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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S4jPKscKcQZP47Pd3LS5Ktx</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401202</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210063</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210063</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Carta Cient&#237;fica</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Relato de Caso de Doen&#231;a Card&#237;aca Valvular Complicada com um Cisto Sangu&#237;neo no &#193;trio Direito. Revis&#227;o da Literatura</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4468-7249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Shu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6091-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao-Cong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan-Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pei</surname>
            <given-names>Li-Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Jilin University First Hospital</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changchun</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Xiao-Cong Wang</bold> &#8226; Jilin University First Hospital - The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin Changchun <postal-code>130021</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>247266443@qq.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Jiang S; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Yu W; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Li-Ping P, Yan M; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Xiao-Cong W, Yan-Li Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1202</fpage>
      <lpage>1206</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>26</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>16</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cistos Sangu&#237;neos/gen&#233;tica</kwd>
        <kwd>Cistos /cirurgia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a das Valvas Card&#237;acas</kwd>
        <kwd>&#193;trio do Cora&#231;&#227;o/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Atrial</kwd>
        <kwd>Ecocardiografia/m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="20"/>
        <page-count count="5"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os cistos sangu&#237;neos no cora&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o frequentemente reconhecidos como benignos. Geralmente n&#227;o causam sintomas cl&#237;nicos e s&#227;o frequentemente encontrados em beb&#234;s menores de dois meses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Na maioria dos casos, os cistos sangu&#237;neos est&#227;o nas v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas ou suas estruturas de suporte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Os cistos card&#237;acos em adultos s&#227;o extremamente raros, especialmente nas c&#226;maras do cora&#231;&#227;o. Aqui, relatamos um caso de doen&#231;a card&#237;aca valvular complicada com um cisto sangu&#237;neo no &#225;trio direito. As ecocardiografias transtor&#225;cica, de contraste e esof&#225;gica foram utilizadas para examinar o paciente.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="cases">
      <title>Relato de caso</title>
      <p>A paciente era uma mulher de 64 anos com palpita&#231;&#245;es e falta de ar ap&#243;s o exerc&#237;cio por quatro meses. Nas duas semanas anteriores, os sintomas haviam piorado. Os hospitais locais recomendaram encaminhamento para hospitais superiores, e assim foi encaminhada ao nosso hospital para tratamento. Ela tinha um hist&#243;rico de hipertens&#227;o por sete anos, fumante durante 30 anos e cirurgia de histeromisma h&#225; mais de 20 anos. N&#227;o tinha hist&#243;rico de diabetes e negava tuberculose, hepatite e outras doen&#231;as infecciosas. O paciente n&#227;o tinha um registro claro de medica&#231;&#227;o. Na admiss&#227;o, seus sinais vitais estavam est&#225;veis. O eletrocardiograma mostrou fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial. Murm&#250;rios sist&#243;licos puderam ser ouvidos na &#225;rea de ausculta&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral. N&#227;o houve murm&#250;rios em outras &#225;reas de ausculta&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;lvulas.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica revelou &#225;trios aumentados bilateralmente, estenose mitral leve e insufici&#234;ncia grave, com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica ventricular esquerda normal (FEVE = 52%). Al&#233;m disso, tinha uma les&#227;o anec&#243;ica circular de aproximadamente 30x41 mm de tamanho no &#225;trio direito, que n&#227;o causava obstru&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1A</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A) A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica mostrou les&#227;o anec&#243;ica circular no &#225;trio direito. B, C) A imagem de perfus&#227;o de contraste mostrou uma estrutura c&#237;stica com septo e aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o na massa. D) A ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica intraoperat&#243;ria