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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">WDj5c8BgydbxKPFt4nkdFvR</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401212</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20201311</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20201311</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Mapeamento com Software <italic>Coherent</italic> para Abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>Flutter</italic> Atrial At&#237;pico &#8211; Um Passo &#224; Frente na Compreens&#227;o do Mecanismo da Arritmia</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9791-767X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barra</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9206-8026</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elvas</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Pacing &amp; Electrophysiology Unit</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pacing &amp; Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital da Luz Arr&#225;bida V</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Arr&#225;bida V - Cardiology Department, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology Department</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cambridge</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust - Cardiology Department, Cambridge &#8211; Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pedro A. Sousa</bold> &#8226; Pacing &amp; Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal - Praceta Mota Pinto Coimbra 3004 &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>peter_senado2002@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Sousa PA; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Sousa PA, Pereira M; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Sousa PA, Barra S; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Barra S, Elvas L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1212</fpage>
      <lpage>1216</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Flutter Atrial/etiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Condu&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Arritmias Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>HD Coloring</kwd>
        <kwd>Coherent Mapping</kwd>
        <kwd>T&#233;cnicas Eletrofisiol&#243;gicas Card&#237;aca/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="4"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Apresenta&#231;&#227;o do caso</title>
      <p>Uma mulher de 86 anos com antecedentes de fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial parox&#237;stica foi encaminhada para abla&#231;&#227;o de <italic>flutter</italic> auricular (FLA) at&#237;pico. Ela nunca havia sido submetida a abla&#231;&#227;o por cateter antes. O ecocardiograma transtor&#225;cico revelou fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de 65%, &#225;trio esquerdo discretamente dilatado (42 mm) e regurgita&#231;&#227;o mitral moderada. O ECG de 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es mostrou ondas F positivas em V1 e nas deriva&#231;&#245;es de membros inferiores, ondas F isoel&#233;tricas em DI e onda F negativa em aVL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>). Dada a ativa&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica no seio coron&#225;rio (SC), com uma dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia (TCL, <italic>tachycardia cycle length</italic>) de 330ms, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>) um mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial direito (AD), realizado com o cateter PentaRay<sup>&#174;</sup>, foi inicialmente analisado com a ferramenta <italic>HD Coloring</italic> (CARTO&#174; 3V7, Biosense Webster, CA, EUA). Foi revelada uma ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce no septo interatrial com apenas 1/3 da TCL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). Um mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo (AE) subsequente revelou uma grande &#225;rea com cicatriz e prov&#225;vel bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o em quase toda a parede anterior representada como uma linha branca de acordo com o recurso da ferramenta <italic>Extended Early Meets Late</italic> (EEML), e v&#225;rias &#225;reas com tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o local (LAT, <italic>local activation time</italic>) precoces &#8211; no ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo (AAE), na face anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral (VM) e no teto pr&#243;ximo ao segmento anterior da veia pulmonar superior direita (VPSD). Ele tamb&#233;m mostrou duas zonas de reentrada, como estabelecido pelo recurso da ferramenta <italic>Early Meets Late</italic> (EML) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-3 A</xref>). Esses mapas sugeriam um prov&#225;vel circuito ao redor das veias pulmonares direitas, mas n&#227;o explicavam a ativa&#231;&#227;o da cor no AAE e na VM. Um novo algoritmo de mapeamento &#8211; <italic>Coherent</italic> (CARTO&#174; 3V7, Biosense Webster) revelou o circuito (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-3 B</xref>). Qual &#233; o mecanismo desse FLA at&#237;pico?