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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7hmZhMbYLWHR69ngf3XqSKw</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021000800001</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210290</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210290</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Especial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Doen&#231;a de Chagas: Seria o Barbeiro o &#218;nico Culpado?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9322-3662</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fragata</surname>
            <given-names>Abilio Augusto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Laborat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas - Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. CEP <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. E-mail: <email>abilioaugustofragata@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito, Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Fragata Filho AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>19</day>
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>07</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>1 suppl 1</issue>
      <fpage>1</fpage>
      <lpage>7</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>21</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas/hist&#243;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Miocardite</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="2"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="7"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Pre&#226;mbulo</title>
      <p>Descrita por Carlos Chagas em 1909, a enfermidade &#233; causada por um parasita unicelular (<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>). Ao longo da hist&#243;ria, o mecanismo principal de transmiss&#227;o se deu atrav&#233;s do contato das fezes de um inseto conhecido popularmente no Brasil como &#8220;barbeiro&#8221;, &#8220;chup&#227;o&#8221; e &#8220;chupan&#231;a&#8221;, entre outras denomina&#231;&#245;es, que estejam contaminadas com este parasita. Os &#8220;barbeiros&#8221; n&#227;o nascem com o parasita em seu intestino, mas o adquirem quando se alimentam com o sangue de algum mam&#237;fero infectado (a doen&#231;a s&#243; acomete mam&#237;feros). Ao se alimentarem, estes insetos eliminam fezes, que cont&#233;m os parasitas que podem contaminar a ferida da picada, propiciando a sua entrada no organismo, dando in&#237;cio a doen&#231;a. Os &#8220;barbeiros&#8221; fazem seus ninhos principalmente nas rachaduras das paredes de barro das casas de &#8220;pau a pique&#8221;, muito comuns em v&#225;rias regi&#245;es do Brasil, principalmente nos sert&#245;es do Nordeste. Outros mecanismos de transmiss&#227;o podem ocorrer: transfus&#227;o de sangue, doa&#231;&#227;o de &#243;rg&#227;os, da m&#227;e para o filho, ingest&#227;o de alimentos contaminados etc.</p>
      <p>Na fase aguda da doen&#231;a, as queixas podem ser leves ou mesmo n&#227;o existirem. Podem surgir manifesta&#231;&#245;es gerais, como febre baixa e mal-estar, ou mais graves, como falta de ar e incha&#231;o.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Como a picada do barbeiro &#233; mais frequente na face, pode ocorrer a tumefa&#231;&#227;o das p&#225;lpebras, conhecida como sinal de Roma&#241;a. Com o passar dos anos, geralmente uma d&#233;cada ou mais, em um ter&#231;o dos pacientes aparecem queixas card&#237;acas, como cansa&#231;o, falta de ar e incha&#231;o no corpo (insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> Em alguns casos, o sistema el&#233;trico do cora&#231;&#227;o pode apresentar comprometimento, com o aparecimento de altera&#231;&#245;es do ritmo card&#237;aco, desmaios e at&#233; morte s&#250;bita. Tamb&#233;m podem ocorrer dilata&#231;&#245;es do es&#244;fago e do c&#243;lon, com progressiva dificuldade para engolir alimentos e defecar.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Desde os seus primeiros exemplares, que datam de 1948, os Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia t&#234;m registrado o avan&#231;o no conhecimento m&#233;dico da especialidade e a constata&#231;&#227;o de como os diversos pesquisadores da &#233;poca, mesmo com poucos recursos t&#233;cnicos, expunham um racioc&#237;nio cl&#237;nico brilhante. Os primeiros dez artigos sobre doen&#231;a de Chagas, nesta revista, datam de 1948 a 1958.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
      <p>Ao final da d&#233;cada de 1940, as figuras inclu&#237;das nos artigos j&#225; refletiam o interesse did&#225;tico e pioneiro dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, como estas publicadas em 1948 e 1949 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>(A) &#192; esquerda, cora&#231;&#227;o do caso 26; &#224; direita, cora&#231;&#227;o normal. Na radioscopia: grande cora&#231;&#227;o miog&#234;nico, parado quase totalmente. (B) Aglomerado parasit&#225;rio no interior da fibra card&#237;aca (S. cruzi).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0001-10290-gf01.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec>
      <title>Esta &#233; minha hist&#243;ria</title>
      <p>Minha m&#227;e deixou a mim e meus irm&#227;os, ainda como ovos, em um lugar escuro com cheiro de barro, &#224; nossa pr&#243;pria sorte. Quando sa&#237; do ovo, percebi que muitos dos meus irm&#227;os tamb&#233;m j&#225; haviam sa&#237;do, mas outros n&#227;o esbo&#231;avam qualquer rea&#231;&#227;o. Mais tarde entendi que eles jamais sa&#237;ram. N&#227;o sei quem &#233; minha m&#227;e, nem meu pai.</p>
      <p>Ainda pequenino, explorando o territ&#243;rio onde nasci, vi que meu ninho encontrava-se em uma pequena rachadura da parede de uma casa muito estranha. Ela era feita com taquaras entrela&#231;adas e recheadas com barro vermelho. Sentia-se um cheiro esquisito, mistura de suor e lenha queimada. Havia v&#225;rios objetos bem envelhecidos: uma lamparina apagada sobre uma prateleira de madeira, quase podre, perto da porta escancarada, que era feita de peda&#231;os de t&#225;buas, com v&#225;rias fendas. Havia um fog&#227;o com lenha em brasa, em cima do qual estava uma panela com pouca coisa, nada al&#233;m de &#225;gua fervendo e alguns peda&#231;os de mandioca. Encostada na parede, bem embaixo do meu ninho, podia ver uma cama de casal com remendos nos quatro p&#233;s e na cabeceira, amea&#231;ando ruir. Em cima dela, um colch&#227;o esfarrapado, coberto com um len&#231;ol tamb&#233;m roto no qual se via tufos de palha saindo pelos rasgos. Na outra parede, uma janela aberta e embaixo dela uma mesa, igualmente em ru&#237;nas, cujas quatro pernas amea&#231;avam despeda&#231;ar. N&#227;o havia toalha, mas somente duas latas de ervilha vazias que serviam de copo e x&#237;cara. Ao lado, dois pratos totalmente lascados e uma colher bem gasta em cima de cada um deles. O ch&#227;o era inteiramente de terra, no qual era poss&#237;vel ver peda&#231;os de madeira e restos de comida, al&#233;m de respingos do fog&#227;o de lenha. O teto era feito de palha seca com muitos buracos, que permitiam a entrada de raios de sol. N&#227;o havia ningu&#233;m na casa. Olhando para este cen&#225;rio, achei meu ninho at&#233; bastante confort&#225;vel.</p>
      <p>Muitos dos meus irm&#227;os j&#225; haviam sa&#237;do e n&#227;o soube mais deles. Aqueles que, como eu, ali ficaram, ach&#225;vamos o ambiente repleto de tristeza. N&#227;o t&#237;nhamos sequer ideia de quem &#233;ramos. Fiquei sabendo, tempos depois, que &#233;ramos insetos conhecidos pelo nome de &#8220;barbeiro&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Deixando meu ninho, comecei a explorar a casa e sa&#237; pela janela, temeroso do que poderia encontrar. O sol era escaldante e n&#227;o havia uma brisa sequer para refrescar. O ch&#227;o era de terra vermelha, e raramente se via um pouco de mato com folhas amareladas e distorcidas pelo calor. Pensei que os habitantes n&#227;o sentissem sede, pois n&#227;o havia vest&#237;gios de &#225;gua. Pouco depois, ouvi um ru&#237;do e vi um cachorro muito emagrecido, l&#237;ngua de fora, andando indolente por aquele ch&#227;o t&#243;rrido. Percebi que ele mal tinha for&#231;as para andar e latir ao mesmo tempo. Ele foi se aproximando e eu apavorado me escondi em uma rachadura que encontrei na parede do lado de fora daquele casebre. Fiquei im&#243;vel ali enquanto o cachorro cheirava insistentemente, como se farejasse algo para comer. Em seguida, ele se afastou, entrou na casa e deitou no ch&#227;o perto da porta, dormindo pesadamente, talvez para disfar&#231;ar a fome que sentia. Continuando minha explora&#231;&#227;o, avistei outro animal, muito estranho. Mais tarde, soube que o chamavam de gamb&#225;. Quando me viu, correu imediatamente em minha dire&#231;&#227;o com a fisionomia horripilante, demonstrando sua inten&#231;&#227;o de, &#224;s minhas custas, saciar sua fome. Mais uma vez me vali do ref&#250;gio estrat&#233;gico na fenda da parede, que desta vez se abria tamb&#233;m para o lado de dentro da casa. Como j&#225; ca&#237;a a noite, resolvi me recolher ao ninho e ficar l&#225; em seguran&#231;a. Confesso que adormeci, n&#227;o sei por quanto tempo. Acordei assustado com o som alto que vinha de dentro da casa. Estava muito escuro e eu n&#227;o conseguia enxergar. A seguir, uma luz muito fraca se fez presente e vi a lamparina acesa. Qual n&#227;o foi meu espanto quando vi um homem, uma mulher e quatro crian&#231;as falando alto na casa. O homem era de estatura baixa, muito magro, tinha a pele do rosto enrugada e sofrida pela constante exposi&#231;&#227;o ao sol e trazia nos p&#233;s um chinelo surrado. Vestia uma cal&#231;a que mal chegava aos tornozelos, cheia de remendos e outros tantos rasgos que n&#227;o suportavam mais costuras. Suas m&#227;os, calejadas pela labuta di&#225;ria na ro&#231;a, eram incapazes de movimentos mais finos, manuseavam tudo com brutalidade. Trazia na boca um cigarro feito de palha, que espalhava uma fuma&#231;a malcheirosa, mas que lhe parecia confortante.</p>
