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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">vZnzp8csCwBLNkt64SJ3BCv</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800023</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200792</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200792</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito da M&#225;scara Cir&#250;rgica de Prote&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria nos Marcadores Fisiol&#243;gicos de Desempenho Aer&#243;bio em um Corredor Recreacional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0321-2151</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Prado</surname>
            <given-names>Danilo Marcelo Leite do</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1992-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ewerton Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio Salvador Veras e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-6138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Pereira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Biof&#237;sica e Fisiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237; - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e &#224; Sa&#250;de (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biof&#237;sica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Danilo Marcelo Leite Prado</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>danilo.prado@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#245;es dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Prado DML, Santos MAP. An&#225;lises e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Prado DML; Obten&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silvino VO, Vieira EG, Rosa BV, Santos MAP; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Prado DML, Silvino VO. Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Prado DML, Silvino VO, Santos MAP, Silva ASV; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Prado DML, Silva ASV, Santos MAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; potencial conflito de interesse com este artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>23</fpage>
      <lpage>28</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemia</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#225;scara</kwd>
        <kwd>Dispositivo de Prote&#231;&#227;o Respirat&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Atividade F&#237;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho Aer&#243;bio</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o da Popula&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cio</kwd>
        <kwd>Consumo de Oxig&#234;nio</kwd>
        <kwd>Infec&#231;&#227;o por Coronav&#237;rus</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="19"/>
        <page-count count="6"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>O advento da pandemia do Coronav&#237;rus 19 (COVID-19), que se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo, aumentando a aten&#231;&#227;o em rela&#231;&#227;o ao uso de m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial (MPF) n&#227;o somente por profissionais da sa&#250;de, mas tamb&#233;m pela popula&#231;&#227;o em geral.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Neste contexto, o uso de MPF durante exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos em ambiente externo pode reduzir os riscos de infec&#231;&#227;o de COVID-19. Por outro lado, o uso da MPF pode aumentar a percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de dificuldade respirat&#243;ria a partir da forma&#231;&#227;o de microclimas dentro da m&#225;scara (ou seja, temperatura e umidade) e pela restri&#231;&#227;o do fluxo expirat&#243;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nos &#250;ltimos anos, o n&#250;mero de corredores amadores aumentou significativamente entre v&#225;rias popula&#231;&#245;es no mundo todo, j&#225; que a corrida pode ser realizada com equipamentos m&#237;nimos e por uma ampla variedade de pessoas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> &#201; interessante notar que, durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio, a capacidade de adapta&#231;&#227;o do sistema cardiorrespirat&#243;rio &#233; de extrema import&#226;ncia, j&#225; que ele aumenta o transporte de oxig&#234;nio convectivo e difusivo, permitindo, assim, que o corpo atenda &#224; demanda por oxig&#234;nio, entrega de substrato, e retirada do di&#243;xido de carbono.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, os chamados marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos de desempenho aer&#243;bio, tais como o limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio, ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria, economia de corrida, e consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio, tamb&#233;m parecem ser importantes na defini&#231;&#227;o da intensidade absoluta do exerc&#237;cio (ou seja, ritmo, pot&#234;ncia).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; importante entender claramente se o uso de MPF afeta os marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos do desempenho aer&#243;bio durante a corrida. Portanto, este relato de caso avaliou o efeito do uso de MPF 1) nos marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos de desempenho aer&#243;bio e 2) na resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio em um corredor recreacional.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>O volunt&#225;rio que participou deste relato de caso foi um corredor saud&#225;vel de 28 anos, do sexo masculino, com 10 anos de experi&#234;ncia em meias maratonas. Nos &#250;ltimos tr&#234;s meses, ele correu em m&#233;dia 35 quil&#244;metros por semana, com uma frequ&#234;ncia de 3-4 sess&#245;es semanais. O participante n&#227;o tinha experi&#234;ncia com a pr&#225;tica de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bicos com o uso de MPF. O estudo foi realizado ap&#243;s a obten&#231;&#227;o do termo de consentimento informado do participante. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, com o n&#250;mero de protocolo 4,429,909.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Exames laboratoriais</title>
