<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "http://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="editorial" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">mJvwGzDQvMstw4vLtkNgMtB</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100012</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210919</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210919</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o e Caquexia: A Import&#226;ncia da Avalia&#231;&#227;o na Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7210-6486</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Salvador Rassi</bold> &#8226; Rua T-36,3229 Setor Bueno CEP <postal-code>74223-055</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>srassi@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>01</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>12</fpage>
      <lpage>13</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Caquexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca/complica&#231;&#245;es</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Perda de Peso</kwd>
        <kwd>Progn&#243;stico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="9"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, descrita por Carlos Chagas h&#225; mais de 100 anos, &#233; ainda causa de significativa morbimortalidade e desempenha papel negativo socioecon&#244;mico em pa&#237;ses da Am&#233;rica Latina, entre eles o Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A desnutri&#231;&#227;o e a caquexia em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), em especial de etiologia chag&#225;sica, s&#227;o multifatoriais. A redu&#231;&#227;o na ingest&#227;o alimentar pode ser secund&#225;ria &#224; oferta diminu&#237;da de alimentos em uma popula&#231;&#227;o de pacientes usualmente em situa&#231;&#227;o financeira desfavor&#225;vel ou &#224; anorexia, comum nessa s&#237;ndrome de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> V&#225;rios fatores podem estar envolvidos na anorexia e perda de peso, como dietas pouco saborosas (principalmente pelo baixo teor de s&#243;dio) e o estado congestivo visceral, principalmente hep&#225;tico e intestinal. A hepatomegalia, frequentemente volumosa, leva a um desconforto g&#225;strico pelo aumento do lobo esquerdo do f&#237;gado e compress&#227;o do est&#244;mago. A dor epig&#225;strica no hipoc&#244;ndrio direito deve-se &#224; distens&#227;o da c&#225;psula hep&#225;tica. O edema da mucosa intestinal causa m&#225; absor&#231;&#227;o intestinal de prote&#237;nas e gorduras, e piora da nutri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Altera&#231;&#245;es neuroend&#243;crinas e imunol&#243;gicas tamb&#233;m est&#227;o envolvidos no desenvolvimento da caquexia no paciente com IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Pacientes com caquexia tem concentra&#231;&#245;es plasm&#225;ticas elevadas de fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-alfa) e outras citocinas infamat&#243;rias, particularmente a interleucina (IL) &#8722;6 e IL-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Isso decorre do fen&#244;meno de transloca&#231;&#227;o bacteriana, no qual as anormalidades do trato intestinal est&#227;o envolvidas no desenvolvimento da caquexia e da ativa&#231;&#227;o inflamat&#243;ria sist&#234;mica. Os efeitos dessas citocinas incluem prote&#243;lise e perda de massa muscular esquel&#233;tica, com agravamento da caquexia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ativa&#231;&#227;o neuro-humoral decorrente do baixo d&#233;bito sist&#234;mico na IC na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, leva a uma eleva&#231;&#227;o plasm&#225;tica de noradrenalina, angiotensina II e aldosterona. O adequado tratamento com medica&#231;&#245;es que bloqueiam esses neuro-horm&#244;nios diminui as chances do desenvolvimento de caquexia card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Neste estudo bem elaborado, Tavares et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> correlacionaram a ocorr&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia na IC descompensada de etiologia chag&#225;sica com desfechos hospitalares. &#201; sabido que pacientes em IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica tem pior progn&#243;stico que o de outras etiologias;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> entretanto, o quanto as caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais impactam no progn&#243;stico desses pacientes &#233; ainda pouco estudado. Assim, a hip&#243;tese dos autores,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> de que os dist&#250;rbios nutricionais sejam comuns nos pacientes com IC descompensada e tenham impacto no progn&#243;stico, o qual seria diferente de acordo com a etiologia da IC.</p>
    <p>Foi realizado um estudo de s&#233;rie de casos consecutivos, com pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada. Os pacientes foram avaliados quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de caquexia e baixa massa muscular e for&#231;a por Avalia&#231;&#227;o Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ASG) e medidas antropom&#233;tricas e laboratoriais, e quanto &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Foram analisados 131 pacientes consecutivos, sendo que 42 (32,1%) tinham doen&#231;a de Chagas. Esses apresentavam &#205;ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC) menor que pacientes sem doen&#231;a de Chagas (22,4kg/m<sup>2</sup> vs. 23,6kg/m<sup>2</sup> p=0,003) e maior frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o (76,2% vs 55,1 p=0,015) al&#233;m de maior ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco (83,3% vs 41,6% p&lt;0,001).</p>