revelou um eco circular no &#225;trio direito, com contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico espont&#226;neo e septa&#231;&#227;o. VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; AD: &#225;trio direito; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>Um dispositivo de diagn&#243;stico de ultrassom GE Vivid E9 com uma sonda M5sC foi usado para uma ecocardiografia de contraste examina&#231;&#227;o. SonoVue (1 ml) foi injetado lentamente atrav&#233;s da veia cubital mediana durante 1 minuto. O artefato de cintila&#231;&#227;o foi acionado aproximadamente 2 minutos ap&#243;s a inje&#231;&#227;o do agente de contraste. As microbolhas no mioc&#225;rdio foram destru&#237;das rapidamente quando um pulso de alta IM foi emitido. Em seguida, o processo de enchimento do agente de contraste no mioc&#225;rdio e tumores foi observado em um estado de baixa IM. A imagem de perfus&#227;o contrastada mostrou estrutura c&#237;stica com septo de aproximadamente 36x42 mm no &#225;trio direito e aus&#234;ncia de perfus&#227;o na massa. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">C</xref>).</p>
      <p>Ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica intraoperat&#243;ria revelou eco circular em &#225;trio direito, com contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico espont&#226;neo e septa&#231;&#227;o, o que consideramos cisto sangu&#237;neo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
      <p>O paciente foi submetido &#224; excis&#227;o de massa atrial direita, substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral e valvuloplastia tric&#250;spide. A massa estava localizada no &#225;trio direito ligado &#224; fossa oval, perto do orif&#237;cio da veia cava inferior, por um ped&#237;culo de aproximadamente 5 mm de di&#226;metro. Tinha cerca de 40 x 40 mm de tamanho (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">B</xref>). A c&#225;psula estava intacta, dura e roxa-preta. O tecido septo atrial conectado ao tumor e ao ped&#237;culo foi completamente removido. Foi realizada substitui&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula mitral e valvuloplastia tric&#250;spide.</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A, B) Achados cir&#250;rgicos. O tumor estava localizado no &#225;trio direito ligado &#224; fossa oval, perto do orif&#237;cio da veia cava inferior, por um ped&#237;culo de aproximadamente 5 mm de di&#226;metro.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O exame macrosc&#243;pico mostrou que a massa do &#225;trio direito era redonda com um volume de 45x35x27 mm, tinha uma c&#225;psula completa e um ped&#237;culo estreito na superf&#237;cie. A se&#231;&#227;o de massa era unilocular, a parede c&#237;stica tinha 1-2 mm de espessura, o revestimento interno era liso, e o conte&#250;do eram principalmente coagulos. O exame microsc&#243;pico de luz de se&#231;&#245;es embebidas em parafina mostrou tecido semelhante a parede fibroc&#237;stica, hiperplasia de tecido fibroso intersticial, degenera&#231;&#227;o hialina, degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosa na massa do &#225;trio direito e tecido de coagula&#231;&#227;o maci&#231;o, o que estava de acordo com as altera&#231;&#245;es do cisto (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">B</xref>). O tecido da v&#225;lvula examinado mostrou degenera&#231;&#227;o de hialina e degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosa com infiltra&#231;&#227;o dispersa de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3C</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A, B) Achados patol&#243;gicos. A massa foi preenchida com tecido fibroc&#237;stico semelhante &#224; parede, hiperplasia de tecido fibroso intersticial, degenera&#231;&#227;o de hialina e degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosa na massa do &#225;trio direito, e tecido de coagula&#231;&#227;o maci&#231;a. C: O tecido da v&#225;lvula examinado mostrou degenera&#231;&#227;o de hialina e degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosa com infiltra&#231;&#227;o dispersa de c&#233;lulas inflamat&#243;rias cr&#244;nicas.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf03.tif"/></fig>
      <p>O paciente se recuperou bem ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Nenhuma massa anormal foi encontrada no &#225;trio direito por ecocardiografia. Al&#233;m disso, sua pr&#243;tese de v&#225;lvula mitral e a fun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide estavam normais.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Elsasser relatou pela primeira vez cistos sangu&#237;neos em 1844.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Geralmente s&#227;o de origem cong&#234;nita e s&#227;o encontrados poucos meses ap&#243;s o nascimento, desaparecendo espontaneamente com o tempo. Eles ocorrem principalmente em v&#225;lvulas card&#237;acas, como v&#225;lvulas mitral, tric&#250;spide, a&#243;rtica e v&#225;lvulas pulmonares. &#192;s vezes, eles existem no &#225;trio esquerdo e &#225;trio direito.