</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Eletrocardiograma de doze deriva&#231;&#245;es (A) e tra&#231;ados intracard&#237;acos obtidos durante o FLA (B) e durante as aplica&#231;&#245;es de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (C e D).</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o de alta densidade do AD adquirida durante FLA com uma TCL de 330ms. O mapa foi realizado com o software HD Coloring, e incluiu 4.643 pontos, com 32% da TCL e exibiu uma alta ativa&#231;&#227;o septal centr&#237;fuga (vermelho indica as &#225;reas com LAT mais precoce, enquanto laranja, amarelo, verde, azul e roxo indicam ativa&#231;&#227;o progressivamente retardada) Os eletrogramas unipolares apresentaram uma deflex&#227;o inicial em &#8220;r&#8221;. FLA: flutter atrial; AD: &#225;trio direito; TCL: dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Mapas de ativa&#231;&#227;o atrial esquerda realizados com o cateter PentaRay<sup>&#174;</sup>, incluindo 2.765 pontos e 330ms da dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo da taquicardia. O Mapa A foi realizado com o software HD Coloring (EML e EEML definidos em 75% e 25%, respectivamente), com configura&#231;&#245;es de cicatriz bipolar em 0,03mV e um tamanho de &#225;rea de cicatriz igual a 1 exibida como marcadores na cor cinza. O mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o revelou tr&#234;s &#225;reas distintas de pontos LAT iniciais &#8211; no teto, perto da VM anterior e no AAE &#8211; e duas zonas de prov&#225;vel reentrada, como definido por uma diferen&#231;a entre pontos adjacentes superior a 75% da TCL (o Limiar EML) &#8211; no teto e entre o AAE e a VM, respectivamente. Havia uma prov&#225;vel linha de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o (exibida como uma linha branca) da VM at&#233; quase a VPSD, uma vez que a diferen&#231;a entre os pontos LAT adjacentes em ambos os lados da linha eram maiores que 25% do ciclo de taquicardia mapeado. O mapa B foi realizado com o algoritmo de mapeamento Coherent, revelando uma zona SNO (condu&#231;&#227;o lenta ou sem condu&#231;&#227;o) (exibida em marrom) da VPSD at&#233; a face anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral e tamb&#233;m em dire&#231;&#227;o ao AAE. Com o vetor de velocidade fixado em 17 (a velocidade lenta &#233; representada por vetores mais grossos), a condu&#231;&#227;o foi observada atrav&#233;s da parede anterior pr&#243;xima &#224; VPSD &#8211; um circuito no sentido hor&#225;rio (seta amarela tracejada) ao redor das veias pulmonares direitas. O Coherent tamb&#233;m revelou uma pequena &#225;rea de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta (eletrogramas fracionados como mostrado no Mapa A) perto da v&#225;lvula mitral, sugestiva de um segundo circuito &#8211; uma onda de propaga&#231;&#227;o no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio em torno da VM (seta amarela tracejada). EML: early meets late; EEML: extended early meets late; LAT: Tempo de ativa&#231;&#227;o local; VM: v&#225;lvula mitral; AAE: ap&#234;ndice atrial esquerdo; TCL: dura&#231;&#227;o do ciclo de taquicardia; VPSD: veia pulmonar superior direita.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Este caso destaca algumas caracter&#237;sticas interessantes.</p>
      <p>Primeiramente, tendo em considera&#231;&#227;o a ativa&#231;&#227;o conc&#234;ntrica no SC (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>), o mapeamento foi realizado inicialmente no AD com o <italic>software HD Coloring</italic>. O mapa bipolar revelou eletrogramas normais, definidos como voltagem acima de 0,3mV, na maior parte da c&#226;mara (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Figura S-2 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-2 B</xref>). Um mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o do AD de alta densidade revelou os pontos de LAT mais precoces no septo interatrial (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>). A onda de propaga&#231;&#227;o foi consistente com uma origem focal, mas como o sinal unipolar tinha uma deflex&#227;o inicial &#8220;r&#8221; e apenas 1/3 da TCL estava contido nessa c&#226;mara, um circuito exclusivamente no AD foi descartado (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">V&#237;deo suplementar 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>Um mapa bipolar do AE foi subsequentemente realizado, revelando uma disfun&#231;&#227;o no AE, com &#225;rea de cicatriz densa e extensa na parede anterior, definida por uma voltagem abaixo de 0,1mV, e algumas &#225;reas de cicatriz irregular na parede posterior. (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Figura S-2 A</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-2 B</xref>) O mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o de alta densidade realizado com o software <italic>HD Coloring</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-3 A</xref>), compreendendo toda a TCL, exibiu v&#225;rias &#225;reas de ativa&#231;&#227;o precoce (no AAE, a face anterior da VM e o teto pr&#243;ximo ao segmento anterior da VPSD). Duas &#225;reas de reentrada, como definido pelo recurso da ferramenta EML, tamb&#233;m foram observadas &#8211; uma do AAE para a MV e outra no teto. Tanto a ferramenta EML quanto a EEML dependem do ciclo de taquicardia mapeado (que em nosso caso correspondeu &#224; TCL), e s&#227;o estabelecidos levando-se em considera&#231;&#227;o a diferen&#231;a do LAT entre pontos adjacentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Neste caso, uma vez que a diferen&#231;a entre os pontos de LAT foi maior do que 25% da TCL (82ms = 0.25 * 330ms), uma linha branca foi mostrada da VM &#224; VPSD (poupando apenas uma pequena parte na parede anterior, pr&#243;ximo &#224; VPSD) e tamb&#233;m na parede posterior pr&#243;ximo &#224; VPSD, sugerindo prov&#225;veis linhas de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>O mapa de propaga&#231;&#227;o do AE (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">V&#237;deo Suplementar 2</xref>) sugeria um circuito ao redor das veias pulmonares direitas, com a onda de propaga&#231;&#227;o movendo-se atrav&#233;s da linha branca interrompida. No entanto, isso n&#227;o explicava a ativa&#231;&#227;o da cor no AAE e na VM. Mesmo depois de combinar os dois mapas (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">Figura S-1</xref>), v&#225;rias quest&#245;es permaneceram sem explica&#231;&#227;o:</p>
      <list list-type="order">
        <list-item>
          <p>Como poderia haver uma onda de propaga&#231;&#227;o na parede anterior, dada a presen&#231;a de extensa &#225;rea de cicatriz?</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>Como ocorreu a ativa&#231;&#227;o simult&#226;nea de diferentes &#225;reas do AE?</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>As duas &#225;reas de reentrada &#8211; no teto posterior e do AAE para a VM - correspondem a dois circuitos independentes ou somente a um circuito com condu&#231;&#227;o passiva na outra &#225;rea?</p>
        </list-item>
        <list-item>
          <p>No caso de circuitos independentes, onde est&#227;o eles localizados e como pode a propaga&#231;&#227;o ocorrer pela face anterior da VM se, de acordo com a ferramenta EEML, esta aparece bloqueada (como demonstrado pela linha branca ininterrupta)?</p>
        </list-item>
      </list>
      <p>Como relatado anteriormente,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> no recurso da ferramenta <italic>HD Coloring</italic>, cada LAT requer uma voltagem de apenas &#8805; 0,03mV para ser integrada ao mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o. Esta &#233; a raz&#227;o pela qual foi poss&#237;vel ver uma onda de ativa&#231;&#227;o na parede anterior, apesar da presen&#231;a de cicatriz extensa (voltagem do eletrograma bipolar abaixo de 0,1mV). O <italic>entrainment</italic> poderia, em teoria, fornecer informa&#231;&#245;es valiosas (como excluir um <italic>flutter</italic> atrial de 8 d&#237;gitos com um istmo comum), mas em nosso centro isso &#233; normalmente realizado apenas se outros m&#233;todos n&#227;o conseguirem explicar o circuito, devido ao pequeno risco de terminar a arritmia ou de sua degenera&#231;&#227;o em fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O mapeamento <italic>Ripple</italic> tamb&#233;m pode ser &#250;til nesses casos, pois supera algumas limita&#231;&#245;es dos mapas de LAT, como a anota&#231;&#227;o incorreta dos eletrogramas, e o fato de n&#227;o ser influenciado pela janela de interesse.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Recentemente, um novo algoritmo de mapeamento &#8211; <italic>Coherent</italic> (CARTO<sup>&#174;</sup> 3V7, Biosense Webster) foi desenvolvido para abordar algumas das limita&#231;&#245;es associadas ao mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o atual. Resumidamente, o algoritmo de mapeamento <italic>Coherent</italic> leva em considera&#231;&#227;o o valor de LAT, o vetor de condu&#231;&#227;o e a probabilidade de n&#227;o-condutividade, e exibe o mecanismo de arritmia mais prov&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ele apresenta alguns novos recursos: 1) A presen&#231;a dos vetores e sua dire&#231;&#227;o e velocidade correspondentes e 2) Uma zona de &#8220;condu&#231;&#227;o lenta ou sem condu&#231;&#227;o&#8221; (SNO, <italic>slow or no conduction</italic>) exibida com uma cor marrom, representando uma &#225;rea onde h&#225; condu&#231;&#227;o lenta ou nenhuma condu&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise com este novo algoritmo de mapeamento (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-3 B</xref>) permitiu-nos superar algumas das limita&#231;&#245;es do mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o convencional, mesmo com o recurso de <italic>HD Coloring</italic>: 1) A dificuldade em discriminar entre ativa&#231;&#227;o ativa e passiva &#8211; em nosso caso, embora a janela de interesse tenha sido definida como igual &#224; TCL, a parede posterior e o AAE foram ativados com tal atraso que sua ativa&#231;&#227;o continuou no pr&#243;ximo ciclo e, consequentemente, foram exibidos com uma cor vermelha, explicando porque eles pareciam estar simultaneamente ativados; 2) Cada LAT recebe uma anota&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica, independentemente de seu fracionamento ou dura&#231;&#227;o, o que pode confundir os operadores e at&#233; mesmo o pr&#243;prio <italic>software</italic>. No presente caso, ao registrar os eletrogramas fracionados na v&#225;lvula mitral lateral como LAT muito precoces, uma linha branca de bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o foi exibida, o que dificultou a interpreta&#231;&#227;o do mapa de ativa&#231;&#227;o. Ao analisar as dire&#231;&#245;es dos vetores e sua velocidade (velocidade lenta se representada