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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">VwXcDysj7pd9ZkJy9HnCvNj</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800019</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200509</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200509</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arritmia Ventricular Potencialmente Fatal Induzida por Taquicardia Atrial em uma Crian&#231;a com Muta&#231;&#227;o de SCN5A</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Futuro</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Muller de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mer&#231;on</surname>
            <given-names>Erick Sessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Vitoria Apart Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital - Cardiologia, Serra, ES - Brasil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Cardiologia - Rodovia BR 101 Norte Km 2. CEP <postal-code>29161-001</postal-code>, Boa Vista, Serra, ES &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silva MA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Vasconcelos D, Kuniyoshi R; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silva MA, Elias Neto J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>19</fpage>
      <lpage>22</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>09</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome de Brugada</kwd>
        <kwd>Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Muta&#231;&#245;es no gene SCN5A, que codifica o canal Na+ card&#237;aco, podem causar arritmias potencialmente fatais. Identificou-se que essas muta&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o causadoras de doen&#231;as el&#233;tricas prim&#225;rias heredit&#225;rias, incluindo a s&#237;ndrome de Brugada (SB), s&#237;ndrome do QT longo, e outros dist&#250;rbios da condu&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> A SB, a doen&#231;a mais relatada desse grupo de transtornos, geralmente &#233; descrita em popula&#231;&#245;es adultas e est&#225; relacionada a aproximadamente 20% de todas as mortes s&#250;bitas (MS) em pacientes com cora&#231;&#245;es aparentemente normais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Portanto, alguns relatos mostraram eventos arr&#237;tmicos (EA) significativos causados por essa muta&#231;&#227;o na inf&#226;ncia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Arritmias atriais, bem como a s&#237;ndrome do n&#243; sinusal (SNS), podem estar relacionadas a anormalidades do canal Na+. Na SB, arritmias atriais s&#227;o diagnosticadas em at&#233; 38% dos pacientes, e est&#227;o relacionadas a progn&#243;sticos piores.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Um menino de 2 anos de idade, sem anomalias card&#237;acas detectadas em exames de ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico e imagens de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica (RM), deu entrada duas vezes no hospital com padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de flutter atrial (FLA), que foi revertido por cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica. Ap&#243;s o &#250;ltimo epis&#243;dio, ele recebeu alta com prescri&#231;&#227;o de 3 mg/kg de amiodarona por dia. O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es revelou intervalos QT (390 &#8211; 410 ms) e QTc (413 &#8211; 440 ms) normais, intervalo PR (200 ms) prolongado, e ondas T negativas nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es espont&#226;neas (A) &#8211; Crian&#231;a; (B) &#8211; Pai.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0019-00509-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Um Holter de 24 horas, obtido tr&#234;s meses mais tarde, depois da suspens&#227;o da amiodarona, registrou um epis&#243;dio sincopal &#8211; respira&#231;&#227;o ag&#244;nica, cianose, movimentos convulsivos &#8211; durante o sono no colo de sua m&#227;e. A faixa de ECG apresentou uma ampla varia&#231;&#227;o de ciclo RR, com epis&#243;dios intermitentes de taquicardia atrial (TA), que se tornou sustentada de condu&#231;&#227;o atrioventricular (AV) de 1:1, com alargamento progressivo do complexo QRS, seguido de taquicardia ventricular (TV) polim&#243;rfica, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) e 30 segundos de assistolia; o ritmo sinusal foi restaurado espontaneamente (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Evento sincopal registrado no Holter de 24 horas. A, B &#8211; TA/AFL de condu&#231;&#227;o AV vari&#225;vel, com QRS estreito; C, D &#8211; A condu&#231;&#227;o AV passou a 1:1 com alargamento progressivo de QRS; E, F, G, H &#8211; TF e TV polim&#243;rfica ampla sustentada; I, J, K &#8211; a FV &#233; seguida de 30 segundos de assistolia, com recupera&#231;&#227;o espont&#226;nea do ritmo sinusal; L &#8211; faixa longa de assistolia total.