involvement of fetuin-A with CVD is not completely understood, as both lower and higher levels of fetuin-A were associated with a higher risk or presence of CVD. Thus, it is important to carry out studies that address this topic and highlight fetuin-A as a possible biomarker of CVD.</p>
      <p>In this issue of the ABC, the study conducted by &#199;ak&#305;r et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> revealed interesting data on the association between fetuin-A serum levels during acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation and long-term prognosis. The authors included 180 patients, which were divided into two subgroups, according to the fetuin-A serum levels (&#8804; 288 &#956;g/mL and &gt; 288 &#956;g/mL) assessed during hospitalization. The individuals were followed up by telephone contact over a mean period of 10 years. The study showed that the lower concentration of fetuin-A was associated with a worse prognosis with total and CVD mortality rates significantly higher in the group with the lower fetuin-A concentration (44% vs 24%, p=0.005; and 48% vs 31%, p=0.022, respectively). Furthermore, fetuin-A plasma levels were inversely correlated with ultra-sensitive C-reactive protein and, surprisingly, directly correlated with fasting glucose. As a categorical and continuous variable, fetuin-A was a predictor of cardiovascular mortality, regardless of the traditional risk factors.</p>
      <p>The chronic inflammatory process that follows the acute myocardial infarction is closely related to adverse remodeling, ventricular dysfunction, and heart failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Therefore, the authors hypothesized that the higher fetuin-A concentration is favorable for patients after acute infarction due to its role in modulating inflammation and improving the healing process. The relationship between fetuin-A and inflammatory response has been described in other conditions. In a sepsis model, circulating levels of fetuin-A were reduced in the presence of the inflammatory mediators IFN-&#947;, TNF-&#945;, and HMGB1. Interestingly, the exogenous supplementation of fetuin-A drastically decreased the concentration of the mediators, suggesting its protective role in inflammation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Similarly, in an <italic>in vitro</italic> study, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated macrophages exhibited a high production of IL-1&#946; and nitric oxide, key components during inflammation. This condition was significantly reversed by the addition of fetuin-A to the macrophage cultures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Other authors have also demonstrated the participation of fetuin-A in the regulation of the inflammatory response and its association with a better prognosis during cerebral ischemia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The findings of the study by &#199;akir et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> should be confirmed in future studies with larger sample sizes and measurements of fetuin-A at different time points to better establish the prognostic value of fetuin-A in cardiovascular disease.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Lower Serum Fetuin-A Levels are Associated with a Higher Ten-Year Mortality Risk in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