por vetores mais grossos), observamos a condu&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da parede anterior perto da VPSD &#8211; um circuito no sentido hor&#225;rio (seta amarela tracejada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>) ao redor das veias pulmonares direitas. Entretanto, o mapeamento <italic>Coherent</italic> tamb&#233;m revelou uma pequena &#225;rea de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta perto da v&#225;lvula mitral, sugestiva de um segundo circuito &#8211; um <italic>flutter</italic> mitral no sentido anti-hor&#225;rio. Este circuito correspondia &#224; &#225;rea dos eletrogramas fracionados e poderia ter passado despercebido como uma linha branca, sugerindo que um bloqueio teria sido colocado pelo <italic>HD Coloring</italic> (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>) devido ao motivo mencionado acima (cada LAT recebe um &#250;nico registro, independentemente de seu fracionamento ou dura&#231;&#227;o) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3B</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">S-3 B</xref> e <xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">V&#237;deo Suplementar 3</xref>).</p>
      <p>Para confirmar nossa hip&#243;tese de um FLA com <italic>duplo loop</italic>, a etapa final foi a escolha do local para aplica&#231;&#227;o da energia de radiofrequ&#234;ncia (RF). Inicialmente fechamos o gap perto da VPSD com alongamento imediato da TCL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1C</xref>). Ap&#243;s a entrega da energia de RF no aspecto anterior da v&#225;lvula mitral, o FLA foi encerrado com sucesso (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1D</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). O bloqueio bidirecional ao longo da linha de abla&#231;&#227;o foi confirmado com manobras de estimula&#231;&#227;o diferencial e com mapeamento de ativa&#231;&#227;o repetido durante a estimula&#231;&#227;o do AAE (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app1">V&#237;deo Suplementar 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, nenhuma arritmia adicional foi induzida subsequentemente. Ap&#243;s 5 meses de seguimento, o paciente permanece livre de qualquer arritmia sustentada.</p>
      <fig id="f4">
        <label>Figura 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Localiza&#231;&#227;o dos s&#237;tios de aplica&#231;&#227;o da radiofrequ&#234;ncia, correspondendo aos locais de condu&#231;&#227;o lenta, que permitiram a cessa&#231;&#227;o do flutter atrial com duplo loop.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Este caso destaca alguns dos novos recursos do algoritmo de mapeamento <italic>Coherent</italic> e sua utilidade, particularmente em pacientes com &#225;reas de cicatriz extensa, eletrogramas fracionados e &#225;reas de condu&#231;&#227;o muito lenta. Ao exibir a de ativa&#231;&#227;o mais l&#243;gica, o mapeamento <italic>Coherent</italic> superou as limita&#231;&#245;es relacionadas com a presen&#231;a de condu&#231;&#227;o muito lenta e o registro incorreto de eletrogramas fracionados, com a consequente exibi&#231;&#227;o incorreta do bloqueio de condu&#231;&#227;o, revelando um <italic>flutter</italic> atrial com duplo <italic>loop</italic>, e permitindo-nos tratar o paciente com sucesso.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;sgradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ref-list>
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    </ref-list>
    <app-group>
      <app id="app1">
        <title>*Material suplementar</title>
        <p>Para verificar as figuras, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-supplemental-material.pdf">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 1, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-01.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 2, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-02.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 3, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-03.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
        <p>Para assistir ao v&#237;deo suplementar 4, por favor, <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-04.mp4">clique aqui</ext-link>.</p>
      </app>
    </app-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Coherent Map for Atypical Atrial Flutter &#8211; A Step Forward for the Understanding of the Arrhythmia Mechanism</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9791-767X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Sousa</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro A.</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Barra</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9206-8026</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pereira</surname>
