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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ZBzDmydg3HwSwXm9RG3KPMQ</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100014</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201057</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201057</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>N&#237;veis mais Baixos de Fetu&#237;na-A S&#233;rica est&#227;o Associados a um Maior Risco de Mortalidade em Dez Anos em Pacientes com Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio por Supradesnivelamento do Segmento ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9741-5426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanat</surname>
            <given-names>Sel&#231;uk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Bursa</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital , Bursa &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Pendik State Hospital</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Istanbul</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Pendik State Hospital , Istanbul &#8211; Turquia </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Hakan &#199;ak&#305;r &#8226; Kartal Ko&#351;uyolu Training and Research Hospital - Cardiology - Kartal &#304;stanbul, 34865 &#8211; Turquia E-mail: <email>dr.hcakir@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, Kanat S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Kanat S, &#199;ak&#305;r Hi; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, &#199;ak&#305;r Hi; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, Tenekecio&#287;lu E; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tenekecio&#287;lu E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>14</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>10</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A fetu&#237;na-A &#233; um fator anti-inflamat&#243;rio e anticalcifica&#231;&#227;o envolvido no curso da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Em alinhamento com essas fun&#231;&#245;es, investigou-se a fetu&#237;na-A como marcador de risco cardiovascular em v&#225;rios estudos. Por&#233;m, a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fetu&#237;na-A e o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes com DAC ainda &#233; controversa.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> O presente estudo foi conduzido para identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e doen&#231;a cardiovascular (DCV) de longo prazo e a mortalidade global por infarto do agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Foram cadastrados no estudo cento e oitenta pacientes consecutivos com STEMI. A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo foi dividida em subgrupos (mais baixo, &#8804;288 &#181;g/ml; e mais alto, &gt;288 &#181;g/ml) de acordo com a mediana do n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A. Dados de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foram obtidos por contato telef&#244;nico anual com pacientes ou familiares. As causas das mortes tamb&#233;m foram confirmadas pelo banco de dados de sa&#250;de nacional. P-valores bilaterais &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 10 anos, foram registradas 71 mortes, das quais 62 foram devidas a DCV. Identificou-se um &#237;ndice de mortalidade global e por DCV significativamente mais alto no grupo com n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A mais baixo que no grupo com n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A mais alto (44% versus 24%, p= 0,005; 48% versus 31%, p= 0,022, respectivamente). Nas an&#225;lises de risco proporcionais por regress&#227;o de Cox, detectou-se que a fetu&#237;na-A era um preditor independente de mortalidade global e por DCV.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> A baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A est&#225; associada ao progn&#243;stico de longo prazo ruim p&#243;s-STEMI, independentemente de fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais. Nossos achados fortaleceram estudos pr&#233;vios demonstrando consistentemente o papel determinante dos mediadores anti-inflamat&#243;rios em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supradesn&#237;vel do Segmento ST</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetu&#237;na A</kwd>
        <kwd>Globulinas</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Inflamat&#243;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A fetu&#237;na-A, glicoprote&#237;na alfa-2-Heremans-Schmid, &#233; uma prote&#237;na s&#233;rica abundantes que &#233; produzida exclusivamente pelo f&#237;gado, pela l&#237;ngua, pela placenta e pelo tecido adiposo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Ela tem um papel crucial como inibidor fisiol&#243;gico do receptor tirosina quinase associado &#224; resist&#234;ncia a insulina e um reagente de fase aguda negativa. Ela tamb&#233;m regula a remodela&#231;&#227;o &#243;ssea e o metabolismo do c&#225;lcio, sendo um inibidor importante da precipita&#231;&#227;o de sais de c&#225;lcio e calcifica&#231;&#245;es vasculares.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A inflama&#231;&#227;o &#233; um processo-chave na aterosclerose. Existem evid&#234;ncias significativas do efeito prejudicial &#224;s citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Durante a inflama&#231;&#227;o, citocinas pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rias, tais como IL-1&#223; e IL-6, reduzem a s&#237;ntese da fetu&#237;na-A no f&#237;gado. N&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A circulante reduzidos limitam as atividades de in&#250;meros mediadores anti-inflamat&#243;rios, agravando, dessa forma, a resposta inflamat&#243;ria. A fetu&#237;na-A &#233; um dos inibidores de calcifica&#231;&#227;o em tecido mole e na &#225;rvore vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria &#233; vista como &#237;ndice da gravidade da doen&#231;a vascular ateroscler&#243;tica e pode tamb&#233;m prever eventos cardiovasculares adversos futuros.</p>
      <p>Em alinhamento com essas fun&#231;&#245;es, investigou-se a fetu&#237;na-A como marcador de risco cardiovascular em v&#225;rios estudos. Estudos em popula&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;a renal terminal (DRT) demonstram consistentemente que n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A mais baixos s&#227;o associados aos eventos de DCV e mortalidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Entretanto, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) ainda &#233; controversa. N&#237;veis altos de fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica est&#227;o associados a uma mortalidade de um ano mais baixa nos casos de s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas (SCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Por outro lado, Parker et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> demonstraram que n&#227;o se observou associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a fetu&#237;na-A e evento de mortalidade ou DCV em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Weikert et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> relataram uma rela&#231;&#227;o entre n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica aumentada, e riscos mais altos de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM) e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico em um estudo coorte de grande popula&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No presente estudo, o objetivo foi identificar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e DCV de longo prazo e a mortalidade global de infarto do agudo do mioc&#225;rdio por supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (STEMI). Levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de que n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A mais baixos sejam um marcador progn&#243;stico para mortalidade em longo prazo p&#243;s-STEMI, independentemente de outros fatores de risco de DCV.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Entre maio e setembro de 2009, todos os pacientes (n: 195) diagnosticados com STEMI, e internados em at&#233; 12 horas ap&#243;s o surgimento dos sintomas, foram cadastrados inicialmente no estudo. Pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico em at&#233; 24 horas tamb&#233;m foram inclu&#237;dos. O STEMI foi diagnosticado na presen&#231;a dos dois crit&#233;rios abaixo: angina persistente por &#8805; 20 minutos e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST de &#8805; 1 mm em &#8805; 2 deriva&#231;&#245;es cont&#237;guas al&#233;m de V2 ou V3, ou a presen&#231;a de novos bloqueios de ramos do feixe esquerdo. Nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V2 a V3, 2 mm de supradesnivelamento de ST nos homens, e 1,5 mm de supradesnivelamento de ST em mulheres, eram necess&#225;rios para o diagn&#243;stico de STEMI. Os pacientes foram manejados de acordo com as diretrizes, e o tratamento n&#227;o foi afetado pela participa&#231;&#227;o no cadastro. Preferiu-se a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria como t&#233;cnica de reperfus&#227;o para toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo. Os pacientes foram exclu&#237;dos se alguma das caracter&#237;sticas abaixo estivesse presente: les&#227;o culpada ou cr&#237;tica na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria principal esquerda, cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria anterior, doen&#231;a renal terminal (clearance de creatinina, &lt;15 mL/min), infec&#231;&#227;o ativa, doen&#231;a inflamat&#243;ria cr&#244;nica, e malignidade conhecida. Ao final, a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo consistiu em 180 pacientes. Foi realizado o exame f&#237;sico completo e obteve-se um hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico detalhado de cada caso. Altura, peso e press&#227;o arterial (PA) foram medidos por enfermeiros treinados, utilizando-se protocolos e procedimentos padr&#227;o. Hipertens&#227;o foi definida pela press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8805; 140 mmHg, ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &#8805; 90 mmHg, ou tratamento atual com qualquer medicamento hipertensivo. O &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) foi calculado como peso (kg)/ altura<sup>2</sup> (m<sup>2</sup>). O termo de consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes. O estudo foi analisado e aprovado pelos comit&#234;s de &#233;tica institucionais.