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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6wzzKLtrDG3kJFs48Z4NwYx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800008</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200060</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200060</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Relato de Caso</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Origem An&#244;mala da Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Circunflexa da Art&#233;ria Pulmonar Direita: Diagn&#243;stico por TC Card&#237;aca</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3638-593X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Bebiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>Lucy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ruivo</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar&#227;es</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guimar&#227;es</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar&#227;es, Guimar&#227;es - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Leiria Hospital Center</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Departamento de Cardiologia</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Leiria</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Leiria Hospital Center, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bebiana Faria &#8226;</bold> Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar&#227;es EPE &#8211; Cardiology - Rua dos Cutileiros, 114. <postal-code>4835-044</postal-code>, Creixomil, Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>bebianafaria@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Faria B; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Faria B, Calvo L, Ruivo C; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Ribeiro S, Louren&#231;o A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesses</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Os autores declaram n&#227;o haver conflito de interesses pertinentes.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>8</fpage>
      <lpage>11</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2019</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>22</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Anormalidades Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiopatias Cong&#234;nitas</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasos Coron&#225;rios</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Pulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomografia Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="13"/>
        <page-count count="4"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda (CXE) da art&#233;ria pulmonar (AP) direita &#233; uma anomalia coron&#225;ria extremamente rara. Embora o curso cl&#237;nico possa ser silencioso, o risco de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita est&#225; aumentado. Os sintomas est&#227;o relacionados &#224; colateraliza&#231;&#227;o e &#224; quantidade do mioc&#225;rdio que ela fornece, sendo que alguns pacientes necessitam de tratamento cir&#250;rgico.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de Caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 44 anos com hist&#243;rico familiar de s&#237;ndrome de Brugada e nenhum outra hist&#243;rico m&#233;dico relevante foi examinada no nosso hospital devido a angina de esfor&#231;o classe I da <italic>Canadian Cardiovascular Society</italic>. Ela n&#227;o apresentava fatores de risco coronariano e n&#227;o havia hist&#243;rico familiar de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana prematura ou doen&#231;a card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> O exame f&#237;sico estava normal. A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica revelou apenas regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral leve e o ECG estava normal.</p>
      <p>A paciente foi submetida &#224; ecocardiograma de esfor&#231;o que revelou anormalidades de movimenta&#231;&#227;o da parede &#237;nfero-lateral, com piora do grau de regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral. Foi exclu&#237;da s&#237;ndrome de Brugada ap&#243;s teste farmacol&#243;gico com ajmalina.</p>
      <p>Foi realizada angiotomografia de art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ATAC) (<italic>Siemens Somatom Sensation 64 CT Scanner&#174;</italic>). Foi realizada uma varredura preliminar para marcar a quantidade de c&#225;lcio coron&#225;rio e a pontua&#231;&#227;o de Agatston foi zero. Foram administrados 70 mililitros de contraste iodado (<italic>Ultravist 370&#174;</italic>), bem como 0,3 mg de nitroglicerina por via sublingual imediatamente antes da inje&#231;&#227;o de contraste. A paciente estava em ritmo sinusal com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 50 a 60 batimentos/minuto. Realizou-se ATAC controlada retrospectiva, com reconstru&#231;&#227;o das fases card&#237;acas a 70% do intervalo R-R. O p&#243;s-processamento da imagem foi realizado no <italic>Aquarius Intuition TeraRecon&#174;</italic>.</p>