            <given-names>Mariana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Elvas</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Coimbra</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pacing &amp; Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, Coimbra &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Vila Nova de Gaia</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital da Luz Arr&#225;bida V - Cardiology Department, Vila Nova de Gaia &#8211; Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Cambridge</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Royal Papworth Hospital NHS Foundation Trust &#8211; Cardiology Department, Cambridge - United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pedro A. Sousa</bold> &#8226; Pacing &amp; Electrophysiology Unit, Cardiology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universit&#225;rio de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal - Praceta Mota Pinto Coimbra 3004 &#8211; Portugal. E-mail: <email>peter_senado2002@yahoo.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Sousa PA; Acquisition of data: Sousa PA, Pereira M; Writing of the manuscript: Sousa PA, Barra S; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Barra S, Elvas L.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Atrial Flutter/etiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Conduction</kwd>
        <kwd>Arrhytmias, Cardiac</kwd>
        <kwd>HC Coloring</kwd>
        <kwd>Coherent Mapping</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrophysiologic Techniques Cardiac/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case Presentation</title>
        <p>An 86-year-old woman with a previous history of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation was referred for atypical atrial flutter (AFL) ablation. She had never been submitted to catheter ablation before. The transthoracic echocardiogram revealed a left ventricular ejection fraction of 65%, a mildly dilated left atrium (42mm) and moderate mitral regurgitation. The baseline 12-lead ECG exhibited positive F waves in V1 and the lower limb leads, isoelectric F waves in DI and negative F wave in aVL. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1A</xref>) Given the earlier concentric activation in the coronary sinus (CS), with a tachycardia cycle length (TCL) of 330ms, (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>) a right atrial (RA) activation map, performed with the PentaRay<sup>&#174;</sup> catheter, was initially analyzed using the HD Coloring tool (CARTO<sup>&#174;</sup> 3V7, Biosense Webster, CA, USA). It revealed an earlier activation in the interatrial septum with only 1/3 of the TCL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). A subsequent left atrial (LA) activation map revealed a large area of scar with likely conduction block in almost all of the anterior wall, represented as a white line by the lower threshold Extended Early Meets Late (EEML) feature, and several areas with early local activation time (LAT) points &#8211; in the left atrial appendage (LAA), the anterior aspect of the mitral valve (MV) and the roof near the anterior segment of the right superior pulmonary vein (RSPV). It also showed two zones of re-entry as established by the Early Meets Late (EML) feature (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-3 A</xref>). These maps suggested a probable circuit around the right pulmonary veins but did not explain the color activation in the LAA and MV. A new mapping algorithm &#8211; Coherent (CARTO<sup>&#174;</sup> 3V7, Biosense Webster) &#8211; unveiled the circuit (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-3 B</xref>). What is the mechanism of this atypical AFL?</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Twelve-lead electrocardiogram (A) and intracardiac tracings obtained during AFL (B) and during radiofrequency applications (C and D).</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>High-density activation map of the RA acquired during AFL with a TCL of 330ms. The map was performed with the HD Coloring software, included 4,643 points, with 32% of the TCL and displayed a centrifugal high septal activation (red indicates the areas with earliest LAT, while orange, yellow, green, blue and purple indicate progressively delayed activation). Unipolar electrograms showed an initial &#8220;r&#8221; deflection. AFL: atrial flutter; RA: right atrium; TCL: tachycardia cycle length.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f7">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Left atrial activation maps performed with the PentaRay<sup>&#174;</sup> catheter including 2,765 points and 330ms of the tachycardia cycle length. Map A was performed with the HD Coloring software (EML and EEML set at 75% and 25%, respectively), with bipolar scar settings at 0.03mV and a scar area size of 1 displayed as grey tags. The activation map revealed three distinct areas of early LAT points &#8211; in the roof, near the anterior MV and in the LAA &#8211; and two zones of probable re-entry as defined by a difference between adjacent points superior to 75% of the TCL (the EML threshold) - in the roof and between the LAA and MV, respectively. There was a probable line of conduction block (displayed as a white line) from the MV until almost the RSPV, since the difference between adjacent LAT points on both sides of the line were greater than 25% of the mapped tachycardia cycle. Map B was performed with the Coherent mapping algorithm, revealing a SNO (slow or no conduction) zone (displayed as brown) from the RSPV to the anterior aspect of the mitral valve and also towards the LAA. With the velocity vector set at 17 (slow velocity is represented by thicker vectors), we observed conduction through the anterior wall near the RSPV - a clockwise circuit (dashed yellow arrow) around the right pulmonary veins. Coherent also revealed a small area of slow conduction (fractionated electrograms as depicted in Map A) near the mitral valve suggestive of a second circuit - a counterclockwise propagation wave around the MV (dashed yellow arrow). EML: early meets late; EEML: extended early meets late; LAT: local activation time; MV: mitral valve; LAA: left atrial appendage; TCL: tachycardia cycle length; RSPV: right superior pulmonary vein.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This case highlights some interesting features.</p>