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medidas bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>Foram coletadas amostras de sangue venoso dos participantes ap&#243;s um jejum noturno. O soro foi separado imediatamente das c&#233;lulas por centrifuga&#231;&#227;o a 3000 g por 10 minutos, armazenado a frio a -70 &#176;C at&#233; ser analisado. A fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica foi medida, utilizando-se um kit de ensaio de imunoabsor&#231;&#227;o enzim&#225;tica de fetu&#237;na-A humana dispon&#237;vel comercialmente (BioVendor Laboratory Medicine, Inc., Brno, Rep&#250;blica Checa). Os coeficientes de varia&#231;&#227;o intra e interensaio da fetu&#237;na-A foram menores que 8%. Os n&#237;veis ultrassens&#237;veis de PCR (PCR-us) foram medidos pelo m&#233;todo imunonefelom&#233;trico (Image Immunochemistry System; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, EUA). Outros par&#226;metros bioqu&#237;micos foram medidos utilizando-se m&#233;todos e kits comercialmente dispon&#237;veis.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Foi realizado um ecocardiograma bidimensional no hospital, antes da alta, para avaliar a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), utilizando-se a t&#233;cnica de Simpson modificada. A an&#225;lise foi realizada por dois observadores cegos em rela&#231;&#227;o aos dados cl&#237;nicos e angiogr&#225;ficos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Acompanhamento prospectivo e resultados</title>
        <p>Dados de acompanhamento cl&#237;nico foram obtidos por contato telef&#244;nico anual com pacientes ou familiares ap&#243;s o ICP. As causas das mortes tamb&#233;m foram confirmadas pelo banco de dados de sa&#250;de nacional. O acompanhamento foi conclu&#237;do para todos os pacientes. Os resultados principais do estudo foram mortalidade cardiovascular (CID I00-I99) e mortalidade global, que incluem mortalidade cardiovascular e morte devido a causas n&#227;o card&#237;acas. Os pacientes passaram por triagens at&#233; o final de fevereiro de 2019 ou at&#233; a morte do paciente.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dias &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como mediana e faixa interquartil (FIQ). Dados categ&#243;ricos s&#227;o expressos como valores absolutos e porcentagens. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para testar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. As diferen&#231;as em vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas entre os grupos foram analisadas utilizando o teste t de amostras independentes ou o teste U de Mann-Whitney, para vari&#225;veis com o sem distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, respectivamente. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e propor&#231;&#245;es foram analisadas pelo teste Qui-quadrado. A correla&#231;&#227;o entre a fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica e os fatores de risco de DCV foi analisada utilizando-se a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Curvas de sobrevida para subgrupos de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica foram constru&#237;das pelo m&#233;todo Kaplan-Meier, e as diferen&#231;as em sobrevida foram avaliadas utilizando-se o teste de Log-rank.</p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise do modelo de risco proporcional de Cox foi usada para avaliar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre a fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e mortalidade global e por DCV no acompanhamento de 10 anos. O primeiro modelo era n&#227;o padronizado. O modelo 2 foi padronizado para idade e sexo. Com base no modelo 2, o modelo 3 foi padronizado al&#233;m disso para fatores de risco cardiovascular tradicionais, tais como tabagismo, hist&#243;rico de diabetes mellitus, hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, e n&#237;vel de colesterol total. Com base no modelo 3, o modelo 4 foi padronizado al&#233;m disso para n&#237;vel de creatinina e FEVE. A fetu&#237;na-A foi analisada separadamente como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica e vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua. Os resultados dos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox foram apresentados como raz&#245;es de chance (RC) e intervalos de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%.</p>
        <p>P-valores bilaterais &lt;0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. As an&#225;lises estat&#237;sticas foram realizadas com o software SPSS 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e bioqu&#237;micas</title>
        <p>A popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo era composta de 180 pacientes com STEMI e dividida em subgrupos com fetu&#237;na-A mais baixa e mais alta, de acordo com a mediana do n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A na admiss&#227;o. As caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e bioqu&#237;micas dos n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A na linha de base de acordo com os subgrupos (mais baixo, &#8804;288 &#181;g/ml; e mais alto, &gt;288 &#181;g/ml) est&#227;o resumidas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> . Os pacientes do grupo com fetu&#237;na-A mais baixa eram mais velhos, e tinham uma preval&#234;ncia mais alta de hipertens&#227;o e n&#237;veis mais altos de creatinina s&#233;rica e PCR-us em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo com fetu&#237;na-A mais alta. No ecocardiograma, os valores de FEVE eram mais baixos no grupo com fetu&#237;na-A mais baixa.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas de linha de base da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo estratificada pela mediana dos valores de fetu&#237;na-A na admiss&#227;o (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml versus &#8804;288 &#181;g/ml)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Grupos de fetu&#237;na-A</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-valor</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Fetu&#237;na-A mais baixa (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                  <th>Fetu&#237;na-A mais alta (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, a</td>
                  <td align="center">60,5&#177;9,9</td>
                  <td align="center">57,1&#177;9,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo, feminino/masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">12/78</td>
                  <td align="center">17/73</td>
                  <td align="center">0,311</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">26,0&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">25,8&#177;2,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,528</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tabagismo, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">59 (65,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">51 (56,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hipertens&#227;o, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (35,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (21,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (27,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (20,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,221</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">181&#177;34</td>
                  <td align="center">182&#177;34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,922</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>*Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">141 [102-194]</td>
                  <td align="center">137 [103-181]</td>
                  <td align="center">0,595</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">33&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">35&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,059</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">115&#177;30</td>
                  <td align="center">113&#177;31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,658</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina, g/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">12,7&#177;1,46</td>
                  <td align="center">13,0&#177;1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,240</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10&#177;0,74</td>
