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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">BfdPwmcsfChmn9PPqYtcdfS</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2022000100003</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200644</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200644</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o e Caquexia na Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca Descompensada e Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica: Ocorr&#234;ncia e Associa&#231;&#227;o com Desfechos Hospitalares</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8206-9495</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Candido Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Gel&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, S&#227;o Paulo , SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Larissa Candido Alves Tavares &#8226; Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>larissaalves3@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Tavares LCA, Lage SHG, Bocchi EA, Issa VS; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Tavares LCA, Issa VS; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Lage SHG, Bocchi EA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>21</day>
        <month>02</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>1</month>
        <year>2022</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>118</volume>
      <issue>1</issue>
      <fpage>3</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Problemas nutricionais s&#227;o comuns em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC) e est&#227;o associados a um progn&#243;stico ruim. &#201; relevante mencionar que algumas popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes, como os com Doen&#231;a de Chagas, s&#227;o normalmente exclu&#237;das da maioria das an&#225;lises.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Buscamos analisar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas durante epis&#243;dios de IC descompensada (ICD) em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias, e investigar a influ&#234;ncia desses achados em desfechos hospitalares.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todo</title>
          <p> Realizamos um estudo de s&#233;rie de casos consecutivos com pacientes hospitalizados com ICD. Os pacientes foram submetidos &#224; Avalia&#231;&#227;o Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ASG), al&#233;m de medidas antropom&#233;tricas e laboratoriais, e foram avaliados para a ocorr&#234;ncia de caquexia, baixa massa muscular e for&#231;a. Estudamos a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Ao todo, 131 pacientes foram analisados e 42 (32,1%) tinham Doen&#231;a de Chagas. Pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentavam &#237;ndice de massa corporal (IMC) menor (22,4 kg/m2 [19,9-25,3] vs. 23,6 kg/m2 [20,8-27,3], p=0,03), maior frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o (76,2% vs 55,1%, p=0,015) e mais ocorr&#234;ncias de morte ou transplante (83,3% vs. 41,6%, p&lt;0,001). Observamos que, dentre os pacientes com etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco esteve associada com desnutri&#231;&#227;o (3 [42,9%] pacientes com alta hospitalar vs. 29 [82,9%] pacientes que morreram ou receberam transplante card&#237;aco, P=0,043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Ao todo, nossos resultados indicam que pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas internados com ICD costumam apresentar problemas nutricionais, principalmente desnutri&#231;&#227;o. &#201; importante mencionar que este achado esteve associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Caquexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Avalia&#231;&#227;o Nutricional</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="2"/>
        <ref-count count="36"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Problemas nutricionais s&#227;o uma das principais manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas em pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), e s&#227;o resultado de desordens sist&#234;micas envolvendo vias metab&#243;licas, end&#243;crinas e inflamat&#243;rias, assim como disfun&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os. A ocorr&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbios nutricionais no cen&#225;rio da IC cr&#244;nica esteve consistentemente associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o na qualidade de vida e sobreviv&#234;ncia dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>As disfun&#231;&#245;es nutricionais podem se manifestar de v&#225;rias formas cl&#237;nicas, o que se reflete em uma terminologia extensa e heterog&#234;nea.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Mais recentemente, uma padroniza&#231;&#227;o de termos foi proposta<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> e sugeriu que a <italic>desnutri&#231;&#227;o</italic> pode ser definida como uma condi&#231;&#227;o na qual a energia e as reservas de prote&#237;na do organismo est&#227;o debilitadas; enquanto isso, a caquexia foi caracterizada pela intensa perda de gordura e massa muscular, acompanhada do aumento da inflama&#231;&#227;o e do catabolismo de prote&#237;nas devido a doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas.</p>
      <p>Estima-se que a frequ&#234;ncia de caquexia e desnutri&#231;&#227;o associada &#224; IC mude de acordo com a popula&#231;&#227;o estudada e os crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos. Al&#233;m disso, a reten&#231;&#227;o de &#225;gua frequente nesta popula&#231;&#227;o afeta medidas b&#225;sicas para a avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, como peso e &#205;ndice de Massa Corp&#243;rea (IMC), o que se torna um desafio na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica. A estimativa &#233; de que em torno de 15% dos pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica apresentem caquexia, e que at&#233; 50% dos pacientes podem apresentar sinais de desnutri&#231;&#227;o;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> al&#233;m disso, uma preval&#234;ncia de 19,5% de atrofia muscular foi relatada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a maioria dos dados deriva de pacientes com IC cr&#244;nica, e poucos estudos foram sistematicamente reportados considerando a avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional de pacientes durante epis&#243;dios de descompensa&#231;&#227;o aguda. Em um dos poucos estudos sobre IC descompensada (ICD), uma preval&#234;ncia de 41,9% de desnutri&#231;&#227;o moderada foi relatada, enquanto 7,4% apresentou desnutri&#231;&#227;o grave, conforme a Avalia&#231;&#227;o Nutricional Subjetiva Global (ASG).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Embora a ASG tenha sido descrita 20 anos atr&#225;s,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> o m&#233;todo demonstrou boa precis&#227;o diagn&#243;stica quando realizado por observadores treinados; al&#233;m disso, &#233; simples, econ&#244;mico e n&#227;o-invasivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A ASG avalia o diagn&#243;stico do status nutricional, diferentemente de outras ferramentas, como o &#205;ndice de Progn&#243;stico Nutricional (IPN) e o Controle do Estado Nutricional (CONUT). Embora sejam frequentemente usados na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, s&#227;o basicamente ferramentas de triagem e n&#227;o se aplicam ao diagn&#243;stico de desnutri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Dados nutricionais s&#227;o ainda mais escassos em outros cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, como em popula&#231;&#245;es de pacientes normalmente exclu&#237;das de ensaios cl&#237;nicos e estudos prospectivos, referidas como estando em condi&#231;&#245;es negligenciadas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> como &#233; o caso da Doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Apesar de evid&#234;ncias mostrarem que pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas t&#234;m pior progn&#243;stico em casos de IC cr&#244;nica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> e descompensada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o a outras etiologias, o quanto as caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas se diferenciam e seu impacto no progn&#243;stico ainda s&#227;o muito pouco estudados.</p>
      <p>Assim, nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; a de que os dist&#250;rbios nutricionais sejam comuns em pacientes com ICD e tenham uma influ&#234;ncia no progn&#243;stico; tamb&#233;m consideramos que as caracter&#237;sticas nutricionais dos pacientes podem se diferenciar em termos de intensidade, apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica e implica&#231;&#227;o progn&#243;stica de acordo com a etiologia da IC.</p>
      <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorr&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia em pacientes com ICD e observar caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais e sua influ&#234;ncia em desfechos hospitalares de acordo com a presen&#231;a da etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>Pacientes e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Desenho do Estudo</title>
        <p>Realizamos um estudo de s&#233;rie de casos consecutivos com pacientes internados e diagnosticados com ICD no Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o (InCor), Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, um hospital acad&#234;mico terci&#225;rio especializado em doen&#231;as card&#237;acas. O protocolo do estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica em Pesquisa do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, e todos os pacientes assinaram o termo de consentimento. Os pacientes foram acompanhados at&#233; a alta hospitalar.</p>
        <p>Pacientes com 18 anos ou mais, internados com ICD e com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda foram considerados eleg&#237;veis para o estudo. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o ventricular esquerda (FEVE) menor do que 50%, medida pelo ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico foi considerada como indicativo de disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica. Os testes foram realizados at&#233; doze meses antes de o epis&#243;dio de descompensa&#231;&#227;o ser considerado v&#225;lido. A primeira inclus&#227;o aconteceu em fevereiro de 2016, e a &#250;ltima foi em abril de 2018.</p>
        <p>A identifica&#231;&#227;o de casos se baseou nos registros m&#233;dicos que reportavam o diagn&#243;stico de ICD. Para ser inclu&#237;do no estudo, o paciente precisava estar de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de Framingham para o diagn&#243;stico de IC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram considerados como indicativos da descompensa&#231;&#227;o: presen&#231;a de qualquer novo sintoma ou piora dos sintomas atuais (falta de ar, ortopneia, edema perif&#233;rico, ascite), combinada com qualquer outro sinal de congest&#227;o ou hipoperfus&#227;o (taquicardia, hipotens&#227;o, dispneia, taquipneia, edema de membros inferiores, crepita&#231;&#245;es pulmonares, efus&#227;o pleural, ascite, hepatomegalia, maior press&#227;o venosa central e presen&#231;a de refluxo hepatojugular). O diagn&#243;stico da etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas se baseou na sorologia positiva para a condi&#231;&#227;o, junto com a apresenta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica t&#237;pica e a exclus&#227;o de outras etiologias.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de exclus&#227;o foram: presen&#231;a de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita; cardiomiopatia restritiva; teste positivo de HIV; alcoolismo ativo; doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC) limitante; presen&#231;a de megac&#243;lon chag&#225;sico e/ou megaes&#244;fago; uso cont&#237;nuo de corticosteroides ou imunossupressores nos &#250;ltimos 3 meses; neoplasia maligna; embolia pulmonar nos &#250;ltimos 6 meses; grandes cirurgias ou infec&#231;&#245;es graves nos &#250;ltimos 30 dias; doen&#231;as valvulares prim&#225;rias como causa da IC; limita&#231;&#245;es f&#237;sicas que impossibilitaram as medidas antropom&#233;tricas de forma minimamente adequada; impossibilidade de realizar a anamnese cl&#237;nica e nutricional com o paciente, parente ou acompanhante.</p>