      <p>A mulher tinha um semblante resignado e igualmente emagrecida, p&#233;s descal&#231;os e calejados. Trazia na cabe&#231;a um pano que um dia deve ter sido branco, mas que agora era amarelado. Ele escondia quase todo o cabelo escuro e as mechas &#224; mostra tinham a apar&#234;ncia de palha. Vestia uma blusa igualmente surrada, com v&#225;rios bot&#245;es faltando e contida na frente por um n&#243;. Sua saia preta cobria tamb&#233;m os joelhos e era amarrada na cintura com uma corda fina. As m&#227;os traziam as marcas da vida dif&#237;cil que levavam. Ela lamentava-se ao ver a panela no fog&#227;o de lenha com quase nada a oferecer de comida. Que vida, meu Deus!</p>
      <p>As quatro crian&#231;as mais pareciam quatro querubins, dada a sua apar&#234;ncia entristecida e inocente diante de tudo que acontecia. A menor parecia ter tr&#234;s anos e a maior n&#227;o passava de sete. Todas com os p&#233;s no ch&#227;o, uma delas com um pano amarrado no p&#233;, tentando tratar um corte feito por um galho de &#225;rvore que pisara na sua lida di&#225;ria. As duas meninas, aparentando tr&#234;s e cinco anos, respectivamente, usavam um vestido de pano muito fino e desgastado, e os meninos mais velhos usavam apenas uma cal&#231;a at&#233; os joelhos e nada mais. Todos apresentavam uma barriga proeminente e o resto do corpo sequinho. O menino maior trouxe para dentro da casa, com muito esfor&#231;o para o seu tamanho, uma lata contendo &#225;gua que n&#227;o era muito l&#237;mpida. Todos as seis pessoas sentaram-se nas banquetas e na cama e comeram o que tinham, sendo que a menor parte ficara para os pais. Ap&#243;s este arremedo de jantar, apagaram a lamparina e todos amontoaram-se na &#250;nica cama existente. Observei tudo com muita tristeza. Como viver dessa forma seria poss&#237;vel? Em seguida, tamb&#233;m adormeci, pois n&#227;o tinha fome gra&#231;as &#224; reserva alimentar que recebi enquanto estava dentro do ovo.</p>
      <p>De repente fui acordado com um grito raivoso do homem: &#8220;Mata esse barbeiro que est&#225; na menina!&#8221;</p>
      <p>Olhei de imediato para a cama onde dormia profundamente aquela criancinha com semblante de anjo, e vi um dos meus irm&#227;os mais velhos &#8220;grudados&#8221; no rosto da menina. Estava muito gordo, diferente de como eu o vira no dia anterior. N&#227;o entendi o que estava acontecendo, nem o que meu irm&#227;o fazia ali. Apenas vi quando a mulher o pegou na m&#227;o e o jogou na brasa do fog&#227;o de lenha. Cena medonha! Em seguida, vi o homem se aproximando do meu ninho com a lamparina acesa e come&#231;ou a coloc&#225;-la nas rachaduras da parede. Fiquei apavorado e me escondi, junto com o resto dos meus irm&#227;os, no canto mais profundo. Como n&#227;o encontrasse nada o homem apagou a lamparina e come&#231;ou a esbravejar: &#8220;Malditos barbeiros!&#8221;. Em seguida, todos sa&#237;ram da casa sem nada comer e levando consigo as ferramentas para o &#225;rduo trabalho na ro&#231;a. Eu continuava sem entender nada.</p>
      <p>Pouco tempo depois resolvi sair da casa e me aventurar pelos arredores. Vi um monte de lenha no terreno e l&#225; entrei. Era um lugar quente, escuro e malcheiroso. Fiquei apavorado ao ver chegar perto do lugar onde eu estava o gamb&#225; que me perseguira no dia anterior. Ele ficou farejando como se soubesse que l&#225; havia comida. Permaneci im&#243;vel, mas tinha a sensa&#231;&#227;o de que minhas patas tremiam. Como n&#227;o conseguiu nada, ele foi embora. Continuando minha explora&#231;&#227;o naquele ref&#250;gio de galhos secos, encontrei um velho barbeiro que mal conseguia caminhar e fui ter com ele. Quando me viu ficou contente, pois h&#225; muito n&#227;o encontrava nenhum dos seus para conversar. Ele me perguntou de onde vinha e porque estava ali correndo perigo. Disse a ele que queria conhecer a regi&#227;o e que n&#227;o estava entendendo o que se passava. Contei-lhe, ent&#227;o, o que ocorrera com meu irm&#227;o e ele me pediu para sentar ao seu lado que me explicaria.</p>
      <p>&#8220;H&#225; muitos e muitos anos, n&#227;o havia humanos aqui e essa regi&#227;o era habitada por n&#243;s e muitos outros animais. Havia um mato serrado e muitas &#225;rvores com espinhos. Viv&#237;amos em harmonia. N&#243;s conviv&#237;amos nos ninhos de outros bichos, principalmente gamb&#225;s e ratos, e l&#225; nossos filhotes cresciam, pois t&#237;nhamos muito alimento.&#8221;</p>
      <p>&#8220;O que n&#243;s comemos?&#8221;, perguntei curioso.</p>
      <p>Vendo minha inoc&#234;ncia e curiosidade, o velho barbeiro continuou: &#8220;Meu pequeno, n&#243;s s&#243; nos alimentamos de sangue. N&#243;s chupamos o sangue dos animais e nos fartamos com isso&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Confesso que fiquei horrorizado e, ent&#227;o, entendi o que meu irm&#227;o fazia no rosto daquela crian&#231;a e porque estava t&#227;o gordo: ele estava se alimentando do sangue dela. Ent&#227;o, ele prosseguiu&#8230;</p>
      <p>&#8220;Toda vez que nos alimentamos engordamos muito, com isto n&#227;o conseguimos segurar as fezes e as eliminamos bem ali mesmo.&#8221;</p>
      <p>&#8220;Que nojo!&#8221;, exclamei.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Mas voltando ao nosso assunto&#8230;&#8221;, prosseguiu o velho barbeiro. &#8220;Essa nossa paz terminou. Apareceram os humanos e cortaram os arbustos e as &#225;rvores, constru&#237;ram casebres e nossos amigos gamb&#225;s, ratos e muitos outros fugiram assustados. Assim, fomos ficando sem comida e muitos de n&#243;s n&#227;o resistiram. Outros foram em busca de novos locais e assim nos espalhamos por todo este lugar.&#8221;</p>
      <p>&#8220;Com o tempo, fomos observando que as paredes daqueles casebres, feitas de barro, rachavam com o calor intenso. Alguns de n&#243;s, em situa&#231;&#227;o de desespero por tanta fome e sem ter onde se esconder, resolveram se alojar naquelas rachaduras. Eles foram adaptando-se ao local e logo perceberam que aqueles humanos tinham sangue quente, tal qual os gamb&#225;s e os ratos. Durante a noite, enquanto as pessoas dormiam, eles podiam se alimentar e voltar quase sempre em seguran&#231;a para as frestas nas paredes. &#192;s vezes, alguns demoravam mais sendo surpreendidos e, ent&#227;o, o destino tr&#225;gico era o fog&#227;o de lenha. Mesmo assim, fomos ganhando cada vez mais espa&#231;o na regi&#227;o.&#8221;</p>
      <p>Fiquei muito contente com as explica&#231;&#245;es que recebera e ent&#227;o peguei o caminho de volta para o meu ninho. J&#225; estava anoitecendo e o c&#233;u pintava-se de estrelas, sem nenhuma nuvem. Chegando em casa, passei muito tempo observando aquelas pessoas. Mais uma vez alimentavam-se de um caldo ralo, que parecia n&#227;o ter nada que matasse a fome. Eu continuava crescendo e ainda n&#227;o sentia vontade alguma de me alimentar. Assim adormeci.</p>
      <p>No meio da madrugada fui acordado novamente pelos gritos da mulher que esbravejava: &#8220;Malditos barbeiros !!!&#8221; O sol ainda n&#227;o havia raiado e o local era iluminado pela t&#234;nue luz da lamparina. Agora, eram cinco dos meus que se fartavam do sangue das crian&#231;as. Todos eles igualmente terminaram nas brasas do fog&#227;o. Desesperado, n&#227;o consegui mais dormir. Quando amanheceu, o homem, a mulher e as crian&#231;as sa&#237;ram mais uma vez sem comer nada.</p>
      <p>Pensei em sair dali e nunca mais voltar. A cena do fog&#227;o de lenha n&#227;o me saia da cabe&#231;a. Olhei em volta e vi v&#225;rios dos meus dormindo, redondos de tanto comer. Deram-se bem e se fartaram durante a noite, sem serem descobertos.</p>
      <p>Fui para o terreno que ficava fora da casa &#224; procura do meu amigo, velho barbeiro, mas n&#227;o o encontrei. Perambulei por toda a &#225;rea, sempre me escondendo para n&#227;o ser notado. Tinha medo do que poderia aparecer na minha frente, principalmente depois das hist&#243;rias que ouvira do anci&#227;o. Encontrei muitos outros animais estranhos. Alguns eram bem grandes comparados a mim e voavam alto no c&#233;u, que estava azul e sem nenhum sinal de chuva. N&#227;o gostei nada da forma como eles me olhavam e achei mais prudente entrar embaixo de umas folhas que estavam no caminho. L&#225;, encontrei outros dos meus que pareciam ter a minha idade ou um pouco mais, mas j&#225; com muita experi&#234;ncia em se aventurar por aquelas bandas. Logo ficamos amigos e conversamos bastante. Contei a eles o que ocorrera com meus irm&#227;os e o triste fim que tiveram. V&#225;rios deles me deram conselhos:</p>
      <p>&#8220;Quando for se alimentar, prefira as crian&#231;as, pois elas t&#234;m um sono mais pesado e geralmente dormem encostadas na parede. Dessa forma, fica mais f&#225;cil fugir para outras frestas no barro ou mesmo se esconder embaixo do colch&#227;o. Evite os adultos, pois eles podem mais facilmente acordar e nos surpreender, ent&#227;o, dif&#237;cil escapar da raiva mortal deles.&#8221;</p>
      <p>Eu ainda n&#227;o sabia o que era sentir fome e nunca tinha me alimentado de sangue, mas ficava cada vez mais curioso a respeito.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Mas voc&#234;s aqui fora, como fazem para se esconder e se alimentar?&#8221;, perguntei.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Se voc&#234; olhar bem, ver&#225; que neste terreno h&#225; alguns ninhos de aves, de gamb&#225;s e ratos, todos eles bem escondidos. N&#243;s moramos l&#225;. Estamos sempre aquecidos, e durante a noite temos sangue &#224; vontade. S&#243; &#233; preciso muita aten&#231;&#227;o, pois podemos fazer parte do card&#225;pio deles. Nesses ninhos, principalmente dos gamb&#225;s e dos ratos, frequentemente h&#225; filhotes e isto &#233; uma del&#237;cia. N&#243;s nos alimentamos fartamente e eles pouco reagem; quando chegam os pais, nos escondemos entre a palha e l&#225; ficamos&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Fiquei muito pensativo a respeito desse tipo de vida que me parecia mais interessante, at&#233; que um dos barbeiros comentou, em tom preocupante, que as aves, gamb&#225;s e ratos est&#227;o ficando cada vez mais raros na regi&#227;o, como j&#225; me dissera aquele velho barbeiro.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Eles est&#227;o fugindo para longe com medo dos humanos e n&#243;s estamos ficando cada vez mais sem op&#231;&#227;o de moradia e alimenta&#231;&#227;o. &#201; bem prov&#225;vel que logo tenhamos que ir para a casa em busca de abrigo e alimento, mesmo correndo o risco de terminar no fog&#227;o de lenha.&#8221;</p>