      <p>A imagem da ATAC revelou art&#233;ria CXE an&#244;mala originando-se da AP proximal direita (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">B</xref>; seta). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref> ilustra uma imagem tridimensional renderizada por volume da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria, demonstrando a conex&#227;o an&#244;mala da CXE com a AP direita, cursando inferiormente &#224; art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria descendente anterior esquerda (DAE) proximal. Podemos observar tamb&#233;m a origem normal da DAE e da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (ACD), com dilata&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias principais, mas sem a observa&#231;&#227;o de colaterais significantes. A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref> &#233; uma reconstru&#231;&#227;o multiplanar obl&#237;qua com proje&#231;&#227;o de intensidade m&#225;xima de 1 mm de espessura, demonstrando a origem an&#244;mala da CXE de uma AP direita. Este achado foi confirmado por angiografia coron&#225;ria subsequente, na qual foi observada ectasia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias, com uma rede extensa de colaterais originando-se da ACD e da DAE fornecendo perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada da CXE (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>TC card&#237;aca em m&#250;ltiplos cortes usando varredura de 64 cortes, mostrando a origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa da art&#233;ria pulmonar direita (flecha). ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; Ao: aorta; APD: art&#233;ria pulmonar direita; CXE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda; OM1: primeiro marginal obtuso.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0008-00060-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Angiografia coron&#225;ria mostrando ectasia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias e uma rede extensa de colaterais originados na DAE (2A) e na ACD (2B) fornecendo perfus&#227;o retr&#243;grada da CXE. ACD: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita; CXE: art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria circunflexa esquerda; DAE: art&#233;ria descendente anterior esquerda.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0008-00060-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Nossa paciente apresentou angina de esfor&#231;o, com teste de esfor&#231;o positivo; portanto, ela foi encaminhada para cirurgia card&#237;aca. Foi realizada ligadura cir&#250;rgica da art&#233;ria CXE an&#244;mala para diminuir o fluxo competitivo, o que pode causar falha do enxerto, seguida por enxerto de bypass com a art&#233;ria mam&#225;ria interna esquerda para a CXE. N&#227;o houve complica&#231;&#245;es e a paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica desde ent&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A anatomia coron&#225;ria normal &#233; caracterizada por dois &#243;stios localizados nos seios de Valsalva direito e esquerdo e &#233; universalmente definida da maneira seguinte: a ACD origina-se do seio de Valsalva direito e a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda no seio esquerdo, geralmente abaixo da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular e, com frequ&#234;ncia, divide-se na art&#233;ria descendente anterior e na art&#233;ria circunflexa.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Determinar o que &#233; normal na anatomia das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias constitui um desafio. Angelini et al.,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> classificaram qualquer anatomia presente em mais de 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral como normal. Assim, por defini&#231;&#227;o, as anomalias cong&#234;nitas das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias (ACACs) ocorrem em menos de 1% da popula&#231;&#227;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> As ACACs foram descritas pela primeira vez h&#225; dois mil&#234;nios por Galeno e Vesalius; s&#227;o anormalidades na origem, estrutura e curso destas art&#233;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Existem diversas classifica&#231;&#245;es. Clinicamente falando, as ACACs podem ser divididas em dois tipos, aquelas que causam instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica significativa, ocorrendo em idade precoce e requerendo interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica precoce, e aquelas que s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos at&#233; a velhice, que permanecem n&#227;o identificadas, a menos que apresentem outros sintomas card&#237;acos ou sejam encontradas acidentalmente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A classifica&#231;&#227;o inicialmente proposta por Angelini em 1989 tem sido posteriormente atualizada e &#233; atualmente uma das mais utilizadas. Ela divide as ACACs em a) anomalias de origem e curso; b) anomalias da anatomia intr&#237;nseca das art&#233;rias coron&#225;rias; c) anomalias de termina&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria; e d) vasos anastom&#243;ticos an&#244;malos. O princ&#237;pio b&#225;sico desse sistema determina o nome de uma art&#233;ria pelo territ&#243;rio para o qual ela fornece sangue e n&#227;o baseado na sua origem ou curso inicial.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A incid&#234;ncia real das ACACs na popula&#231;&#227;o geral permanece obscura; anomalias coron&#225;rias ocorrem em 0,3% a 0,9% dos pacientes sem doen&#231;a card&#237;aca e em 3% a 36% daqueles com defeitos card&#237;acos estruturais.