                  <td align="center">0,84&#177;0,30</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR-us, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">1,91&#177;2,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,86&#177;1,56</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pico de troponina I, ng/ml</td>
                  <td align="center">45,0&#177;37,6</td>
                  <td align="center">35,1&#177;34,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,066</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM pr&#233;vio, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (5,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,756</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM da parede anterior, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (38,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,274</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM inferior ou ventr. direito, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (44,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (60,0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,037</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IM de parede posterolateral, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (16,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (8,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,118</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tempo de reperfus&#227;o, h</td>
                  <td align="center">5,7&#177;6,8</td>
                  <td align="center">6,4&#177;10,0</td>
                  <td align="center">0,547</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Administra&#231;&#227;o de tirofibana, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">55 (61,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">50 (55,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,450</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">42&#177;7</td>
                  <td align="center">45&#177;6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP, n (%) ou *mediana [FIQ]. IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Fetu&#237;na-A e fatores de risco de DCV</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o bivariada entre fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e fatores de risco de DCV &#233; apresentada na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> . O n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A estava inversamente correlacionado ao PCR-us, e diretamente correlacionado &#224; glicemia de jejum ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o por sexo, idade e IMC.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica com fatores de risco de doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="4">Correla&#231;&#227;o com os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="2">Sem padroniza&#231;&#227;o</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Padronizado para Sexo, idade e IMC</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                  <th>r</th>
                  <th>p-valor<sup>&#8224;</sup></th>
                  <th>R</th>
                  <th>p-valor<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade, a</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,245</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,031</td>
                  <td align="center">0,681</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAS, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,084</td>
                  <td align="center">0,263</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,616</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PAD, mm Hg</td>
                  <td align="center">0,063</td>
                  <td align="center">0,403</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018</td>
                  <td align="center">0,810</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicemia jejum, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,288</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,272</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,056</td>
                  <td align="center">0,456</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,961</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,083</td>
                  <td align="center">0,268</td>
                  <td align="center">0,073</td>
                  <td align="center">0,333</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">0,175</td>
                  <td align="center">0,019</td>
                  <td align="center">0,124</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL colesterol, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,903</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,078</td>
                  <td align="center">0,302</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR-us, mg/dl</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,276</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">-0,233</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; PCR-us: prote&#237;na C reativa ultrassens&#237;vel; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica. <sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> Utilizada a correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. <sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> Utilizada a an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o parcial.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resultados cl&#237;nicos</title>
        <p>Os resultados cl&#237;nicos s&#227;o apresentados na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> . Durante um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 10 anos, foram registradas 71 mortes, das quais 62 foram devidas a DCV. Os &#237;ndices de mortalidade global e por DCV foram significativamente mais altos no grupo com n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A mais baixo que no grupo com n&#237;vel fetu&#237;na-A mais alto (44% versus 24%, p= 0,005; 48% versus 31%, p=0,022, respectivamente). As curvas de sobrevida acumulada demonstraram que os riscos de mortalidade global e por DCV aumentaram &#224; medida que os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A diminu&#237;ram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; &#205;ndices de mortalidade global e cardiovascular de acordo com os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="25%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">No acompanhamento de 10 anos</th>
                  <th>Fetu&#237;na-A mais baixa (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                  <th>Fetu&#237;na-A mais alta (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Morte por DCV, n (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">40 (44)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mortalidade global, n, (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">43 (48)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (31)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Curvas de sobrevida de Kaplan-Meier de mortalidade por doen&#231;a cardiovascular (A) e mortalidade global (B) de acordo com a fetu&#237;na-A.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0014-01057-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de regress&#227;o de Cox</title>
        <p>As RC para mortalidade cardiovascular e global associadas ao n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . Mesmo ap&#243;s a padroniza&#231;&#227;o para v&#225;rios fatores confundidores (modelo 4), identificou-se que a fetu&#237;na-A &#233; um preditor independente da mortalidade cardiovascular, como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica e cont&#237;nua (RC=0,46, IC 95%: 0,27-0,78 e RC=0,997, IC 95%: 0,994-0,999, respectivamente). Para a mortalidade global, ap&#243;s v&#225;rias padroniza&#231;&#245;es (modelo 4), identificou-se que a fetu&#237;na-A foi um preditor significativo como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua (RC=0,997, IC 95%: 0,995-1,000). Ao mesmo tempo, houve uma tend&#234;ncia para a signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica da fetu&#237;na-A como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica (p=0,085).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Raz&#245;es de risco baseadas nos modelos de regress&#227;o de Cox para estimar os efeitos dos n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A na mortalidade global e por doen&#231;a cardiovascular</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup width="20%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortalidade por DCV</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortalidade global</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o de risco (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                  <th>Raz&#227;o de risco (IC 95%)</th>
                  <th>p-valor</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Fetu&#237;na-A como vari&#225;vel categ&#243;rica</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0.27-0.78)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                  <td align="center">0,54 (0.34-0.88)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,014</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,46 (0.27-0.79)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0.33-0.89)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,016</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,48 (0.28-0.83)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,009</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58 (0.35-0,95)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,032</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,55 (0.31-0.96)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,036</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64 (0.38-1.06)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="5">