      <p>A investiga&#231;&#227;o foi realizada em uma semana e consistiu em 2 fases. Na primeira fase, o volunt&#225;rio realizou os testes de corrida usando uma MPF, e, na segunda fase, sem m&#225;scara (SM). Os testes foram realizados no mesmo per&#237;odo do dia, e com um intervalo de 48 horas entre si. O corredor foi submetido a 1) um teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (TFP),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> 2) um teste de esfor&#231;o cardiorrespirat&#243;rio (TECR) para avaliar os limiares ventilat&#243;rios e o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> e 3) um teste de carga retangular progressivo (PSWT) para avaliar demandas cardiorrespirat&#243;rias e economia de corrida.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A m&#225;scara do espir&#244;metro foi colocada sobre a MFP e presa por faixas na cabe&#231;a de forma a impedir vazamentos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>). O ajuste foi verificado cuidadosamente pelos investigadores e pelo volunt&#225;rio para confirmar a aus&#234;ncia de vazamento. O ajuste correto e a preven&#231;&#227;o de vazamentos foram confirmados antes do in&#237;cio de cada teste.</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Ajuste da m&#225;scara do espir&#244;metro sobre a m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>MPF. Neste estudo, foram utilizadas m&#225;scaras cir&#250;rgicas fabricadas em n&#227;o tecido tipo II de prote&#231;&#227;o contra a COVID-19. Sua estrutura &#233; composta por uma camada fabricada em n&#227;o tecido, material filtrante (tecido meltblown), clipe de nariz e el&#225;stico. A m&#225;scara tem formato retangular e &#233; composta por tr&#234;s camadas.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
      <p>TFP. O do teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar foi realizado antes do TECR, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da American Thoracic Society (Sociedade Tor&#225;cica Americana).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>TECR. O teste de esfor&#231;o cardiorrespirat&#243;rio foi realizado em uma esteira program&#225;vel (Inbramed, modelo ATL, Brasil) para determinar o consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio (VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x), o limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio (LAV) e o ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria (PCR).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> A carga de exerc&#237;cio (velocidade) foi aumentada a cada minuto para concluir a parte incremental do teste de esfor&#231;o, que durou entre 8 e 15 minutos. A velocidade inicial do teste de esfor&#231;o gradual foi de 7 km/h. As an&#225;lises da troca gasosa pulmonar e das vari&#225;veis ventilat&#243;rias foram feitas continuamente, respira&#231;&#227;o a respira&#231;&#227;o, durante o TECR, utilizando um sistema de an&#225;lise metab&#243;lica (Ergoestik Geratherm&#174;, Alemanha). Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram usados para definir o esfor&#231;o m&#225;ximo: 1) o participante demonstrou evid&#234;ncia subjetiva de exaust&#227;o (esfor&#231;o percebido, ou seja, escala de Borg acima de 17); e 2) frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de pico &#8805;90% do m&#225;ximo previsto para a faixa et&#225;ria ou 3) quociente respirat&#243;rio (QR) no pico do exerc&#237;cio &#8805;1,10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>PSWT. 24 horas ap&#243;s o TECR, o corredor foi submetido a um PSWT para avaliar a economia de corrida (EC) e a resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria em condi&#231;&#227;o de ritmo est&#225;vel para tr&#234;s dom&#237;nios de exerc&#237;cio: 1) 80% do LAV 2) no LAV e 3) no PCR.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Cada dom&#237;nio de intensidade durou cinco minutos. A EC foi calculada com base na avalia&#231;&#227;o do consumo de oxig&#234;nio para uma determinada dist&#226;ncia, utilizando a equa&#231;&#227;o proposta: EC (ml O<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.km<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) = VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) x 60 / velocidade (Km. h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o (PSE) foi utilizada a escala de Borg de 15 pontos (6 a 20), tanto no TCER quanto no PSWT.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>TFP. O corredor apresentou valores similares para os volumes pulmonares e resist&#234;ncia ao fluxo expirat&#243;rio (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>) nas condi&#231;&#245;es com MPF e SM. Entretanto, o corredor recreacional apresentou valores reduzidos de taxa de pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio (PFE) ao usar a MPF em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o SM (&#8710;%=-25,0; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Par&#226;metros f&#237;sicos e cardiorrespirat&#243;rios</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
          <colgroup width="24%">
            <col width="1%"/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Medidas f&#237;sicas</bold>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">28,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Peso (kg)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">81,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Altura (cm)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">175,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Teste de fun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar</bold>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>MPF</bold>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>SM</bold>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                <bold>&#8710;%</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">CVF (L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub> (L)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">PFE (L/s)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">6,9</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">9,2</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">25,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                <bold>Teste de esfor&#231;o cardiorrespirat&#243;rio</bold>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub>max (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">45,5</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">45,6</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub>max (L.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">3,69</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">3,71</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VVO<sub>2</sub>max (km/h)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">17,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">19,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">10,5</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pico de QR (unidades)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1,21</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1,18</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,02</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FC de pico (bpm)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">184</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">185</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Pico de pulso de O<sub>2</sub> (ml/bpm)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">20,3</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">20,1</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VE max (L.