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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">fNHw5pN9LzpMDvpQRGNGLwR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800029</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201087</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201087</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Nova Muta&#231;&#227;o no Gene DSP &#8211; Um Caso de Cardiomiopatia Arritmog&#234;nica com Fen&#243;tipo Isolado do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo e Alto Risco de Morte S&#250;bita</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6730-2076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro von Hafe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Senhora da Oliveira</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guimar&#227;es</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Senhora da Oliveira - Departamento de Cardiologia, Guimar&#227;es - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade do Minho</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Minho - Departamento de Cardiologia, Braga - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro von Hafe Leite</bold> &#8226; Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimaraes EPE &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua dos Cutileiros Guimar&#227;es <postal-code>4800-040</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>pedro.vonhafe27@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Leite PVH, Azevedo O; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Leite PVH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Leite PVH, Azevedo O, Dias G, Cardoso F, Pereira T, Louren&#231;o A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>29</fpage>
      <lpage>32</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>13</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>24</day>
          <month>02</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Morte S&#250;bita Card&#237;aca</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca (MSC) em adultos jovens (18&#8211;35 anos) &#233; causada mais frequentemente de cardiomiopatias heredit&#225;rias previamente n&#227;o diagnosticadas. As causas mais comuns de MSC s&#227;o a cardiomiopatia hipertr&#243;fica e a cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica (CMA), seguidas de anomalias cong&#234;nitas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, miocardite, ruptura a&#243;rtica na s&#237;ndrome de Marfan, defeitos de condu&#231;&#227;o, e doen&#231;as valvulares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A CMA &#233; respons&#225;vel por at&#233; 20% dos casos de MSC em indiv&#237;duos abaixo dos 35 anos de idade.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Em uma s&#233;rie de 86 v&#237;timas jovens de MSC, a CMA representou 10,3% dos casos, sendo a segunda maior causa de MSC.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> A cardiomiopatia dilatada (CMD) &#233; uma causa menos frequente de MSC entre jovens, representando aproximadamente 2% dos casos em atletas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A CMA &#233; uma doen&#231;a heredit&#225;ria do m&#250;sculo card&#237;aco que resulta em infiltra&#231;&#227;o fibrogordurosa do mioc&#225;rdio ventricular.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A CMA &#233; uma cardiomiopatia geneticamente determinada causada por muta&#231;&#245;es em genes codificantes de prote&#237;nas de desmossomos, que s&#227;o estruturas intercelulares especializadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o atual da CMA inclui cardiomiopatia arritmog&#234;nica do ventr&#237;culo direito, variantes da doen&#231;a biventricular, envolvimento predominante do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE), e o fen&#243;tipo do VE caracterizado pelo envolvimento isolado do VE.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da CMA &#233; baseado nos crit&#233;rios do <italic>Task Force Criteria</italic> (TFC) modificados de 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Entretanto, esses crit&#233;rios TFC modificados carecem de sensibilidade no diagn&#243;stico da CMA com envolvimento do VE isolado ou predominante. Al&#233;m disso, o diagn&#243;stico diferencial da CMA de outras entidades, tais como CMD, sarcoidose ou miocardite, pode representar um desafio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Caso cl&#237;nico</title>