                    <bold>Fetu&#237;na-A como vari&#225;vel cont&#237;nua</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,995 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,001</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,002</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 3</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0.993-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,003</td>
                  <td align="center">0,996 (0.994-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,005</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Modelo 4</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997 (0.994-0.999)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,038</td>
                  <td align="center">0,997 (0.995-1.000)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,034</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>Modelo 1: N&#227;o padronizado. Modelo 2: padronizado para idade e sexo. Modelo 3: padronizado al&#233;m disso para tabagismo, hist&#243;rico de diabetes mellitus, hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o, e n&#237;vel de colesterol total. Modelo 4: padronizado al&#233;m disso para n&#237;vel de creatinina e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; DCV: doen&#231;a cardiovascular.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, demonstrou-se que os n&#237;veis mais altos de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica tinham risco mais baixo de mortalidade global e por DCV em pacientes com STEMI. Identificou-se que a associa&#231;&#227;o era independente de fatores de risco estabelecidos para DCV, tais como, idade, tabagismo, hipertens&#227;o, diabetes mellitus, hiperlipidemia e creatinina. Al&#233;m disso, identificou-se que o n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica estava inversamente correlacionado ao PCR-us, e diretamente correlacionado &#224; glicemia de jejum.</p>
      <p>Estudos pr&#233;vios investigando a rela&#231;&#227;o entre a fetu&#237;na-A e a mortalidade global e cardiovascular tiveram resultados conflitantes. Concentra&#231;&#245;es mais baixas de fetu&#237;na-A previram o aumento da mortalidade global e por DCV nas popula&#231;&#245;es com doen&#231;a renal terminal, pacientes de di&#225;lise, e popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Lim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> estabeleceram que os &#237;ndices de mortalidade de 6 meses eram significativamente mais altos em pacientes com STEMI com n&#237;veis baixos de fetu&#237;na-A em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes com n&#237;veis altos de fetu&#237;na-A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, Chen et. al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> demonstraram que n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica mais baixos estavam associados com um aumento do risco de mortalidade global e por DCV em pacientes com DAC est&#225;vel, independentemente de fatores de risco de DCV tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Contrariamente, Roos et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstraram n&#227;o existir associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A s&#233;rica e eventos secund&#225;rios de DCV em pacientes com DAC ap&#243;s o acompanhamento de 6 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, no estudo EPIC-Postdam, Weikert et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> demonstraram que pacientes com concentra&#231;&#245;es altas de fetu&#237;na-A tinham risco 4 vezes mais alto de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e acidente vascular isqu&#234;mico em compara&#231;&#227;o aos sujeitos com n&#237;veis baixos de fetu&#237;na-A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As raz&#245;es subjacentes para tais discrep&#226;ncias mencionadas acima n&#227;o foram claramente identificadas, mas algumas explica&#231;&#245;es foram propostas. A calcifica&#231;&#227;o vascular e a inflama&#231;&#227;o podem ter um papel importante no desenvolvimento da aterosclerose e DCV. A fetu&#237;na-A pode ajudar a prevenir o desenvolvimento de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares por suas fun&#231;&#245;es anti-inflamat&#243;rias e anticalcifica&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> A fetu&#237;na-A tem um papel crucial no caminho anti-inflamat&#243;rio ap&#243;s uma isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, provavelmente facilitando o in&#237;cio do processo de cura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Entretanto, a fetu&#237;na-A est&#225; envolvida na patog&#234;nese do diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ao inibir a fosforila&#231;&#227;o do receptor de insulina tirosina, o que leva &#224; resist&#234;ncia a insulina.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Uma meta-an&#225;lise recente confirmou a associa&#231;&#227;o, demonstrando que um incremento DP do n&#237;vel de fetu&#237;na-A resulta em um risco 23% mais alto de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 incidente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a fetu&#237;na-A poderia levar &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do receptor do tipo Toll 4 e &#224; migra&#231;&#227;o do macr&#243;fago, resultando em inflama&#231;&#227;o do tecido adiposo e disfun&#231;&#227;o do adip&#243;cito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Com base nesses fatos, o n&#237;vel alto de fetu&#237;na-A, e n&#227;o o n&#237;vel baixo de fetu&#237;na-A, pode ser associado a aterosclerose e DCV. Esse efeito duplo da fetu&#237;na-A pode ter causado resultados heterog&#234;neos em status e condi&#231;&#245;es diferentes. Sugere-se que, nos est&#225;gios iniciais de DCV, a fetu&#237;na-A exacerba essa doen&#231;a devido a seus efeitos de promo&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia &#224; insulina e dislipidemia; entretanto, em est&#225;gios posteriores de DCV, altas concentra&#231;&#245;es de fetu&#237;na-A tiveram resultados positivos devido a seu efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio e capacidade de evitar o dep&#243;sito de c&#225;lcio vascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poss&#237;vel para esses resultados contradit&#243;rios &#233; o fato de que a fetu&#237;na-A &#233; uma prote&#237;na de fase aguda, que pode ser reduzida marcadamente no stress agudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Embora essa condi&#231;&#227;o reflita o equil&#237;brio da inflama&#231;&#227;o aguda em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas, ela pode ter efeitos ilus&#243;rios em resultados de longo prazo. Por fim, nesses estudos, os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A foram medidas utilizando-se v&#225;rios imunoensaios com sensibilidades e especificidades diferentes.</p>
      <p>No estudo atual, identificou-se que a alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A estava associada a um resultado favor&#225;vel ap&#243;s o STEMI. Os efeitos inibidores da fetu&#237;na-A em processos inflamat&#243;rios podem explicar essa observa&#231;&#227;o. A inflama&#231;&#227;o tem um papel crucial na patog&#234;nese da aterosclerose e da SCA. Ap&#243;s o SCA, a inflama&#231;&#227;o se espalha por todo o mioc&#225;rdio e est&#225; envolvida na cicatriza&#231;&#227;o e na recupera&#231;&#227;o das fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Entretanto, o papel de mediadores anti-inflamat&#243;rios em contra-atacar e modular o processo inflamat&#243;rio parece ser cr&#237;tico para evitar a cicatriza&#231;&#227;o inadequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Nos casos em que a inflama&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o pode ser suficientemente limitada por citocinas anti-inflamat&#243;rias, a inflama&#231;&#227;o pode levar a consequ&#234;ncias desfavor&#225;veis, tais como fibrose card&#237;aca, dilata&#231;&#227;o cr&#244;nica, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e arritmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> H&#225; muitas evid&#234;ncias que demonstram os efeitos prejudiciais de mediadores pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;rios na SCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Dados recentes tamb&#233;m sugerem que marcadores anti-inflamat&#243;rios podem ter valor similar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Feistritzer et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstraram que a fetu&#237;na-A baixa, associada a efeitos adversos de dimens&#245;es de enfartamento, fun&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, e remodela&#231;&#227;o ap&#243;s STEMI agudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A facilitar&#225; o processo inflamat&#243;rio existente<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> e a superprodu&#231;&#227;o de citocinas cardiot&#243;xicas, tais como o fator de necrose tumoral,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> que expor&#225; os pacientes a um risco aumentado de remodela&#231;&#227;o de VE e recorr&#234;ncia de SCA. Al&#233;m disso, a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A pode ter um efeito delet&#233;rio direto na fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Merx et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> relataram recentemente o avan&#231;o da fibrose card&#237;aca, calcifica&#231;&#227;o, fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica notadamente prejudicada, e toler&#226;ncia a isquemia, bem como resist&#234;ncia a catecolamina nos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos knockout com fetu&#237;na-A.