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">116,2</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">141,1</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">17,6</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FR (b.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">75</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">24,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VC (L.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2,1</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1,9</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">10,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>Limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio</italic>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">30,5</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">28,5</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,07</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (L.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2,45</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2,31</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Velocidade (km/h)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">11,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">11,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FC (bpm)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">163</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">15 4</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">
                <italic>Ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria</italic>
              </td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">34,9</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">32,7</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (L.min&#185;)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2,82</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2,65</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,06</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Velocidade (km/h)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">13,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">13,0</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,0</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FC (bpm)</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">17 4</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">16 5</td>
              <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">0,05</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>S&#237;mbolos e abreviaturas: MPF: m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial; SM: sem m&#225;scara; CVF: capacidade vital funcional; VEF<sub>1</sub>: volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo; VEF<sub>1</sub>/CVF: rela&#231;&#227;o volume expirat&#243;rio for&#231;ado em 1 segundo e capacidade vital funcional; PFE: pico de fluxo expirat&#243;rio; VO<sub>2</sub>max: consumo m&#225;ximo de oxig&#234;nio; VVO<sub>2</sub>max: velocidade de capta&#231;&#227;o m&#225;xima de oxig&#234;nio; QR: quociente respirat&#243;rio; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; FR: frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria; VC: volume corrente; L: litros; L/s: litros por segundos; km/h: quil&#244;metros por hora; bpm: batimentos por minuto.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>TECR. Para ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es, os dados deste estudo apresentaram valores semelhantes de VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x, FC de pico, e pulso de O<sub>2</sub>. Entretanto, o corredor recreacional apresentou VVO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x, ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar (VE), e frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (FR) menores enquanto utilizava a MPF (&#8710;%=-10,5, -17,6 e -24.0, respectivamente; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Por outro lado, os resultados deste estudo apontaram valores de volume corrente (VC) mais altos com o uso da m&#225;scara (&#8710;%=10,0, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o aos limiares ventilat&#243;rios, o volunt&#225;rio apresentou valores de velocidade similares para ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es. Entretanto, nossos achados apresentaram diferen&#231;as no VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185; e L.min&#185;) e na FC (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>A resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante o TECR est&#225; descrita na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>. Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, o corredor apresentou valores menores enquanto usava a MPF, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>). Da mesma forma, foi observada uma redu&#231;&#227;o na raz&#227;o FR/VC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>). Em contrapartida, o volunt&#225;rio demonstrou uma resposta de FC mais alta enquanto usava a MPF, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, observou-se uma resposta semelhante de pulso de O<sub>2</sub> para ambas as condi&#231;&#245;es (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante o TECR em um corredor recreacional com e sem o uso de MPF. Painel A= VE/VO<sub>2</sub>; Painel B= raz&#227;o FR/VC; Painel C= FC; Painel D= pulso de O<sub>2</sub>. MPF: m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial; SM: sem m&#225;scara; TECR: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiorrespirat&#243;rio; VE/V0<sub>2</sub>: equivalente ventilat&#243;rio para oxig&#234;nio; raz&#227;o FR/VC: raz&#227;o da frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria e volume corrente; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>PSWT. O corredor recreacional apresentou valores mais altos de EC, VO<sub>2</sub> e FC enquanto usava a MPF (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">D</xref>, respectivamente). Por outro lado, o volunt&#225;rio demonstrou valores de VE menores enquanto usava a MPF, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; situa&#231;&#227;o SM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resposta cardiorrespirat&#243;ria durante o PSWT em um corredor recreacional com e sem o uso de MPF. Painel A= EC; Painel B= VO<sub>2</sub>; Painel C= VE; Painel D= FC. MPF: m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial; SM: sem m&#225;scara; PSWT: teste de carga retangular progressivo; EC: economia de corrida; VE: ventila&#231;&#227;o pulmonar; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio; PCR: ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;rio.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>PSE. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que a PSE durante o TECR foi mais alta com o uso da MPF, quando comparado &#224; condi&#231;&#227;o controle (&#8710;=1 ponto; nas velocidades = 9,10,13,14,15,16, e 17 km/h; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>). Da mesma forma, durante o PSWT, o participante apresentou n&#237;veis elevados de PSE enquanto usava a MPF no LAV (&#8710;=2 pontos) e no PCR (&#8710;=2 pontos).</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Classifica&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o durante o TECR (painel A) e PSWT (painel B) em um corredor recreacional com e sem o uso de MPF. MPF: m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial; SM: sem m&#225;scaras; TECR: teste de esfor&#231;o cardiorrespirat&#243;rio; PSWT: teste de carga retangular progressivo; PSE: percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva de esfor&#231;o; LAV: limiar anaer&#243;bio ventilat&#243;rio; PCR: ponto de compensa&#231;&#227;o respirat&#243;ria.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf04.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os dados deste estudo sugerem que o uso de m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial afetou a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e economia de corrida em um corredor recreacional. Consta na literatura que capacidade cardiopulmonar de exerc&#237;cio e sensa&#231;&#227;o de conforto s&#227;o reduzidos pelo uso de m&#225;scaras cir&#250;rgicas, e s&#227;o significativamente reduzidos com o uso de m&#225;scaras faciais FFP2/N95 em sujeitos saud&#225;veis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, observou-se que o uso de m&#225;scara cir&#250;rgica n&#227;o afeta a capacidade de fun&#231;&#227;o cardiopulmonar durante exerc&#237;cios que envolvem pedalada.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> Entretanto, at&#233; onde se sabe, este &#233; o primeiro relato de caso que avaliou especificamente o efeito de uma m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial nos marcadores fisiol&#243;gicos de desempenho aer&#243;bio em um corredor recreacional.</p>
      <p>&#201; interessante notar que uma corrida de intensidade auto selecion&#225;vel depende dos marcadores psicofisiol&#243;gicos de desempenho aer&#243;bio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Os resultados do presente estudo apresentaram uma resposta similar em rela&#231;&#227;o ao VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x e aos limiares ventilat&#243;rios com o uso de m&#225;scara. Por outro lado, o corredor recreacional apresentou menor velocidade na intensidade do VO<sub>2</sub> max com o uso da MPF. &#201; importante notar que os achados deste estudo sugerem que, embora a capacidade de transporte e utiliza&#231;&#227;o de oxig&#234;nio tivesse sido preservada, o corredor apresentou menor toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio. Vale ressaltar que o participante tamb&#233;m apresentou redu&#231;&#227;o da EC com o uso da MPF, o que sugere maiores demandas de oxig&#234;nio durante a corrida em compara&#231;&#227;o com a condi&#231;&#227;o SM.</p>
      <p>Outro ponto interessante &#233; como a resposta ventilat&#243;ria se adapta ao uso da MPF durante o TECR e o PSWT. Durante o exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico, h&#225; um aumento da taxa metab&#243;lica e, consequentemente, em demandas ventilat&#243;rias. Vale notar tamb&#233;m que o corredor demonstrou resposta ventilat&#243;ria menor durante o exerc&#237;cio com o uso da MPF. Especificamente, os resultados deste estudo apresentaram valores menores da raz&#227;o VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, sugerindo maior efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria com o uso de MPF. Entretanto, apesar da melhoria da efici&#234;ncia ventilat&#243;ria, o volunt&#225;rio apresentou maior desconforto respirat&#243;rio com o uso da MPF.</p>
      <p>Com base nos achados mencionados acima, surge a seguinte pergunta: quais s&#227;o os mecanismos fisiol&#243;gicos subjacentes ao desconforto respirat&#243;rio com o uso da MPF? De fato, sugere-se que fatores associados ao aumento da obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo expirat&#243;rio podem estar relacionados. Neste contexto, os resultados deste estudo apresentaram n&#237;veis menores de TPFE e VE no pico do exerc&#237;cio. Al&#233;m disso, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio, o corredor apresentou uma raz&#227;o FR/VC reduzida com o uso da MPF. &#201; importante observar que a raz&#227;o FR/VC &#233; utilizada para avaliar indiretamente as intera&#231;&#245;es mec&#226;nicas/ventilat&#243;rias durante o exerc&#237;cio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Neste sentido, para um determinado resultado ventilat&#243;rio, o corredor aumentou o volume corrente de forma mais aguda que a frequ&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria, aumentando consequentemente o esfor&#231;o da musculatora inspirat&#243;ria e, portanto, a sensa&#231;&#227;o de esfor&#231;o respirat&#243;rio.</p>
      <p>Por &#250;ltimo, os dados deste estudo sugerem uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre os esfor&#231;os da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria e um aumento das demandas de oxig&#234;nio e da resposta de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio com o uso de MPF. Neste contexto, Harms et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> demonstraram que a descarga da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bico est&#225; associada com redu&#231;&#227;o do VO<sub>2</sub> e n&#237;vel de dispn&#233;ia. Por exemplo, h&#225; evid&#234;ncias de que um esfor&#231;o inspirat&#243;rio maior durante o exerc&#237;cio est&#225; relacionado ao aumento da ativa&#231;&#227;o do metaborreflexo do m&#250;sculo inspirat&#243;rio e, portanto, do fluxo simp&#225;tico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> &#201; interessante notar que, no mesmo estudo,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> os autores observaram que cinco semanas de treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria foram suficientes para aumentar a sua resist&#234;ncia e atenuar o aumento da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca durante o exerc&#237;cio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Aplica&#231;&#245;es pr&#225;ticas</title>
      <p>O presente relato de caso indica que a toler&#226;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio e a economia de corrida foram reduzidas quando o corredor recreacional usou uma m&#225;scara de prote&#231;&#227;o facial. Al&#233;m disso, os achados deste estudo sugerem uma poss&#237;vel associa&#231;&#227;o entre aumento da obstru&#231;&#227;o do fluxo expirat&#243;rio, maior sobrecarga mec&#226;nica na musculatura inspirat&#243;ria demandas cardiovasculares mais altas durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio. &#201; importante destacar que cada teste durou menos de 20 minutos, o que ajudou a manter a condi&#231;&#227;o e o funcionamento da m&#225;scara.</p>