      <p>Um homem de 49 anos, com hist&#243;rico de consumo de &#225;lcool leve a moderado, foi acompanhado em uma consulta cardiol&#243;gica por 12 anos, com diagn&#243;stico de CMD presumidamente causado pelo consumo de &#225;lcool. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico mostrou dilata&#231;&#227;o leve das quatro c&#226;maras e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE leve com hipocinesia global (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). O eletrocardiograma mostrou o ritmo sinusal com avan&#231;o fraco da onda R em V1-V3, e ondas T negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, III, aVF, aVL e V4-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>). A cintilografia com perfus&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio resultou negativa para isquemia. O monitoramento pelo Holter de 24 horas mostrou o ritmo sinusal, aproximadamente 6000 batimentos ect&#243;picos ventriculares multifocais uma TV n&#227;o sustentada com sete bloqueios de ramos de feixe direito (BRFD) complexos e incompletos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). O teste de stress por esfor&#231;o demonstrou ectopia ventricular frequente, principalmente com origem no VE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) Ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico (vis&#227;o apical de quatro c&#226;maras) mostrando dilata&#231;&#227;o e disfun&#231;&#227;o leve do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. B) ECG mostrando o ritmo sinusal com avan&#231;o fraco da onda R em V1-V3, e ondas T negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es I, II, III, aVF, aVL e V4-V6. C) Monitoramento por Holter durante 24 horas revelando TV n&#227;o sustentada com sete bloqueios de ramos de feixe direito complexos e incompletos. D) Teste de stress por esfor&#231;o demonstrando ectopia ventricular frequente, principalmente com origem no VE.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0029-01087-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Depois de 12 anos de monitoramento, o paciente sofreu uma pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope no trabalho, sendo levado imediatamente ao hospital pela equipe de emerg&#234;ncia m&#233;dica. Ao chegar ao hospital, o paciente desenvolveu fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular, e, apesar das medidas avan&#231;adas de suporte vital, acabou morrendo.</p>
      <p>Dois dias depois de sua morte, seu filho de 16 anos, sem hist&#243;rico patol&#243;gico conhecido, foi encontrado desacordado por sua m&#227;e, em sua cama enquanto dormia. O suporte vital foi iniciado assim que o servi&#231;o de emerg&#234;ncia chegou, mas n&#227;o foi bem-sucedido, e o adolescente morreu.</p>
      <p>A esposa, a filha e sete irm&#227;os do paciente zero foram submetidos a testagens com ECG, ecocardiograma, e Holter de 24 horas, todos os quais obtiveram resultados normais.</p>
      <p>A aut&#243;psia do paciente zero revelou um cora&#231;&#227;o aumentado, pesando 600 g, e aterosclerose coron&#225;ria discreta. N&#227;o foram encontradas les&#245;es isqu&#234;micas agudas ou cr&#244;nicas no exame macrosc&#243;pico. Com base nesses achados, o relat&#243;rio da aut&#243;psia concluiu que uma causa de morte por arritmia n&#227;o poderia ser descartada. A aut&#243;psia do filho do paciente zero tamb&#233;m revelou um cora&#231;&#227;o aumentado, pesando 535g. O relat&#243;rio da aut&#243;psia descreveu que o ter&#231;o externo da circunfer&#234;ncia da parede do VE parecia estar separado, em toda sua extens&#227;o longitudinal, dos dois-ter&#231;os internos da parede do VE. Infelizmente, os relat&#243;rios histol&#243;gicos n&#227;o foram disponibilizados aos irm&#227;os ou seus m&#233;dicos.</p>
      <p>O estudo gen&#233;tico post mortem revelou, em ambos os casos, a variante em heterozigose c.1080G&gt;A (p.Trp360*) no gene <italic>DSP</italic>, classificada como provavelmente patog&#234;nica; e a variante c.3010G&gt;T (p.Ala1004Ser) no gene <italic>MYH6</italic>, classificada como variante gen&#233;tica de signific&#226;ncia incerta (GVUS).</p>
      <p>At&#233; agora, n&#227;o se identificou nenhum paciente portador da variante <italic>DSP</italic>. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">figura 2</xref> mostra a linhagem familiar com os achados gen&#233;ticos.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Linhagem familiar mostrando indiv&#237;duos afetados com CMA (s&#237;mbolos escuros) e indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afetados (s&#237;mbolos brancos). A seta indica o probando. A variante DSP est&#225; presente (+) em indiv&#237;duos afetados, estando ausentes (-) nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afetados. A variante MYH6 est&#225; presente (+) em indiv&#237;duos afetados, estando ausentes (-) nos indiv&#237;duos n&#227;o afetados. DSP var: variante em heterozigose c.1080G&gt;A (p.Trp360*) no gene DSP, classificada como provavelmente patog&#234;nica; MYH6 var: variante c.3010G&gt;T (p.Ala1004Ser) no gene MYH6, classificada como variante gen&#233;tica de signific&#226;ncia incerta.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0029-01087-gf02.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O diagn&#243;stico da CMA &#233; desafiador devido &#224; aus&#234;ncia de crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos exclusivos e espec&#237;ficos, sua expressividade vari&#225;vel, e sua penetr&#226;ncia incompleta em familiares.