        <p>A partir de julho de 2017, o tempo de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar maior que 7 dias antes da inclus&#227;o no estudo foi adicionado como crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados estudados</title>
      <p>Pacientes foram acompanhados desde a interna&#231;&#227;o at&#233; a alta, em casos de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco de urg&#234;ncia.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais</title>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas da amostra foram obtidas a partir da revis&#227;o da evolu&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dica computada em registros m&#233;dicos eletr&#244;nicos e entrevistas com pacientes e/ou parentes.</p>
        <p>Valores de hemoglobina (Hb), glicose, hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c), colesterol total, colesterol LDL, colesterol HDL, triglic&#233;rides (TG), albumina, contagem total de linf&#243;citos (CTL), prote&#237;na C-reativa (PCR) foram coletados durante a interna&#231;&#227;o. Para o pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-b (BNP), consideramos qualquer mensura&#231;&#227;o feita at&#233; 6 meses antes da interna&#231;&#227;o como v&#225;lida.</p>
        <p>As vari&#225;veis n&#227;o-bioqu&#237;micas relacionadas ao status nutricional foram obtidas a partir de uma entrevista com o paciente e/ou acompanhante, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o das medidas antropom&#233;tricas foi realizada por um &#250;nico nutricionista cl&#237;nico. As medidas de altura, peso atual e usual foram referidos pelo paciente. A altura e o peso dos pacientes que conseguiam andar tamb&#233;m foram verificados com uma balan&#231;a digital com estadi&#244;metro acoplado, com capacidade para at&#233; 150kg e 190cm (Filizola&#174;). Em casos em que os indiv&#237;duos tinham edema na hora da avalia&#231;&#227;o, o peso atual desconsiderando o edema foi reportado pelo paciente, e o indiv&#237;duo n&#227;o foi pesado na balan&#231;a.</p>
        <p>Pacientes que n&#227;o podiam andar por causa da medica&#231;&#227;o, mas conseguiam ficar em p&#233;, foram pesados com uma balan&#231;a digital port&#225;til (EKS 8873 DOMUS Plataforma ABS&#174;). A altura desses mesmos pacientes foi medida com um estadi&#244;metro port&#225;til (Wood Port&#225;til Compact&#174;). Indiv&#237;duos que n&#227;o souberam reportar peso e altura e aqueles acamados, que n&#227;o podiam ser pesados, tiveram suas alturas e pesos estimados por f&#243;rmulas preditivas. Essas f&#243;rmulas consideram altura do joelho, idade, circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o (CB) e etnia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A CB foi medida com uma fita m&#233;trica no ponto m&#233;dio do bra&#231;o (entre o acr&#244;mio e o olecrano), com o bra&#231;o esticado livremente ao longo do corpo. A dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital (DCT) foi medida com um adip&#244;metro (Sahean&#174;). A dobra foi pin&#231;ada no ponto m&#233;dio do bra&#231;o (entre o acr&#244;mio e o olecrano), com o bra&#231;o esticado livremente ao longo do corpo. A medida foi repetida tr&#234;s vezes, e a m&#233;dia das medidas foi utilizada para an&#225;lise. A for&#231;a de preens&#227;o palmar (FPP), considerada como medida de for&#231;a isom&#233;trica, medindo o aperto de m&#227;os no membro superior dominante, foi medida com um dinam&#244;metro digital (MG-4800&#174;). O teste foi realizado com o indiv&#237;duo sentado, ou com a cabe&#231;a elevada a pelo menos 30&#186; quando o paciente tinha um bal&#227;o intra-a&#243;rtico, e o bra&#231;o formando um &#226;ngulo de 90&#186; com o apoio do cotovelo. Tr&#234;s medidas de for&#231;a m&#225;xima foram realizadas com intervalos de 10 segundos entre elas, e a m&#233;dia dos tr&#234;s valores foi considerada.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Diagn&#243;stico e categoriza&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O IMC foi categorizado de acordo com os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de (OMS)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> para adultos, e considerando os crit&#233;rios da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Pan-Americana de Sa&#250;de (OPAs)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> para idosos com mais de sessenta anos. Para diagnosticar a desnutri&#231;&#227;o, utilizamos a ASG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> A aplica&#231;&#227;o de todos os question&#225;rios e exame f&#237;sico foi realizada por um &#250;nico nutricionista cl&#237;nico. A identifica&#231;&#227;o de indiv&#237;duos com baixa massa muscular foi realizada ao calcular a &#225;rea muscular do bra&#231;o (AMB), obtida por meio da CB e da DCT, usando a seguinte f&#243;rmula:</p>
        <disp-formula id="e1">
          <mml:math>
            <mml:mtext> AMB </mml:mtext>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msup>
              <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
            <mml:msup>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>B</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                  <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>D</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8719;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#247;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
              </mml:mrow>
            </mml:msup>
            <mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
            </mml:mrow>
            <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
            <mml:mi>&#928;</mml:mi>
          </mml:math>
        </disp-formula>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com baixa massa muscular foram aqueles abaixo do 10&#186; percentil quando comparados &#224; popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia. Os valores comparativos de acordo com as porcentagens da popula&#231;&#227;o de refer&#234;ncia foram obtidos a partir da distribui&#231;&#227;o apresentada por Frisancho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> para adultos, e da distribui&#231;&#227;o apresentada por Burr e Phillips<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> para idosos.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de for&#231;a muscular reduzida foi realizado por meio da FPP. Para fins de an&#225;lise, indiv&#237;duos com baixa for&#231;a muscular foram os que apresentaram valores iguais ou menores do que aqueles considerados por Mathiowetz <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> em uma popula&#231;&#227;o saud&#225;vel, de acordo com g&#234;nero e faixa et&#225;ria.</p>
        <p>O diagn&#243;stico de caquexia card&#237;aca foi realizado com base nos crit&#233;rios propostos por Evans <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esta defini&#231;&#227;o envolve a presen&#231;a de um diagn&#243;stico de doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica (neste estudo, representada pela presen&#231;a de IC), associado &#224; perda de peso de 5% em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso usual em um per&#237;odo m&#225;ximo de 12 meses, ou IMC menor que 20kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , acompanhado de pelo menos tr&#234;s dos crit&#233;rios seguintes: fadiga, anorexia, baixa for&#231;a muscular, baixa massa muscular e anormalidades bioqu&#237;micas, como marcadores inflamat&#243;rios aumentados, anemia e albumina s&#233;rica baixa.</p>
        <p>A gravidade da IC foi estimada neste estudo ao observar a ocorr&#234;ncia de n&#237;veis mais altos de BNP circulante e valores menores de FEVE, conforme demonstrado na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para identificar o tipo de distribui&#231;&#227;o das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas. As vari&#225;veis num&#233;ricas cont&#237;nuas foram expressas como mediana e intervalo interquartil (IIQ). Para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, utilizamos o teste n&#227;o-param&#233;trico de Kruskal-Wallis para comparar grupos com mais de duas categorias, e o teste U de Mann-Whitney para comparar grupos com duas categorias. O teste exato de Fisher foi utilizado para avaliar as associa&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas; valores de p menores que 0,05 foram considerados significativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada com o software SPSS&#174; para Windows&#174;, vers&#227;o 22.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Um total de 316 pacientes internados com ICD e eleg&#237;veis para o estudo foram avaliados. Deles, 185 indiv&#237;duos apresentavam pelo menos um crit&#233;rio de exclus&#227;o; 131 foram, por fim, inclu&#237;dos no estudo e, depois, avaliados, como demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Fluxo da sele&#231;&#227;o de pacientes. DPOC: doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0003-00644-gf01.jpg"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>O tempo m&#233;dio entre a interna&#231;&#227;o e a avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional foi de 6 (3-9) dias. A dura&#231;&#227;o m&#233;dia da interna&#231;&#227;o foi de 33 (20-57) dias. As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas, demogr&#225;ficas e laboratoriais da amostra est&#227;o resumidas nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>, respectivamente.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Caracter&#237;stica</th>
                <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#250;mero de pacientes</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (45-64)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>G&#234;nero masculino</td>
                <td align="center">85 (64,9)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Feminino</td>
                <td align="center">46 (35,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Etiologia da insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiomiopatia dilatada</td>
                <td align="center">53 (40,5)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">42 (32,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cardiopatia isqu&#234;mica</td>
                <td align="center">25 (19,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">8 (6,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Outras etiologias</td>
                <td align="center">3 (2,3)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20-30)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                <td align="center">37 (28,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipertens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td align="center">56 (42,7)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Morte</td>
                <td align="center">34 (26)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Transplante card&#237;aco</td>
                <td align="center">38 (29)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; N: n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais de acordo com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th scope="col">Total</th>
                <th colspan="3" scope="col">Etiologia Doen&#231;a de Chagas</th>
                <th scope="col">Outras etiologias</th>
                <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th scope="col">N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                <th colspan="3" scope="col">N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                <th scope="col">N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">N&#250;mero de casos</td>
                <td align="center">131</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">42</td>
                <td align="center">89</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Idade (anos)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (45-64)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">54 (43,8-65)</td>
                <td align="center">56 (45-63)</td>
                <td align="center">0,721</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">G&#234;nero feminino [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">46 (35,1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">16 (38,1%)</td>
                <td align="center">30 (33,70)</td>