      <p>A escurid&#227;o da noite se aproximava. Achei que era prudente voltar para casa. Despedi-me de todos e me aventurei no caminho de volta. Estava quase chegando quando fui surpreendido por uma criatura estranha e tenebrosa. Era bem maior que eu, tinha oito patas, diferente de n&#243;s que s&#243; temos seis, corpo escuro e coberto de pelos curtos. Na boca havia duas garras enormes. Era uma aranha. Fiquei aterrorizado ao v&#234;-la e muito mais quando ela voltou-se em minha dire&#231;&#227;o com um ar nada amistoso. Apenas me veio &#224; cabe&#231;a fugir o mais r&#225;pido que minhas patas permitissem e entrar em qualquer fresta na parede que fosse pequena o suficiente para que ela n&#227;o conseguisse me perseguir. Finalmente encontrei uma fenda pequena, que dava tamb&#233;m acesso ao interior da casa. Amedrontado, fiquei l&#225; por alguns instantes me refazendo daquele cen&#225;rio macabro que acabara de enfrentar e depois me dirigi ao meu ninho, que parecia seguro.</p>
      <p>Quando o sol j&#225; come&#231;ava a aquecer o solo, acordei e percebi que os humanos estavam prestes a sair para o trabalho &#225;rduo de todos os dias. Alguma coisa diferente me chamou a aten&#231;&#227;o. O homem estava com movimentos mais lentos e sua respira&#231;&#227;o mais dif&#237;cil e ruidosa; mais se apoiava na enxada que propriamente a segurava. Ainda assim, foram.</p>
      <p>Percebi v&#225;rios dos meus escondidos entre os trapos que cobriam aquela miser&#225;vel cama, todos eles muito gordos e fartos. Pela primeira vez tive uma sensa&#231;&#227;o estranha que n&#227;o sabia o que era, mas instintivamente deduzi que estava com fome. Como era dia, n&#227;o havia humanos na casa e mesmo que houvesse, n&#227;o seria nada prudente me aventurar pois o fog&#227;o l&#225; estava causando muito medo em mim. Fui ent&#227;o em busca de comida. Chegando ao terreno, percebi um alvoro&#231;o muito grande. Ao chegar mais perto, vi um gamb&#225; deitado junto a um arbusto. Ele estava muito quieto, respirava com dificuldade e seu corpo parecia estar muito inchado. V&#225;rios dos meus aproveitavam-se da pouca resist&#234;ncia do coitado e se deliciavam sugando seu sangue, mesmo percebendo que ele ficava cada vez mais fraco. &#192;s vezes ele se mexia vagarosamente, mas n&#227;o conseguia alcan&#231;ar aqueles que o martirizavam. Achei tudo muito triste e, apesar da minha fome, n&#227;o tive coragem de tirar proveito da situa&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Continuando minha explora&#231;&#227;o, notei no topo de um arbusto um ninho e fui verificar do que se tratava. Subi com muita calma, sempre olhando para ver se n&#227;o havia nenhum perigo por perto. Para minha surpresa, l&#225; estavam tr&#234;s filhotes de p&#225;ssaro, bem pequenos e ainda quase sem penas.</p>
      <p>&#8220;Ser&#225; que eles t&#234;m sangue?&#8221;, refletia comigo mesmo. &#8220;Vou verificar!&#8221;</p>
      <p>Finquei meu ferr&#227;o naquela pele fininha e tenra sem a menor dificuldade. O filhotinho sequer se moveu. Percebi ent&#227;o que minha ferroada era praticamente indolor. Fiquei ali por muito tempo e deliciei-me com meu primeiro repasto de sangue. Quando dei por mim, j&#225; estava anoitecendo e precisava voltar para casa. Como me havia dito o velho barbeiro, notei que minhas fezes estavam perto do local da picada. Caminhava com certa dificuldade, tamanha era minha barriga. Chegando ao meu ninho, logo adormeci e passei uma noite muito tranquila.</p>
      <p>Pela manh&#227;, ainda saciado pela comilan&#231;a do dia anterior, olhei para o interior da casa e percebi que o homem n&#227;o se sentia bem. Respirava com dificuldade, mal conseguia caminhar e suas pernas estavam muito inchadas. N&#227;o podia deitar-se e permanecia sentado na cama, com as pernas pendentes. Neste dia, apenas a mulher e as crian&#231;as sa&#237;ram para a ro&#231;a. Intrigado com a cena, n&#227;o conseguia tirar os olhos daquele homem que parecia sofrer muito. Fiquei o dia inteiro no ninho velando aquela pobre criatura. No final da tarde, a mulher e as crian&#231;as retornaram e encontraram o homem na mesma situa&#231;&#227;o. Ela preparou um mingau de fub&#225; com um pequeno resto de carne seca, serviu boa parte para as crian&#231;as e separou um pouco para ela e seu marido, que n&#227;o conseguia se alimentar pelo desconforto que sentia. Em seguida, todos adormeceram, mas o homem permanecia sentado na cama.</p>
      <p>Ao amanhecer, estranhei que ningu&#233;m se preparava para ir ao trabalho. Ouvi a mulher dizer aos seus filhos que era domingo e que iriam &#224; igreja assistir &#224; missa e conversar com o padre a respeito da sa&#250;de do marido. E assim foi feito. Eu j&#225; estivera no local em uma das minhas explora&#231;&#245;es territoriais e fui para l&#225; tamb&#233;m.</p>
      <p>Aos domingos e pela manh&#227;, a comunidade da regi&#227;o, um total de aproximadamente 30 pessoas, reunia-se na igreja para assistir &#224; missa e desfrutar de momentos de conv&#237;vio. Compartilhavam suas dores e dificuldades, que n&#227;o eram poucas, a maioria delas sem a menor perspectiva de solu&#231;&#227;o. As paredes da igreja eram feitas de estacas de bambu tran&#231;adas e recheadas com o mesmo barro vermelho das casas, o que preservava o mesmo cen&#225;rio de mis&#233;ria, desola&#231;&#227;o e abandono. Uma cruz feita com dois galhos mais grossos estava colocada em um altar, que n&#227;o tinha nada al&#233;m de uma t&#225;bua sobre dois cavaletes e uma toalha clara. Os fi&#233;is sentavam-se em bancos muito r&#250;sticos e remendados, que pareciam ruir sob o peso das pessoas. Velas acesas cercavam um pequeno vaso, no qual era poss&#237;vel ver alguns galhos dispostos como se fossem flores.</p>
      <p>Fiquei sabendo que terminada a cerim&#244;nia, a mulher se aproximou do padre e explicou a situa&#231;&#227;o do marido. Ao sentir a gravidade do quadro, que j&#225; vira muitas vezes em muitos dos habitantes das diversas comunidades por onde passou, ele disse que iria visitar o homem enfermo. Assim, a mulher e seus filhos voltaram para a casa, encontrando o homem no mesmo estado.</p>
      <p>Mais tarde, o padre chegou na casa da fam&#237;lia acompanhado por uma senhora mais idosa que era a parteira, benzedeira e a maior autoridade em sa&#250;de da regi&#227;o. Conversaram com o pobre homem, que se sentia muito desconfort&#225;vel. Ele mal podia falar de tanto cansa&#231;o e dificuldade para respirar, al&#233;m de estar com o corpo muito inchado. A mulher, com ar de conhecimento, pegou no punho do paciente e percebeu que seu cora&#231;&#227;o batia de forma bastante irregular. Olhou os seus olhos, a garganta e logo fez o diagn&#243;stico:</p>
      <p>&#8220;&#201; a doen&#231;a do barbeiro!&#8221;, exclamou a senhora que tudo sabia a respeito das doen&#231;as da regi&#227;o. Com seguran&#231;a, ela afirmou: &#8220;Ele precisa de um m&#233;dico&#8221;.</p>
      <p>Toda a cena me deixou muito espantado. Doen&#231;a do barbeiro? Que doen&#231;a &#233; essa? Como isso &#233; poss&#237;vel? N&#243;s causamos doen&#231;a em algu&#233;m? Somos t&#227;o pequeninos, como poder&#237;amos deixar um homem daquele tamanho naquela situa&#231;&#227;o?</p>
      <p>Minha primeira rea&#231;&#227;o foi de total descr&#233;dito nas suas palavras e recolhi-me ao ninho, adormecendo em seguida. Acordei durante a madrugada com muita fome. Olhei para baixo e vi a casa toda escura. O homem dormia sentado, e ali, bem juntinho da parede, aquela pequena crian&#231;a em sono profundo. Desci cautelosamente, sempre preocupado que algu&#233;m acordasse e me desse o destino do fog&#227;o de lenha. Finalmente cheguei onde estava a menininha. Sua pele era t&#227;o quentinha e macia que n&#227;o resisti. Comecei a me alimentar daquele sangue fresquinho e delicioso at&#233; n&#227;o poder mais. Percebi que havia eliminado fezes perto do orif&#237;cio da picada. Que vergonha! Sa&#237; do local rapidamente e subi pela parede com alguma dificuldade, de t&#227;o gordo que ficara. No trajeto, notei que a crian&#231;a se co&#231;ava onde eu picara e espalhava minhas fezes em sua pele. Nessa noite, tamb&#233;m dormi maravilhosamente!</p>
      <p>O sol mal raiara e j&#225; havia movimenta&#231;&#227;o na casa. O homem, acompanhado de sua mulher e do padre, sa&#237;ram em busca de atendimento m&#233;dico. Ouvi dizerem que o &#250;nico hospital da regi&#227;o, no qual trabalhava apenas um m&#233;dico, ficava a tr&#234;s horas de viagem, que seria feita em uma carro&#231;a puxada por um burro bastante velho e que andava muito devagar. Era a &#250;nica maneira de ir at&#233; l&#225; em busca de tratamento. As crian&#231;as ficaram sozinhas, sendo cuidadas pela mais velha. Neste dia n&#227;o foram para a ro&#231;a e puderam brincar um pouco, coisa rara de acontecer. Fiquei observando a alegria daquelas crian&#231;as que n&#227;o tinham absolutamente nada, mas se divertiam com uma bola feita de pano e alguns galhos secos que faziam de conta serem bonecas. Olhando mais atentamente, percebi que elas tamb&#233;m brincavam com um velho &#8220;barbeiro&#8221;. Elas o pegavam na m&#227;o, faziam com que ele andasse nos seus bra&#231;os e at&#233; deixavam-no picar suas peles castigadas pelo sol. Gostei muito daquilo, mas n&#227;o tive coragem de ir at&#233; elas. Pouco depois, passaram para outra brincadeira e deixaram o &#8220;barbeiro&#8221; em paz. Ele desapareceu em uma pilha de lenha.</p>
      <p>Ao entardecer, o padre, a mulher e seu marido regressaram da consulta. O padre ajudou o homem a descer da carro&#231;a e com dificuldade o colocou sentado na cama. Retornou para o ve&#237;culo e foi embora. Percebi na express&#227;o da mulher um ar de tristeza e muita preocupa&#231;&#227;o. L&#225;grimas rolavam pela sua face. Trazia consigo uma caixinha de medicamentos que lhe fora dada no hospital. Imediatamente pegou a caneca, encheu-a de &#225;gua e ofereceu ao seu marido para que este tomasse o medicamento, com a esperan&#231;a de melhoras. Durante a noite, ele levantou-se tantas vezes para urinar que me incomodou bastante e quase n&#227;o consegui dormir. Quando acordei, todos j&#225; haviam sa&#237;do e imaginei que o homem tivesse melhorado.</p>