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> As ACACs s&#227;o geralmente detectadas apenas na aut&#243;psia. Em atletas jovens, estas anomalias s&#227;o a segunda causa mais comum de morte card&#237;aca s&#250;bita (em 12% de &#243;bitos) e s&#227;o geralmente desencadeados por exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos vigorosos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A s&#237;ndrome de Bland-White-Garland ou a origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria esquerda da art&#233;ria pulmonar (ALCAPA) foi descrita em 1933, ap&#243;s a aut&#243;psia de um neonato de 3 meses, com dificuldade de alimenta&#231;&#227;o, cardiomegalia e evid&#234;ncia de les&#227;o ventricular esquerda no ECG, sendo a anomalia coron&#225;ria mais frequentemente associada &#224; morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A ALCAPA tem uma incid&#234;ncia de 1 em 300.000 nascidos vivos. Esta anomalia &#233; um importante diagn&#243;stico diferencial em crian&#231;as com insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Usualmente, apresenta-se como uma anomalia isolada mas, em 5% dos casos, pode estar associada a outras malforma&#231;&#245;es (defeito septal, defeito septal ventricular ou coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta) e, se n&#227;o tratada, sua taxa de mortalidade no primeiro ano de vida &#233; de 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
      <p>De forma menos frequente, a ACD, a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria DAE ou a art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria CXE t&#234;m sido relatadas como surgindo da AP em variantes mais raras desta s&#237;ndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Os casos de origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita da art&#233;ria pulmonar (ARCAPA) s&#227;o extremamente raros, com uma incid&#234;ncia de 0,002%. Estas anormalidades s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticas em mais de 75% de casos, sem evid&#234;ncia de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria CXE da art&#233;ria pulmonar (ALCxCAPA) pode ser considerada uma variante extremamente rara da ALCAPA, com o primeiro caso adulto relatado em 1992 por Garcia et al. e com pouco mais de 20 casos descritos na literatura at&#233; o momento presente.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> Est&#225; geralmente associada a outros defeitos card&#237;acos cong&#234;nitos, com casos isolados sendo extremamente incomuns. Os casos descritos variam de neonatos a adultos, com apresenta&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas variadas, incluindo relatos de sopro card&#237;aco assintom&#225;tico, dispneia e angina. As formas mais graves encontradas na literatura incluem isquemia mioc&#225;rdica, com poucos casos relatados de disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica grave e parada card&#237;aca secund&#225;ria a esta anomalia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup> <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Durante o primeiro m&#234;s de vida, a hipertens&#227;o pulmonar fisiol&#243;gica e a hemoglobina fetal fornecem perfus&#227;o e oxigena&#231;&#227;o ao mioc&#225;rdio; consequentemente, estes indiv&#237;duos s&#227;o assintom&#225;ticos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Em crian&#231;as maiores e adultos, as press&#245;es relativamente baixas na art&#233;ria pulmonar normal criam um gradiente atrav&#233;s do qual o sangue flui, direcionado da circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria nativa, atrav&#233;s da rede extensa de colaterais, para a art&#233;ria an&#244;mala e a art&#233;ria pulmonar. Isso resulta em f&#237;stula coron&#225;ria-pulmonar, com o fen&#244;meno do roubo coron&#225;rio.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Os pacientes tornam-se sintom&#225;ticos e podem apresentar angina, fadiga, dispneia, palpita&#231;&#245;es, arritmias ventriculares, hipertens&#227;o pulmonar e morte s&#250;bita.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Os sintomas e o progn&#243;stico dependem do desenvolvimento de vasos colaterais nas outras duas art&#233;rias.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A nossa paciente permaneceu assintom&#225;tica durante os primeiros 40 anos da sua vida. Nossa hip&#243;tese &#233; que isso seja o resultado da combina&#231;&#227;o da &#225;rea relativamente pequena do mioc&#225;rdio fornecida pela art&#233;ria CXE, o grau de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria e a falta de desafios card&#237;acos significativos anteriores.</p>
      <p>A ATAC proporciona uma ferramenta de imagem n&#227;o invasiva para demonstrar a origem e a rela&#231;&#227;o das art&#233;rias an&#244;malas com outras estruturas vasculares mediastinais e permite o uso de reformata&#231;&#227;o tridimensional para a delinea&#231;&#227;o de varia&#231;&#245;es sutis na posi&#231;&#227;o e morfologia dos vasos an&#244;malos. Al&#233;m disso, desempenha um papel importante no planejamento de interven&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica e pode ser uma ferramenta valiosa no acompanhamento p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio para pacientes adultos.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Foi demonstrado que a ATAC controlada por ECG foi superior &#224; angiografia em termos de sensibilidade em v&#225;rias s&#233;ries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> As Diretrizes de 2018 da ACC/AHA para o Manejo de Adultos com Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Cong&#234;nita recomendam o uso da ATAC como m&#233;todo de triagem para o diagn&#243;stico e o manejo de pacientes com anomalias coron&#225;rias cong&#234;nitas de origem arterial ect&#243;pica.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