                <td align="center">0,69</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">FEVE(%)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20-30)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">25 (20-30)</td>
                <td align="center">25 (20,5-30)</td>
                <td align="center">0,438</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                <td align="center">1093 (591-2149)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">1424 (775,7-2945,7)</td>
                <td align="center">996 (495,5-2020)</td>
                <td align="center">0,022</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">Transplante ou morte [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">72 (55)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">35 (83,3)</td>
                <td align="center">37 (41,6)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">23,3 (20,6-26,7)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">22,4 (19,9-25,3)</td>
                <td align="center">23,6 (20,8-27,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,03</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o do IMC [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixo peso</td>
                <td align="center">33 (25,2)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">11 (26,2)</td>
                <td align="center">22 (24,7)</td>
                <td align="center" rowspan="3">0,169</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Eutrofia</td>
                <td align="center">56 (42,7)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">22 (52,4)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (38,2)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sobrepeso ou obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">42 (32,1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">9 (21,4)</td>
                <td align="center">33 (37,1)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CB (cm)</td>
                <td align="center">28 (24-31,5)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">27,1 (23,7-29,6)</td>
                <td align="center">28,5 (25-31,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,042</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DCT (mm)</td>
                <td align="center">16 (10-22,5)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">15 (6,9-20,4)</td>
                <td align="center">16,5 (11,2-22,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AMB (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">41,5 (34-49,3)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">38,6 (33,1-45,2)</td>
                <td align="center">42,9 (36,4-50,3)</td>
                <td align="center">0,04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa massa muscular [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">54 (41,2)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">20 (47,6)</td>
                <td align="center">34 (38,2)</td>
                <td align="center">0,202</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FPP (kg)</td>
                <td align="center">22,6 (16,1-30,3)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">22,6 (15,3-30)</td>
                <td align="center">22,9 (16,3-30,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,546</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Baixa for&#231;a muscular [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">65 (49,6)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">24 (57,1)</td>
                <td align="center">41 (46,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,16</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Albumina (g/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">3,1 (2,8-3,5)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">3,1 (2,8-3,4)</td>
                <td align="center">3,2 (2,7-3,6)</td>
                <td align="center">0,618</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CTL (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center">1380 (943-1893)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">1254,5 (890,5-2037,7)</td>
                <td align="center">1386 (961-1851)</td>
                <td align="center">0,786</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Colesterol Total (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center">133 (112,5-164)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">140 (116,5-170,5)</td>
                <td align="center">132 (110,2-154,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,317</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">81 (61,8)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">32 (76,2)</td>
                <td align="center">49 (55,1)</td>
                <td align="center">0,015</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Caquexia [n (%)]</td>
                <td align="center">63 (48,1)</td>
                <td align="center" colspan="3">25 (59,5)</td>
                <td align="center">38 (42,7)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-b; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; DCT: dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; AMB: &#225;rea muscular do bra&#231;o; FPP: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o palmar; CTL: contagem total de linf&#243;citos; N: n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, ocorreram 16 mortes (38,1%) em pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, e em 18 (20,2%) pacientes com outras etiologias; o transplante card&#237;aco foi realizado em 19 (45,2%) pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, e em 19 (21,3%) pacientes com outras etiologias (p&lt;0,001).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais de acordo com a etiologia</title>
        <p>As caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais de pacientes foram avaliadas de acordo com a etiologia da IC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ), e observamos que pacientes com a Doen&#231;a de Chagas tinham IMC mais baixo (22,4 kg/m2 [19,9-25,3] vs. 23,6 kg/m2 [20,8-27,3], p=0,03), maior frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o de acordo com a ASG (76,2% vs. 55,1%, p=0,015) e maior m&#233;dia de BNP s&#233;rico (1,424 pg/mL [775,7-2,945,7] vs. 996 pg/mL [495,5 -2020], p = 0,022). Al&#233;m disso, pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentaram uma tend&#234;ncia a apresentar n&#237;veis mais baixos de hemoglobina (11,5 [9,9-13] g/dL vs. 12,4 [10,9-13,5] g/dL, p=0,053) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Achados bioqu&#237;micos de acordo com a etiologia</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Chagas</th>
                  <th>Outros</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemoglobina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,1 (10,6-13,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">11,5 (9,9-13)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 (10,9-13,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (112,5-164)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (116,5-170,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (110,6-154,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">36 (27-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (29-48,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (26-47)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,247</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">82,5 (62,2-101)</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (67-106)</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (62-100)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,233</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Triglic&#233;rides (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">78 (59,7-103)</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (58,5-104)</td>
                  <td align="center">80 (61,5-103)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,944</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Glicose (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">105 (89-128)</td>
                  <td align="center">104 (86-115)</td>
                  <td align="center">106 (90-132)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,322</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (2,8-3,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (2,8-3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,2 (2,8-3,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTL (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1380 (943-1893)</td>
                  <td align="center">1254 (890-2037)</td>
                  <td align="center">1386 (961-1851)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1093 (591-2149)</td>
                  <td align="center">1424 (775-2945)</td>
                  <td align="center">996 (496-2020)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PCR (mg/l)</td>
                  <td align="center">17,26 (7,53-32,91)</td>
                  <td align="center">20,8 (7,8-39,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">14,2 (6,5-29,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,165</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HbA<sub>1</sub>C (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (5,8-6,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,1 (5,8-6,8)</td>
                  <td align="center">6,2 (5,7-6,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,621</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ureia (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (38-93)</td>
                  <td align="center">62,5 (34,5-90,2)</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (39,5-93,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,871</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Creatinina (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,47 (1,14-2,01)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,45 (1,2-1,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,49 (1,12-2,09)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,933</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>IIQ: intervalo interquartil; HDL: lipoprote&#237;na de alta densidade; LDL: lipoprote&#237;na de baixa densidade; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-b; CTL: contagem total de linf&#243;citos; PCR: prote&#237;na C-reativa; HbA<sub>1</sub>C: hemoglobina glicada.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vari&#225;veis nutricionais e resultados em pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
        <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es entre as vari&#225;veis nutricionais e cl&#237;nicas e o desfecho hospitalar em pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas est&#227;o resumidos na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> . Observou-se que a ocorr&#234;ncia de morte ou transplante card&#237;aco esteve associada &#224; menos idade (67 [58-70] anos em pacientes que tiveram alta do hospital vs. 53 [41-60] anos em pacientes que morreram ou foram submetidos a um transplante card&#237;aco, p=0,007) e &#224; desnutri&#231;&#227;o (3 [42,9%] pacientes que tiveram alta do hospital vs. 29 [82,9%] que morreram ou foram submetidos a um transplante card&#237;aco, p=0,007). A caquexia foi diagnosticada em apenas 2 (28,6%) pacientes que tiveram alta do hospital, e em 22 (62,9%) que morreram ou foram submetidos a um transplante card&#237;aco; por&#233;m, esta diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significativa (p=0,118).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Tabela 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e nutricionais e desfechos em pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Alta</th>
                  <th>Morte/transplante</th>
                  <th>Valor de p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Mediana (IIQ)</th>
                  <th> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#250;mero de casos</td>
                  <td align="center">7</td>
                  <td align="center">35</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">67 (58-70)</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (41-60)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,007</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>G&#234;nero feminino</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (57,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (34,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVE (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (24-35)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20-28)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,085</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">2497 (625-3773)</td>