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>No cen&#225;rio de STEMI, o efeito anti-inflamat&#243;rio da fetu&#237;na-A pode ser mais dominante para se determinar o progn&#243;stico que seus outros efeitos. Isso pode explicar a rela&#231;&#227;o entre os n&#237;veis altos de fetu&#237;na-A e baixa mortalidade ap&#243;s o STEMI. Devido &#224; associa&#231;&#227;o bif&#225;sica da fetu&#237;na-A com doen&#231;a cardiovascular, dependendo do est&#225;gio da aterosclerose, os valores de fetu&#237;na-A podem estar restritos a pacientes com STEMI para avaliar esse progn&#243;stico.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O presente estudo tem v&#225;rias limita&#231;&#245;es a serem mencionadas. A limita&#231;&#227;o mais importante do presente estudo &#233; que ele reflete uma experi&#234;ncia em um centro &#250;nico com um n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes. Devido ao pequeno n&#250;mero de pacientes, o valor progn&#243;stico da fetu&#237;na-A deve ser interpretado com cuidado nessa popula&#231;&#227;o. Nossos resultados s&#227;o baseados em medi&#231;&#245;es de fetu&#237;na-A de amostras de sangue &#250;nicas na admiss&#227;o hospitalar. Os n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A n&#227;o foram avaliados ap&#243;s a fase aguda do infarto do mioc&#225;rdio. A an&#225;lise seria mais valiosa se a altera&#231;&#227;o da fetu&#237;na-A ao longo do tempo pudesse ser demonstrada com v&#225;rias medidas. Por fim, este estudo n&#227;o p&#244;de considerar completamente todos os poss&#237;veis fatores confundidores associados aos n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A plasm&#225;tica ou desenvolvimento de DCV.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo demonstra que a baixa concentra&#231;&#227;o de fetu&#237;na-A est&#225; associada a um progn&#243;stico ruim para casos de STEMI no longo prazo. O impacto delet&#233;rio de um processo inflamat&#243;rio parece persistir ap&#243;s 10 anos de acompanhamento. Nossos achados fortaleceram estudos pr&#233;vios demonstrando consistentemente o papel determinante dos mediadores anti-inflamat&#243;rios em s&#237;ndromes coron&#225;rias agudas. S&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos randomizados de larga escala posteriores para explicar a utilidade cl&#237;nica dos n&#237;veis de fetu&#237;na-A na previs&#227;o do progn&#243;stico p&#243;s-STEMI no acompanhamento.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Lower Serum Fetuin-A Levels are Associated with a Higher Ten-Year Mortality Risk in Patients with ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9741-5426</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hakan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kanat</surname>
            <given-names>Sel&#231;uk</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>&#199;ak&#305;r</surname>
            <given-names>Hilal</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tenekecio&#287;lu</surname>
            <given-names>Erhan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Bursa &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Pendik State Hospital, Istanbul &#8211; Turkey </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Hakan &#199;ak&#305;r &#8226; Kartal Kosuyolu Training and Research Hospital - Cardiology - Kartal &#304;stanbul, 34865 &#8211; Turkey E-mail: dr.hcakir@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, Kanat S; Acquisition of data: Kanat S, &#199;ak&#305;r Hi; Analysis and interpretation of the data: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha; Statistical analysis: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, &#199;ak&#305;r Hi; Writing of the manuscript: &#199;ak&#305;r Ha, Tenekecio&#287;lu E; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tenekecio&#287;lu E.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Fetuin-A is an anti-inflammatory and anti-calcification factor involved in the course of coronary artery disease (CAD). In line with these functions, fetuin-A has been investigated as a cardiovascular risk marker in many studies. However, the association between fetuin-A and the prognosis of CAD patients is still controversial.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>The present study was conducted to identify the association between serum fetuin-A level and long-term cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>One hundred eigthy consecutive patients with STEMI were enrolled in the study. The study population was divided into subgroups (lower, &#8804;288 &#181;g/ml; and higher, &gt;288 &#181;g/ml) according to the median fetuin-A level. Clinical follow-up data was obtained by annual contact with the patients or family members by telephone. The causes of death were also confirmed by the national health database. Two-sided p-values&lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>During a median follow-up of 10 years, 71 deaths were recorded , 62 of whom died from CVD. Both CVD and all-cause mortality were found to be significantly higher in the lower fetuin-A group than the higher fetuin-A group (44% vs 24%, p= 0.005; 48% vs 31%, p= 0.022, respectively). In Cox regression proportional hazard analyses, fetuin-A was found to be an independent predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Low fetuin-A concentration is associated with a poor long-term prognosis after STEMI, regardless of the traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Our findings have strengthened previous studies that consistently demonstrate the determining role of anti-inflammatory mediators in acute coronary syndromes.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Fetuin Alpha</kwd>
        <kwd>Globulins</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti- Inflammatory Agents</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Fetuin-A, &#945;2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein, is an abundant serum protein that is exclusively produced by the liver, tongue, placenta and adipose tissue.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> It plays a crucial role as a physiological inhibitor of insulin receptor tyrosine kinase, associated with insulin resistance and a negative acute phase reactant. It also regulates bone remodeling and calcium metabolism, and is an important inhibitor of calcium salt precipitation and vascular calcifications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Inflammation is a key process in atherosclerosis. Substantial evidence exists for the detrimental effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> During inflammation, proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1&#223; and IL-6, decrease the synthesis of fetuin-A in the liver. Decreased circulating fetuin-A levels constrains the activities of numerious anti-inflammatory mediators, thereby aggravating the inflammatory response. Fetuin-A is one of the inhibitors of calcification in soft tissue and vascular tree.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Coronary artery calcification is regarded as an index of the severity of atherosclerotic vascular disease and may also predict future adverse cardiovascular events.</p>
        <p>In line with these functions, fetuin-A has been investigated as a cardiovascular risk marker in many studies. Studies in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) populations have consistently shown that lower fetuin-A levels are associated with CVD-events and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> However, the relation between serum fetuin-A levels and the prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) patients is still controversial. High serum fetuin-A level is associated with a lower 1-year mortality in acute coronary syndromes (ACS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> On the other hand, Parker et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> demonstrated that no significant association of fetuin-A with mortality or a CVD event was observed in patients with stable CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Weikert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> reported a relationship between increased plasma fetuin-A levels and an higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke in a large population-based cohort.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study aimed to identify the association between the serum fetuin-A level and the long-term CVD and all-cause mortality of ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). We hypothesized that lower fetuin-A levels would be a prognosic marker for long-term mortality after STEMI, regardless of other CVD risk factors.