      <p>Portanto, com base nos achados do presente relato de caso, sugere-se que as seguintes estrat&#233;gias sejam usadas para minimizar o desconforto respirat&#243;rio durante o exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio com o uso de MPF: 1) inclus&#227;o do treinamento da musculatura inspirat&#243;ria no programa de treinamento aer&#243;bio; 2) prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade do exerc&#237;cio aer&#243;bio com base na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de reserva (FCR) (ou seja, m&#233;todo Karvonen) ou limiares ventilat&#243;rios (ou seja, LAV e PCR); 3) prescri&#231;&#227;o da intensidade de exerc&#237;cios aer&#243;bios em tr&#234;s zonas, ou seja Zona 1 - f&#225;cil (&lt;LAV), Zona 2 - moderada (entre LAV e PCR); e Zona 3 - alto impacto (&gt;PCR); e 4) para indiv&#237;duos sedent&#225;rios e pacientes com doen&#231;as cr&#244;nicas, sugere-se que, nos est&#225;gios iniciais do programa de treinamento aer&#243;bio, o exerc&#237;cio seja de baixa intensidade (ou seja, &lt;LAV ou 30-40% da RFC).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o corredor recreacional, ao usar a MPF, apresentou: 1) diminui&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia ao exerc&#237;cio apesar da resposta semelhante no VO<sub>2</sub> m&#225;x e limiares ventilat&#243;rios; 2) diminui&#231;&#227;o economia de corrida; 3) um aumento na demanda cardiovascular em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; resposta da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; 4) aumento da carga sobre os m&#250;sculos respirat&#243;rios com o padr&#227;o respirat&#243;rio adotado durante o exerc&#237;cio, apesar da menor demanda ventilat&#243;ria; e 5) um aumento na classifica&#231;&#227;o da percep&#231;&#227;o subjetiva do esfor&#231;o e no desconforto respirat&#243;rio.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo n&#227;o est&#225; associado com nenhuma tese ou disserta&#231;&#227;o de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento aprovado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica de Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, Brasil, com o protocolo n&#250;mero 4,429,909. Todos os procedimentos neste estudo foram efetuados de acordo com a declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido do participante incluso neste estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores s&#227;o gratos ao volunt&#225;rio por seu envolvimento no estudo.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>The Effect of Respiratory Protective Surgical Mask on Physiological Markers of Endurance Performance in a Recreational Runner</article-title>
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          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1992-5199</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silvino</surname>
            <given-names>Valmir Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vieira</surname>
            <given-names>Ewerton Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rosa</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Viana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>Ac&#225;cio Salvador Veras e</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-0755-6138</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Marcos Antonio Pereira dos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237; - Nucleo de Estudo em Fisiologia Aplicada ao Desempenho e &#224; Sa&#250;de (NEFADS) - Departamento de Biof&#237;sica e Fisiologia, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Teresina</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">PI</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Piau&#237;, Teresina, PI - Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Danilo Marcelo Leite Prado</bold> &#8226; Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S&#227;o Paulo - Rua Dr. En&#233;as de Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code <postal-code>05403-000</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>danilo.prado@hc.fm.usp.br</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Authors&#8217; Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Prado DML, Santos MAP. Analysis and interpretation of the data: Prado DML; Acquisition of data: Silvino VO, Vieira EG, Rosa BV, Santos MAP; Statistical analysis: Prado DML, Silvino VO; Writing of the manuscript: Prado DML, Silvino VO, Santos MAP, Silva ASV; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Prado DML, Silva ASV, Santos MAP.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19</kwd>
        <kwd>Pandemics</kwd>
        <kwd>Facial Mask</kwd>
        <kwd>Respiratory Protective Devices</kwd>
        <kwd>Resistance Performance</kwd>
        <kwd>Physical Activity</kwd>
        <kwd>Population Education</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxygen Consumption</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronavirus-19 Infection</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The advent of the Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has quickly spread worldwide, has raised the attention regarding the use of respiratory protective face masks (PFM) not only by healthcare personnel, but also the general population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In this context, wearing a PFM during physical exercise in an external environment can reduce COVID-19 infection risks. On the other hand, the use of PFM can increase the subjective perception of breathing difficulty through the formation of microclimates inside the face mask (i.e., temperature and humidity) and airflow restriction.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In recent years, the number of amateur runners has significantly increased among many populations around the world, as running can be performed with minimal equipment, and by a broad variety of people.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Interestingly, during endurance exercise, the adaptability of the cardiorespiratory system is of paramount importance, as it increases both convective and diffusive oxygen transport, thus enabling the body to meet the demands for oxygen, substrate delivery, and carbon dioxide removal.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> Moreover, the so-called physiological markers of endurance performance, such as ventilatory anaerobic threshold, respiratory compensation point, running economy, and maximal oxygen uptake, also seem to be important in determining absolute exercise intensity (i.e., pace, power output).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></p>