                  <td align="center">1365 (788-2673)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,446</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,9 (22,4-26,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,1 (19,6-25,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,122</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Categoriza&#231;&#227;o do IMC</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="4">0,54</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixo peso</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrofia</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sobrepeso/obesidade</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (14,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (22,9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CB (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">27,5 (24,5-32,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">27 (23,3-29,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,466</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DCT (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (15-25,5)</td>
                  <td align="center">13 (6,5-19)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,193</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMB (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">41,4 (32,7-51,1)</td>
                  <td align="center">38,4 (33,3-45)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,644</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa massa muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,691</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FPP (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (11,9-24,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22,7 (16-30,7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,062</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Baixa for&#231;a muscular</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (71,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (54,3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,679</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumina (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2,8-3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3,1 (2,8-3,4)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,868</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>CTL (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">903 (612-1064)</td>
                  <td align="center">1460 (1028-2069)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,026</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Colesterol total (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">155,5 (129,8-182)</td>
                  <td align="center">135 (113-173)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,252</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Desnutri&#231;&#227;o</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (42,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">29 (82,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,043</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caquexia</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (28,6)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (62,9)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,118</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>
                  <italic>FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; BNP: pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico tipo-b; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CB: circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o; DCT: dobra cut&#226;nea tricipital; AMB: &#225;rea muscular do bra&#231;o; FPP: for&#231;a de preens&#227;o palmar; CTL: contagem total de linf&#243;citos; N: n&#250;mero de observa&#231;&#245;es; IIQ: intervalo interquartil.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Considerando os resultados de forma conjunta, observam-se ind&#237;cios de que h&#225; alta frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia entre pacientes hospitalizados com ICD em nosso meio. Mais da metade da amostra (61,8%) apresentava algum grau de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, e quase metade (48,1%) foi diagnosticada com caquexia card&#237;aca. &#201; importante mencionar que a presen&#231;a de desnutri&#231;&#227;o esteve associada a maior risco de morte e transplante card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com a cardiomiopatia chag&#225;sica.</p>
      <p>Deve-se considerar que nossa amostra de pacientes tem caracter&#237;sticas espec&#237;ficas em compara&#231;&#227;o a outros dados da literatura, principalmente idade m&#233;dia baixa, grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas e baixa propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca isqu&#234;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, lidamos com uma popula&#231;&#227;o de alto risco, o que se reflete pelos marcadores da gravidade da doen&#231;a (n&#237;veis mais baixos de FEVE e altos n&#237;veis de BNP circulante), assim como alta taxa de mortalidade e de transplantes. Esses achados podem ser explicados, dentre outros fatores, pelos crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o da amostra, que inclu&#237;a indiv&#237;duos com FEVE menor que 50%, e as caracter&#237;sticas do hospital onde o estudo foi realizado, que &#233; um hospital terci&#225;rio de refer&#234;ncia.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, observamos a alta frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o diagnosticada pela ASG (61,8%). Um estudo espanhol tamb&#233;m usou a ASG em pacientes internados com ICD e encontrou a desnutri&#231;&#227;o em 49,3% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Um estudo brasileiro com 53 pacientes com IC mostrou que a desnutri&#231;&#227;o estava presente, utilizando a ASG, em 51,9% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Outros m&#233;todos de avalia&#231;&#227;o foram utilizados e demonstraram taxas mais baixas de desnutri&#231;&#227;o, de 13 a 25,4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Os dados apresentados aqui sugerem que a ASG pode ser ferramenta importante para o diagn&#243;stico da desnutri&#231;&#227;o neste cen&#225;rio.</p>
      <p>Quando o IMC foi utilizado como indicador de status nutricional, a maioria da amostra se classificou como eutr&#243;fica (42,7%), seguida de sobrepeso ou obesidade (32,1%). Este achado contrasta com a alta porcentagem de desnutri&#231;&#227;o e caquexia. Acreditamos que este aspecto do estudo possa ser influenciado pelas limita&#231;&#245;es durante a coleta de dados em rela&#231;&#227;o ao peso, j&#225; que uma medida direta do peso do paciente nem sempre foi clinicamente vi&#225;vel. Al&#233;m disso, o peso pode se modificar com a reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos no paciente com ICD, levando a um aumento n&#227;o realista do IMC. Esta &#233; provavelmente a explica&#231;&#227;o para a desnutri&#231;&#227;o na presen&#231;a de sobrepeso ou obesidade medidos pelo IMC, uma ocorr&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m reportada por outros autores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Al&#233;m da influ&#234;ncia da reten&#231;&#227;o de l&#237;quidos nesta amostra, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa de massa muscular pode ter ocorrido, o que &#233; um fen&#244;meno conhecido como obesidade sarcop&#234;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> Neste estudo, o diagn&#243;stico de baixa massa muscular foi muito frequente (41,2%), assim como o diagn&#243;stico de baixa for&#231;a muscular (49,6%), o que aponta para certa perda de massa e fun&#231;&#227;o muscular nesta popula&#231;&#227;o. Nossos dados indicam que a classifica&#231;&#227;o do IMC, como medida isolada, n&#227;o &#233; um bom indicador do status nutricional de pacientes com ICD.</p>
      <p>Deve-se notar que a frequ&#234;ncia de caquexia de 48,1% encontrada neste estudo difere-se das propor&#231;&#245;es achadas em outros estudos, que reportam preval&#234;ncia de 10 a 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, vale mencionar que foram utilizadas diferentes defini&#231;&#245;es de caquexia; neste estudo, usamos os crit&#233;rios propostos por Evans et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Esses crit&#233;rios consideram n&#227;o s&#243; os aspectos como perda de peso n&#227;o-intencional, mas tamb&#233;m as vari&#225;veis bioqu&#237;micas. Al&#233;m disso, essas amostras s&#227;o muito diversas em termos da gravidade da doen&#231;a card&#237;aca.</p>
      <p>Nossos resultados indicam que pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas apresentam a doen&#231;a mais grave, representada por n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos mais altos de BNP e piores desfechos hospitalares. Os pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas tamb&#233;m apresentaram pior status nutricional, representado por baixo peso corporal e IMC, pouca massa muscular e maior frequ&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o na ASG. Poss&#237;veis mecanismos podem incluir maior envolvimento do lado direito do cora&#231;&#227;o (manifestado pela ascite, hepatomegalia e edema no intestino) e maior atividade inflamat&#243;ria em pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Acreditamos que o cen&#225;rio cl&#237;nico menos favor&#225;vel, acompanhado pela maior gravidade da doen&#231;a e atividade inflamat&#243;ria do paciente com Doen&#231;a de Chagas, possa ter um impacto na maior ocorr&#234;ncia de desnutri&#231;&#227;o nesta amostra, o que agrega ainda mais valor &#224; avalia&#231;&#227;o nutricional, principalmente em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; melhoria de resultados cl&#237;nicos.</p>
      <p>De acordo com esses achados, um estudo espanhol observou n&#237;veis mais altos de BNP circulante e maiores taxas de mortalidade entre pacientes desnutridos e hospitalizados com ICD, quando avaliados pela ASG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> De acordo com esses mesmos autores, h&#225; sinais indicativos de uma rela&#231;&#227;o bidirecional e m&#243;rbida entre a desnutri&#231;&#227;o e a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Nossos resultados refor&#231;am esta teoria e indicam a import&#226;ncia de uma abordagem nutricional mais cuidadosa para a popula&#231;&#227;o com IC e Doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      <p>Tamb&#233;m observamos que a popula&#231;&#227;o mais nova e a presen&#231;a de desnutri&#231;&#227;o estiveram associadas &#224; maior ocorr&#234;ncia de mortes e transplante card&#237;aco em pacientes com a etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas. Embora a caquexia tenha sido duas vezes mais comum em pacientes que morreram ou foram submetidos a um transplante card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o, ao compar&#225;-los com pacientes que tiveram alta, a diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi estatisticamente diferente devido ao n&#250;mero limitado de pacientes em nossa amostra. A idade como fator protetivo pode ser explicado pelo fato de que a idade &#233; um fator limitante para indica&#231;&#227;o do procedimento de transplante. A maior frequ&#234;ncia de mortes dentre pacientes desnutridos e hospitalizados com ICD, e avaliados pela ASG, j&#225; foi anteriormente descrita na literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No presente estudo, p&#244;de-se observar que esta rela&#231;&#227;o se mant&#233;m ao avaliar pacientes com ICD de etiologia da Doen&#231;a de Chagas, o que refor&#231;a o status nutricional como importante aspecto que influencia o desfecho de pacientes com IC. Al&#233;m disso, alguns autores buscaram registrar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre o status nutricional e o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com IC, e esses estudos mostram que a desnutri&#231;&#227;o, diagnosticada por diferentes m&#233;todos, apareceu como um fator de risco independente para mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Este estudo apresenta limita&#231;&#245;es que devem ser reconhecidas. Por ser um ensaio cl&#237;nico n&#227;o-randomizado, n&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel descartar a presen&#231;a de vari&#225;veis de confus&#227;o ao comparar grupos de pacientes. A grande propor&#231;&#227;o de pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas e a alta gravidade dos casos impedem a extrapola&#231;&#227;o de nossos achados para outros cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos. Tamb&#233;m, este estudo n&#227;o analisou a influ&#234;ncia das vari&#225;veis cl&#237;nicas indicando congest&#227;o, como edema perif&#233;rico, hepatomegalia e ascite. Assim, n&#227;o podemos excluir a possibilidade de vi&#233;s nas medidas de peso corporal total.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Ao todo, nossos resultados indicam que pacientes com Doen&#231;a de Chagas internados com ICD costumam apresentar dist&#250;rbios nutricionais, principalmente desnutri&#231;&#227;o; &#233; importante mencionar que este achado esteve associado &#224; ocorr&#234;ncia de morte e transplante card&#237;aco durante a interna&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Strunz-Cassaro</surname>
