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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">9PKDLyHGXfWPpbMZDKMDd9b</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800033</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201358</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201358</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Implante Percut&#226;neo de V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Auxiliada pela Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea para Tratamento de Estenose A&#243;rtica com Choque Cardiog&#234;nico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Gangping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Huaidong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9562-6257</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Weimin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3198-3022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Fan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade de Zhejiang</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital Sir Run Run Shaw</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Departamento de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Zhejiang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Sir Run Run Shaw, Escola de Medicina, Universidade de Zhejiang, Zhejiang - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Fan He</bold> &#8226; Departamento de Cirurgia Card&#237;aca, Hospital Sir Run Run Shaw, Escola de Medicina, Universidade de Zhejiang - East Qingchun Road 3th, Hangzhou, Hangzhou <postal-code>310016</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>hefan8917@zju.edu.cn</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zhang W, He F; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Chen H; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Huang G; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Chen H, Zhang W; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Huang G; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: He F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>33</fpage>
      <lpage>37</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Oxigena&#231;&#227;o por Membrana Extracorp&#243;rea</kwd>
        <kwd>Estenose da Valva A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Choque cardiog&#234;nico</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>China International Medical Foundation (CIMF)</funding-source>
          <award-id>CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por China International Medical Foundation (CIMF) (No. CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; uma doen&#231;a valvular card&#237;aca comum, geralmente causada por uma doen&#231;a degenerativa da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica nos idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> A estenose a&#243;rtica obstrui o fluxo para a frente do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo at&#233; a aorta, levando a um diferencial de press&#227;o entre o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e a aorta e o aumento da press&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo secund&#225;rio &#224; hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. &#192; medida que a doen&#231;a avan&#231;a, ela leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo e &#224; isquemia mioc&#225;rdica devido &#224; diminui&#231;&#227;o do fluxo sangu&#237;neo coron&#225;rio. Entretanto, o choque cardiog&#234;nico secund&#225;rio &#224; estenose a&#243;rtica &#233; uma das complica&#231;&#245;es mais s&#233;rias e tem um alto &#237;ndice de mortalidade devido a seu efeito terap&#234;utico limitado.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Desde seu in&#237;cio em 2002, o implante percut&#226;neo da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (TAVI) se tornou o tratamento de escolha para pacientes idosos com estenose a&#243;rtica grave e alto risco cir&#250;rgico devido a suas vantagens de ser minimamente invasivo, circula&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, e boa efic&#225;cia de meio e longo prazo.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Com o desenvolvimento da tecnologia dos dispositivos e sistemas de transmiss&#227;o de baixa resist&#234;ncia, o TAVI demonstrou recentemente ser t&#227;o eficiente do que a cirurgia tradicional, mesmo em pacientes de risco m&#233;dio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Entretanto, para pacientes com hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico longo, ele diminuiu significativamente a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca (FE), choque cardiog&#234;nico, doen&#231;a da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica descompensada e complica&#231;&#245;es graves, tais como a instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica intraoperat&#243;ria e arritmia maligna, ainda existem durante a cirurgia com TAVI, aumentando significativamente o risco de TAVI. Neste estudo, relata-se um caso de estenose a&#243;rtica grave complicada por choque cardiog&#234;nico que foi tratado com sucesso com TAVI auxiliado pela oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma paciente de 64 anos, do sexo feminino, foi hospitalizada devido a &#8220;press&#227;o no peito e fadiga por mais de 2 meses e agravamento