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0019-00509-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Houve uma nova ocorr&#234;ncia de taquicardia com QRS alargado na unidade de terapia intensiva. A infus&#227;o de adenosina 1 mg nesse momento revelou um novo FLA antes de uma nova cardiovers&#227;o el&#233;trica.</p>
      <p>Estudo eletrofisiol&#243;gico (EEF) foi realizado sob seda&#231;&#227;o intravenosa profunda (quetamina 0,2 mg/kg e infus&#227;o cont&#237;nua de propofol) com dois cateteres multipolares 5F. Detectou-se um aumento do intervalo HV (63 ms), e FLA t&#237;pico, dependente do istmo cavo tricusp&#237;deo (ICT) foi induzido por estimula&#231;&#227;o atrial programada. Foi realizada abla&#231;&#227;o linear por cateter de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF) com bloqueio bidirecional da condu&#231;&#227;o pelo ICT. A estimula&#231;&#227;o programada (2 ciclos e 2 extra-est&#237;mulos) n&#227;o induziu arritmias ventriculares.</p>
      <p>Testes gen&#233;ticos identificaram uma muta&#231;&#227;o patog&#234;nica heterozig&#243;tica do gene SCN5A - variante c.362G&gt;A p. (Arg121Gln) no &#233;xon 3 do gene SCN5A (NM_198056), compat&#237;vel com a SB.</p>
      <p>O paciente &#233; filho &#250;nico, sem hist&#243;rico familiar de arritmias, s&#237;ncope ou MS. A m&#227;e, de 30 anos de idade, apresentou ECG normal e painel gen&#233;tico negativo. O pai, de 34 anos e assintom&#225;tico, apresentou um bloqueio AV de primeiro grau (PR = 220 ms) e padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de SB Tipo I no ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>), intervalo HV anormal (73 ms), aus&#234;ncia de arritmias ventriculares induz&#237;veis e mesma muta&#231;&#227;o do gene SCN5A.</p>
      <p>Depois de 18 meses de acompanhamento sem sintomas ou EA, apresentou um novo epis&#243;dio sincopal, desencadeado por febre. N&#227;o foram observadas altera&#231;&#245;es eletrocardiogr&#225;ficas, tanto no ECG de repouso como no Holter de 24 horas. Nesse momento, foi implantado um cardioversor desfibrilador implant&#225;vel (CDI) de c&#226;mara &#250;nica por via transvenosa. No acompanhamento de 6 meses, n&#227;o foram observadas complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas ao dispositivo, EA ou terapias do CDI.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>O presente estudo relatou o caso de um menino de 2 anos com um cora&#231;&#227;o aparentemente normal com EA potencialmente fatal desencadeada por TA sustentada. Esse evento incomum nos levou a suspeitar de uma poss&#237;vel canalopatia. Foi detectada muta&#231;&#227;o no SCN5A na crian&#231;a e em seu pai, que apresentou um padr&#227;o de SB em ECG Tipo I.</p>
      <p>Desde a descri&#231;&#227;o inicial da doen&#231;a em 1992, que incluiu tr&#234;s crian&#231;as,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> os dados sobre a popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica com SB publicados s&#227;o muito limitados. O padr&#227;o de ECG t&#237;pico da SB (tipo I - eleva&#231;&#227;o c&#244;ncava do ST nas deriva&#231;&#245;es precordiais direitas) e as manifesta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas geralmente n&#227;o s&#227;o observadas em crian&#231;as mais novas. A idade do aparecimento dos sintomas e EA varia entre 40 e 50 anos, e eles s&#227;o raros em crian&#231;as e idosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Na SABRUS (<italic>Survey on Arrhythmic Events in Brugada Syndrome</italic> - Pesquisa sobre Eventos Arr&#237;tmicos na S&#237;ndrome de Brugada), que incluiu 678 pacientes com SB, a grande maioria (94,2%) dos pacientes tinha entre 16 e 70 anos no momento do primeiro EA, enquanto pacientes pedi&#225;tricos (&lt;16 anos) e idosos (&gt;70 anos) representavam 4,3% e 1,5%, respectivamente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> A s&#237;ncope geralmente &#233; a primeira manifesta&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica em 14 a 21%, e a MS acontece em 5 a 7% dos pacientes pedi&#225;tricos com SB, mas a maioria &#233; assintom&#225;tica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> A predomin&#226;ncia significativa de pacientes do sexo masculino existente entre adultos n&#227;o &#233; observada em crian&#231;as na pr&#233;-puberdade, possivelmente devido a influ&#234;ncias hormonais, especialmente os n&#237;veis de testosterona.