              <given-names>C</given-names>
            </name>
            <name>
              <surname>Ramirez</surname>
              <given-names>JA</given-names>
            </name>
            <etal>et al</etal>
          </person-group>
          <article-title>Why do Patients with Chagasic Cardiomyopathy have Worse Outcomes than those with Non-Chagasic Cardiomyopathy?</article-title>
          <source>Arq Bras Cardiol</source>
          <year>2008</year>
          <volume>91</volume>
          <issue>6</issue>
          <fpage>358</fpage>
          <lpage>362</lpage>
          <issue-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1590/s0066-782x2008001800006</issue-id>
        </element-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label/>
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Larissa Candido Alves Tavares pela Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Undernutrition and Cachexia in Patients with Decompensated Heart Failure and Chagas Cardiomyopathy: Occurrence and Association with Hospital Outcomes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8206-9495</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Larissa Candido Alves</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lage</surname>
            <given-names>Silvia Helena Gel&#225;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bocchi</surname>
            <given-names>Edimar Alcides</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Issa</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Sarli</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Cl&#237;nica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Insufici&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001"><bold>Mailing Address: Larissa Candido Alves Tavares &#8226;</bold> Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o - Servi&#231;o de Nutri&#231;&#227;o e Diet&#233;tica - Av. Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-900, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil E-mail: larissaalves3@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Acquisition of data: Tavares LCA, Lage SHG, Bocchi EA, Issa VS; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Writing of the manuscript and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Tavares LCA, Issa VS; Obtaining financing: Lage SHG, Bocchi EA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Nutritional disorders are common among patients with heart failure (HF) and associated with poor prognosis. Importantly, some populations of patients, like the ones with Chagas disease, are frequently excluded from most analyses.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>We sought to study the occurrence of undernutrition and cachexia in patients with Chagas disease during episodes of decompensated HF (DHF) as compared to other etiologies, and to investigate the influence of these findings on hospital outcomes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We performed a consecutive case series study with patients hospitalized with DHF. Patients underwent the Subjective Global Assessment of nutritional status (SGA), besides anthropometric and laboratorial measures, and were evaluated for the occurrence of cachexia, low muscle mass and strength. We studied the occurrence of death or urgent heart transplantation during hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Altogether, 131 patients were analyzed and 42 (32.1%) had Chagas disease. Patients with Chagas disease had lower Body Mass Index (BMI) (22.4 kg/m<sup>2</sup>[19.9-25.3] vs. 23.6 kg/m2 [20.8-27.3], p=0.03), higher frequency of undernutrition (76.2% vs 55.1%, p=0.015) and higher occurrence of death or transplant (83.3% vs. 41.6%, p&lt;0.001). We found that, in patients with Chagas etiology, the occurrence of death or cardiac transplantation were associated with undernutrition (3 [42.9%] patients with hospital discharge vs 29 [82.9%] patients with death or heart transplant, p=0.043).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Taken together, our results indicate that patients with Chagas disease hospitalized with DHF often present with nutritional disorders, especially undernutrition; importantly, this finding was associated with the occurrence of death and heart transplant during hospitalization.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Failure</kwd>
        <kwd>Malnutrition</kwd>
        <kwd>Cachexia</kwd>
        <kwd>Nutrition Assessment</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Nutritional disorders are one of the main clinical manifestations in patients with heart failure (HF), and are the result of systemic derangements involving metabolic, endocrine and inflammatory pathways, as well as organ dysfunction. The occurrence of nutritional disorders in the setting of chronic HF has been consistently associated to reduction in the quality of life and limited survival of patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nutritional disorders may be manifested in various clinical forms, which is reflected in an extensive and heterogeneous terminology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> More recently, a standardization of terms was proposed<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> and suggested that <italic>undernutrition</italic> might be defined as a condition in which the energy and protein reserves of the organism are depleted, whereas <italic>cachexia</italic> was characterized by the intense loss of adipose and muscle mass accompanied by the increased inflammation and protein catabolism due to chronic diseases.</p>
        <p>It is estimated that the frequency of cachexia and undernutrition associated with HF ranges according to the studied population and the diagnostic criteria. In addition, frequent water retention in this population makes basic measures for nutritional assessment, such as weight and body mass index (BMI), a challenge in clinical practice. The estimation is that about 15% of patients with chronic HF are cachectic, and up to 50% of patients may show signs of undernutrition;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> additionally, a prevalence of 19.5% of muscular atrophy has been reported.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> However, most of the data derives from patients with chronic HF, and few studies have been systematically reported considering the nutritional evaluation of patients during episodes of acute decompensation. In one of the few studies about decompensated heart failure (DHF), a 41.9% prevalence of moderate undernutrition was reported, whereas 7.4% was demonstrated for severe undernutrition, as evaluated by the Subjective Global Assessment of nutritional status (SGA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> Although the SGA was described 20 years ago,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> the method showed a good diagnostic precision when performed by trained observers, besides being simple, inexpensive and noninvasive.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The SGA assesses the nutritional status diagnosis, unlike other tools, such as the Prognostic Nutritional Index (PNI) and the Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score. Even though they are frequently used in clinical practice, they are fundamentally screening tools and do not apply for the diagnosis of undernutrition.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nutritional data are even more scarce in other clinical scenarios, such as in patient populations frequently excluded from clinical trials and prospective studies, often referred to as neglected conditions,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> which is the case for Chagas heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Despite the evidence indicating that patients with Chagas heart disease have worse prognosis in cases of both chronic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> and decompensated HF<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> when compared to other etiologies, the extent to which the nutritional characteristics of Chagas patients differ and their impact on outcomes remain largely unknown.</p>
        <p>Therefore, we hypothesized that nutritional disorders may be common in patients with DHF and have an influence on prognosis; we further hypothesized that the nutritional characteristics of patients may differ in terms of intensity, clinical presentation and prognostic implication according to the etiology of HF.</p>
        <p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of malnutrition and cachexia in patients with DHF and to observe clinical and nutritional characteristics and their influence on in-hospital outcomes according to the presence of Chagas etiology.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Patients and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Design</title>
          <p>We performed a consecutive case series study with hospitalized patients diagnosed with DHF at the Heart Institute ( <italic>InCor</italic> ) - Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Medical School of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, a tertiary academic hospital specialized in cardiac diseases. The study protocol was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas, Medical School of Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, and all patients signed the informed consent form. The analyses and patients were followed up until hospital discharge.</p>
          <p>Patients aged 18 years or older, hospitalized with DHF and with systolic left ventricular dysfunction, were considered eligible for the study. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) lower than 50%, measured by transthoracic echocardiography, was considered as an indication of systolic dysfunction. The tests performed up to twelve months before the episode of decompensation were considered valid. The first inclusion occurred in February, 2016, and the last inclusion was in April, 2018.</p>
          <p>The identification of cases was based on medical records that registered the diagnosis of DHF. In order to be included in the study, patients needed to meet the modified Framingham criteria for the diagnosis of HF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The following criteria were considered as indications of decompensation: the presence of any new symptom or aggravation of current ones (shortness of breath, orthopnea, peripheral edema, ascites), combined with any sign of congestion or hypoperfusion (tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnea, tachypnea, lower limb edema, pulmonary crepitations, pleural effusion, ascites, hepatomegaly, increased central venous pressure and presence of hepatojugular reflux). The diagnosis of a Chagas etiology was based on positive serology for Chagas disease, along with typical clinical presentation and exclusion of other etiologies.</p>
          <p>Exclusion criteria were: presence of congenital heart disease; restrictive heart disease; testing positive for HIV; active alcoholism; life-limiting chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); presence of Chagas megacolon and / or megaesophagus; continuous use of corticosteroids or immunosuppressants in the past 3 months; malignant neoplasm; pulmonary embolism in the past 6 months; major surgeries or serious infections in the past 30 days; primary valvular diseases as cause of HF; physical limitations that prevented anthropometric measurements in a minimally proper manner; pregnancy; impossibility of performing clinical and nutritional anamnesis with patient, family member or partner.</p>