por 3 dias&#8221;. Ela tinha hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de colecistectomia por 10 anos. O exame f&#237;sico na admiss&#227;o indicou uma temperatura de 36,8 &#176;C, 18 respira&#231;&#245;es/minuto, pulso de 46 batimentos/minuto, e press&#227;o arterial de 136/92 mmHg. A paciente tinha ortopneia. Os sons pulmonares de ambos os lados eram grossos, e podia ser ouvido um ronco &#250;mido. O sopro sist&#243;lico podia ser ouvido na ausculta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e havia um ligeiro linfedema em ambas as pernas. Exames laboratoriais mostraram pept&#237;deo natriur&#233;tico pr&#243;-cerebral N-terminal (NT-proBNP)&gt;25000 pg/mL, Troponina I (TnI) 0,12 &#956;g/L. Os &#237;ndices de fun&#231;&#227;o renal e hep&#225;tica tamb&#233;m aumentaram significativamente. O ecocardiograma sugeriu estenose a&#243;rtica grave com insufici&#234;ncia leve, o gradiente de press&#227;o sist&#243;lica m&#225;ximo era de 130mmHg e o ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi significativamente aumentado (LVIDd:58,3mm) com disfun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica e sist&#243;lica. A FE foi medida em 23,5% pelo m&#233;todo biplanar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). O TC do t&#243;rax demonstrou exsudato pleural duplo, edema intersticial pulmonar, efus&#227;o encapsulada de ambos os pulm&#245;es, com insufici&#234;ncia pulmonar. O ECG din&#226;mico de 24 horas sugere o ritmo sinusal com batimentos prematuros atriais e ventriculares frequentes. Os resultados da aferi&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial ambulatorial demonstrou que a press&#227;o arterial foi de 96/64 mmHg durante o dia, 98/65 mmHg durante o dia, e 93/62 mmHg &#224; noite. A avalia&#231;&#227;o do TAVI por imagens dos pacientes, e os resultados demonstraram estenose a&#243;rtica t&#237;pica com malforma&#231;&#227;o bic&#250;spide (tipo 0) e calcifica&#231;&#227;o moderada (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Os diagn&#243;sticos foram estenose a&#243;rtica e choque cardiog&#234;nico com uma fun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca de classifica&#231;&#227;o NYHA IV. O paciente recebeu cardiot&#244;nicos, diur&#233;ticos, ventila&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva adjuvante, mas a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e os sintomas respirat&#243;rios n&#227;o melhoraram. Considerando que o paciente tinha alto risco de choque cardiog&#234;nico e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca causada pela estenose a&#243;rtica, n&#227;o houve condi&#231;&#245;es de realiza&#231;&#227;o de uma cirurgia aberta. O risco da cirurgia TAVI tamb&#233;m era muito alto. Ent&#227;o, depois de uma consulta multidisciplinar, foi proposto um plano de tratamento com cirurgia TAVI auxiliada por ECMO. A intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal foi inserida sob anestesia geral. O cateter guia 6F estava intravesical &#224; veia jugular direita, e, em seguida, o marca-passo tempor&#225;rio foi inserido no ventr&#237;culo direito pelo cateter guia. A art&#233;ria femoral direita foi puncionada com uma agulha de microperfura&#231;&#227;o 4F, o cateter, de 6F a 11F, foi utilizado para expandir, e 2 dispositivos de fechamento Perclose Proglide (Abbott Vascular, Minneapolis, MN, EUA) foram inseridos para aplica&#231;&#227;o em standby, e, em seguida, o tubo 18F foi inserido. A oxigena&#231;&#227;o por membrana extracorp&#243;rea venoarterial (VA-ECMO) foi realizada inserindo-se uma c&#226;nula arterial 16F e uma c&#226;nula venosa 22F na art&#233;ria femoral esquerda e na veia femoral, respectivamente. O fluxo assistido por circula&#231;&#227;o era de 2,7 L/min, e a press&#227;o arterial foi mantida em aproximadamente 120 mmHg. Durante a opera&#231;&#227;o, &#233; necess&#225;rio garantir que a posi&#231;&#227;o das c&#226;nulas arterial e venosa est&#225; em boa condi&#231;&#227;o para evitar pux&#245;es, dobras, deslocamento e prolapso. Tamb&#233;m &#233; importante observar a cor do sangue e a tens&#227;o do l&#250;men, se h&#225; instabilidade no l&#250;men, se h&#225; co&#225;gulos sangu&#237;neos, e se a hemodin&#226;mica est&#225; est&#225;vel durante o per&#237;odo de circula&#231;&#227;o assistida. Um cateter foi colocado no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo via o cateter guia da art&#233;ria radial esquerda e apresentou press&#227;o de VE de 167/25 mmHg e press&#227;o arterial a&#243;rtica de 100/77 mmHg. O fio guia foi enviado ao ventr&#237;culo esquerdo pelo cateter guia 18F e, em seguida, colocado no bal&#227;o Numed 18 mm e expandido ap&#243;s definir o ritmo card&#237;aco tempor&#225;rio em 180 batimentos/min. Baseado nos dados medidos da reconstru&#231;&#227;o de TC, foi selecionada uma v&#225;lvula Venus A-Valve de 23 mm (Venus MedTech, Hangzhou, China). A v&#225;lvula foi liberada em um posicionamento preciso e ritmo card&#237;aco tempor&#225;rio de 160 batimentos/min. Os resultados indicaram que a forma e a posi&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula eram boas, e a angiografia indicou uma pequena quantidade de vazamento perivascular (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A e B) O ecocardiograma pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio indicado indicou que o gradiente de press&#227;o e a velocidade da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica aumentaram, a abertura da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica se calcificou, e ocorreu estenose a&#243;rtica grave.