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Em nosso paciente, o EA ocorreu durante o sono, como &#233; frequentemente descrito em pacientes com SB, o que sugere uma associa&#231;&#227;o com bradicardia e possivelmente modula&#231;&#227;o vagal. No presente caso, o evento arr&#237;tmico sincopal registrado no Holter de 24 horas &#8211; TV/FV &#8211; foi desencadeado por uma TA com condu&#231;&#227;o AV r&#225;pida durante o sono, sugerindo alguma influ&#234;ncia vagal. Sabe-se tamb&#233;m que a febre comumente desencadeia arritmias (e pode revelar o padr&#227;o t&#237;pico de ECG),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e ela foi observada no segundo evento sincopal do paciente deste estudo. H&#225; alguns relatos na literatura de arritmias potencialmente fatais e MS em pacientes muito jovens com SB, mas nenhum claramente documentou uma participa&#231;&#227;o direta de uma TA na indu&#231;&#227;o de TV/FV.</p>
      <p>A estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco em pacientes jovens ainda continua a ser um desafio. O padr&#227;o de ECG tipo I, s&#237;ncope, MS, disfun&#231;&#227;o do n&#243; sinusal, arritmias atriais, anormalidades na condu&#231;&#227;o, e arritmias ventriculares induzidas em EEF foram descritos como preditores de eventos potencialmente fatais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Nenhum estudo amplo comprovou que a presen&#231;a de uma muta&#231;&#227;o do SCN5A &#233; um marcador de risco. Entretanto, muta&#231;&#245;es complexas do SCN5A parecem levar fen&#243;tipos mais graves.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Embora essa crian&#231;a, desde o evento inicial, tenha atendido aos crit&#233;rios para CDI, os riscos potenciais de um CDI em crian&#231;as muito jovens (terapias inapropriadas e complica&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos eletrodos) foram levados em considera&#231;&#227;o na decis&#227;o de adiar o implante. Al&#233;m disso, a possibilidade da abla&#231;&#227;o da arritmia desencadeadora de FV (FLA) nos levou a acreditar em uma chance menor de recorr&#234;ncia precoce.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O caso apresentado demonstra uma apresenta&#231;&#227;o grave de arritmia numa crian&#231;a, que foi diagnosticada com uma muta&#231;&#227;o no gene SCN5A. O circuito desencadeador de TV/FV - flutter atrial - foi eliminado por abla&#231;&#227;o, resultando em al&#237;vio dos sintomas por um longo per&#237;odo, mas o implante CDI foi realizado devido &#224; recorr&#234;ncia da s&#237;ncope. Isso refor&#231;a o qu&#227;o complexa pode ser a apresenta&#231;&#227;o e a evolu&#231;&#227;o de algumas canalopatias na popula&#231;&#227;o pedi&#225;trica.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Life-Threatening Ventricular Arrhythmia Induced by Atrial Tachycardia in a Child with an SCN5A Mutation</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7554-8001</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silva</surname>
            <given-names>M&#225;rcio Augusto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2947-3066</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Elias</surname>
            <given-names>Jorge</given-names>
            <suffix>Neto</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Futuro</surname>
            <given-names>Guilherme Muller de Campos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mer&#231;on</surname>
            <given-names>Erick Sessa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vasconcelos</surname>
            <given-names>Deborah</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kuniyoshi</surname>
            <given-names>Ricardo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Serra</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">ES</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Vitoria Apart Hospital - Cardiologia, Serra, ES - Brazil.</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: M&#225;rcio Augusto Silva</bold> &#8226; Vitoria Apart Hospital &#8211; Cardiologia - Rodovia BR 101 Norte Km 2. Postal Code <postal-code>29161-001</postal-code>, Boa Vista, Serra, ES &#8211; Brazil. E-mail: <email>masilva.cardio@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silva MA; Acquisition of data: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES, Vasconcelos D, Kuniyoshi R; Writing of the manuscript: Silva MA, Elias Neto J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silva MA, Elias Neto J, Futuro GMC, Mer&#231;on ES.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardiac Arrhythmia</kwd>