      <p>Sa&#237; mais uma vez para explorar a regi&#227;o e encontrei um velho cachorro deitado no ch&#227;o. O animal n&#227;o parecia nada bem. Respirava com dificuldade e estava muito inchado, mal conseguia se mover. O sol j&#225; estava muito quente, mas n&#227;o parecia incomod&#225;-lo ou talvez ele nem conseguisse reagir ao calor, dada a sua fraqueza. Novamente eu tive a sensa&#231;&#227;o de fome e vi naquele animal debilitado a possibilidade de me alimentar. Dessa forma, procurei um lugar n&#227;o acess&#237;vel &#224;s suas patas e boca e comecei. Saciado, notei que aquele pobre animal n&#227;o se mexia. Prestei aten&#231;&#227;o na sua respira&#231;&#227;o e ela foi espa&#231;ando-se cada vez mais, at&#233; cessar. Pela primeira vez, entendi o que era a morte. O que teria acontecido com aquele c&#227;o? N&#227;o entendia a situa&#231;&#227;o, mas chamou-me a aten&#231;&#227;o a dificuldade em respirar, semelhante a do homem na casa. Seria tamb&#233;m a &#8220;doen&#231;a do barbeiro&#8221;, como afirmara anteriormente a velha senhora? Preocupado, voltei para o meu ninho. Mais tarde chegaram as crian&#231;as, a mulher e o marido. Observei que o homem estava menos ofegante, mas ainda com as pernas muito inchadas. Com muita dificuldade, n&#227;o podia deixar de ir para o trabalho &#225;rduo da ro&#231;a. Ele sentou-se na cama, enquanto as crian&#231;as brincavam um pouco no terreno e a mulher preparava alguma coisa para comer. Percebi que ela trouxera uma ave morta e come&#231;ou a despeda&#231;&#225;-la, colocando-a em seguida na panela com &#225;gua que fervia no fog&#227;o. Pouco depois, comeram, e como j&#225; escurecera, acomodaram-se na cama para dormir. O homem permanecia sentado. Dormi preocupado. A cena do pobre cachorro n&#227;o me sa&#237;a da cabe&#231;a, nem daquela ave que fora devorada sem d&#243;.</p>
      <p>Quando acordei todos j&#225; haviam sa&#237;do. Eu me sentia estranho, como se aquela comilan&#231;a do dia anterior n&#227;o me tivesse feito bem. N&#227;o sabia exatamente o que era, mas percebi que havia algo de estranho comigo. Fiquei o dia inteiro recolhido no ninho. Ao final da tarde, quase escurecendo, todos retornaram e n&#227;o gostei nada da apar&#234;ncia do homem. Parecia muito mais cansado e ofegante, muito inchado at&#233; na barriga, e com dificuldade at&#233; para abotoar a sua surrada camisa, que permanecia completamente aberta. Essa noite ele n&#227;o quis se alimentar e foi se recostar na cama, sentado com as pernas para fora, adormecendo.</p>
      <p>Os dias foram passando, mas aquele cen&#225;rio mon&#243;tono foi interrompido por um fato pavoroso. O homem, que estava em p&#233; ao lado da porta, subitamente caiu no ch&#227;o desacordado. Estava sozinho na casa, pois sua mulher fora lavar uns trapos em uma bacia que ficava fora da casa e as crian&#231;as estavam catando lenha para ser usada no fog&#227;o. Subitamente ele se levantou como se nada tivesse acontecido. Quando todos retornaram, o homem permaneceu calado e n&#227;o comentou o ocorrido. Esse fato ocorreu outras vezes, e ele sempre estava s&#243;. Por n&#227;o querer preocupar a todos, nada contou a respeito.</p>
      <p>Numa outra manh&#227; de calor intenso, notei que aquela criancinha que tanto me servia de alimento estava estranha. N&#227;o queria sair da cama, aparentava cansa&#231;o e notei que seu olho direito estava inchado. Logo me lembrei da velha senhora e de suas palavras&#8230; &#8220;&#201; a doen&#231;a do barbeiro.&#8221; Confesso que fiquei apavorado e senti culpa, sem saber ao certo como isto acontecera. Tantas outras vezes me alimentei de seu sangue ap&#243;s ter sugado aquele pobre cachorro moribundo e s&#243; agora causei doen&#231;a nessa crian&#231;a? Como era poss&#237;vel? O que teria acontecido? Seria eu o culpado?</p>
      <p>Os dias foram passando e eu notava a crian&#231;a cada vez mais enfraquecida. N&#227;o brincava e mal se alimentava por estar muito cansada. O quadro durou por v&#225;rias semanas, at&#233; que ela come&#231;ou a melhorar, voltando ao seu estado normal. Sua recupera&#231;&#227;o me deixou aliviado, pois imaginava n&#227;o ter causado nenhum mal &#224;quele anjinho. Para meu espanto, todas as outras crian&#231;as, menos uma, apresentaram quadro semelhante. Eu n&#227;o havia me alimentado de nenhuma delas, mas os meus irm&#227;os, sim.</p>
      <p>Um belo dia, andando pelas redondezas, encontrei aquele velho barbeiro a quem n&#227;o via h&#225; muito tempo e que esclarecera todas minhas d&#250;vidas. Perguntei, ent&#227;o, a respeito do que acontecera com aquelas crian&#231;as. O que ele me disse foi aterrorizante. Seguramente eu me contaminara com o sangue daquele cachorro doente e por toda minha vida iria contaminar aqueles de quem me alimentasse. Fiquei arrasado e prometi a mim mesmo nunca mais me alimentar de ningu&#233;m daquela casa. E assim foi feito&#8230; quando sentia fome, procurava nas redondezas um ninho de ave com filhotes ou um velho gamb&#225; que mal se mexesse. Nunca mais me alimentei do sangue de ningu&#233;m daquela fam&#237;lia. O remorso me do&#237;a bastante.</p>
      <p>Do meu ninho podia ver aquele homem cada vez mais cansado e emagrecido, mas que n&#227;o deixava de trabalhar, mesmo que a duras penas. O cen&#225;rio era a cada dia mais triste e sem esperan&#231;as. A comida e a &#225;gua cada dia mais escassas. A mob&#237;lia da casa desmoronando progressivamente. As crian&#231;as crescendo sem perspectivas. Que situa&#231;&#227;o horr&#237;vel, meu Deus!</p>
      <p>Um belo dia, uma not&#237;cia animadora: chegara ao vilarejo uma jovem professora, que iria assumir a escola em ruinas do lugar e possibilitar a quem quisesse, principalmente &#224;s crian&#231;as, aprender a ler e a escrever, para finalmente entender os amontoados de letras dispostas naquelas folhas de jornais velhos, que serviam de tapetes. Pensei comigo: &#8220;Ser&#225; esta uma fagulha de alegria?&#8221;</p>
      <p>Nos dias que se seguiram houve uma grande mudan&#231;a no comportamento das crian&#231;as. Tr&#234;s vezes por semana, bem cedinho, elas iam alegres para a escola e l&#225; ficavam at&#233; por volta das onze horas, quando voltavam para casa. Nesses dias, participavam dos trabalhos na ro&#231;a apenas no per&#237;odo da tarde. Eu me admirava vendo-as tentando ensinar aos seus pais como juntar aquelas letras e formar palavras; por&#233;m, a dificuldade deles era muito grande. Elas j&#225; esbo&#231;avam a leitura dos peda&#231;&#245;es de jornal que ficavam no ch&#227;o e isto lhes proporcionava muita alegria.</p>
      <p>Os dias se passavam e voltei a notar que o homem apresentava desmaios mais frequentes, agora presenciados por todos na casa. Ap&#243;s estes epis&#243;dios, ele levantava como se nada tivesse acontecido. Isso me incomodava muito, pois ele permanecia cansado e muito inchado. A imagem do cachorro morrendo n&#227;o saia da minha mente, e a atual situa&#231;&#227;o do homem parecia semelhante. A esposa, cada dia mais tensa, n&#227;o queria demonstrar sua preocupa&#231;&#227;o para as crian&#231;as, que n&#227;o notavam a sens&#237;vel piora na sa&#250;de do pai.</p>
      <p>Certo dia, acordei antes de o sol nascer, preocupado com todo o cen&#225;rio do dia anterior. Em seguida, a mulher levantou-se, juntamente com as crian&#231;as, mas o homem permanecia im&#243;vel. A mulher tentou acord&#225;-lo, sacudiu-o, mas ele n&#227;o se movia. A cena seguinte foi muito dolorosa: ela gritava e chorava desesperadamente. As crian&#231;as tamb&#233;m estavam aos prantos e gritos, e abra&#231;avam o pai. Ele estava morto. Morrera dormindo como poucos merecem faz&#234;-lo. O desespero era apavorante. Ningu&#233;m sa&#237;a de perto do homem deitado na cama com os p&#233;s pendentes para o ch&#227;o. O que seria agora daquela mulher e daquelas crian&#231;as?</p>
      <p>Depois de muito tempo vivendo aquela cena im&#243;vel, a m&#227;e mandou a crian&#231;a mais velha chamar o padre. Ela ainda chorava desesperadamente, mas ainda assim acatou o pedido da mulher e saiu em busca do religioso, chorando de dar d&#243;.</p>
      <p>Finalmente, o padre chegou &#224;quela casa e constatou a morte do pobre homem. Fez ora&#231;&#245;es, desejando paz &#224; sua alma, e tentou confortar a mulher e as crian&#231;as, mas faltavam argumentos diante de tanta mis&#233;ria.</p>
      <p>Ao pobre homem, restava apenas um sepultamento na pr&#243;pria terra em que sempre vivera. A mulher e as crian&#231;as deveriam prosseguir com suas miser&#225;veis vidas, agora sem o marido e pai.</p>
      <p>Os dias foram passando numa monotonia angustiante, at&#233; que chegou na cidade um grupo de homens que se propunham matar todos os barbeiros da regi&#227;o. Eu e meus irm&#227;os, todos j&#225; adultos, ficamos apreensivos com a not&#237;cia, tentando imaginar uma estrat&#233;gia de defesa. Dever&#237;amos sair da casa e rumar para o terreno, igualmente perigoso?</p>
      <p>Pessoalmente, decidir ficar, j&#225; que, por pura covardia, n&#227;o queria enfrentar os perigos dos gamb&#225;s, aranhas e cachorros sem ter um porto seguro para retornar. Lembrava-me de quando o homem com sua lamparina fumegante nos procurava entre as frestas e eu me escondia bem l&#225; no fundo, o que me parecia mais seguro.</p>
      <p>Certo dia, chegaram na casa dois homens vestindo roupas estranhas, ambos com uma m&#225;scara no rosto e que lhes dava um aspecto amedrontador. Eles pediram para a mulher e as crian&#231;as sa&#237;rem da casa e s&#243; retornarem depois de algumas horas. Fiquei curioso quando come&#231;aram a misturar l&#237;quidos em uma lata. O cheiro estava insuport&#225;vel. Logo pensei em fugir, mas era tarde demais. Escondi-me o mais fundo poss&#237;vel naquela fresta.</p>
      <p>&#8220;<italic>O que est&#225; acontecendo</italic>?&#8221;, perguntei-me. Eles vinham em minha dire&#231;&#227;o, espirrando aquele l&#237;quido que penetrava fundo no meu ninho, deixando a mim e aos meus irm&#227;os totalmente molhados. De repente, percebi meus irm&#227;os caindo um a um no ch&#227;o, im&#243;veis. Poucos como eu restavam. Sentia-me tonto, fraco e com muita dificuldade de me mover. Permaneci quieto.</p>
      <p>Os homens estranhos foram embora e algumas horas depois a mulher e as crian&#231;as voltaram, recolheram v&#225;rios barbeiros mortos do ch&#227;o e os jogaram no fog&#227;o &#224; lenha. Triste fim&#8230;</p>