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> A CMA, que foi inicialmente descrita como uma doen&#231;a de VD isolada ou predominante, frequentemente apresenta envolvimento do VE, que pode estar presente ou at&#233; mesmo predominante nos primeiros est&#225;gios de alguns transportadores de muta&#231;&#227;o, expandindo o espectro cl&#237;nico da doen&#231;a.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>De acordo com o TFC modificado de 2010, o paciente zero apresentou um crit&#233;rio principal (identifica&#231;&#227;o de muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica categorizada como associada ou provavelmente associada &#224; CMA) e dois crit&#233;rios menores (ondas T invertidas em V4-V6 e &gt;500 batimentos ventriculares prematuros no monitoramento por Holter de 24 horas), que permitiram o diagn&#243;stico definitivo da CMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No entanto, como o TFC modificado careceu de sensibilidade no diagn&#243;stico da CMA com envolvimento isolado ou predominante do VE, Corrado et al. recentemente apresentaram um documento de Consenso de Especialistas Internacionais propondo o &#8220;crit&#233;rio de Padua&#8221;, que constitui um aperfei&#231;oamento dos crit&#233;rios diagn&#243;sticos de CMA com objetivo de diagnosticar todo o espectro das variantes fenot&#237;picas da CMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nesse consenso recente, novos crit&#233;rios foram acrescentados refletindo o envolvimento do VE, propondo que: (i) a disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE seja um crit&#233;rio menor para diagn&#243;stico das variantes &#8220;biventricular&#8221; ou de &#8220;domin&#226;ncia esquerda&#8221; da doen&#231;a; (ii) o realce tardio pelo gadol&#237;nio (RTG)/fibrose mioc&#225;rdica do VE na forma de estria (ou faixa) afetando &#8805;1 segmentos da parede livre do VE, septo ou ambos seja um crit&#233;rio importante; (iii) anormalidades de repolariza&#231;&#227;o com ondas T invertidas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais esquerdas (V4-V6) (na aus&#234;ncia de BRFE completos) sejam um crit&#233;rio menor; (iv) anormalidades de despolariza&#231;&#227;o com baixas tens&#245;es de QRS nas deriva&#231;&#245;es do membro (na aus&#234;ncia de obesidade, enfisema, ou efus&#227;o peric&#225;rdica) sejam um crit&#233;rio menor, baseado na no&#231;&#227;o de que uma redu&#231;&#227;o da massa mioc&#225;rdica do VE por troca fibrogordurosa pode levar a baixas tens&#245;es de QRS; (v) Extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares frequentes (&gt;500 em 24 horas), taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada ou sustentada como morfologia de BRFD (exceto o padr&#227;o fascicular) sejam um crit&#233;rio menor; e (vi) a demonstra&#231;&#227;o de uma muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica em genes relacionados &#224; CMA sejam considerados um crit&#233;rio necess&#225;rio para o diagn&#243;stico em pacientes com CMA dominante esquerda e sem envolvimento do VD clinicamente detect&#225;vel, porque &#233; o achado mais espec&#237;fico ligando as caracter&#237;sticas fenot&#237;picas do VE &#224; CMA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Realmente, todos os crit&#233;rios mencionados s&#227;o atendidos no paciente zero deste relat&#243;rio (exceto mudan&#231;as nas IRM, j&#225; que n&#227;o foram realizadas durante o acompanhamento), confirmando, portanto, o diagn&#243;stico do CMA de domin&#226;ncia esquerda.</p>
      <p>A CMD &#233; particularmente dif&#237;cil de distinguir das formas n&#227;o cl&#225;ssicas de CMA. Essas duas entidades podem se sobrepor significativamente, que podem resultar em uma categoriza&#231;&#227;o incorreta do diagn&#243;stico, como ocorreu provavelmente em nosso paciente zero. Muta&#231;&#245;es nos genes desmoss&#244;micos s&#227;o relativamente comuns em pacientes com diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico de CMD, e s&#227;o encontradas muta&#231;&#245;es em <italic>DSP</italic> em 3% dos pacientes com CMD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A CMA com domin&#226;ncia esquerda pode se apresentar, em uma faixa et&#225;ria ampla, geralmente com palpita&#231;&#245;es e perda de consci&#234;ncia. A arritmia ventricular (AV) com morfologia de BRFD &#233; caracter&#237;stica e geralmente fora de propor&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grau de disfun&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
      <p>Palpita&#231;&#245;es, (pr&#233;-)s&#237;ncope e VA est&#227;o presentes em um est&#225;gio inicial da CMA, frequentemente na aus&#234;ncia de grandes anormalidades estruturais, conforme observado no paciente zero e em seu filho.</p>