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Reconstru&#231;&#227;o tridimensional da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica (2A), di&#226;metro anular a&#243;rtico (2B), altura do &#243;stio coron&#225;rio esquerdo (2C), e &#243;stio coron&#225;rio direito (2D).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) A v&#225;lvula utilizada era da China; B) Aortografia antes da dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o indicou que as art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias estavam bem desenvolvidas, e que havia estenose grave da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; C) Aortografia com o bal&#227;o totalmente inflado mostrando a pat&#234;ncia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita; D) Aortografia final ap&#243;s a instala&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula e dilata&#231;&#227;o demonstrou um bom posicionamento da v&#225;lvula e uma pequena quantidade de vazamento perivalvular.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Ap&#243;s o procedimento, o paciente, confiante no suporte total do ECMO e de f&#225;rmacos vasoativos para manter a hemodin&#226;mica, foi transferido para a unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). A hemodin&#226;mica do paciente estava est&#225;vel e o ECMO foi retirado 20 horas ap&#243;s a cirurgia. Devido &#224; atelectasia pr&#233;-operat&#243;ria e ao edema pulmonar, a intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal foi extra&#237;da tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Os sintomas e sinais p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios do paciente melhoraram significativamente, os &#237;ndices de NT-proBNP, TnI, e de fun&#231;&#227;o hep&#225;tica e renal diminu&#237;ram significativamente. O ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio indicou uma fun&#231;&#227;o valvular normal acompanhada de uma pequena quantidade de vazamento perivalvular. A velocidade do orif&#237;cio e o gradiente de press&#227;o foram reduzidos significativamente em compara&#231;&#227;o aos anteriores &#224; cirurgia, e o FE aumentou para 66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Devido &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es graves do paciente antes da cirurgia, acamamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio longo, desnutri&#231;&#227;o e influ&#234;ncia de drogas, ocorreram sintomas p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, tais como transtorno de consci&#234;ncia, infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar, e trombose venosa intermuscular bilateral das extremidades. Pela melhoria do equil&#237;brio do ambiente interno, nutri&#231;&#227;o, exerc&#237;cios funcionais anti-infec&#231;&#227;o e de reabilita&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, o paciente finalmente recebeu a alta com sucesso.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>O ecocardiograma p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio indicado indicou que o gradiente de press&#227;o e a velocidade da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica melhoraram significativamente.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>TAVI &#233; uma nova tecnologia para tratamento de doen&#231;a a&#243;rtica. Depois de mais de uma d&#233;cada de desenvolvimento, o TAVI surgiu como uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento atraente e menos invasiva para a estenose a&#243;rtica grave, e &#233; superior ao tratamento farmacol&#243;gico para pacientes que n&#227;o podem ser submetidos &#224; cirurgia convencional.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Com avan&#231;os modernos em equipamentos, o TAVI demonstrou ser t&#227;o eficiente quanto a cirurgia tradicional em pacientes com risco intermedi&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Entretanto, na pr&#225;tica cl&#237;nica, alguns pacientes foram associados ao FE baixo, ventr&#237;culo esquerdo reduzido, choque cardiog&#234;nico, e outros sintomas antes da cirurgia, que, sem d&#250;vidas, aumentaram o risco da cirurgia TAVI. Encontrar um tratamento seguro e eficiente para esses pacientes com risco muito alto &#233; sempre um desafio para os cardiologistas. O ECMO &#233; um dispositivo de suporte circulat&#243;rio mec&#226;nico que tem sido usado para auxiliar o tratamento adjuvante do choque cardiog&#234;nico e ressuscita&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar causados por v&#225;rios motivos nos &#250;ltimos anos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Para pacientes com instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica, o ECMO pode garantir fluxo sangu&#237;neo e suprimento de oxig&#234;nio est&#225;veis e, portanto, tratar a insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca revers&#237;vel com efici&#234;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Entretanto, para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave com choque cardiog&#234;nico, a experi&#234;ncia do ECMO no TAVI &#233; limitada. Um estudo observacional<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> examinou