          <p>From July 2017 onwards, the time greater than 7 days of hospitalization before inclusion in the study was added as an exclusion criterion.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Studied outcomes</title>
          <p>Patients were followed up from hospital admission to hospital discharge, in cases of death or urgent heart transplant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and nutritional variables</title>
          <p>The clinical variables of the sample were obtained from the review of the medical evolution registered in electronic medical records and interviews with patients and / or family members.</p>
          <p>Values of hemoglobin (Hb), glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), albumin, total lymphocyte count (TLC), C-reactive protein (CRP) were collected at hospital admission. For the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), we considered any measure taken up to 6 months before hospital admission as valid.</p>
          <p>The non-biochemical variables related to the nutritional status were obtained from an interview with the patient and/or accompanying person, and the assessment of anthropometric measures was performed by a single clinical nutritionist. The measures of height, current and usual weight were referred by the patient. The weight and height of patients who were able to walk were also verified using a digital scale with a coupled stadiometer, with capacity of up to 150kg and 190cm (Filizola&#174;). In cases in which individuals had edema at the time of assessment, the current edema-free weight was reported by the patient, and the individual was not weighed on the scale.</p>
          <p>Patients who could not walk because of medication, but could stand up, were weighed with a portable digital scale (EKS 8873 DOMUS Plataforma ABS&#174;). The height of these same patients was measured using a portable stadiometer (Wood Port&#225;til Compact&#174;). Individuals who were unable to report weight and height and those who were bed-restricted, and, therefore, could not be subjected to measuring, had their heights and weights estimated by predictive formulas. These formulas consider knee height, age, arm circumference (AC) and ethnicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>AC was measured using an inelastic tape measure at the midpoint of the arm (between the acromion and the olecranon process), with the arm stretched freely along the body. The triciptal skinfold (TS) was measured using a skinfold caliper (Sahean&#174;). The fold was pinched with the fingers at the midpoint of the arm (between the acromion and the olecranon process), with the arm stretched freely along the body. The measure was repeated three times, and the mean of measures was used for analysis. Hand grip strength (HGS), considered as the measure of isometric force, of the handshake in the dominant upper limb, was performed with a digital hand held dynamometer (MG-4800&#174;). The test was performed with the individual sitting down or with the head elevated at least 30&#186; when the patient was using an intra-aortic balloon, and the arm forming a 90&#186; angle with the supported elbow. Three measurements of maximum force were performed with 10-second intervals between each execution, and the average of the three values was considered.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Diagnosis and categorization</title>
          <p>The BMI was categorized according to the World Health Organization (WHO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> criteria for adults, and according to Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> for the elderly aged more than sixty years. For the purposes of undernutrition diagnosis, the SGA was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The application of all questionnaires and physical examination was performed by a single clinical nutritionist. The identification of individuals with low muscle mass was performed by calculating the arm muscle area (AMA), obtained from arm circumference (AC) and TS, using the following formula:</p>
          <disp-formula id="e1001">
            <mml:math>
              <mml:mtext> AMA </mml:mtext>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                <mml:msup>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                  </mml:mrow>
                </mml:msup>
                <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mo>=</mml:mo>
              <mml:msup>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>[</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>A</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>C</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                    <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mo>&#8722;</mml:mo>
                  <mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>T</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>S</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>(</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mrow>
                      <mml:mi>c</mml:mi>
                      <mml:mi>m</mml:mi>
                    </mml:mrow>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#215;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#8719;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mo>&#247;</mml:mo>
                    <mml:mn>10</mml:mn>
                    <mml:mo>)</mml:mo>
                  </mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mo>]</mml:mo>
                </mml:mrow>
                <mml:mrow>
                  <mml:mn>2</mml:mn>
                </mml:mrow>
              </mml:msup>
              <mml:mrow>
                <mml:mo>/</mml:mo>
              </mml:mrow>
              <mml:mn>4</mml:mn>
              <mml:mi>&#928;</mml:mi>
            </mml:math>
          </disp-formula>
          <p>Individuals with low muscle mass were those who were below the 10th percentile when compared to a reference population. The comparison values according to percentile ranges of the reference population were obtained from the distribution presented by Frisancho<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> for adults, and the distribution presented by Burr and Phillips<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> for the elderly.</p>
          <p>The diagnosis of reduced muscle strength was performed using HGS. For purposes of analysis, individuals with low muscular strength were considered those who presented values equal to or lower than those considered low by Mathiowetz et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> in a healthy population according to gender and age group.</p>
          <p>The diagnosis of cardiac cachexia was performed based on the criteria proposed by Evans <italic>et al</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> This definition involves the presence of a chronic disease diagnosis (a criterion filled in this study by the presence of HF), associated with a 5% weight loss in relation to the usual weight in a maximum period of 12 months, or BMI of less than 20kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> , and accompanied by at least three of the following criteria: fatigue, anorexia, low muscle strength, low muscle mass and biochemical abnormalities, such as increased inflammatory markers, anemia, and low serum albumin.</p>
          <p>The severity of HF was estimated in the present study by observing the occurrence of higher levels of circulating BNP and lower values of LVEF, as shown in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to identify the type of distribution of the continuous variables. Continuous numerical variables were expressed as median and interquartile range (IQR). For continuous variables, the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests were used to compare groups with more than two categories, and the Mann-Whitney U test to compare groups with two categories. The Fisher&#8217;s exact test was used to analyze the associations between categorical variables; P values lower than 0.05 were considered significant. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS&#174; software for Windows&#174;, version 22.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>A total of 316 hospitalized patients admitted with DHF and eligible for the study were evaluated. Of these, 185 individuals met at least one exclusion criteria and 131 were eventually included in the study and further evaluated, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patient selection flowchart. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-118-01-0003-00644-gf01-en.jpg"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>The median time between hospitalization and the nutritional evaluation was 6 (3-9) days. The median duration of hospital stay was 33 (20-57) days. The clinical, demographic and laboratory characteristics of the sample are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">2</xref>, respectively.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Characteristic</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of patients</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (45-64)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Gender male</td>
                  <td align="center">85 (64.9)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (35.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart failure etiology</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Dilated cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">53 (40.5)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (32.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ischemic cardiomyopathy</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (19.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (6.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Other etiologies</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (2.3)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20-30)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Diabetes Mellitus</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (28.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypertension</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42.7)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (26)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Heart transplant</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (29)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; N: number of observations; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Clinical and nutritional characteristics according to Chagas etiology</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>Total</th>
                  <th>Chagas etiology</th>
                  <th>Other etiologies</th>
                  <th rowspan="2">p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                  <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Number of cases</td>
                  <td align="center">131</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">89</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age (years)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (45-64)</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (43.8-65)</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (45-63)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.721</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Female gender [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">46 (35.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (38.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (33.70)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.69</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF(%)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (20.5-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.438</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                  <td align="center">1093 (591-2149)</td>
                  <td align="center">1424 (775.7-2945.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">996 (495.5-2020)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.022</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Transplant or death [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">72 (55)</td>