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>Between May 2009 and September 2009, all patients (n: 195) diagnosed with STEMI, and admitted to the hospital within 12 h of the onset of symptoms, were first enrolled in the study. Patients with cardiogenic shock within 24h were also included. STEMI was diagnosed in the presence of the two following criteria: persistent angina for &#8805; 20 minutes and ST-segment elevation of &#8805; 1 mm in &#8805; 2 contiguous leads other than V2 to V3, or the presence of new left-bundle branch block. In leads V2 to V3, 2 mm of ST-segment elevation in men and 1.5 mm of ST-segment elevation in women was required for the STEMI diagnosis. Patients were managed according to guidelines; treatment was not affected by participation in the registry. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) was preferred as the reperfusion technique for the entire study population. Patients were excluded if any of the following were present: culprit or critical lesion in the left main coronary artery, previous coronary artery bypass surgery, end-stage renal disease (creatinine clearance, &lt;15 mL/min), active infection, chronic inflammatory disease, and known malignancy. Finally, the study population consisted of 180 patients. A complete physical examination was performed, and a detailed medical history was obtained from each case. Height, weight, and blood pressure (BP) were measured by trained nurses using standard protocols and procedures. Hypertension was defined as a systolic BP of &#8805;140 mmHg, a diastolic BP of &#8805;90 mmHg, or current treatment by any antihypertensive drug. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as weight (kg) / height<sup>2</sup>(m<sup>2</sup>). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants. The study was reviewed and approved by the institutional ethics committees.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Biochemical measurement</title>
          <p>Venous blood samples were collected from participants after overnight fasting. Serum was immediately separated from the cells by centrifugation at 3000g for 10 minutes, stored on ice at -70&#186;C until analyzed. Serum fetuin-A was measured using a commercially available human fetuin-A enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit (BioVendor Laboratory Medicine, Inc., Brno, Czech Republic). The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation for fetuin-A were less then 8%. High sensitive CRP (hs-CRP) levels were measured by immunonephelometric method (Image Immunochemistry System; Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA). Other biochemical parameters were measured using commercially available methods and kits.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>A two-dimensional echocardiogram was performed in-hospital before discharge for the evaluation of left ventricle ejection fraction (LVEF), using modified the Simpson&#8217;s technique. The analysis was performed by two observers blinded to the clinical and angiographical data.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Prospective follow-up and outcomes</title>
          <p>Clinical follow-up data was obtained by annual contact with the patients or their family members by telephone after PCI. The causes of deaths were also confirmed by the national health database. Follow-up was completed in all patients. The primary outcomes of the study were cardiovascular mortality (ICD codes I00-I99) and all-cause mortality, which included cardiovascular mortality and death due to non-cardiac causes. The patients were screened until the end of February 2019 or the patient&#8217;s death.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and continuous variables without normal distribution are expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). Categorical data are expressed as absolute values and percentages. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to test the normal distribution. Differences in continuous variables between the groups were determined by independent sample t-test or the Mann-Whitney U-test, for variables with or without normal distribution, respectively. Categorical variables and proportions were analyzed by the chi-square test. The correlation between plasma fetuin-A and CVD risk factors was analyzed using the Pearson correlation. Survival curves for plasma fetuin-A subgroups were constructed by Kaplan-Meier method, differences in survival were assessed using the log-rank test.</p>
          <p>The Cox proportional hazards model analysis was used to evaluate the association between serum fetuin-A and CVD and all-cause mortality in a 10-year follow-up. The first model was unadjusted. Model 2 was adjusted for age and sex. Based on model 2, model 3 was further adjusted for traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as smoking, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension, and total cholestrol level. Based on model 3, model 4 was further adjusted for creatinine level and LVEF. Fetuin-A was analyzed separately as both categorical and continuous variables. Results of Cox regression models were presented as hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).</p>
          <p>Two-sided p values &lt;0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 20.0 (IBM SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and biochemical characteristics</title>
          <p>The study population consisted of 180 patients with STEMI and were divided into lower- and higher-fetuin-A subgroups according to the median fetuin-A level upon admission. The demographic and biochemical characteristics of the baseline fetuin-A levels according to the subgroups (lower, &#8804;288 &#181;g/ml; and higher, &gt;288 &#181;g/ml) are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> . Patients from the lower fetuin-A group were older and had a higher prevalence of hypertension and greater serum creatinine and hs-CRP levels compared to the higher fetuin-A group. In the echocardiography, LVEF values were lower in the lower fetuin-A group.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Baseline Characteristics of the Study Population Stratified by the Median of Admission Fetuin-A Values (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml vs &gt;288 &#181;g/ml)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2">Variables</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Groups of Fetuin-A</th>
                    <th rowspan="2">p value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>Lower Fetuin-A (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                    <th>Higher Fetuin-A (&gt;288 &#181;g/ml) (n:90)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age,y</td>
                    <td align="center">60.5&#177;9.9</td>
                    <td align="center">57.1&#177;9.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex, female/male</td>
                    <td align="center">12/78</td>
                    <td align="center">17/73</td>
                    <td align="center">0.311</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">26.0&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">25.8&#177;2.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.528</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cigarette smoking, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">59 (65.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">51 (56.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">32 (35.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (21.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Diabetes mellitus, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (27.8)</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (20.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.221</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">181&#177;34</td>
                    <td align="center">182&#177;34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.922</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>*Triglycerides, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">141 [102-194]</td>
                    <td align="center">137 [103-181]</td>
                    <td align="center">0.595</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">33&#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">35&#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.059</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">115&#177;30</td>
                    <td align="center">113&#177;31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.658</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hemoglobin, g/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">12.7&#177;1.46</td>
                    <td align="center">13.0&#177;1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.240</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinin, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10&#177;0.74</td>
                    <td align="center">0.84&#177;0.30</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hs-CRP, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">1.91&#177;2.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.86&#177;1.56</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Peak troponin I, ng/ml</td>
                    <td align="center">45.0&#177;37.6</td>