      <p>Estudo de gen&#243;tipo/fen&#243;tipo sugeriram que muta&#231;&#245;es de DSP s&#227;o associadas com um fen&#243;tipo grave com risco mais alto de AV e MSC, e um n&#237;vel alto de envolvimento do VE, particularmente em pacientes com muta&#231;&#245;es, conforme observado nos pacientes deste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, alinhado ao caso deste estudo, as muta&#231;&#245;es do <italic>DSP</italic> podem ser associadas &#224; invers&#227;o da onda T nas deriva&#231;&#245;es V4 a V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>No caso deste estudo, a variante p.Trp360* foi encontrada no gene <italic>DSP</italic>. Embora nunca tenha sido descrito na literatura ou em bancos de dados gen&#233;ticos, essa muta&#231;&#227;o resulta em uma prote&#237;na truncada, que podem se relacionar a um fen&#243;tipo mais agressivo, como visto na fam&#237;lia reportada neste estudo. Al&#233;m disso, a an&#225;lise de linhagem demonstrou um padr&#227;o de congrega&#231;&#227;o positivo, j&#225; que a muta&#231;&#227;o do DSP foi identificada apenas nos pacientes afetados, e n&#227;o nos pacientes com fen&#243;tipo negativo, inclusive os idosos.</p>
      <p>Este caso mostra a import&#226;ncia do estudo gen&#233;tico <italic>post-mortem</italic> em pacientes com fen&#243;tipo de CMD/CMA, que sofreram MSC antes de que a testagem gen&#233;tica tivesse sido realizada.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Esta pesquisa n&#227;o recebeu nenhum financiamento espec&#237;fico de ag&#234;ncias de fomento dos setores p&#250;blicos, comerciais, ou sem fins lucrativos.</p>
      <p>Este manuscrito &#233; original, e todos os autores s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelos conte&#250;dos e leram e aprovaram o manuscrito para submiss&#227;o &#224; revista Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Novel Mutation in <italic>DSP</italic> Gene &#8211; A Case of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy with Isolated Left Ventricular Phenotype and High Risk of Sudden Cardiac Death</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6730-2076</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Leite</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro von Hafe</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Azevedo</surname>
            <given-names>Olga</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dias</surname>
            <given-names>Geraldo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Cardoso</surname>
            <given-names>Filipa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Tamara</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guimar&#227;es</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Senhora da Oliveira - Departamento de Cardiologia, Guimar&#227;es - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Braga</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade do Minho - Departamento de Cardiologia, Braga - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro von Hafe Leite</bold> &#8226; Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimaraes EPE &#8211; Cardiologia - Rua dos Cutileiros Guimar&#227;es <postal-code>4800-040</postal-code> &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>pedro.vonhafe27@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Leite PVH, Azevedo O; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Leite PVH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Leite PVH, Azevedo O, Dias G, Cardoso F, Pereira T, Louren&#231;o A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Sudden Death</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Sudden cardiac death (SCD) in young adults (18&#8211;35 years) most commonly results from previously undiagnosed inherited cardiomyopathies. The most common causes of sudden cardiac death are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM), followed by congenital anomalies of coronary arteries, myocarditis, aortic rupture in Marfan's syndrome, conduction defects, and valve diseases.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>ACM accounts for up to 20% of sudden cardiac death in individuals under 35 years of age.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In a series of 86 victims of SCD at a young age, ACM accounted for 10.3% of the cases, being the second major cause of SCD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a less frequent cause of SCD in young individuals, accounting for nearly 2% of cases in athletes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>ACM is an inherited heart muscle disorder that results from fibrofatty infiltration of the ventricular myocardium.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>ACM is a genetically determined cardiomyopathy caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins of desmosomes, which are specialized intercellular structures.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The current classification of ACM includes the classic arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, biventricular disease variants, predominant left ventricular (LV) involvement, and the LV phenotype characterized by isolated LV involvement.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The diagnosis of ACM is based on the modified Task Force Criteria (TFC) from 2010.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> However, these modified TFC lack sensitivity in the diagnosis of ACM with isolated or predominant LV involvement. Furthermore, differential diagnosis of ACM from other entities, such as DCM, sarcoidosis or myocarditis, may be challenging.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Clinical case</title>