os resultados do TAVI transapical em pacientes com choque cardiog&#234;nico e detectou que a presen&#231;a do choque cardiog&#234;nico aumentava significativamente a mortalidade 30 dias ap&#243;s o TAVI (19% choque cardiog&#234;nico vs. 5% sem choque cardiog&#234;nico; p = 0,02). Entretanto, o &#237;ndice de mortalidade do TAVI no grupo com choque cardiog&#234;nico ainda era mais baixo do ap&#243;s a substitui&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica convencional (19% vs. 26%), sugerindo que o TAVI pode ser uma op&#231;&#227;o de tratamento vi&#225;vel para choque cardiog&#234;nico. O paciente deste estudo apresentou sintomas de choque cardiog&#234;nico grave ap&#243;s a admiss&#227;o, tais como hipotens&#227;o e ortopneia, e tinha um alto risco, com classifica&#231;&#227;o STS de 30,06. A cirurgia de troca de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica tradicional tem um risco muito alto. Entretanto, a cirurgia TAVI nesse momento tamb&#233;m aumente, sem d&#250;vidas, o risco de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica intraoperat&#243;ria, arritmia maligna e at&#233; mesmo morte s&#250;bita. Al&#233;m disso, tratamentos conservadores, tais como cardiot&#244;nicos, diur&#233;ticos, e ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica n&#227;o invasiva n&#227;o conseguiram melhorar os sintomas do paciente, podendo levar &#224; morte. Portanto, se ocorrer o colapso circulat&#243;rio, ou o paciente parecer ser intolerante ao TAVI, n&#227;o se deve hesitar em usar o ECMO. De acordo com nossa experi&#234;ncia pr&#225;tica, o uso intraoperat&#243;rio do ECMO garante a estabiliza&#231;&#227;o da hemodin&#226;mica, permite, a expans&#227;o repetida da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica doente sem arritmias malignas, tais como taquicardia supraventricular e fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, reduz significativamente o risco do procedimento do TAVI, reduz significativamente a irritabilidade card&#237;aca intraoperat&#243;ria poss&#237;vel em etapas fundamentais da cirurgia, tais como a expans&#227;o do bal&#227;o na v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e a libera&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula interveniente, e garante efetivamente a seguran&#231;a da cirurgia em pacientes de alto risco. Ao mesmo tempo, para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave, a press&#227;o arterial foi melhorada em n&#237;veis diferentes ap&#243;s a dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o assistida por ECMO, evitando o risco de colapso circulat&#243;rio causado pela dilata&#231;&#227;o do bal&#227;o em um estado n&#227;o protegido desses pacientes, de forma que os pacientes possam se beneficiar ao m&#225;ximo.</p>
      <p>Entretanto, a incid&#234;ncia de complica&#231;&#245;es associadas ao ECMO (tais como isquemia de membros inferiores, acidente vascular cerebral, les&#227;o vascular, les&#227;o renal aguda, sangramento, e infec&#231;&#227;o) &#233; t&#227;o alta que &#233; essencial, para o uso eficiente e racional do ECMO por uma equipe de sa&#250;de experiente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Por outro lado, ap&#243;s a retirada bem-sucedida do ECMO, deve-se prestar mais aten&#231;&#227;o ao controle p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para melhorar os resultados p&#243;s-operat&#243;rios, tais como o uso de medicamento para insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, interven&#231;&#227;o abrangente em comorbidades, reabilita&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca prolongada, e acompanhamento ambulatorial pr&#243;ximo. O paciente deste estudo apresentou transtorno de consci&#234;ncia p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio, e o TC n&#227;o revelou sinais de infarto cerebral ou hemorragia cerebral, que poderiam ser causados pelo uso excessivo de sedativos. Assim, tomamos a decis&#227;o de interromper o uso de sedativos e administramos terapia neurotr&#243;fica. A alta antecipada da unidade de terapia intensiva pode reduzir a incid&#234;ncia de infec&#231;&#227;o cruzada e infec&#231;&#227;o iatrog&#234;nica ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, exerc&#237;cios de reabilita&#231;&#227;o p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria, tais como, sair da cama, vibra&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e drenagem de secre&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m podem evitar a infec&#231;&#227;o pulmonar e a trombose venosa de membros inferiores.</p>
      <p>Concluindo, esta experi&#234;ncia pode oferecer uma solu&#231;&#227;o para esses pacientes. Entretanto, ainda s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos conduzidos com grandes amostras para se encontrar o melhor tratamento.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O TAVI assistido por ECMO pode ser uma escolha razo&#225;vel para pacientes com estenose a&#243;rtica grave pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio complicada por FE baixo, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, ou at&#233; mesmo choque cardiog&#234;nico. Por enquanto, um controle p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio razo&#225;vel pode evitar efetivamente complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao ECMO e melhorar o progn&#243;stico dos pacientes.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por China International Medical Foundation (CIMF) (No. CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation Assisted by Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for the Treatment of Aortic Stenosis with Cardiogenic Shock</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Huang</surname>