                    <td align="center">35.1&#177;34.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.066</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Prior MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (5.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.756</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Anterior wall MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">35 (38.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (31.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.274</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&#304;nferior or right ventricle MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (44.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">54 (60.0)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.037</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Posterolateral wall MI, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">15 (16.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (8.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Time to reperfusion, h</td>
                    <td align="center">5.7&#177;6.8</td>
                    <td align="center">6.4&#177;10.0</td>
                    <td align="center">0.547</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Tirofiban administration, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">55 (61.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">50 (55.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.450</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF, %</td>
                    <td align="center">42&#177;7</td>
                    <td align="center">45&#177;6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as mean &#177; SD, n (%) or *median [IQR]. BMI: body mass index; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hs-CRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein; MI: myocardial infarction; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Fetuin-A and CVD risk factors</title>
          <p>The bivariate correlation analysis between serum fetuin-A and CVD risk factors is shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> . The serum fetuin-A level was inversely correlated with hs-CRP and positively correlated with fasting glucose after adjustment for sex, age, and BMI.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Association of Plasma Fetuin-A with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="4">Correlation With Plasma Fetuin-A Levels</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th colspan="2">No Adjustment</th>
                    <th colspan="2">Adjusted for Sex, Age, and BMI</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Variables</th>
                    <th>r</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup>&#8224;</sup></th>
                    <th>R</th>
                    <th>p-value<sup>&#8225;</sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, y</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.245</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI, kg/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.031</td>
                    <td align="center">0.681</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                    <td align="center">-</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>SBP, mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.084</td>
                    <td align="center">0.263</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.616</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>DBP, mm Hg</td>
                    <td align="center">0.063</td>
                    <td align="center">0.403</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018</td>
                    <td align="center">0.810</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fasting glucose, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">0.288</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.272</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">0.056</td>
                    <td align="center">0.456</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.961</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Triglycerides, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">0.083</td>
                    <td align="center">0.268</td>
                    <td align="center">0.073</td>
                    <td align="center">0.333</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">0.175</td>
                    <td align="center">0.019</td>
                    <td align="center">0.124</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LDL cholesterol, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.903</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.078</td>
                    <td align="center">0.302</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hs-CRP, mg/dl</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.276</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">-0.233</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; Hs-CRP: high sensitive C-reactive protein; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; SBP: systolic blood pressure.<sup><bold>&#8224;</bold></sup> Pearson correlation analysis was used.<sup><bold>&#8225;</bold></sup> Partial correlation analysis was used.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical outcomes</title>
          <p>Clinical outcomes are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> . During a median follow-up of 10 years, 71 deaths were recorded, 62 of whom died of CVD. Both CVD and all-cause mortality were significantly higher in patients in the lower fetuin-A group than in the higher fetuin-A group (44% vs 24%, p= 0.005; 48% vs 31%, p=0.022, respectively). The Kaplan-Meier cumulative survival curves showed that the risks for all-cause and CVD mortality increased as the fetuin-A levels declined ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality Rates According to the Plasma Fetuin-A Levels</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">At 10-year follow-up</th>
                    <th>Lower Fetuin-A (&#8804;288 &#181;g/ml) (n: 90)</th>
                    <th>Higher Fetuin-A (&gt;288 &#181;g/ml) (n: 90)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CVD death, n (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">40 (44)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (24)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>All-cause death, n, (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">43 (48)</td>
                    <td align="center">28 (31)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>CVD: cardiovascular disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Kaplan-Meier survival curves of cardiovascular disease (A) and all-cause mortality (B) according to the Fetuin-A.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0014-01057-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cox regression analysis</title>
          <p>The HRs for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality associated with the plasma fetuin-A level are presented in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . Even after adjustment for multiple confounding factors (model 4), fetuin-A was found to be an independent predictor of cardiovascular mortality, both as categorical and continuous variables (HR=0.46, 95% CI: 0.27-0.78 and HR=0.997, 95% CI: 0.994-0.999, respectively). For all-cause mortality, after multiple adjustments (model 4), fetuin-A was found to be a significant predictor as a continuous variable (HR=0.997, 95% CI: 0.995-1.000). Meanwhile, there was a trend toward statistical significance for fetuin-A as a categorical variable (p=0.085).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Hazard Ratios based on Cox Regression Models to Estimate the Effects of Fetuin-A Levels on Cardiovascular Disease and All-Cause Mortality</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="2">CVD Mortality</th>
                    <th colspan="2">All-cause Mortality</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Hazard Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                    <th>Hazard Ratio (95% CI)</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Fetuin-A as a categorical variable</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46 (0.27-0.78)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                    <td align="center">0.54 (0.34-0.88)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.014</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.46 (0.27-0.79)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.33-0.89)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.016</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.48 (0.28-0.83)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.009</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58 (0.35-0,95)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.032</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.55 (0.31-0.96)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.036</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64 (0.38-1.06)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td colspan="5">
                      <bold>Fetuin-A as a continuous variable</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.995 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.996 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.995 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.001</td>
                    <td align="center">0.996 (0.993-0.998)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.002</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 3</td>