      <p>O cheiro irritante diminuiu progressivamente at&#233; o ambiente voltar ao normal. Por que v&#225;rios dos meus morreram, e eu n&#227;o? Ser&#225; que tivera uma nova chance para n&#227;o cometer mais o erro de causar a &#8220;doen&#231;a do barbeiro&#8221; naquelas pessoas t&#227;o sofridas?</p>
      <p>Quase um ano se passara desde que sa&#237; daquele ovo. Sinto-me muito fraco, com dificuldade para caminhar e sem conseguir for&#231;as para sair e me alimentar. Meus olhos est&#227;o turvos e tudo est&#225; bastante escuro. Estou com muito sono e sinto que vou adormecer.</p>
      <p>Revendo minha trajet&#243;ria, entendo que todo o mal que causei n&#227;o foi intencional, mas apenas pela sobreviv&#234;ncia. Tomara que isso possa ser corrigido um dia. &#8220;N&#227;o consigo mais respirar&#8230;&#8221;</p>
      <p>&#8220;Ao culparmos o barbeiro pela dissemina&#231;&#227;o dessa terr&#237;vel doen&#231;a, temos que analisar com imparcialidade o papel dos humanos na hist&#243;ria. Ao tentar sobreviver, muitas vezes tomamos atitudes impensadas que podem prejudicar n&#227;o somente a n&#243;s. &#8221;</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Special Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Chagas Disease: Are Kissing Bugs the Only Culprit?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9322-3662</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Fragata</surname>
            <given-names>Abilio Augusto</given-names>
            <suffix>Filho</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Abilio Augusto Fragata Filho &#8226;</bold> Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia - Laborat&#243;rio de Doen&#231;a de Chagas, Av. Doutor Dante Pazzanese, 500. Postal Code <postal-code>04012-909</postal-code>, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. E-mail: <email>abilioaugustofragata@gmail.com</email></corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis, Obtaining financing, Writing of the manuscript, Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Fragata Filho AA.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease/history</kwd>
        <kwd>Trypanosoma Cruzi</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardites</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Preface</title>
        <p>Chagas disease, first described by Carlos Chagas in 1909, is caused by a single-celled parasite (<italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic>). Throughout history, the main mechanism of transmission has been via contact with the feces of an insect infected with the parasite. This insect, known as the &#8220;kissing bug&#8221; in English, is popularly known as &#8220;<italic>barbeiro</italic>,&#8221; &#8220;<italic>chup&#227;o</italic>,&#8221; or &#8220;<italic>chupan&#231;a</italic>&#8221; in Brazil. The &#8220;kissing bugs&#8221; are not born with the parasite in their intestine; rather, they acquire it by feeding on the blood of infected mammals. (This disease only affects mammals). When taking a blood meal, the insects eliminate feces, where the parasites are present, and the parasites can contaminate the bite, allowing the parasite to enter the organism. In this manner, the disease begins. The kissing bugs mainly make their nests in cracks in clay walls of houses made in a style known as &#8220;<italic>pau-a-pique</italic>&#8221; in Brazil. These houses are very common in diverse regions of Brazil, especially throughout the <italic>sert&#227;o</italic> of the Northeast Region. Other mechanisms of transmission can occur, for example, via blood transfusion, organ donation, mother-to-child transmission, ingestion of contaminated foods, etc.</p>
        <p>During the acute phase of the disease, complaints may be mild or even non-existent. They may include general manifestations, such as low fever, malaise or more severe ones, such as shortness of breath and swelling.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> As bites from kissing bugs usually occur on the face, swelling of the eyebrows, known as the Roma&#241;a sign, may occur. As the years pass, generally after 10 years or more, cardiac complaints appear in one third of patients, such as fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling in the body (heart failure).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref> In some cases, the electrical system of the heart may be compromised, with alterations in cardiac rhythm, fainting, and even sudden death. Dilatation of the esophagus and the colon can also occur, with progressive difficulty in swallowing food and defecating.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref></p>
        <p>Since the first issues, which date back to 1948, the <italic>Brazilian Archives of Cardiology</italic> have registered advances in medical knowledge regarding this specialty. Even with few technical resources, diverse researchers of that time showed brilliant clinical reasoning. The first 10 articles on Chagas disease in this journal date from 1948 to 1958.<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>-</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref></p>
        <p>At the end of the 1940s, the figures included in the articles, such as those published in 1948 and 1949 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figure 1</xref>), already reflected groundbreaking didactic interest on the part of the <italic>Brazilian Archives of Cardiology</italic>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>(A) Left, heart of case 26; right, normal heart. On radioscopy: large myogenic heart, almost completely stopped. (B) Parasite cluster in the cardiac fiber (S. cruzi).<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-1suppl1-0001-10290-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>My story</title>
        <p>When we were still eggs, my mother left my siblings and me in a dark place that smelled like clay. Lucky for us. When I came out of the egg, I noticed that many of my siblings had already come out, but others weren&#8217;t reacting. Later, I would understand that they would never come out. I don&#8217;t know who my mother is, or my father either.</p>
        <p>When I was still little, exploring the territory where I was born, I saw that my nest was in a small crack in a very strange house. It was made with interlaced sticks of bamboo that were filled in with red clay. There was a peculiar smell, a mixture of sweat and burnt wood. There were several very old objects. A little lamp that was turned off, on top of a wooden shelf that was nearly rotten close to the door, which was wide open and made of pieces of planks, with lots of cracks between them. There was a wood-burning stove with embers on top and a pot that was almost empty, just boiling water and a few pieces of manioc. Next to the wall, right below my nest, I could see a double bed that was patched up around the feet and the head, on the verge of collapsing. On top, there was a threadbare mattress with a blanket that was also in tatters, with clumps of straw sticking out of the parts that were torn. On the other wall, an open window with a table beneath it, also worn down, with all four legs on the verge of falling apart. There were no towels, just two empty pea tins that were used as drinking cups. Next to them, two plates that were chipped all over with a worn-out spoon on top of each. The floor was made completely of raw earth, with pieces of wood and leftover food, as well as splattered contents from the wood-burning stove. The roof was made entirely of dry straw with a lot of holes that let sunbeams in. There was no one home. Looking at this scenario, I though that my nest was pretty comfortable by comparison.</p>
        <p>Several of my siblings had already gone and I didn&#8217;t hear from them anymore. The ones who were there with me and I found the environment very sad. We didn&#8217;t even know who we were. I would later learn that we were insects known as &#8220;kissing bugs.&#8221;</p>
        <p>Leaving my nest, I started to explore the house and I went out the window, afraid of what I might find there. The sun was blazing and there was not even a little breeze to cool us off. The earth was covered with red clay, and we rarely saw patches of brush with yellow leaves that were twisted by the heat. I thought that the inhabitants must not feel thirst, because I couldn&#8217;t see any traces of water. A little later I heard a noise and I saw an emaciated dog with its tongue hanging out lazily slinking along the burning ground. I noticed that it scarcely had the strength to walk and bark at the same time. It came close and, in fear, I hid in a crack that I found on the outside of that little hut. I stayed still there while the dog sniffed incessantly, as though it were hunting something to eat. A little while later it left, went into the house, and lay down on the ground next to the door, sleeping heavily, perhaps to take its mind off of how hungry it felt. Continuing my exploration, I saw another animal. It was very strange, and I later learned that it was called a skunk. When it saw me, it immediately ran toward me with a horrifying expression, demonstrating the intent to, at my expense, sate its hunger. Once again, I hid in the strategic haven in the crack in the wall, which also provided an opening that went inside the house. As it was already nighttime, I decided to go back to the nest where I would be safe. I admit that I fell asleep. I don&#8217;t know how long. I woke startled by a loud noise inside the house. It was very dark, and I couldn&#8217;t see anything. Then, a faint light came on and I saw that the lamp had been lit. Imagine how frightened I was when I saw a man, a woman, and four children speaking loudly inside the house. The man was short and very lean, and the skin of his face was wrinkled, showing signs of suffering from constant exposure to the sun. He wore busted up sandals on his feet. His pants hardly covered his ankles, and they were all patched up, with several tears that couldn&#8217;t take another stitch. His hands, which were calloused from the daily toil on the small farm, were incapable of finer movements, and they handled everything with brutality. He was smoking a straw cigarette that spread a foul-smelling smoke, but still seemed comforting to him.</p>