                  <td align="center">35 (83.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">37 (41.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0.001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.3 (20.6-26.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.4 (19.9-25.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">23.6 (20.8-27.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI categorization [n (%)]</td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Underweight</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (25.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">11 (26.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (24.7)</td>
                  <td align="center" rowspan="3">0.169</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Eutrophy</td>
                  <td align="center">56 (42.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">22 (52.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (38.2)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Overweight or obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">42 (32.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (21.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">33 (37.1)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AC (cm)</td>
                  <td align="center">28 (24-31.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.1 (23.7-29.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">28.5 (25-31.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.042</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TS (mm)</td>
                  <td align="center">16 (10-22.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (6.9-20.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">16.5 (11.2-22.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">41.5 (34-49.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">38.6 (33.1-45.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">42.9 (36.4-50.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.04</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low muscle mass [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">54 (41.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (47.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">34 (38.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.202</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HGS (kg)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6 (16.1-30.3)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.6 (15.3-30)</td>
                  <td align="center">22.9 (16.3-30.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.546</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Low muscle strength [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (49.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">24 (57.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">41 (46.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.16</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Albumin (g/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (2.8-3.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.1 (2.8-3.4)</td>
                  <td align="center">3.2 (2.7-3.6)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.618</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TLC (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                  <td align="center">1380 (943-1893)</td>
                  <td align="center">1254.5 (890.5-2037.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">1386 (961-1851)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.786</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                  <td align="center">133 (112.5-164)</td>
                  <td align="center">140 (116.5-170.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">132 (110.2-154.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.317</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Undernutrition [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">81 (61.8)</td>
                  <td align="center">32 (76.2)</td>
                  <td align="center">49 (55.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.015</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cachexia [n (%)]</td>
                  <td align="center">63 (48.1)</td>
                  <td align="center">25 (59.5)</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (42.7)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BMI: body mass index; TS: tricipital skinfold; AC: arm circumference; AMA: arm muscle area; HGS: hand grip strength; TLC: total lymphocyte count; N: number of observations; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>During hospital admission, death occurred in 16 (38.1%) patients with Chagas etiology and in 18 (20.2%) patients with other etiologies; heart transplant was performed in 19 (45.2%) patients with Chagas etiology, and in 19 (21.3%) patients with other etiologies (p&lt;0.001).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Clinical and nutritional characteristics according to etiology</title>
          <p>Clinical and nutritional characteristics of patients were analyzed according to the etiology of HF ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ), and we observed that patients with Chagas disease had lower BMI (22.4 kg/m2 [19.9-25.3] vs 23.6 kg/m2 [20.8-27.3], p = 0.03), higher frequency of undernutrition by SGA (76.2% vs 55.1%, p = 0.015), higher median serum BNP at admission (1,424 pg/mL [775.7-2,945.7] vs 996 pg/mL [495.5 -2020], p = 0.022). Additionally, Chagas patients had a tendency towards lower levels of hemoglobin (11.5 [9.9-13] g/dL vs 12.4 [10.9-13.5] g/dL, p=0.053) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Biochemical findings according to etiology</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" scope="col" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th scope="col">Total</th>
                    <th scope="col">Chagas</th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">Others</th>
                    <th rowspan="2" scope="col">p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th scope="col">N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th scope="col">N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th colspan="2" scope="col">N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Number of cases</td>
                    <td align="center">131</td>
                    <td align="center">42</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">89</td>
                    <td align="center"> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Hemoglobin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.1 (10.6-13.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">11.5 (9.9-13)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">12.4 (10.9-13.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.053</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">133 (112.5-164)</td>
                    <td align="center">140 (116.5-170.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">132 (110.6-154.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.317</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">HDL (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">36 (27-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">39 (29-48.5)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">34 (26-47)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.247</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">LDL (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">82.5 (62.2-101)</td>
                    <td align="center">85 (67-106)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">81 (62-100)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.233</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Triglycerides (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">78 (59.7-103)</td>
                    <td align="center">74 (58.5-104)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">80 (61.5-103)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.944</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left">Glucose (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">105 (89-128)</td>
                    <td align="center">104 (86-115)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">106 (90-132)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.322</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Albumin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 (2.8-3.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 (2.8-3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">3.2 (2.8-3.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TLC (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">1380 (943-1893)</td>
                    <td align="center">1254 (890-2037)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1386 (961-1851)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.786</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">1093 (591-2149)</td>
                    <td align="center">1424 (775-2945)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">996 (496-2020)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.022</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>CRP (mg/l)</td>
                    <td align="center">17.26 (7.53-32.91)</td>
                    <td align="center">20.8 (7.8-39.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">14.2 (6.5-29.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.165</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HbA<sub>1</sub>C (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.2 (5.8-6.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">6.1 (5.8-6.8)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">6.2 (5.7-6.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.621</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Urea (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">65 (38-93)</td>
                    <td align="center">62.5 (34.5-90.2)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">65 (39.5-93.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.871</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Creatinine (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.47 (1.14-2.01)</td>
                    <td align="center">1.45 (1.2-1.9)</td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">1.49 (1.12-2.09)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.933</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>IQR: interquartile range; HDL: high density lipoprotein; LDL: low density lipoprotein; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; TLC: total lymphocyte count; CRP: C-reactive protein; HbA<sub>1</sub>C: glycosylated hemoglobin.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Nutritional variables and outcome in patients with Chagas etiology</title>
          <p>The relationships between nutritional and clinical variables and hospital outcome in patients with the Chagas etiology are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> . We found that the occurrence of death or heart transplant were associated with younger age (67 [58-70] years of age in patients who were discharged from the hospital vs 53 [41-60] years in patients who died or had a heart transplant, p=0.007) and undernutrition (3 [42.9%] patients who were discharged from the hospital vs 29 [82.9%] patients who died or had a heart transplant, p=0.007). Cachexia was found in only 2 (28.6%) patients who were discharged from the hospital, and in 22 (62.9%) who died or had a heart transplant; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.118).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t4001">
              <label>Table 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and nutritional characteristics and outcomes in patients with Chagas etiology</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" rowspan="2" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Discharge</th>
                    <th>Death/transplant</th>
                    <th>p-value</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th>N (%) / Median (IQR)</th>
                    <th> </th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Number of cases</td>
                    <td align="center">7</td>
                    <td align="center">35</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age (years)</td>