        <p>A 49-year-old man, with a history of mild to moderate alcohol consumption, was followed up in a cardiology consultation for 12 years with the diagnosis of DCM, presumably due to alcohol consumption. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed mild dilatation of four chambers and mild left ventricular systolic dysfunction with global hypokinesia (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1A</xref>). The electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm with a poor progression of the R wave in V1-V3 and negative T wave in leads I, II, III, aVF, aVL, and V4-V6 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1B</xref>). Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy was negative for ischemia. A 24h-Holter monitoring showed a sinus rhythm, nearly 6,000 multifocal ventricular ectopic beats, and one non-sustained VT with seven complexes and incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1C</xref>). The exercise stress test showed frequent ventricular ectopy, mostly with LV origin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Transthoracic echocardiogram (apical four-chamber view) showing mild left ventricular dysfunction and dilatation. B) ECG showing sinus rhythm with poor progression of R wave in V1-V3 and negative T waves in leads I, II, III, aVF, aVL, and V4-V6. C) 24h-Holter monitoring revealing non-sustained VT with seven complexes and incomplete right bundle branch block. D) Exercise stress test, showing frequent ventricular ectopy, mostly with LV origin.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0029-01087-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>After 12 years of follow-up, the patient suffered a pre-syncope while at work, and was immediately taken to the hospital by the emergency medical team. Upon arrival at the hospital, the patient developed ventricular fibrillation and, despite the advanced life support measures, eventually died.</p>
        <p>Two weeks after his death, his 16-year-old son, with no known pathological history, was found inanimate by his mother in his bed where he was sleeping. Advanced life support was initiated at the arrival of the emergency medical services, but it was unsuccessful and the teenager died.</p>
        <p>Spouse, daughter, and seven siblings of the index case were submitted to screening with ECG, echocardiogram, and 24h-Holter, all of whom had normal results.</p>
        <p>The autopsy of the index case showed an enlarged heart weighing 600g and discrete coronary atherosclerosis. No acute or chronic ischemic lesions were found on the macroscopic examination. Based on these findings, the autopsy report concluded that an arrhythmic cause of death could not be excluded. The autopsy of the son of the index case also showed an enlarged heart weighing 535g. The autopsy report described that the external third of the LV circumferential wall appeared to be detached, in all its longitudinal length, from the two inner thirds of the LV wall. Unfortunately, the histological reports were not made available for siblings or their physicians.</p>
        <p><italic>Post-mortem</italic> genetic study revealed, in both cases, the variant in heterozygosity c.1080G&gt;A (p.Trp360*) in the <italic>DSP</italic> gene, classified as probably pathogenic, and the variant c.3010G&gt;T (p.Ala1004Ser) in the <italic>MYH6</italic> gene, classified as a genetic variant of uncertain significance (GVUS).</p>
        <p>So far, no relatives were found carrying the <italic>DSP</italic> variant. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref> shows the family pedigree with the genetic findings.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Family pedigree showing affected individuals with ACM (dark symbols) and non-affected individuals (white symbols). The arrow indicates the proband. The DSP variant is present (+) in affected individuals, being absent (-) in non-affected ones. The MYH6 variant is present (+) in affected patients, but also in some non-affected relatives. DSP var: variant in heterozygosity c.1080G&gt;A (p.Trp360*) in the DSP gene, classified as probably pathogenic; MYH6 var: variant c.3010G&gt;T (p.Ala1004Ser) in the MYH6 gene, classified as a genetic variant of uncertain significance.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0029-01087-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The diagnosis of ACM is challenging because of the absence of specific unique diagnostic criteria, its variable expressivity, and its incomplete penetrance in relatives.