        <p>The woman wore a resigned expression, and she was equally thin. She walked barefoot, and her feet were calloused. On her head, she wore a cloth that must have been white one day, but was yellow by then. The cloth hid almost all of her dark hair and the locks that weren&#8217;t covered looked like straw. She wore a blouse that was similarly in rags. It was missing several buttons and it was held closed by a knot in the front. Her black skirt also covered her knees, and it was tied around her waist with a thin rope. Her hands bore the signs of the difficult life she led. She lamented when she saw the pot on the wood-burning stove with so little to offer to eat. What a life, my God.</p>
        <p>The four children seemed more like four cherubim, given their sad and innocent appearance in view of everything that was going on. The youngest seemed to be around three, and the oldest wasn&#8217;t older than seven. All of them walking barefoot. One of them had a rag tied around her foot, in the attempt to treat a cut made by a branch that she had stepped on in her daily struggle. The two girls, who appeared to be three and five, were wearing dresses made of very thin cloth that was worn-out, and the boys, who were older, were wearing pants that reached their knees and nothing else. All of them had stomachs sticking out, and the rest of their bodies were skeletal. The oldest boy, with a great deal of effort for his age, dragged a tin container of water, which was not very clean, into the house. All six sat around the table or on the bed, and they ate what there was to eat, the largest portions being for their parents. After this paltry dinner, they turned out the lamp, and all six piled into the only bed they had. I observed all of this with great sadness. How was it possible to live like that? Shortly thereafter I fell asleep too, because I wasn&#8217;t hungry thanks to the food reserve I had received while I was inside the egg.</p>
        <p>All of a sudden, I woke to angry shouts from the man, &#8220;Kill that kissing bug that's on the girl&#8230;&#8221;</p>
        <p>Instantly, I looked at the bed where that little child was fast asleep with the expression of an angel and I saw one of my older siblings &#8220;stuck&#8221; on the little girl's face. He was very fat, in contrast to how I&#8217;d seen him the day before. I couldn&#8217;t grasp what was going on or what my brother was up to there. The only thing I saw was the woman who grabbed him and threw him in the embers of the wood-burning stove. Terrifying scene. Then I saw the man come close to my nest with the lamp on and he started putting it in the cracks in the wall. I was afraid, and I hid, along with the rest of my siblings, in the far corner. Not finding anything, the man turned off the lamp and started swearing, &#8220;Darn kissing bugs.&#8221; Shortly thereafter, they all left the house without having anything to eat, taking their tools with them to the backbreaking work on the farm. I stayed there, trying to get a grip.</p>
        <p>A little while later, I decided to leave the house and wander around the surrounding area. I saw a pile of wood outside and I went in. It was a dark, warm place with a bad smell. I was frightened when I saw that skunk, the one that had chased me the day before, coming close. He started smelling around as if he knew there was food there. I stayed still, but I had the feeling my legs were shaking. When he didn&#8217;t find anything, he went away. Continuing my exploration of that hiding place full of dry sticks, I found an old kissing bug who could scarcely walk, and I went over to him. He was glad to see me because it had been a long time since he had met one of his own to talk to. He asked me where I came from and why I was putting myself in harm's way. I told him that I wanted to get to know the region and that I couldn&#8217;t grasp what was going on around me. Then I told him what had happened to my brother and he asked me to sit by his side so he could explain.</p>
        <p>&#8220;Many years ago, there were no humans here and this region was inhabited by us and many other animals. There was a thick scrubland and lots of trees with thorns. We lived in harmony. We made our houses in other animals&#8217; nests, mostly skunks and rats, and that's where our children grew up, because we had a lot of food.&#8221;</p>
        <p>&#8220;What do we eat?&#8221; I asked curiously.</p>
        <p>Seeing my innocence and curiosity, the old kissing bug went on, &#8220;Young one, we only eat blood. We suck blood from other animals and we are satisfied with that.&#8221;</p>
        <p>I confess that I was horrified, and then I understood what my brother was doing on that child's face and why he was so fat; he was feeding on her blood. He went on.</p>
        <p>&#8220;Every time we eat, we get very fat and then we can&#8217;t keep our feces in, and we end up defecating right there.&#8221;</p>
        <p>&#8220;That's gross,&#8221; I exclaimed.</p>
        <p>&#8220;Back to what I was saying,&#8221; the old kissing bug went on. &#8220;Our peace came to an end. Human beings arrived, and they cut down the bushes and trees. They made little huts, and our friends the skunks and rats and many others fled in fear. So many of us had nothing to eat and some of us died out. Others went looking for new places, and that's how we spread throughout this place.&#8221;</p>
        <p>&#8220;As time went on, we learned that the walls of those houses, made of clay, cracked in the intense heat. Some of us, in despair, out of hunger and lack of a place to hide, made up our minds to make a home in those cracks. They got used to the place and started to notice that those humans also had warm blood, just like the skunks and rats. At night, while they sleep, kissing bugs can eat and almost always get back safely to the cracks in the walls. Sometimes they take too long and get caught and end up in the wood-burning stove. All the same, we started expanding throughout the region.&#8221;</p>
        <p>I was satisfied with the explanation he had given me, so I started back to my nest. It was already getting dark and the sky was bright with stars, without any clouds. When I got home I spent a long time observing those people. Once again they ate a measly soup that didn&#8217;t seem to have much to satisfy their hunger. I kept growing, but I still didn&#8217;t feel the need to eat. So I fell asleep.</p>
        <p>In the middle of the night, I was awoken again by the woman who was yelling, &#8220;Darn kissing bugs!&#8221; The sun had not come up and the house was already lit by the faint light of the lamp. Now there were five of my siblings who were sucking the children's blood. All five of them ended up in the embers of the wood-burning stove. In despair, I couldn&#8217;t fall asleep. When the sun came up, the man, the woman and the children left again without eating anything.</p>
        <p>I thought about leaving there and never coming back. I couldn&#8217;t get the scene with the wood-burning stove out of my head. I looked around and saw several of my siblings sleeping, fat from eating so much. They had done a good job of eating at night without being discovered.</p>
        <p>I went outside looking for my friend, the old kissing bug, but I couldn&#8217;t find him. I roamed around the perimeter, always hiding so as not to be noticed. I was afraid of what I might find, especially after the old man's stories. I came across a lot of strange animals. Some of them were rather large compared to me and they were flying high up in the sky, which was blue and showed no signs of rain. I didn&#8217;t like the way they looked at me at all, and I thought it would be wise to stay beneath the leaves in the path. There I found many of my own kind who seemed to be my age or a bit older, but they already had more experience, and they were roving around those parts. We quickly became friends, and we talked a lot. I told them what had happened with my siblings and how they met their tragic end.</p>
        <p>Many of them gave me advice.</p>
        <p>&#8220;When you eat, go for the children, because they sleep more heavily and they generally sleep up against the wall. That way, it is easier to run away inside other openings in the clay or even to hide beneath the mattress. Avoid the adults, because they wake up more easily and catch us, and it's hard to get away from them when they are in a deadly rage.&#8221;</p>
        <p>I still didn&#8217;t know what it meant to feel hungry and I had never had a blood meal, but I was getting more and more curious about it.</p>
        <p>&#8220;But out here, how do you hide and find food?&#8221; I asked.</p>
        <p>&#8220;If you look around, you&#8217;ll see that, in this field, there are a lot of nests that belong to birds, skunks, and rats, all very well hidden. We live there. We&#8217;re always warm and at night we have all the blood we want. We just need to pay close attention, because we can end up on their menu. In those nests, especially the ones that belong to the skunks and the rats, there are usually babies and they are delicious. We can eat all we want, and they hardly react; when it comes to the parents, we hide between the straw and that's where we stay.&#8221;</p>
        <p>I thought hard about this type of life, which seemed more interesting to me, and some of the kissing bugs even commented in a worried tone of voice that these birds, skunks, and rats were getting rarer and rarer around the region, just like that old kissing bug had already told me.</p>
        <p>&#8220;They are running far away, afraid of human beings, and we have less and less choice of where to live and what to eat. It's very likely that soon we&#8217;ll have to go inside the house to look for food and shelter, even if we have to run the risk of the wood-burning stove.&#8221;</p>