            <given-names>Gangping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Chen</surname>
            <given-names>Huaidong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9562-6257</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Weimin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3198-3022</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>He</surname>
            <given-names>Fan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Zhejiang</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Fan He</bold> &#8226; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University - East Qingchun Road 3th, Hangzhou, Hangzhou <postal-code>310016</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>hefan8917@zju.edu.cn</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zhang W, He F; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Chen H; Statistical analysis: Huang G; Obtaining financing: Chen H, Zhang W; Writing of the manuscript: Huang G; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: He F.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation</kwd>
        <kwd>Aortic Valve Stenosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiogenic Shock</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>China International Medical Foundation (CIMF)</funding-source>
          <award-id>CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was funded by China International Medical Foundation(CIMF) (No. CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823)</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Aortic stenosis is a common heart valve disease, mostly caused by degenerative aortic valve disease in the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Aortic stenosis obstructs the forward flow of the left ventricle to the aorta, leading to a pressure differential between the left ventricle and the aorta and increased left ventricular pressure secondary to left ventricular hypertrophy. As the disease progresses, it leads to left ventricular systolic and diastolic dysfunction and myocardial ischemia due to decreased coronary blood flow. However, cardiogenic shock secondary to aortic stenosis is one of the most serious complications and has a high mortality rate due to its limited therapeutic effect.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Since its inception in 2002, transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the first choice of treatment for elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis and high surgical risk due to its advantages of minimally invasive, non-extracorporeal circulation, and good medium-long term efficacy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> With the development of device technology and low-resistance transmission systems, TAVI has recently been shown to be no less effective than traditional surgery, even in medium-risk patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, for patients with a long medical history, significantly reduced cardiac ejection fraction (EF), cardiogenic shock, decompensated aortic valve disease, and severe complications such as intraoperative hemodynamic breakdown and malignant arrhythmia, still exist during TAVI surgery, greatly increasing the risk of TAVI. The present study reports a case of severe aortic stenosis complicated by cardiogenic shock that was successfully treated with TAVI assisted by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 64-year-old female patient was hospitalized due to &#8220;repeated chest tightness and fatigue for more than 2 months and aggravation for 3 days&#8221;. She had a previous history of cholecystectomy for 10 years. The physical examination upon admission indicated a temperature of 36.8&#176;C, 18 breaths/min, a pulse of 46 beats/min, and blood pressure 136/92 mmHg. The patient had an orthopnoea. The breathing sounds of both lungs were coarse, and a moist rhonchus could be heard. Systolic blowing murmur could be heard in the aortic valve auscultation, and there was slight pitting edema over both legs. Laboratory examination showed N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP)&gt;25000 pg/mL, Troponin I(TnI) 0.12 &#956;g/L. The indexes of liver and kidney function also increased significantly. Echocardiography suggested severe aortic stenosis with mild insufficiency, the maximum systolic pressure gradient was 130mmHg, and the left ventricle was significantly enlarged (LVIDd:58.3mm) with systolic diastolic dysfunction. The EF was measured as 23.5% by biplane method (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). Chest CT showed double pneumonia exudate, pulmonary interstitial edema, encapsulated effusion of both lungs with pulmonary insufficiency. A 24h dynamic ECG suggested a sinus rhythm with frequent atrial and ventricular premature beats. The results of ambutral blood pressure examination showed that the blood pressure was 96/64mmhg throughout the day, 98/65mmhg during the day, and 