        <p>In this light, it is important to have a clear understanding of whether or not the use of a PFM affects physiological markers of endurance performance during running. Therefore, our case-study evaluated the effect of wearing a PFM on 1) physiological markers of endurance performance and 2) cardiorespiratory response during exercise in a recreational runner.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>The volunteer who participated in this case study was a healthy 28-year-old male runner with 10 years of half-marathon running experience. In the last three months, he ran an average of 35 kilometers per week with a frequency of 3-4 weekly sessions. The participant had no experience with the practice of aerobic exercise while wearing a protective face mask. The study was carried out after informed consent from the participant. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Piau&#237;, Teresina, Brazil under protocol number 4.429.909.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Laboratory Assessment</title>
        <p>This investigation was carried out in one week and consisted of 2 phases. In the first phase, the volunteer performed the running tests while wearing a PFM and no mask (NM) in the second phase. The tests were performed at the same time of day, and with an interval of at least 48 hours between the tests. The runner underwent 1) a pulmonary function test (PFT),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> 2) a cardiorespiratory exercise test (CPET) to assess ventilatory thresholds and maximal oxygen consumption,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> and 3) a progressive square-wave test (PSWT) to evaluate both cardiorespiratory demands and running economy.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The spirometer mask was placed over the PFM and fixed with head straps in a leak-proof manner (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>). The fitting was thoroughly checked for the absence of leakage by the investigators and the volunteer. The correct fitting and leak tightness were confirmed before each test was started.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fitting of the spirometer mask to the protective face mask.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>PFM. In this study, a disposable non-woven COVID-19 type II surgical mask was used. Its structure comprises a non-woven fabric layer, filter material (melt-blown fabric), nose clip, and mask belt. The mask is rectangular in shape and contains three layers.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref></p>
        <p>PFT. The pulmonary function test measurement was carried out before the CPET, according to American Thoracic Society recommendations.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>CPET. The cardiorespiratory exercise test was conducted using a programmable treadmill (Inbramed model ATL, Brazil) in order to determine maximal oxygen consumption (VO<sub>2</sub> max), ventilatory anaerobic threshold (VAT), and the respiratory compensation point (RCP).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> The exercise workload (speed) was increased every one minute to complete the incremental part of the exercise test, which lasted between 8 and 15 minutes. The starting speed in the graded exercise test was 7 km/h. Gas exchange and ventilatory variables were measured continuously breath-by-breath during the gas exchange test, using a metabolic analyzer system (Ergoestik Geratherm&#174;, Germany). The following criteria were used to define maximal effort: 1) participant demonstrated subjective evidence of exhaustion (perceived exertion, i.e., Borg scale above 17); and either 2) peak heart rate (HR) &#8805;90% age-predicted maximum or 3) maximal respiratory exchange ratio (RER) &#8805;1.10.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>PSWT. 24 hours after the CPET, the runner underwent a PSWT to determine both the running economy (RE) and cardiorespiratory response in steady-state condition at three exercise domains: 1) at 80% VAT, 2) at VAT, and 3) at RCP.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Each intensity domain lasted five minutes. The RE was calculated in terms of oxygen cost to cover a given distance using the proposed equation: RE (ml O<sub>2</sub>.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.km<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) = VO<sub>2</sub> (ml.kg<sup>&#8722;1</sup>.h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>) x 60 / speed (Km. h<sup>&#8722;1</sup>).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was used in both CPET and PSWT with the 15-point (6-20) Borg scale.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>PFT. The runner showed similar values for lung volumes and airflow resistance (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>) in both PFM and NM conditions. However, the recreational runner demonstrated lower values of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) while wearing the PFM when compared to NM (&#8710;%=-25.0; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Physical and Cardiorespiratory parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="24%">
              <col width="1%"/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Physical measurements</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Age (years)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">28.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">81.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Height (cm)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">175.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Pulmonary Function Test</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>PFM</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>NM</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>&#8710;%</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FVC (L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub> (L)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">FEV<sub>1</sub> /FVC (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">PEFR (L/s)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">6.9</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">9.2</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>25.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">