    <p>A partir dos resultados, a autora concluiu que pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas internados com IC descompensada costumam apresentar problemas nutricionais, principalmente desnutri&#231;&#227;o, os quais est&#227;o associados &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Os dados do estudo mostraram que os pacientes com cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica apresentavam uma doen&#231;a mais grave, com n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais elevados de pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico cerebral e piores desfechos hospitalares. Tamb&#233;m apresentavam pior <bold>status</bold> nutricional, representado por baixo peso corporal e IMC, perda de massa muscular e maior frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o na ASG.</p>
    <p>Devemos lembrar que os pacientes com IC de etiologia chag&#225;sica tem frequentemente predom&#237;nio de fal&#234;ncia card&#237;aca direita, com hepatomegalia, edema de al&#231;as intestinais e, consequentemente, m&#225;-absor&#231;&#227;o proteica e maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria intestinal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Portanto, estes fatores: maior gravidade do dist&#250;rbio hemodin&#226;mico, edema de al&#231;a intestinal e atividade inflamat&#243;ria exacerbada t&#234;m impacto maior na ocorr&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, refor&#231;ando a necessidade de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o e suporte nutricional mais adequado, principalmente visando melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos no tratamento.</p>
    <p>Este ensaio cl&#237;nico nos traz informa&#231;&#245;es importantes, mas n&#227;o &#233; um estudo randomizado de interven&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica. O estudo ainda refor&#231;a o impacto da desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia na cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica, independente da presen&#231;a de megaes&#244;fago, que foi crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o neste estudo.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Desnutri&#231;&#227;o e Caquexia na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada e Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Ocorr&#234;ncia e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Desfechos Hospitalares</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
      <title>Refer&#234;ncias</title>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <collab>World Health Organization.(WHO)</collab>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas disease in Latin America: an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates</article-title>
          <source>Weekly Epidemiol Rec</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>33</fpage>
          <lpage>43</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>1 World Health Organization.(WHO). Chagas disease in Latin America: an epidemiological update based on 2010 estimates. Weekly Epidemiol Rec.2015;90(6):33-43.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Okaski</surname>
              <given-names>MP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Capalbo</surname>
              <given-names>RV</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Romeiro</surname>
              <given-names>FG</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Okaski</surname>
              <given-names>K</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Cardiac cachexia: perspectives for prevention and treatment</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>108</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>74</fpage>
          <lpage>80</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>2 Okaski MP, Capalbo RV, Romeiro FG, Okaski K. Cardiac cachexia: perspectives for prevention and treatment. Arq Bras Cardiol.2017;108(1):74-80.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Rossignol</surname>
              <given-names>P</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Masson</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Barlera</surname>
              <given-names>L</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Girerd</surname>
              <given-names>N</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Castelnovo</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Zannad</surname>
              <given-names>F</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Lossin Body Weight is na independente Prognostic Factor for Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure: Insight from the GISSI-HF and Val-HeFT Trials</article-title>
          <source>Eur J Heart Fail</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <volume>17</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>424</fpage>
          <lpage>433</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>3 Rossignol P, Masson S, Barlera L, Girerd N, Castelnovo A, Zannad F, et al. Lossin Body Weight is na independente Prognostic Factor for Mortality in Chronic Heart Failure: Insight from the GISSI-HF and Val-HeFT Trials. Eur J Heart Fail.2015;17(4):424-33.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview</article-title>
          <source>Heart</source>
          <year>2004</year>
          <volume>90</volume>
          <issue>4</issue>
          <fpage>464</fpage>
          <lpage>470</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>4 Anker SD. Inflammatory mediators in chronic heart failure: an overview. Heart. 2004;90(4):464-70.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>von Haehling</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Anker</surname>
              <given-names>SD</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Treatment of cachexia: an overview of recente developments</article-title>