        <p>First, taking into consideration the concentric activation in the CS (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1B</xref>), the mapping was initially performed in the RA with the HD Coloring software. The bipolar map revealed normal electrograms, defined as voltage above 0.3mV, in most of the chamber (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Figure S-2 A</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-2 B</xref>). A RA high-density activation map revealed earliest LAT points in the interatrial septum (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref>). The propagation wave at this point was consistent with a focal source, but since the unipolar signal had an initial &#8220;r&#8221; deflection and only 1/3 of the TCL was comprised in this chamber, an exclusively RA circuit was ruled out (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplemental Video 1</xref>).</p>
        <p>An LA bipolar map was subsequently performed, revealing a diseased LA, with extensive dense scarring in the anterior wall, as defined by a voltage below 0.1mV, and some patchy scar areas in the posterior wall (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Figure S-2 A</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-2 B</xref>). The high-density activation map performed with the HD Coloring software (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-3 A</xref>), comprising all of the TCL, displayed multiple areas of early activation (in the LAA, the anterior aspect of the MV and the roof near the anterior segment of the RSPV). Two areas of re-entry, as defined by the EML feature, were also observed &#8211; one from the LAA to the MV and another in the roof. Both the EML and EEML depend on the mapped tachycardia cycle (which in our case corresponded to the TCL) and they are established taking into consideration the LAT difference between adjacent points.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> In this case, since the difference between LAT points was greater than 25% of the TCL (82ms = 0.25 * 330ms), a white line was displayed from the MV to the RSPV (sparing only a small portion in the anterior wall, near the RSPV) and also in the posterior wall near the RSPV, suggesting probable lines of conduction block.</p>
        <p>The propagation map of the LA (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplemental Video 2</xref>) suggested a circuit around the right pulmonary veins, with the propagation wave moving through the interrupted white line. However, it did not explain the color activation in the LAA and MV. Even after combining both maps (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Figure S-1</xref>), several questions remained unexplained:</p>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>How could there be a propagation wave in the anterior wall given the presence of extensive scar?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>How was there a simultaneous activation of different areas of the LA?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Do the two areas of reentry &#8211; in the posterior roof and from the LAA to the MV- correspond to two independent circuits or one circuit with passive conduction to the other area?</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>In case of independent circuits, where are they located and how can the wavefront propagate through the anterior aspect of the MV if, according to the EEML, this appears blocked (as shown by the uninterrupted white line)?</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
        <p>As previously reported,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> in the HD Coloring feature each LAT requires a voltage of only &#8805; 0.03mV to be integrated into the activation map. This is the reason why we could see an activation wavefront in the anterior wall, despite the presence of extensive scar (bipolar electrogram voltage below 0.1mV). Entrainment could in theory provide valuable information (like excluding an 8-digit atrial flutter with a common isthmus), but in our center this is typically performed only if other methods fail to explain the circuit, given the small risk of terminating the arrhythmia or its degeneration into atrial fibrillation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Ripple mapping can also be useful in these cases, since it overcomes some limitations of the LAT maps, such as the incorrect annotation of the electrograms and the fact that it is not influenced by the window of interest.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recently, a novel mapping algorithm &#8211; Coherent (CARTO<sup>&#174;</sup> 3V7, Biosense Webster) was developed to address some of the limitations associated with the current activation mapping. Briefly, the Coherent mapping algorithm takes into account the LAT value, the conduction vector and the probability of non-conductivity and displays the most likely arrhythmia mechanism.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> It introduces some new features: 1) The presence of the vectors and their corresponding direction and velocity and 2) A &#8220;slow or no conduction&#8221; (SNO) zone displayed with a brown color, representing an area where there is slow conduction or no conduction.</p>