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Cistos sangu&#237;neos em adultos s&#227;o extremamente raros, especialmente na cavidade card&#237;aca. Existem v&#225;rias hip&#243;teses sobre as causas da forma&#231;&#227;o do hemocisto: 1. Durante o desenvolvimento das v&#225;lvulas, cistos de sangue s&#227;o formados porque o sangue &#233; espremido e fica preso na lacuna que posteriormente se fecha. 2. Poss&#237;veis altera&#231;&#245;es heteropl&#225;sicas no tecido mesotelial peric&#225;rdico prim&#225;rio. 3. Sakakibara et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> sugerem que um bloqueio repentino da circula&#231;&#227;o causa cistos sangu&#237;neos no &#225;trio ou ventr&#237;culo. Eles acreditavam que as tend&#234;ncias de hip&#243;xia, inflama&#231;&#227;o e sangramento poderiam ser respons&#225;veis pela transforma&#231;&#227;o do hematoma endoc&#225;rdico em hemocistos. 4. Os cistos sangu&#237;neos representam apenas vasos sangu&#237;neos dilatados. 5. Degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> No entanto, ainda n&#227;o h&#225; consenso sobre a causa dos cistos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> A paciente atual tinha insufici&#234;ncia mitral. O exame patol&#243;gico da v&#225;lvula mostrou degenera&#231;&#227;o de hialina e degenera&#231;&#227;o mucinosaa. Presume-se que isso tenha rela&#231;&#227;o com a forma&#231;&#227;o de cistos sangu&#237;neos.</p>
      <p>Os tumores card&#237;acos s&#227;o principalmente benignos e mixomatosos. Eles podem ocorrer em qualquer idade. O mixoma geralmente ocorre na superf&#237;cie do endoc&#225;rdio da cavidade card&#237;aca, 60% -80% das vezes no &#225;trio esquerdo. O ped&#237;culo se prende &#224; fossa oval do septo atrial e tem uma certa amplitude de movimento com o ciclo card&#237;aco.</p>
      <p>No entanto, o mixoma &#233; geralmente uma massa de eco forte redondo ou oval com ecos internos regulares. Se houver necrose no centro, pode ser uma &#225;rea anec&#243;ica.</p>
      <p>A ecocardiografia de contraste do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo de mixoma mostra que o meio de contraste &#233; esparso, mas real&#231;ado na les&#227;o. Sua intensidade &#233; inferior &#224; do tecido mioc&#225;rdico adjacente, o que n&#227;o condiz com o caso.</p>
      <p>As manifesta&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;ficas da equinococose card&#237;aca s&#227;o les&#245;es c&#237;sticas que ocupam espa&#231;o no cora&#231;&#227;o. A distribui&#231;&#227;o de cistos no cora&#231;&#227;o est&#225; relacionada principalmente com o suprimento de sangue do mioc&#225;rdio. Portanto, o local mais comum &#233; o mioc&#225;rdio da parede ventricular, que tem o maior suprimento de sangue do cora&#231;&#227;o, seguido pela parede atrial, e a cavidade card&#237;aca &#233; menos frequentemente envolvida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> No entanto, o paciente n&#227;o tinha uma hist&#243;ria clara de contato com bovinos ou ovinos ou uma dieta suja, de modo que o diagn&#243;stico n&#227;o foi apoiado.</p>
      <p>De 1958 a 2020, havia apenas dez artigos sobre cistos sangu&#237;neos no &#225;trio direito confirmados por patologia. Nossa revis&#227;o da literatura em l&#237;ngua inglesa revelou dez outras entradas desde 1996, descrevendo um total de 10 pacientes com detalhes desses cistos sangu&#237;neos no &#225;trio direito (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>). Os sintomas dos cistos sangu&#237;neos relatados variam. Quatro pacientes eram assintom&#225;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Outros pacientes apresentaram sintomas. Os sintomas comuns foram dispneia e desconforto no peito, um caso de dor cr&#244;nica e um de dor de cabe&#231;a. O local de apresenta&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi diferente. Seis cistos foram no septo atrial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 2 na fossa oval,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 1 na v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e 1 na v&#225;lvula sinusal coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> A calcifica&#231;&#227;o foi encontrada em 5 dos cistos sangu&#237;neos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s a cirurgia, a maioria dos pacientes se recuperou1,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> 2 pacientes n&#227;o tiveram um progn&#243;stico explicado<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e 1 paciente morreu.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Resumo cl&#237;nico dos casos de cistos sangu&#237;neos encontrados na literatura inglesa desde 1958</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="9%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Paciente</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Primeiro autor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Ano</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">G&#234;nero</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Idade</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Tamanho do tumor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Local</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Cisto sangu&#237;neo com