      <p>A indica&#231;&#227;o de tratamento cir&#250;rgico para origem an&#244;mala da CXE ainda n&#227;o est&#225; bem estabelecida. Os crit&#233;rios de tratamento s&#227;o a presen&#231;a de sintomas, a &#225;rea ventricular que &#233; suprida pela art&#233;ria e a colateraliza&#231;&#227;o a partir da DAE e/ou a ACD.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> Quando a cirurgia &#233; indicada, a ligadura e o enxerto de bypass s&#227;o recomendados em adultos; o reimplante promove resultados substancialmente melhores em beb&#234;s e crian&#231;as.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> No presente caso, considerando que a paciente apresentava angina e isquemia documentada, foi realizada a cirurgia.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>As ACACs constituem um grupo heterog&#234;neo de anomalias cong&#234;nitas raras, cujas manifesta&#231;&#245;es variam muito. A origem an&#244;mala da art&#233;ria CXE da AP &#233; ocultada pela presen&#231;a de circula&#231;&#227;o colateral e pela &#225;rea relativamente pequena suprida por este vaso. Embora a maioria dos pacientes com esta anomalia seja assintom&#225;tica e seus exames f&#237;sicos sejam normais, eles correm o risco de morte s&#250;bita. Consequentemente, esta condi&#231;&#227;o requer um alto grau de suspeita cl&#237;nica e a ATAC constitui-se como a modalidade de imagem de escolha.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o contou com fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Case Report</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Anomalous Origin of the Circumflex Coronary Artery from the Right Pulmonary Artery: Diagnosis Through Cardiac CT</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3638-593X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Faria</surname>
            <given-names>Bebiana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Calvo</surname>
            <given-names>Lucy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ribeiro</surname>
            <given-names>S&#237;lvia</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ruivo</surname>
            <given-names>Catarina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Louren&#231;o</surname>
            <given-names>Ant&#243;nio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Guimar&#227;es</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar&#227;es, Guimar&#227;es - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Leiria</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Departamento de Cardiologia, Leiria Hospital Center, Leiria - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bebiana Faria &#8226;</bold> Hospital da Senhora da Oliveira Guimar&#227;es EPE &#8211; Cardiology - Rua dos Cutileiros, 114. <postal-code>4835-044</postal-code>, Creixomil, Guimar&#227;es &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>bebianafaria@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Faria B; Data acquisition and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Faria B, Calvo L, Ruivo C; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Ribeiro S, Louren&#231;o A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>The authors report no conflict of interest concerning the materials and methods used in this study or the findings specified in this paper.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital Abnormalities</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Defects</kwd>
        <kwd>Congenital</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Vessels</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulmonary Artery</kwd>
        <kwd>Tomography</kwd>
        <kwd>Computed/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery (LCx) from the right pulmonary artery (PA) is an extremely rare coronary anomaly. Although the clinical course may be silent, the risk of sudden cardiac death is increased. The symptoms are related to collateralization and amount of myocardium that it supplies, and some patients need surgical treatment.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>A 44-year-old woman with a family history of Brugada syndrome and no other relevant medical background was examined in our hospital due to Canadian Cardiovascular Society class I exertional angina. She had no coronary risk factors and no family history of premature coronary artery disease or congenital heart disease.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Physical examination was unremarkable. Transthoracic echocardiography only revealed mild mitral regurgitation, and ECG was normal.</p>
        <p>She underwent an exercise echocardiogram that revealed wall motion abnormalities in the inferolateral wall, with worsening of the degree of mitral regurgitation. Brugada syndrome was excluded after pharmacological test with ajmaline.</p>
        <p>Coronary computed tomography angiogram (CCTA) was performed (<italic>Siemens Somatom Sensation 64 CT Scanner&#174;</italic>). A preliminary scan for scoring the amount of coronary calcium was obtained, and the Agatston score was zero. Seventy milliliters of iodinated contrast (<italic>Ultravist 370&#174;</italic>) were administered. Nitroglycerin 0.3 mg was sublingually administered immediately before contrast injection. The patient was in sinus rhythm with a heart rate of 50 to 60 beats/min. A retrospective gated CCTA was performed, with reconstruction of cardiac phases at 70% of the R-R interval. The post-processing image was performed on <italic>Aquarius Intuition TeraRecon&#174;</italic>.</p>