93/62mmhg at night. TAVI imaging evaluation of the patients was conducted, and the results showed typical aortic stenosis with bicuspid malformation (type 0) and moderate calcification (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The diagnoses were aortic stenosis and cardiogenic shock with a heart function classification of NYHA IV. The patient was given cardiotonics, diuretics, non-invasive ventilator adjuvant treatment, but the heart failure and respiratory symptoms did not improve. Considering that the patient was at high risk of cardiogenic shock and heart failure caused by aortic stenosis, there were no conditions for routine open-heart surgery, and the risk of TAVI surgery was also very high. Thus, after a multidisciplinary consultation, we proposed the treatment plan for ECMO-assisted TAVI surgery. Tracheal intubation was inserted under general anesthesia. The 6F sheath tube was indwelling in the right jugular vein, and then the temporary pacemaker was inserted into the right ventricle through the sheath tube. The right femoral artery was punctured with a 4F micropuncture needle, and the sheath of 6F and 11F was used to expand, and 2 Perclose Proglide closure devices (Abbott Vascular, Minneapolis, MN) were inserted for standby application, and then the 18F sheath tube was inserted. Then venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) was performed by inserting 16F arterial cannula and 22F venous cannula into the left femoral artery and femoral vein respectively. The circulation assisted flow was 2.7L/min, and the blood pressure was maintained at about 120mmHg. During the operation, it is necessary to ensure that the position of the artery and vein cannula is in good condition to prevent pulling, bending, displacement, and prolapse. It is also important to observe the blood color and tension of the lumen, whether the lumen is quivering, whether there is blood clot, and whether the hemodynamics is stable during the period of circulation assistance. A left ventricular catheter was placed via the left radial artery sheath and showed an LV pressure of 167/25mmHg and aortic blood pressure of 100/77 mmHg. The guide wire was sent into the left ventricle through the 18F sheath tube and then put into the 18mm Numed balloon and expanded after setting the temporary pacing rate to 180 beats/min. Based on measured data of the CT reconstruction, we selected the 23mm Venus A-Valve (Venus MedTech, Hangzhou, China). The valve was released under precise positioning and temporary pacing rate of 160 beats/min. The results indicated that the valve shape and position were good, and the angiography indicated a small amount of perivalvular leakage (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A and B) Preoperative echocardiography indicated that aortic valve velocity and pressure gradient increased, aortic valve lobe calcified, and severe aortic stenosis occurred.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Three-dimensional reconstruction of the aortic valve (2A), the aortic annular diameter (2B), height of the left coronary ostium (2C), and the right coronary ostium (2D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) The valve used was from China; B) Aortography before the balloon dilatation indicated that the coronary arteries were well developed and a severe stenosis of the aortic valve; C) Aortography with the balloon fully inflated showing the patency of both the left and right coronary arteries; D) The final aortography after valve deployment and dilation showed a good position of the valve and a small amount of perivalvular leakage.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After the procedure, the patient, reliant on full ECMO support and vasoactive drugs to maintain hemodynamics, was transferred to the intensive care unit (CCU). The hemodynamics of the patient was stable and ECMO was removed 20 hours after surgery. Due to preoperative atelectasis and pulmonary edema, tracheal intubation was extracted three days after the operation. Postoperative symptoms and signs of the patient were significantly improved, NT-proBNP, TnI and liver and kidney function indexes were significantly decreased. The postoperative echocardiography indicated a normal valve function accompanied by a small amount of perivalvular leakage. The valve orifice velocity and pressure gradient were significantly reduced compared with those before surgery and the EF increased to 66% (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). Due to the patient's severe condition before surgery, long postoperative bed time, malnutrition, and the influence of drugs, the postoperative symptoms such as consciousness disorder, pulmonary infection and bilateral intermuscular vein thrombosis of the lower extremities occurred. Through the improvement of internal environment balance, nutritional nerve, anti-infection, and rehabilitation function exercise after surgery, the patient was finally discharged successfully.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Postoperative echocardiography indicated that aortic valve velocity and pressure gradient improved significantly.