        <p>It was getting dark. I thought it wise to get home. I said goodbye to my new friends and set off on the way home. I was almost there when I was startled by a dark, strange creature. It was much larger than me. It had eight legs, in contrast to us, who only had six. Its body was dark and covered with short hair. It had two giant fangs in its mouth. It was a spider. I was terrified when I saw it and even more so when it turned toward me in a way that wasn&#8217;t friendly at all. The only thing that went through my mind was to run away as fast as I my feet would let me and go into the first crack in the wall that was small enough for the spider not to be able to come in after me. Finally, I found a little crack that also extended into the house. I stayed there for a few moments in fear, gathering my thoughts after that frightful scene that I&#8217;d just faced, and then I went toward my nest, which seemed safe to me.</p>
        <p>When the sun was already starting to heat up the ground, I woke up and I noticed that the humans were getting ready to head out toward their daily toil. Something there drew my attention. The man was moving more slowly and his breathing was laborious and noisy, but he leaned on his shovel, which gave him some support. But they went off.</p>
        <p>I noticed several of my own kind between the rags that covered that pitiable bed, and they were all fat and satisfied. For the first time I had a strange feeling. I didn&#8217;t know what it was, but instinctively I understood that I was hungry. Since it was daytime, there were no human beings in the house, and, even if there were, it would not have been wise on my part to wander out because the stove was there, and it was frightening. So I went looking for food. When I got outside I noticed a great deal of commotion. When I got closer, I saw a skunk lying down next to a bush. It was very quiet. It was having difficulty breathing and its body seemed very swollen. Several of my own kind were taking advantage of the poor animal's lack of resistance and they were sucking its blood, even though they saw that it was getting weaker and weaker. Sometimes it moved slowly, but it wasn&#8217;t able to reach the animals that were causing it so much suffering. I thought it was very sad and even though I was hungry I couldn&#8217;t bring myself to take advantage of the situation.</p>
        <p>Continuing my exploration I noticed a nest on top of a bush, and I went to see what it was. I climbed very slowly, keeping my eyes open to see if there was any danger nearby. To my surprise there were three baby birds. They were very small, and they have almost no feathers.</p>
        <p>&#8220;Might they have any blood?&#8221; I asked myself. &#8220;I&#8217;m going to check.&#8221;</p>
        <p>I was able to put my sucker in the skin that was thin and soft, without any difficulty. The baby bird scarcely moved. That was when I noticed that, when I sucked their blood, it was practically painless. I stayed there for a long time enjoying my first blood meal. When I came to myself, it was already getting dark, and it was time for me to go home. Like the old kissing bug had told me, I noticed that my feces were close to the place where I had bitten it. I walked with a certain difficulty on account of the size of my stomach. When I got back to my nest, I fell asleep and had a very peaceful night.</p>
        <p>In the morning, still satiated from eating so much the day before, I looked around the inside of the house and noticed that the man did not feel well. He was having difficulty breathing. He could scarcely walk, and his legs were very swollen. He wasn&#8217;t able to lie down, and he remained seated in the bed, dangling his legs. Just that day, the woman and the children went out to work on the farm. Fascinated by the scene, I couldn&#8217;t take my eyes off that man who seemed to be suffering a lot. I spent the whole day in my nest watching that poor creature. At the end of the afternoon, the woman and the children came back and found the man in the same situation. She prepared corn mush with what little was left or their dried meat, gave a good part of it to the children and set some aside for herself and her husband, but he wasn&#8217;t able to eat on account of how uncomfortable he was. So they all went to sleep, but the man remained seated in the bed.</p>
        <p>When it was morning, I found it strange that no one was getting ready for work, and I heard the woman telling her children that it was Sunday and that they would go to church for mass and talk to the priest about her husband's health. And then they went away. I had already been there on one of my excursions around the territory and I went there too.</p>
        <p>Sunday mornings, the whole community, which was around thirty people, got together in the church for mass and to spend time together. They shared their difficulties and concerns, which were numerous, and often without any prospective solution. The walls of the church were made of interweaved bamboo sticks that were filled in with the same red clay that the houses were made of, maintaining the same setting of misery, desolation, and abandonment. A cross made of two thicker branches was placed on top of an altar made of nothing more than a plank on top of two wooden stands and a white cloth. The worshippers sat on very rustic benches that were patched together and that seemed like they were about to collapse under the weight of the people. Lit candles surrounded a small vase where we could see a few branches arranged as though they were flowers.</p>
        <p>I found out that, when the ceremony was over, the woman went up to the priest and explained her husband's situation to the priest. When the priest heard about the severity of the situation, which he had already seen many times in many of the inhabitants of the diverse communities he had visited, he said that he would visit the sick man. So, the woman and her children went home where they found the man in the same state.</p>
        <p>Later, the priest arrived at the family's home, accompanied by an elderly woman, who was the midwife, blessing-giver, and the region's leading authority on health. They talked with the poor man who felt so uncomfortable. He could hardly speak on account of how exhausted he was and his difficulty breathing, and his body was very swollen. The woman, with a knowing air, took hold of the patient's wrist and realized that his heart was beating in a very irregular manner. She looked at his eyes and throat and quickly made her diagnosis.</p>
        <p>&#8220;It's the kissing bug disease,&#8221; exclaimed the elderly woman who knew everything about diseases in the region and she stated with certainty, &#8220;He needs a doctor.&#8221;</p>
        <p>That scared me very much. Kissing bug disease? What type of disease is that? How was it possible? Could we cause someone sickness? We are so small. How could we put a man that big in such a situation?</p>
        <p>My first reaction was complete disbelief in her words, and I curled up in my nest and soon fell asleep. I woke up in the middle of the night, and I was very hungry. I looked down and saw that the house was totally dark. The man had fallen asleep sitting up, and there, up against the wall, was a little child fast asleep.</p>
        <p>I went down carefully, constantly worried that someone might wake up and throw me in the stove. Finally, I reached the little girl. Her skin was so warn and soft that I couldn&#8217;t help myself. I started eating her blood, which was fresh and delicious, until I couldn&#8217;t eat anymore. I noticed that I had eliminated feces close to the bite wound. How embarrassing. I left the place as quickly as I could and climbed the wall with some difficulty on account of how fat I had gotten. On the way, I noticed that the child was scratching where I had bitten her, and she was spreading my feces across her skin. That night, I also slept very soundly.</p>
        <p>As soon as the sun came up, they were already moving about the house. The man, accompanied by his wife and the priest, were going to seek medical attention. I heard they say that the only hospital in the region, where there was only one physician, was three hours away and they were going on a cart drawn by an old donkey that went very slowly. That was the only way to go look for medical treatment. The children stayed there alone, and the oldest one took care of them. That day, they didn&#8217;t work on the farm, and they could play a little bit, which was a rare sight to see. I stayed there observing how happy those children were. They had absolutely nothing, but they had fun with a ball made of rags and some dry sticks that they pretended were dolls. I watched closely and I realized that they were also playing with an old &#8220;kissing bug.&#8221; They were picking it up, letting it walk on their arms and even letting it bite their skin, which was damaged by the sun. I really liked that, but I didn&#8217;t have the courage to go over to them. A little while later, they started playing something else and they left the &#8220;kissing bug&#8221; alone. It disappeared into the woodpile.</p>
        <p>In the evening, the priest, the wife, and the husband came back from the physician. The priest helped the man get out of the cart and, with difficulty, helped him sit down in the bed. He went back to the cart and left. I realized that the woman had a sad and very concerned expression. Tears were rolling down her face. She was carrying a little box with a medication that she had received at the hospital. She immediately got the cup, filled it with water, and gave it to her husband so that he could take the medication, in the hope that he would get better. That night, he got up to urinate several times, and it bothered me so much I almost couldn&#8217;t get to sleep. When I woke up, everyone had already left, and I imagined that the man had gotten better.</p>