        <p>CCTA imaging revealed an anomalous LCx arising from the proximal right PA (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1 A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref>; arrow). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1A</xref> illustrates a three-dimensional volume-rendered image of the coronary tree demonstrating the anomalous connection of the LCx to the right PA, coursing inferior to the proximal left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. We can also observe the normal origin of the LAD and right coronary artery (RCA), with dilation of the main arteries, but no significant collaterals are observed. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figure 1B</xref> is an oblique multiplanar reconstruction with maximum intensity projection 1 mm thick, demonstrating the anomalous origin of the LCx from a right PA. This finding was confirmed on a subsequent coronary angiogram, where ectasia of the coronary arteries was observed, with an extensive network of collaterals originating in the RCA and LAD supplying retrograde perfusion of the LCx (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 2</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Multislice cardiac CT using a 64-slice scanner showing anomalous origin of the circumflex coronary artery from the right pulmonary artery (arrow). LCx: left circumflex coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; RPA: right pulmonary artery; Ao: aorta; RCA: right coronary artery; OM1: first obtuse marginal.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0008-00060-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Coronary angiogram showing ectasia of the coronary arteries and an extensive network of collaterals originating in the LAD (2A) and RCA (2B) supplying retrograde perfusion of the LCx. LCx: left circumflex coronary artery; LAD: left anterior descending artery; RCA: right coronary artery.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0008-00060-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Our patient had exertional angina, with a positive stress test; therefore, she was referred for cardiac surgery. Surgical ligation of the anomalous LCx was performed to decrease competitive flow, which can cause the graft to fail, followed by coronary bypass graft with left internal mammary artery to the LCx. There were no complications and the patient remained asymptomatic since then.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Normal coronary anatomy is characterized by two ostia located in the right and left Valsalva sinuses and is universally defined as follows: the RCA originates from the right Valsalva sinus and the left coronary artery in the left sinus, usually below the sinotubular junction, and it usually divides into the anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Determining what is normal in the anatomy of coronary arteries is a challenge. Angelini et al.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> classified any anatomy present in more than 1% of the general population as normal. Thus, by definition, congenital coronary artery anomalies (CCAAs) occur in less than 1% of the population.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> CCAAs were first described two millennia ago by Galen and Vesalius and are abnormalities in the origin, structure, and course of these arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>There are several classifications. Clinically speaking, CCAAs can be divided into two types, those that cause significant hemodynamic instability, occurring at an early age and requiring early surgical intervention, and those that are asymptomatic until old age, which remain unidentified unless they present with other cardiac symptoms or are found accidentally.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The classification initially proposed by Angelini in 1989 has subsequently been updated, and it is currently one of the most used. It divides CCAAs into a) anomalies of origination and course; b) anomalies of intrinsic coronary arterial anatomy; c) anomalies of coronary termination; and d) anomalous anastomotic vessels. The basic principle of this system is that the name of an artery is determined by the territory to which it supplies blood and not based on its origin or initial course.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The real incidence of CCAAs in the general population remains unclear; coronary anomalies occur in 0.3% to 0.9% of patients without heart disease and in 3% to 36% of those with structural heart defects.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> CCAAs are often only detected in autopsy. In young athletes, these anomalies are the second most common cause of sudden cardiac death (in 12% of deaths), and they are generally triggered by vigorous physical exercise.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Bland-White-Garland syndrome or anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) was described in 1933, following the autopsy of a 3-month-old infant with difficulty feeding, cardiomegaly and evidence of left ventricular lesion on ECG, and it is the coronary anomaly most often associated with sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>ALCAPA has an incidence of 1 in 300,000 live births. This anomaly is an important differential diagnosis in children with heart failure.