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> ACM, which was initially described as an isolated or predominant RV disease, exhibits frequent LV involvement, which may be present or even predominant at early stages in some mutation carriers, expanding the clinical spectrum of the disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>According to the modified TFC of 2010, the index case presented a major criterion (identification of pathogenic mutation categorized as associated or probably associated with ACM) and two minor criteria (inverted T waves in V4-V6 and &gt; 500 ventricular premature beats on 24h-Holter monitoring), which enabled the definitive diagnosis of ACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Nevertheless, as the modified TFC lacked sensitivity in the diagnosis of ACM with isolated or predominant LV involvement, Corrado et al. recently presented an International Expert Consensus document proposing the &#8220;Padua criteria&#8221;, which constitutes an upgrade of the diagnostic criteria of ACM aiming for the diagnosis of the entire spectrum of the phenotypic variants of ACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In this recent consensus, new criteria have been added that reflect LV involvement, namely: (i) LV systolic dysfunction has been proposed as a minor criterion for diagnosing &#8220;biventricular&#8221; or &#8220;dominant-left&#8221; disease variants; (ii) LV myocardial LGE/fibrosis in the form of a stretch mark (or band) pattern affecting &#8805;1 segment of the LV free wall, septum, or both has been proposed as a major criterion; (iii) Repolarization abnormalities with inverted T waves in left precordial leads (V4-V6) (in the absence of complete LBBB) has been proposed as a minor criterion; (iv) Depolarization abnormalities with low QRS voltages in the limb leads (in the absence of obesity, emphysema, or pericardial effusion) has been proposed as a minor criterion, based on the notion that the decrease of LV myocardial mass by fibro-fatty replacement may lead to low QRS voltages; v) Frequent ventricular extrasystoles (&gt;500 per 24 h), non-sustained or sustained ventricular tachycardia with an RBBB morphology (excluding the fascicular pattern) has been proposed as a minor criterion; and (vi) Demonstration of a pathogenic mutation in ACM-related genes has been considered a necessary criterion for the diagnosis in patients with left-dominant ACM and no clinically detectable RV involvement, because it is the most specific finding linking the LV phenotypic features to ACM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Indeed, all the aforementioned criteria are fulfilled in the index case of our report (except changes in the MRI because it was not performed during follow-up), thereby confirming the diagnosis of left-dominant ACM.</p>
        <p>DCM is particularly difficult to distinguish from non-classic forms of ACM. These two entities can significantly overlap, which may result in a mislabeling of the diagnosis, as it probably occurred in our index case. Desmosomal gene mutations are relatively common in patients with a clinical diagnosis of DCM, and <italic>DSP</italic> mutations are found in 3% of patients with DCM.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Left-dominant ACM may present over a wide range of ages typically with palpitations and impaired consciousness. Ventricular arrhythmia (VA) with RBBB morphology is characteristic and often out of proportion to the degree of LV dysfunction.</p>
        <p>Palpitations, (pre)syncope, and VA are present at an early stage of ACM, often in the absence of gross structural abnormalities, as observed in both the index case and his son.</p>
        <p>Genotype/phenotype studies have suggested that <italic>DSP</italic> mutations are associated with a severe phenotype with a higher risk of VA and SCD, and a high level of LV involvement, particularly in patients with truncating mutations, as observed in our patients. In addition, in line with our case, <italic>DSP</italic> mutations may be associated with T wave inversion in leads V4 to V6.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In our case, the variant p.Trp360* was found in the <italic>DSP</italic> gene. Although it has never been described in the literature or genetic databases, this mutation results in a truncated protein, which may relate to a more aggressive phenotype, as seen in our family. Furthermore, pedigree analysis showed a positive congregation pattern, as the <italic>DSP</italic> mutation was found only in affected patients, but not in negative-phenotype patients, including the older ones.</p>
        <p>This case shows the importance of <italic>post-mortem</italic> genetic study in patients with DCM/ACM phenotype, who suffered SCD before the genetic testing was performed.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>This research receive no specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors.</p>
        <p>This manuscript is original. All authors are responsible for the contents, and have read and approved the manuscript for submission to <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