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0033-01358-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>TAVI is a new technology for the treatment of aortic disease. After more than a decade of development, TAVI has emerged as an attractive, less invasive treatment option for severe aortic stenosis, and is superior to drug therapy for patients who cannot undergo conventional surgery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> With modern advances in equipment, TAVI has proven to be no less effective than traditional surgery in patients with intermediate risk.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> However, in clinical practice, some patients were associated with low EF, small left ventricle, cardiogenic shock and other symptoms before surgery, which undoubtedly increased the risk of TAVI surgery. Finding a safe and effective treatment for these very high risk patients is always a challenge for cardiologists. ECMO is a mechanical circulatory support device, which has been used in the rescue adjuvant therapy of cardiogenic shock and cardiopulmonary resuscitation due to various reasons in recent years.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> For patients with hemodynamic instability, ECMO can provide stable blood flow and oxygen supply, thus effectively treating reversible heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> However, for high-risk aortic stenosis patients with cardiogenic shock, the experience of ECMO in TAVI is limited. An observational study<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> examined the results of transapical TAVI in patients with cardiogenic shock, and found that the presence of cardiogenic shock significantly increased the mortality at 30 days after TAVI (19% cardiogenic shock vs. 5% non-cardiogenic shock; p = 0.02). However, the mortality rate of TAVI in the cardiogenic shock group was still lower than that after emergency routine aortic valve replacement (19% vs 26%), suggesting that TAVI may be a viable treatment option for cardiogenic shock. Our patient presented severe cardiogenic shock symptoms after admission, such as hypotension and orthopnoea, and was at high risk, with an STS score of 30.06. Traditional SVAR surgery carries a very high risk. However, TAVI surgery at this time also undoubtedly increases the risk of intraoperative hemodynamic instability, malignant arrhythmia, and even sudden death. In addition, conservative treatments, such as cardiotonics, diuretics, and non-invasive ventilator assisted ventilation failed to improve the patient's symptoms, the final result may also be death. Therefore if circulatory collapse occurs or the patient seems to be intolerable of TAVI, we should not hesitate to use ECMO. According to our practical experience, the intraoperative use of ECMO effectively guarantees stable hemodynamics, enables the repeated expansion of a diseased aortic valve with no malignant arrhythmias, such as supraventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation appeared, greatly reduces the risk of TAVI procedures, significantly reduces possible intraoperative heart irritability in key surgical stages, such as balloon expansion of the aortic valve and the release of the intervening valve, and effectively guarantees the surgical safety of high-risk patients. At the same time, for patients with severe aortic stenosis, blood pressure was improved to different degrees after balloon dilation assisted by ECMO, avoiding the risk of circulatory collapse caused by balloon dilation in the unprotected state of such patients, so that the patients could benefit to the maximum extent.</p>
        <p>However, the incidence of ECMO-related complications (such as lower limb ischemia, stroke, vascular injury, acute kidney injury, bleeding, and infection) is so high that it is critical for effective and rational use of ECMO by an experienced heart team.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> By contrast, after the successful removal of ECMO, more attention should be paid to postoperative management in order to improve postoperative outcomes, such as the use of medication for heart failure, comprehensive intervention for comorbidities, prolonged cardiac rehabilitation, and close outpatient follow-up. Our patient presented postoperative consciousness disorder, and CT showed no signs of cerebral infarction or cerebral hemorrhage, which may well be caused by an excessive use of sedatives. Therefore, we decided to discontinue sedatives and give neurotrophic therapy. Early transfer out of intensive care unit can reduce the incidence of cross-infection and iatrogenic infection after operation. In addition, early postoperative rehabilitation exercises, such as getting out of bed, lung vibration, and sputum drainage can also prevent pulmonary infection and lower limb venous thrombosis.</p>
        <p>In conclusion, our experience can provide a solution for such patients. However, studies conducted with large samples are still needed to find the best treatment.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>TAVI assisted by ECMO may be a reasonable choice for patients with preoperative severe aortic stenosis complicated with low EF, heart failure, or even cardiogenic shock. Meanwhile, reasonable postoperative management can effectively prevent ECMO-related complications and improve the prognosis of patients.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was funded by China International Medical Foundation(CIMF) (No. CIMF-Z-2016-23-1823).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