        <p>Once again, I went out to explore the region. I found an old dog lying down on the ground. It didn&#8217;t seem well at all. It was having difficulty breathing, and it was so swollen it could hardly move. The sun was already very hot, but it didn&#8217;t seem to bother the dog, or maybe it couldn&#8217;t even react to the heat, given how weak it was. Again, I felt hungry and I saw, in that debilitated animal, a chance to eat. So I found a place its feet and mouth couldn&#8217;t reach and started eating. When I was full, I realized that that poor animal wasn&#8217;t moving. I paid attention to its breathing, and it was getting slower and slower, until it stopped. For the first time, I understood what death was. What might have happened to that dog? I couldn&#8217;t understand that, but what drew my attention was the difficulty breathing that resembled the man in the house. Could it also be the &#8220;kissing bug disease,&#8221; like the elderly woman had said before? Worried, I went back to my nest. Later the children, the woman, and the man came back. I noticed that the man was panting less, but his legs were still very swollen. Difficult as it was, he didn&#8217;t stop going out to work on the farm. He sat on the bed while the children played a bit outside and the woman prepared something to eat. I noticed that she was carrying a dead bird. She started to break it into pieces, and then she put it in a pot with boiling water on the stove. A little later, they ate, and, as it had already gotten dark, they got comfortable in the bed to sleep. The man remained seated. I fell asleep worried. I couldn&#8217;t get the scene with that poor dog out of my mind, or the one of that bird that had been so mercilessly devoured.</p>
        <p>When I woke up everyone had already gone out. I felt strange, as though the feast from the day before wasn&#8217;t good for me. I didn&#8217;t know exactly what it was, but I realized that something strange was happening to me. I spend the whole day in the nest. At the end of the afternoon, when it was already getting dark, they all came back, and I didn&#8217;t like the way the man looked. He looked very tired, and he was panting. He was still very swollen, even in his stomach, and he was having difficulty buttoning his torn shirt, which he left totally open. That evening, he didn&#8217;t feel like eating and he went to relax in bed, sitting with his legs dangling, nodding off.</p>
        <p>The days passed, but that monotonous scenario was interrupted by a frightening event. Standing up next to the door, the man suddenly fell unconscious on the ground. He was alone at home, because his wife had gone to wash some rags in a tub outside the house, and the children were gathering wood for the stove. All of a sudden, he stood up as if nothing had happened. When they all came home, the man stayed quiet and he didn&#8217;t say anything about what had happened. This happened other times, and he was always alone. So as not to worry the others, he didn&#8217;t say anything about it.</p>
        <p>Another hot day, I realized that the little child who had provided me with so much food also seemed strange. She didn&#8217;t want to get out of bed, she seemed tired, and I noticed that her right eye was swollen. I remembered the elderly woman and her words, &#8220;It's the kissing bug disease.&#8221; I confess that I felt scared and guilty, without knowing exactly how that had happened. On many other occasions, I had fed on her blood after having bitten that poor dying dog, and had I, just now, given this child that disease? How could that be possible? What might have happened? Could I be the one to blame?</p>
        <p>The days went on and I noticed that that child was getting weaker and weaker. She didn&#8217;t play. She scarcely ate because of how tired she was. That went on for several weeks until she started getting better, going back to normal. Her recovery was a relief to me, because I imagined that I hadn&#8217;t hurt that little angel after all. To my fright, all the other children, except for one, starting showing the same symptoms. I hadn&#8217;t fed off of any of them, but my siblings had.</p>
        <p>One day, walking around the area, I met that old kissing bug, who I hadn&#8217;t seen for a long time, who had answered all my questions before. So I asked him about what had happened to those children. What he told me was terrifying. I had certainly become contaminated by the blood of that sick dog and for the rest of my life I would contaminate those I fed from. I was shocked, and I promised myself that I would never bite anyone from that household again. And so it was&#8230; When I felt hungry, I looked around for a bird's nest with baby birds or an old skunk that was hardly moving. I never fed from anyone in that family again. The remorse hurt too much.</p>
        <p>From my nest, I could see that man getting more tired and thinner every day, but he never stopped working, even when it was painful. The scenario was sadder and more hopeless every day. Food and water were scarcer and scarcer. The furniture around the house progressively falling apart. The children growing up without prospective. What a horrible situation, my God!</p>
        <p>One day, a piece of promising news: A young teacher had arrived in the little village, and she was going to take charge of that old school that was in ruins and give an opportunity to anyone, especially to the children, who wanted to learn to read and write, and then they would be able to understand all those letters arranged on those old newspapers they used as rugs. I thought to myself, &#8220;Could this be a spark of hope?&#8221;</p>
        <p>The following days, the children's behavior changed. Three times a week, early in the morning, they went to school happy, and they stayed there until around eleven in the morning, when they came home. Those days, they only worked on the farm in the afternoon. I sat there impressed, watching them teach their parents how to put together letters to form words, but it was very difficult for them. They were already trying to read the big pieces of newspaper on the floor, and that made them very happy.</p>
        <p>The days went by, and I started noticing that the man was fainting more often. Now everyone in the house witnessed it. After the episodes, he would stand up as if nothing had happened. That bothered me a lot, because he seemed tired and very swollen. I couldn&#8217;t get the image of that dying dog out of my head, and the man's situation seemed very similar. His wife, getting more worried by the day, didn&#8217;t want the children to see how concerned she was. They didn&#8217;t notice the slight worsening of their father's condition.</p>
        <p>One day, I woke up before the sun came up, worried about the whole scenario from the preceding days. Shortly thereafter, the woman got up, together with the children, but the man didn&#8217;t move. The woman tried to wake him up, shook him, but he didn&#8217;t move. The scene was very painful. The woman yelling and crying desperately. The children crying and hugging their father. He was dead. He died in his sleep, like few people deserve. Their despair was terrifying. No one left his side as he lay there in bed with his feet dangling over the ground. What would become of that woman and those children now?</p>
        <p>After that motionless scene continued for some time, the mother told the oldest child to go and call the priest. The child was still crying in despair, but he obeyed his mother and went looking for the priest, crying in a way that hurt to see.</p>
        <p>Finally, the priest arrived at that house and confirmed that the man had died. He prayed for his soul to rest in peace and tried to comfort the woman and the children, but there was little to say in the face of so much misery.</p>
        <p>The only thing left for that man was to be buried in the land where he had always lived. The woman and the children would have to continue their tragic lives, without a husband and a father.</p>
        <p>Day after day went by, in an agonizing monotony, until a group of men came to town, proposing to kill all the kissing bugs in the region. My siblings and I, all adults by then, were very apprehensive about this news, trying to imagine a defensive strategy. Should we leave the house and look for an equally dangerous area?</p>
        <p>I personally decided to stay, because, out of cowardice, I didn&#8217;t want to face the dangers of skunks, spiders, and dogs, without having a safe haven to return to. I remembered when the man with his smoking lamp would look for us between cracks in the wall, and I would hide way in the back. That seemed safer to me.</p>
        <p>One day, two men came to the house wearing strange clothes, with masks on their faces that made them look scary. They asked the woman and the children to leave the house and come back a few hours later. I was curious when they started mixing liquids in a tin container. The smell was unbearable.</p>
        <p>Then I started thinking of running away, but it was too late. I hid as far as possible in that crack.</p>
        <p>&#8220;What's happening?&#8221; They were coming toward me spraying that liquid that went back into my nest, soaking my siblings and me completely.</p>
        <p>All of a sudden, I saw my siblings fall on the ground without moving. Few of us were left. I felt dizzy and weak, and I could hardly move. I stayed still.</p>
        <p>The strange men went away and a few hours later the woman and the children came back, gathered many dead kissing bugs from the ground and threw them in the stove. Sad end.</p>
        <p>That noxious smell decreased progressively, until the environment went back to normal. Why had so many of my own kind died and I hadn&#8217;t? Was it possible that I had been given a second chance not to make the same mistakes that caused the &#8220;kissing bug disease&#8221; in those people who suffered so much?</p>
        <p>A year had already gone by since I had left that egg. I feel very weak. It is hard to walk, and I don&#8217;t have the strength to go out and find food. My vision is blurry and everything is very dark. I feel very sleepy and I am going to fall asleep.</p>
        <p>Looking back on my trajectory, I understand that all the harm that I caused was not intentional, but just a means of survival. I hope that this can be fixed some day. &#8220;I&#8217;m not able to breathe anymore&#8230;&#8221;</p>
        <p>&#8220;In blaming kissing bugs for the spread of this horrible disease, we have to analyze humans&#8217; role in history in an impartial manner. In trying to survive, we often adopt thoughtless attitudes that don&#8217;t hurt just us.&#8221;</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