        <p>The analysis with this new mapping algorithm (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3B</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-3 B</xref>) allowed us to overcome some of the limitations of conventional activation mapping, even with the HD coloring feature: 1) The difficulty in discriminating between active and passive activation &#8211; in our case, although the window of interest was defined as equal to the TCL, the posterior wall and the LAA were activated with such delay that its activation continued into the next cycle and consequently were displayed with a red color, explaining why they seemed to be simultaneously activated; 2) Each LAT receives one single time annotation regardless of its fractionation or duration, which can mislead the operators and even the software itself. In the present case, by annotating the fractionated electrograms in the lateral mitral valve as very early LAT, a white line of conduction block was displayed, which hindered the interpretation of the wavefront activation map. By analyzing the vectors&#8217; directions and their velocity (slow velocity if represented by thicker vectors) we observed conduction through the anwterior wall near the RSPV &#8211; a clockwise circuit (dashed yellow arrow in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3B</xref>) around the right pulmonary veins. However, Coherent mapping also revealed a small area of slow conduction near the mitral valve, suggestive of a second circuit &#8211; a counterclockwise mitral flutter. This circuit corresponded to the area of fractionated electrograms and could have gone unnoticed as a white line, suggesting that a block had been placed by HD Coloring (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3A</xref>) for the reason mentioned above (each LAT receives one single time annotation regardless of its fractionation or duration) (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3B</xref>, <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">S-3 B</xref> and <xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplemental Video 3</xref>).</p>
        <p>To confirm our hypothesis of a double loop AFL, the final step was the choice of location for the application of radiofrequency (RF) energy. We initially closed the gap near the RSPV with immediate elongation of the TCL (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1C</xref>). After delivery of RF energy in the anterior aspect of the mitral valve, the AFL was successfully terminated (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1D</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). Bidirectional block along the ablation line was confirmed with differential pacing maneuvers and with repeat activation mapping while pacing from the LAA (<xref ref-type="app" rid="app2">Supplemental Video 4</xref>). Also, no further arrhythmia was subsequently inducible. After 5 months of follow-up, the patient remains free from any sustained arrhythmia.</p>
        <fig id="f8">
          <label>Figure 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Location of the sites of radiofrequency delivery, corresponding to the places of slow conduction, which allowed the double loop atrial flutter termination.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1212-01311-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>This case highlights some of the new features of the Coherent mapping algorithm and its usefulness, particularly in patients with extensive scar, fractionated electrograms and areas of very slow conduction. By displaying the &#8220;best fit&#8221; activation wavefront, Coherent mapping overcame the limitations related with the presence of very slow conduction and the incorrect annotation of fractionated electrograms with incorrect consequent display of conduction block, unveiling a double loop atrial flutter, and allowing us to successfully treat the patient.</p>
      </sec>
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    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <app-group>
        <app id="app2">
          <title>*Supplemental Materials</title>
          <p>For supplement figures, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-supplemental-material.pdf">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 1, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-01.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 2, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-02.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 3, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-03.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
          <p>See the Supplemental Video 4, please <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://abccardiol.org/supplementary-material/2021/11705/2020-1311-videos-04.mp4">click here</ext-link>.</p>
        </app>
      </app-group>
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  </sub-article>
</article>