                  <bold>Cardiorespiratory Exercise Test</bold>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> max (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">45.5</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">45.6</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> max (L.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">3.69</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">3.71</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VVO<sub>2</sub> max (km/h)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">17.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">19.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>10.5</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Peak RER (Units)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1.21</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1.18</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.02</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Peak HR (bpm)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">184</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">185</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Peak O<sub>2</sub> pulse (ml/bpm)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">20.3</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">20.1</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VE max (L.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">116.2</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">141.1</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>17.6</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">RR (b.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">57</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">75</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>24.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">TV (L.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2.1</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">1.9</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>10.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>Ventilatory anaerobic threshold</italic>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">30.5</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">28.5</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.07</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (L.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2.45</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2.31</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.06</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Speed (km/h)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">11.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">11.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">163</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">154</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.06</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle">
                  <italic>Respiratory compensation point</italic>
                </td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">34.9</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">32.7</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.06</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">VO<sub>2</sub> (L.min&#185;)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2.82</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">2.65</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.06</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">Speed (km/h)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">13.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">13.0</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.0</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="left" valign="middle" colspan="2">HR (bpm)</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">174</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">165</td>
                <td style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000" align="center" valign="middle">
                  <bold>0.05</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>Symbols and abbreviations: PFM: protective face mask; NM: no mask; FVC: functional vital capacity; FEV<sub>1</sub>: forced expiratory volume in 1 second; FEV<sub>1</sub>/FVC: forced expiratory volume in 1 second to functional vital capacity ratio; PEFR: peak expiratory flow rate; VO<sub>2</sub> max: maximal oxygen uptake; VVO<sub>2</sub>: the speed at maximal oxygen uptake; RER: respiratory exchange ratio; HR: heart rate; VE: pulmonary ventilation; RR: respiratory rate; TV: tidal volume; L: liters; L/s: liters per seconds; km/h: kilometers per hour; bpm: beats per minute.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>CPET. For both conditions, our data showed similar values for VO<sub>2</sub> max, peak HR, and O<sub>2</sub> pulse. However, the recreational runner presented lower VVO<sub>2</sub> max, pulmonary ventilation (VE), and respiratory rate (RR) while wearing the PFM (&#8710;%=-10.5, -17.6, and -24.0, respectively; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). On the other hand, our results showed higher volume tidal (VT) values with face mask use (&#8710;%=-10.0, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>Regarding ventilatory thresholds, the volunteer demonstrated similar speed values for both conditions. However, our results showed differences in VO<sub>2</sub> (mL.kg&#185;.min&#185;and L.min&#185;) and HR values (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>The cardiorespiratory response during CPET is shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>. With respect to VE/VO<sub>2</sub>, the runner demonstrated lower values while wearing PFM when compared to NM. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2A</xref>). A similar finding was observed for the RR/VT ratio (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2B</xref>). By contrast, the volunteer demonstrated higher HR response while wearing the PFM compared to NM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">figure 2C</xref>). Moreover, a similar response was observed in O<sub>2</sub> pulse for both conditions (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2D</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiorespiratory response during CPET in a recreational runner with and without PFM use. Panel A= VE/VO<sub>2</sub>; Panel B= RR/VT ratio; Panel C= HR; Panel D= O<sub>2</sub> pulse. PFM: protective face mask; NM: no mask; CPET: cardiorespiratory exercise test; VE/VO<sub>2</sub>: ventilatory equivalent for oxygen; RR/VT ratio: respiratory rate to volume tidal ratio; HR: heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>PSWT. The recreational runner showed greater values for RE, VO<sub>2,</sub> and HR while wearing the PFM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">B</xref>, and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">D</xref>, respectively). However, our data demonstrated lower values of VE while wearing the PFM compared to NM (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Cardiorespiratory response during PSWT in a recreational runner with and without PFM use. Panel A= RE; Panel B= VO<sub>2</sub>; Panel C= VE; Panel D= HR. PFM: protective face mask; NM: no mask; PSWT: progressive square wave test; RE: running economy; VE: pulmonary ventilation; HR: heart rate.