                    <td align="center">0.996 (0.993-0.999)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.003</td>
                    <td align="center">0.996 (0.994-0.999)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.005</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Model 4</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997 (0.994-0.999)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.038</td>
                    <td align="center">0.997 (0.995-1.000)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.034</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Model 1: Unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age and sex. Model 3: further adjusted for smoking, history of diabetes mellitus, history of hypertension and total cholestrol level. Model 4: further adjusted for creatinin level and left ventricular ejection fraction. CI: confidence interval; CVD: cardiovascular disease.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study demonstrated that higher plasma fetuin-A levels had a lower risk of CVD and all-cause mortality in patients with STEMI. This association was found regardless of established risk factors for CVD, such as age, smoking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and creatinine. Moreover, the plasma fetuin-A level was found to be inversely correlated with hs-CRP and positively correlated with fasting glucose.</p>
        <p>Previous studies investigating the relationship between fetuin-A and cardiovascular and all-cause mortality had conflicting results. Lower fetuin-A concentrations have predicted increased CVD and all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease populations, dialysis patients and general population.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Lim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> established that 6-month mortality rates were significantly higher in STEMI patients with low fetuin-A levels compared to the patients with high fetuin-A levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Chen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> also showed that lower plasma fetuin-A levels were associated with an increased risk of all-cause and CVD mortality in patients with stable CAD regardless of traditional CVD risk factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> By contrast, Roos et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> demonstrated no significant association between serum fetuin-A levels and secondary CVD events in patients with CAD after a 6-year follow up.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Moreover, in the EPIC-Potsdam study, Weikert et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> showed that patients with high fetuin-A concentrations had a 4-fold increased risk for myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke when compared to the subjects with low fetuin-A levels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The underlying reasons for such discrepancies mentioned above have not been clearly identified, but some explanations have been proposed. Inflammation and vascular calcification play an important role in the development of atherosclerosis and CVD. Fetuin-A might help to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases through its anti-inflammatory and anti-calcification functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Fetuin A plays a crucial role in the inflammatory pathway following myocardial ischemia, likely facilitating the initiation of the healing process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> However, Fetuin-A is involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus by inhibiting insulin-receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, which leads to insulin resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> A recent meta-analysis confirmed this association by showing that one SD increment of a fetuin-A level results in a 23% greater risk of incident type 2 diabetes mellitus.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Fetuin-A may also lead to toll-like receptor-4 activation and macrophage migration, resulting in adipose tissue inflammation and adipocyte dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Based on these facts, a high fetuin-A level, rather than a low fetuin-A level, might be associated with atherosclerosis and CVD. This dual effect of fetuin-A may have caused heteregenous results in different statuses and conditions. It is suggested that, in early stages of CVD, fetuin-A exacerbates the disease due to its effects to promote insulin resistance and dyslipidemia; however, in later stages of CVD, high concentrations of fetuin-A have positive results due to its anti-inflammatory effect and ability to prevent vascular calcium deposition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Another possible explanation of these contradictory results is the fact that fetuin-A is an acute phase protein, which can be markedly reduced in acute stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Although this condition reflects the acute inflammation balance in acute coronary syndromes, it may have misleading effects on long-term results. Lastly, in those studies, fetuin-A levels were measured using various immunoassays with different sensitivity and specificity.</p>
        <p>In the current study, a high fetuin-A concentration was found to be associated with a favorable outcome after STEMI. The inhibitory effects of fetuin-A on inflammatory processes may explain this observation. Inflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and ACSs. Following ACS, inflammation spreads throughout the entire myocardium and is involved in the healing and restoration of myocardial functions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> However, the role of anti-inflammatory mediators in counteracting and modulating the inflammatory process appears critical to avoid inadequate healing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> In cases where the inflammation cannot be limited by anti-inflammatory cytokines sufficiently, inflammation may promote unfavorable consequences, such as cardiac fibrosis, chronic dilatation, heart failure, and arrhythmia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> A wide range of evidence shows harmful effects of pro-inflammatory mediators in ACS.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Recent data also suggest that anti-inflammatory markers may have similar value.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Feistritzer et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> showed that low fetuin-A is associated with an adverse effect on infarct size, left ventricular function, and remodelling after acute STEMI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> A low fetuin-A concentration will facilitate the ongoing inflammatory process<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> as well as the overproduction of cardiotoxic cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which will expose patients to an increased risk of LV remodeling and recurrence of ACS. In addition, a low fetuin-A concentration may have a direct deleterious effect on myocardial function. Merx et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> recently reported the progress of cardiac fibrosis, calcification, notably impaired diastolic function, and tolerance to ischemia, as well as catecholamine resistance in the hearts of fetuin-A knockout mice.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the setting of STEMI, the anti-inflammatory effect of fetuin-A may be more dominant in determining the prognosis than its other effects. This may explain the relationship between high fetuin A levels with low mortality after STEMI. Due to the biphasic association of fetuin-A with vascular disease, depending on the stage of atherosclerosis, fetuin-A values might be restricted to STEMI patients to assess the prognosis.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The present study has several limitations that should be mentioned. The most important limitation of the current study is that it reflects a single center experience with a limited number of patients. Because of the small number of patients, the prognostic value of fetuin-A should be interpreted with caution in this population. Our results are based on fetuin-A measurements from single blood samples upon admission. Fetuin-A levels were not evaluated after the acute phase of the myocardial infarction. The analysis would be more valuable if the change of fetuin-A over time could be shown with several measures. Lastly, our study could not completely consider all potential confounding factors associated with the plasma fetuin-A levels or CVD development.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The current study shows that a low fetuin-A concentration is associated with a poor long-term prognosis in STEMI. The deleterious impact of an inflammatory process appears to persist after a 10-year follow-up. Our findings have strengthened previous studies, which consistently demonstrate the determining role of anti-inflammatory mediators in acute coronary syndromes. Further large-scale and randomized studies are needed to explain the clinical usefulness of fetuin-A levels in the prediction of prognosis after STEMI during follow-up.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