          <source>Int J Cardiol</source>
          <year>2015</year>
          <month>04</month>
          <day>01</day>
          <volume>184</volume>
          <fpage>736</fpage>
          <lpage>742</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>5 von Haehling S, Anker SD. Treatment of cachexia: an overview of recente developments. Int J Cardiol.2015Apr 01;184:736-42.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Tavares</surname>
              <given-names>LCA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Lage</surname>
              <given-names>SH</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>ABC-2020-0644 Desnutri&#231;&#227;o e Caquexia na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada e Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Ocorr&#234;ncia e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Desfechos Hospitalares</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2022</year>
          <volume>118</volume>
          <issue>1</issue>
          <fpage>3</fpage>
          <lpage>11</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>6 Tavares LCA, Lage SH, Bocchi EA, Issa VS. ABC-2020-0644. Desnutri&#231;&#227;o e Caquexia na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada e Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Ocorr&#234;ncia e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Desfechos Hospitalares. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2022; 118(1):3-1.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Bocchi</surname>
              <given-names>EA</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bestetti</surname>
              <given-names>RB</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Scanavacca</surname>
              <given-names>MI</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Cunha</surname>
              <given-names>E</given-names>
              <suffix>Neto</suffix>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Issa</surname>
              <given-names>VS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chronic Chagas Heart Disease Management: from Etiolology to Cardiomyopathy Treatment</article-title>
          <source>J Am Coll Cardiol</source>
          <year>2017</year>
          <volume>70</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>1510</fpage>
          <lpage>1524</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>7 Bocchi EA, Bestetti RB, Scanavacca MI, Cunha Neto E, Issa VS. Chronic Chagas Heart Disease Management: from Etiolology to Cardiomyopathy Treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol.2017;70(12):1510-24.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nogueira</surname>
              <given-names>PR</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Rassi</surname>
              <given-names>S</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Corr&#234;a</surname>
              <given-names>KS</given-names>
            </name>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, cl&#237;nico e terap&#234;utico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em hospital terci&#225;rio</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2010</year>
          <volume>95</volume>
          <issue>3</issue>
          <fpage>392</fpage>
          <lpage>398</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>8 Nogueira PR, Rassi S, Corr&#234;a KS. Perfil epidemiol&#243;gico, cl&#237;nico e terap&#234;utico da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em hospital terci&#225;rio. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2010; 95(3):392-8.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9</label>
        <element-citation publication-type="journal">
          <person-group person-group-type="author">
            <name>
              <surname>Nunes</surname>
              <given-names>MCP</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Beaton</surname>
              <given-names>A</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Acquatella</surname>
              <given-names>H</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bern</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Bolger</surname>
              <given-names>AF</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Echeverria</surname>
              <given-names>LE</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal/>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Na update of Current Clinical Knowledge and Management. A Scientific Statment from the American Heart Association</article-title>
          <source>Circulation</source>
          <year>2018</year>
          <volume>138</volume>
          <issue>12</issue>
          <fpage>e169</fpage>
          <lpage>e209</lpage>
        </element-citation>
        <mixed-citation>9 Nunes MCP, Beaton A, Acquatella H, Bern C, Bolger AF, Echeverria LE, et al. Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Na update of Current Clinical Knowledge and Management. A Scientific Statment from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;138(12): e169-e209.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Importance of Assessing Malnutrition and Cachexia in Chagas Cardiomyopathy</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7210-6486</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Salvador</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3778-7153</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Freitas</surname>
            <given-names>Aguinaldo Figueiredo</given-names>