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>RPE. Our results showed that RPE during the CEPT was greater while wearing the PFM when compared to the control condition (&#8710;=1 point; at speeds= 9,10,13,14,15,16, and 17 km/h; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4A</xref>). Likewise, during PSWT, the participant showed higher RPE levels while wearing the PFM for both VAT (&#8710;=2 points) and RCP (&#8710;=2 points).</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Rating of perceived exertion during CPET (panel A) and PSWT (panel B) in a recreational runner with and without PFM use. PFM: protective face mask; NM: no mask; RPE: rating of perceived exertion; VAT: ventilatory anaerobic threshold; RCP: respiratory compensation point.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0023-00792-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Our data suggest that the use of a protective face mask affected the exercise tolerance and running economy in a recreational runner. It has already been reported that both cardiopulmonary exercise capacity and comfort are reduced by surgical masks and highly impaired by FFP2/N95 face masks in healthy subjects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Moreover, it has been observed that wearing a surgical mask does not affect cardiopulmonary function capacity during pedaling exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first case study to specifically evaluate the effect of a protective face mask on physiological markers of endurance performance in a recreational runner.</p>
        <p>Interestingly, a self-paced running intensity is dependent on both psychological and physiological markers of endurance exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> In the present case study, our results showed a similar response to both VO<sub>2</sub> max and ventilatory thresholds when wearing a face mask. On the other hand, the recreational runner showed lower speed at VO<sub>2</sub> max while wearing the PFM. Importantly, our findings suggest that, although the ability of oxygen transport and use is preserved, the runner presented lower exercise tolerance. It is important to note that the participant also demonstrated a worsening in RE while wearing PFM, which suggests greater oxygen demands during running when compared to the NM condition.</p>
        <p>Another interesting point is how the ventilatory response adapts to the use of a protective face mask during CPET and PSWT. During physical exercise, there is an increase in metabolic rate and, consequently, in ventilatory demands. It is also worth noting that the runner demonstrated lower ventilatory response during exercise with the use of PFM. More specifically, our results demonstrated lower values for the VE/VO<sub>2</sub> ratio, suggesting greater ventilatory efficiency with PFM use. However, despite the improvement in the ventilatory efficiency, the volunteer showed greater respiratory discomfort wearing PFM.</p>
        <p>Based on the above findings, the following question emerges: what physiological mechanisms underlie respiratory discomfort with wearing PFM? In fact, we suggest that factors associated with an increase in airflow impedance may be related. In this context, our results demonstrated lower levels of PEFR and VE at the peak of the exercise. Furthermore, regarding breathing patterns, the runner showed a lower RR/VT ratio when wearing a face mask. Importantly, the RR/VT ratio is used to indirectly evaluate mechanical/ventilatory interactions during exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> In this sense, for a given ventilatory output, the runner increased the tidal volume more sharply than the respiratory rate, consequently increasing the inspiratory muscle effort and, therefore, the sense of respiratory effort.</p>
        <p>Finally, our data suggested an association between inspiratory muscle effort and increased both oxygen demands and heart rate response during exercise with face mask use. In this context, Harms et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> demonstrated that inspiratory muscle unloading during aerobic exercise was associated with reduced VO<sub>2</sub> and dyspnea ratings. For instance, there is evidence that greater inspiratory effort during exercise is related to increased activation inspiratory muscle metaboreflex and, thus, sympathetic outflow.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Notably, in the same study,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> the authors observed that five weeks of inspiratory muscle training was capable of increasing inspiratory muscle strength and attenuating the rise in heart rate during exercise.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Practical Applications</title>
        <p>The present case study indicates that both exercise tolerance and running economy are worsened when the recreational runner wore a protective face mask. Additionally, our findings suggest a possible association between increased airflow impedance, greater inspiratory muscle mechanical overload, and higher cardiovascular demands during endurance exercise. It is important to point out that each test lasted less than 20 minutes, which helped maintain the condition and functioning of the mask.</p>
        <p>Thus, based on the findings of the present case study, we suggest the following strategies to minimize respiratory discomfort during aerobic exercise when wearing a PFM: 1) inspiratory muscle training inclusion in the endurance training program; 2) prescription of aerobic exercise intensity based on percentages of heart rate reserve (HRR) (i.e., Karvonen method) or ventilatory thresholds (i.e., VAT and RCP); 3) prescription of the aerobic exercise intensity into three zones, i.e., Zone 1 - easy (&lt;VAT); Zone 2 - moderate (between VAT and RCP); and Zone 3 - high intensity (&gt; RCP); and 4) For both sedentary individuals and patients with chronic diseases, we suggest that, in the early stages of the endurance training program, the aerobic exercise may be of low intensity (i.e., &lt; VAT or 30- 40% HRR).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In conclusion, our results suggest that the recreational runner, while wearing a PFM, showed: first, decreased exercise tolerance despite similar response to both VO<sub>2</sub> max and ventilatory thresholds; second, a worsening of the running economy; third, an increase in cardiovascular demand regarding heart rate response; fourth, despite the lower ventilatory demand, the breathing pattern adopted during exercise increased the burden on the respiratory muscles; and last, an increase in rating of perceived exertion and respiratory discomfort.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Piau&#237;, Teresina, Brazil under protocol number 4.429.909. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from the participant included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The authors are grateful to the volunteer for his involvement in the study.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