                    <td align="center">67 (58-70)</td>
                    <td align="center">53 (41-60)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.007</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Female gender</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (57.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (34.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.397</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LVEF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">30 (24-35)</td>
                    <td align="center">25 (20-28)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.085</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BNP (pg/ml)</td>
                    <td align="center">2497 (625-3773)</td>
                    <td align="center">1365 (788-2673)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.446</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.9 (22.4-26.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.1 (19.6-25.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.122</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>BMI categorization</td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" rowspan="4">0.54</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Underweight</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (22.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Eutrophy</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (54.3)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Overweight/obesity</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (14.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">8 (22.9)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AC (cm)</td>
                    <td align="center">27.5 (24.5-32.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">27 (23.3-29.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.466</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TS (mm)</td>
                    <td align="center">20 (15-25.5)</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (6.5-19)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.193</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AMA (cm<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">41.4 (32.7-51.1)</td>
                    <td align="center">38.4 (33.3-45)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.644</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low muscle mass</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (54.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.691</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>HGS (kg)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (11.9-24.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">22.7 (16-30.7)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.062</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Low muscle strengh</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (71.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">19 (54.3)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.679</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Albumin (g/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (2.8-3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">3.1 (2.8-3.4)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.868</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>TLC (/mm<sup>3</sup>)</td>
                    <td align="center">903 (612-1064)</td>
                    <td align="center">1460 (1028-2069)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.026</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Total Cholesterol (mg/dl)</td>
                    <td align="center">155.5 (129.8-182)</td>
                    <td align="center">135 (113-173)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.252</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Undernutrition</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (42.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">29 (82.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.043</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cachexia</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (28.6)</td>
                    <td align="center">22 (62.9)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.118</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN4001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; BNP: B-type natriuretic peptide; BMI: body mass index; AC: arm circumference; TS: tricipital skinfold; AMA: arm muscle area; HGS: hand grip strength; TLC: total lymphocytes count; N: number of observations; IQR: interquartile range.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Considered together, our results indicate there is a high frequency of undernutrition and cachexia among hospitalized patients with DHF in our setting. More than half of the sample (61.8%) had some level of undernutrition, and almost half (48.1%) received a diagnosis of cardiac cachexia. Importantly, the presence of undernutrition was associated with increased risk of death and heart transplant during admission in patients with Chagas cardiomyopathy.</p>
        <p>It should be acknowledged that our patient sample has specific characteristics as compared to other data from the literature, specially low mean age, large proportion of patients with Chagas etiology, and low proportion of patients with ischemic heart disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Additionally, we dealt with a high risk population, which is reflected by markers of disease severity (reduced LVEF and high levels of circulating BNP), as well high mortality and transplant rates. These findings can be explained, among other factors, by the selection criteria of the sample, which included individuals with LVEF lower than 50%, and the characteristics of the hospital where the study was performed, which was a tertiary referral hospital.</p>
        <p>In the present study, we could observe high frequency of undernutrition as diagnosed by SGA in our setting (61.8%). A Spanish study also used SGA in hospitalized DHF patients and found undernutrition in 49.3% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A Brazilian study with 53 patients with HF showed presence of undernutrition using the SGA in 51.9% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Other methods of evaluation were tested and found lower rates of undernutrition, ranging from 13% to 25.4%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The present data suggest that SGA may be a useful tool for the diagnosis of undernutrition in this setting.</p>
        <p>When BMI was used as an indicator of nutritional status, we found most of the sample classified as eutrophic (42.7%), followed by overweight or obesity (32.1%). This finding is in contrast with the high percentage of undernutrition and cachexia. We believe that this aspect of the study may be influenced by the limitations during data collection regarding the weight of the present study, since a direct measure of the patient weight was not always clinically feasible. In addition, the measured weight may be modified by the fluid retention in the patient with DHF, leading to an unrealistic increase of the BMI. This is probably the explanation for undernutrition, in the presence of overweight or obesity as measured by BMI, an occurrence also reported by other authors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> In addition to the influence of fluid retention in this sample, a significant reduction of muscle mass may have occurred, which is a phenomenon known as sarcopenic obesity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> In the present study, the diagnosis of low muscle content was very frequent (41.2%), as well as the diagnosis of low muscle strength (49.6%), which points to a certain loss of muscle mass and function in this population. Our data indicate that BMI classification, as an isolated measure, is not a good indicator of the nutritional status of patients with DHF.</p>
        <p>It must be noted that the frequency of cachexia of 48.1% found in this study differs from the proportions found in other studies, which report a prevalence from 10 to 16%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> However, it is worth mentioning that different definitions of cachexia were used, and in the present study the criteria proposed by Evans et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> were adopted; these criteria take into consideration not only aspects such as unintentional weight loss, but also biochemical variables. In addition, these are very diverse samples in terms heart disease severity.</p>
        <p>Our results indicate that patients with Chagas disease present with more severe disease, as represented by higher serum levels of BNP and worse hospital outcomes. Chagas disease patients also had worse nutritional status, represented by lower body weight and BMI, lower muscle mass and higher frequency of undernutrition by SGA. Possible mechanisms may involve increased right heart side involvement (as manifested by ascites, hepatomegaly and intestinal loop edema) and increased inflammatory activity in patients with Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We believe that the less favorable clinical picture, accompanied by the greater severity of the disease and the inflammatory activity of the patient with Chagas disease, may have an impact on the greater occurrence of undernutrition in this sample, which adds even more value to nutritional assessment, especially regarding the improvement of clinical outcomes.</p>
        <p>In accordance with these findings, a Spanish study found higher levels of circulating BNP and higher death rates among malnourished patients with DHF hospitalized and evaluated by the SGA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> According to these same authors, there are indicative signs of a bidirectional and morbid relationship between undernutrition and heart failure. Our results reinforce this theory and indicate the importance of a more careful nutritional approach for the population with HF of Chagas disease.</p>
        <p>We found that younger age and the presence of undernutrition were associated with the higher occurrence of death and heart transplant in patients with Chagas etiology. Even though cachexia was twice as frequent in patients who died or had a heart transplant during hospital stay, when comparing them to patients who were discharged from the hospital the difference was not statistically different due to the limited number of patients in our sample. The age as a protective factor can be explained by the fact that age is a limiting factor for indicating a heart transplant procedure. The higher frequency of death among malnourished patients hospitalized with DHF and evaluated by the SGA had been previously described in the literature.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> In this study, we could see that this relationship remains when evaluating patients with DHF of Chagas etiology, which reinforces the nutritional status as an important aspect for the outcome of patients with HF. In addition, some authors have sought to register the association between nutritional status and prognosis in patients with HF, and these studies show that undernutrition, diagnosed by different methods, appeared as an independent risk factor for all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The present study presents limitations which should be acknowledged. As a non-randomized clinical study, it was not possible to rule out the presence of confounding variables when comparing patient groups. The large proportion of patients with Chagas disease and the high severity cases of the patients hinder the extrapolation of our findings to other clinical scenarios. Furthermore, this study did not analyze the influence of clinical variables indication congestion, such as peripheral edema, hepatomegaly and ascites. Therefore, we cannot exclude the possibility of bias in the measurement of total body weight.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>Taken together, our results indicate that patients with Chagas disease hospitalized with DHF often present with nutritional disorders, especially undernutrition; importantly, this finding was associated with the occurrence of death and heart transplant during hospitalization.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Larissa Candido Alves Tavares, from Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