            <suffix>J&#250;nior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Salvador Rassi</bold> &#8226; Rua T-36,3229 Setor Bueno CEP <postal-code>74223-055</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>srassi@cardiol.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Malnutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>Cachexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure/complications</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Morbimortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Hospitalization</kwd>
        <kwd>Weight Loss</kwd>
        <kwd>Prognosis</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Chagas cardiomyopathy, described by Carlos Chagas more than 100 years ago, is still a cause of significant morbidity and mortality, and has a negative effect on socioeconomic status of Latin America countries, including Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Malnutrition and cachexia in heart failure (HF), especially in Chagas disease patients, has a multifactorial etiology. Decreased food intake may be caused either by a reduced supply of foods to these usually underprivileged patients or by anorexia, which is common in this syndrome.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Many factors may be involved in anorexia and weight loss, including tasteless food (mainly due to the low sodium diet) and due to visceral (mainly hepatic and intestinal) congestion. Hepatomegaly, usually dense, causes gastric discomfort due to left lobe enlargement and compression of the stomach. Pain in the right hypochondrium is caused by stretching of the liver capsule. Intestinal mucosal edema causes protein and fat malabsorption, ultimately affecting nutrition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Neuroendocrine and immunological changes are also involved in the development of cachexia in HF patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Patients with cachexia have increased plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-&#945;) and other inflammatory cytokines, particularly interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> This results from bacterial translocation, in which abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract are involved in the development of cachexia and systemic inflammation. Effects of these cytokines include proteolysis and loss of skeletal muscle mass, with aggravation of cachexia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Neurohumoral activation resulting from diminished systemic output in Chagas cardiomyopathy-related HF causes an increase in plasma noradrenaline, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. An adequate treatment with drugs that block these neurohormones reduces the risk of cardiac cachexia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this well-designed study, Tavares LCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> correlated malnutrition and cachexia in patients with Chagas disease and decompensated HF with hospital outcomes. It is known that patients with HF caused by Chagas disease have worse prognosis than other etiologies;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> however, the impact of nutritional factors on the prognosis of these patients is still poorly understood. Therefore, the hypothesis of the authors<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> is that nutritional disorders are common in patients with decompensated HF and have in impact on prognosis, which would be different according to the etiology of HF.</p>
      <p>The study was conducted on a consecutive series of patients hospitalized for decompensated HF. Patients were assessed for nutritional status by subjective global assessment (SGA), and anthropometric and laboratory measurements, and for urgent heart transplantation and death during hospitalization. A total of 131 consecutive patients were analyzed, 42 (32.1%) of them had Chagas disease. Patients with Chagas disease had lower body mass index (BMI) (22.4kg/m&#178; vs. 23.6kg/m&#178; p=0.003) and higher frequency of malnutrition (76.2% vs. 55.1 p=0.015), death and cardiac transplantation (83.3% vs. 41.6% p&lt;0.001) compared with patients without the disease.</p>
      <p>Based on the results, the author concluded that Chagas disease patients admitted with decompensated HF commonly have nutritional problems, especially malnutrition, that are associated with higher frequency of death and cardiac transplantation during hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The study showed that the patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy had more severe illness, with increased brain natriuretic peptide levels and worse hospital outcomes. These patients also had worse nutritional status, namely low body weight and BMI, loss of muscle mass and more malnutrition according to the SGA.</p>
      <p>We must remember that Chagas disease patients with HF mostly present with right heart failure, with hepatomegaly, edema of intestinal loops and, consequently, protein malabsorption and increased intestinal inflammatory activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Thus, the high severity of hemodynamic dysfunction, edema of intestinal loop, and exacerbated inflammation have greater impact on malnutrition, reinforcing the need for adequate nutritional assessment and support, especially focusing on better treatment outcomes.</p>
      <p>Although this clinical trial provides important information, this is not a randomized intervention study. The study also reinforces the impact of malnutrition and cachexia on Chagas cardiomyopathy, regardless of the presence of megaesophagus, which was an exclusion criterion of the study.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Undernutrition and Cachexia in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure and Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Occurrence and Association with Hospital Outcomes</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