        <kwd>Brugada Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Syncope</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Mutations in the SCN5A gene, encoding the cardiac Na+channel, can result in several life-threatening arrhythmias. These mutations have proven to be causative for inherited and primarily electrical diseases, including Brugada Syndrome (BrS), Long QT Syndrome, and other cardiac conduction disturbances.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> BrS, the most reported condition in this group of disorders, has typically been described in adult populations and related to approximately 20% of all sudden deaths (SD) in patients with apparently normal hearts.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Therefore, few reports have shown significant arrhythmic events (AE) caused by this mutation in childhood.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Atrial arrhythmias, as well as sick sinus syndrome (SSS), may be related to Na+channel abnormalities. In BrS, atrial arrhythmias are being diagnosed in up to 38% of patients and are related to worse prognosis.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Report</title>
        <p>A 2-year-old boy, with no cardiac structural anomalies detected in transthoracic echocardiogram and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams, was admitted twice to the hospital with a typical pattern of atrial flutter (AFL), which was reverted by electrical cardioversion. After the last episode, he was discharged on 3 mg/Kg amiodarone daily. The 12-lead ECG showed a normal QT (390 &#8211; 410 ms) and QTc (413 &#8211; 440 ms) interval, slightly prolonged PR interval (200 ms) and negative T waves in right precordial leads (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Spontaneous 12-lead ECG: (A) &#8211; Child; (B) &#8211; Father.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0019-00509-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A 24h-Holter obtained three months later, after amiodarone withdrawal, recorded a syncopal episode &#8211; agonal respiration, cyanosis, convulsive movements &#8211; while sleeping on his mother's lap. The ECG strap showed a wide RR variation with intermittent atrial tachycardia (AT) that became sustainable with a 1:1 atrioventricular (AV) conduction pattern with a progressive QRS complex enlargement, follow by polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT), ventricular fibrillation (VF), and 30 seconds of asystole; the sinus rhythm was spontaneously restored (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Syncopal event recorded by 24-Holter. A, B &#8211; variable AV conduction AT/AFL, with a narrow QRS; C, D &#8211; The AV conduction became 1:1 with progressive QRS enlargement; E, F, G, H &#8211; sustained wide polymorphic VT and VF; I, J, K &#8211; the VF is followed by 30 seconds of asystole, with spontaneous sinus rhythm recovery; L &#8211; long strap of total asystole.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0019-00509-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A wide QRS tachycardia recurred in the intensive unit when 1 mg of adenosine IV was administered, unmasking an AFL before a new electrical cardioversion.</p>
        <p>An electrophysiological study (EPS) was performed under deep intravenous sedation (ketamine 0.2 mg/kg and continuous propofol infusion) with two 5F multipolar catheters. An increased HV interval (63 ms) was detected and cavo-tricuspid isthmus (CTI) dependent AFL was induced by programmed atrial pacing. Linear radiofrequency (RF) catheter ablation was performed to achieve a bidirectional CTI conduction block. Programmed stimulation (2 cycles and 2 extra-stimulus) did not induce ventricular arrhythmias.</p>
        <p>A heterozygous pathogenic SCN5A gene mutation - c.362G&gt;A p. (Arg121Gln) variant in exon 3 of the SCN5A (NM_198056) gene, compatible with BrS, was identified by genetic tests.</p>