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> It usually presents as an isolated anomaly, but, in 5% of cases, it may be associated with other malformations (septal defect, ventricular septal defect, or coarctation of the aorta), and, if left untreated, its mortality rate in the first year of life is 90%.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Less commonly, the RCA, LAD coronary artery, or LCx coronary artery have been reported to arise from the PA in rarer variants of this syndrome.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Anomalies in the origin of the right coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) are extremely rare, with an incidence of 0.002%. These abnormalities are asymptomatic in more than 75% of cases, with no evidence of myocardial ischemia.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Anomalous origin of the LCx artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCxCAPA) can be considered an exceedingly rare variant of ALCAPA, with the first adult case reported in 1992 by Garcia et al. and with just over 20 cases described in the literature to date.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref> It is usually associated with other congenital heart defects, with isolated cases being extremely uncommon. The described cases range from neonates to adults, with varied clinical presentations, including reports of asymptomatic heart murmur, dyspnea, and angina. The most severe forms found in the literature include myocardial ischemia, with few reported cases of severe myocardial dysfunction and cardiac arrest secondary to this anomaly.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>During the first month of life, physiological pulmonary hypertension and fetal hemoglobin provide perfusion and oxygenation to the myocardium; consequently, individuals are asymptomatic.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> In older children and adults, relatively low pressures in the normal pulmonary artery create a gradient through which blood flows, directed from native coronary circulation, through the extensive collateral network, to the anomalous artery and pulmonary artery. This results in coronary-pulmonary artery fistula, with the coronary steal phenomenon.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Patients become symptomatic and may experience angina, fatigue, dyspnea, palpitations, ventricular arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension, and sudden death.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> Symptoms and prognosis depend on the development of collateral vessels in the other two arteries.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Our patient remained asymptomatic throughout the first 40 years of her life. We hypothesize that this is a result of the combination of the relatively small area of myocardium supplied by the LCx artery, the degree of coronary collateralization, and the lack of significant previous cardiac challenges.</p>
        <p>CCTA provides a noninvasive imaging tool to demonstrate the origin and relationship of anomalous arteries to other mediastinal vascular structures, and it enables the use of three-dimensional reformation for delineation of subtle variations in the position and morphology of anomalous vessels. Moreover, it plays an important role in surgical intervention planning, and it may be a valuable postoperative follow-up tool for adult patients.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref></p>
        <p>ECG-gated CCTA was shown to be superior in sensitivity to invasive angiography in several series.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The ACC/AHA 2018 Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Congenital Heart Disease recommend the use of CCTA as a screening method for diagnosis and patient management in congenital coronary anomalies of ectopic arterial origin.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref></p>
        <p>The indication for surgical treatment of anomalous origin of the LCx is not yet well established. The criteria for treatment are the presence of symptoms, the ventricular area that is supplied by the artery, and collateralization from the LAD and/or the RCA.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> When surgery is indicated, ligation and bypass grafting are recommended in adults; re-implantation yields substantially better results in infants and children.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> In this case, as the patient had angina and documented ischemia, surgery was performed.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>CCAAs are a heterogeneous group of rare congenital abnormalities, whose manifestations vary greatly. The anomalous origin of the LCx artery from the PA is masked by the presence of collateral circulation and the relatively small area supplied by this vessel. Although most of the patients with this anomaly are asymptomatic and their physical examinations are unremarkable, they are at risk of sudden death. As such, this condition requires a high degree of clinical suspicion and CCTA is the imaging modality of choice.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There was no external funding source for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
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