        <p>The patient is an only child, with no family history of arrhythmias, syncope, or SD. His 30-year old mother had a normal ECG and negative genetic panel. His father, an asymptomatic 34-year old man, showed a first-degree AV block (PR = 220 ms) and typical Type I BrS-pattern on ECG (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1</xref>), an abnormal HV interval (73 ms) without inducible ventricular arrhythmias, and the same SCN5A mutation.</p>
        <p>After an 18-month follow-up without symptoms or AE, a new syncopal episode occurred, triggered by fever. No new electrocardiographic changes were observed, neither in rest ECG or Holter monitoring. At this time, a transvenous single chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) was implanted. In a 6-month follow-up, no device related complications, AE, or therapies were observed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study described a case of a 2-year old boy with an apparently normal heart with life-threatening AE triggered by a sustained AT. This uncommon event leads us to suspect of a possible channelopathy. SCN5A mutation was detected in the infant and in his father, who presented a Type-I ECG BrS pattern.</p>
        <p>Since the initial description of the disease in 1992, which includes three children,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> the published data on the BrS pediatric population is very limited. The typical ECG pattern of BrS (type I - ST coved elevation in right precordial leads) and clinical manifestations are not usually seen in young children. The age of onset symptoms and AE range from 40 to 50 years of age is rare in pediatrics or the elderly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In SABRUS (Survey on Arrhythmic Events in Brugada Syndrome), which includes 678 BrS-patients, the vast majority (94.2%) of the patients were 16-70 years of age at the time of first AE, while pediatric (&lt;16 years) and elderly patients (&gt;70 years) comprised 4.3% and 1.5%, respectively.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> Syncope is usually the first clinical manifestation in 14% to 21% and SD in 5% to 7% in pediatric BrS-patients, but the majority are asymptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> The significant male predominance observed in adults is not reported in prepubertal children, possibly due to hormonal influences, particularly testosterone levels.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The AE occurred during sleep in our patient, as is often described in BrS-patients, suggesting an association with bradycardia and possibly vagal modulation. In the present case, the syncopal arrhythmic event registered on a 24h-Holter &#8211; VT/VF &#8211; was triggered by an AT with a fast AV conduction during sleep, suggesting some vagal influence. Fever is also known to be a common arrhythmic trigger (and may unmask the typical ECG pattern),<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and was seen in our patient's second syncopal event. There are a few reports in the literature regarding life-threatening arrhythmias and SD in very young BrS-child patients, but none clearly document a direct participation of an AT on VT/VF induction.</p>
        <p>Risk stratification in young patients remains challenging. Type I ECG pattern, syncope, SD, sinus node dysfunction, atrial arrhythmias, conduction abnormalities, and ventricular arrhythmias induced on EPS have been described as predictors of life-threatening events.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The presence of an SCN5A mutation has not been proven to be risk marker in any large study. However, SCN5A compound mutations seem to lead to more severe phenotypes.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Although this child, since the index event, has already met indication criteria for ICD, the potential risks of an ICD in a very young child (inappropriate therapies and lead complications) were taken into account to extend the implant. Moreover, the possibility to ablate the VF-trigger (AFL) led us to believe in a lower chance of early recurrence.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The presented case demonstrates a severe presentation of an AE in a toddler, who was diagnosed with a SCN5A gene mutation. The VT/VF trigger circuit (AFL) was ablated, resulting in symptom relief over a long period of time, but an ICD was implanted due to syncope recurrence, highlighting how complex a presentation and evolution of some channelopathies can be in a pediatric population.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