c&#225;lcio</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Sintoma</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Hist&#243;rico</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Progn&#243;stico</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">H Niinam<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1996</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20x20mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial entre o fossa ovalis e tric&#250;sulide v&#225;lvula</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">epis&#243;dios peri&#243;dicos de press&#227;o substernal e tosse seca</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Hiroyuki Tanaka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40x30mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial entre o fossa ovalis e v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">c&#226;ncer g&#225;strico</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Gernot Seebacher<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2006</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44x20mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">fossa ovalis de septo atrial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dispneia, angina e taquicardia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Kaoru Otsuka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2007</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30x20mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">fossa ovalis do septo atrial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Tomasa Centella<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desconhecido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28x28mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dor de cabe&#231;a</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ferritina elevada n&#227;o relacionada ao gene de hemocromatose, uma h&#233;rnia de hiato, esofagite leve e cistos de seio renal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desconhecido</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Hiroyuki Otsuka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">30x30mm, 25x25mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial entre o fossa ovalis ea v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">s&#237;ndrome do n&#243;dulo sinusal</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Hilary Bews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45x54mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">v&#225;lvula tric&#250;spide</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dor cr&#244;nica nas costas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desconhecido</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Feridoun Sabzi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desconhecido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">v&#225;lvula sinuso coronariana</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Desconhecido</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">dispneia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Behnam Shakerian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">73</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">16x10mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Sim</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Recupera&#231;&#227;o</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">A Angelov<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">60x65mm</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">septo atrial</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">desconforto no peito, falta de ar e febre</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">nenhum</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">Morte</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Atualmente, n&#227;o existe um padr&#227;o uniforme para o tratamento de cistos sangu&#237;neos. Portanto, os pacientes com sintomas podem ser acompanhados regularmente. Relata-se que os hemocistos podem causar obstru&#231;&#227;o do trato de sa&#237;da ventricular esquerda, disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula, disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, derrame emb&#243;lico, embolia pulmonar e obstru&#231;&#227;o da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Portanto, para pacientes com sintomas, deve ser realizado tratamento cir&#250;rgico precoce.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia tornou-se a primeira escolha para diagnosticar cistos sangu&#237;neos porque pode nos permitir observar o tamanho, forma, estrutura, fun&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento valvular do cora&#231;&#227;o, e &#233; n&#227;o invasiva e segura. Al&#233;m disso, a ecocardiografia com contraste &#233; &#250;til no diagn&#243;stico de cistos sangu&#237;neos porque pode mostrar se h&#225; um preenchimento com meio de contraste na massa. Al&#233;m disso, a ecocardiografia transesof&#225;gica intraoperat&#243;ria pode ser usada para localizar a massa card&#237;aca e, assim, ajudar na opera&#231;&#227;o.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Os autores gostariam de agradecer &#224; paciente e sua fam&#237;lia por permitirem o uso e publica&#231;&#227;o de seu prontu&#225;rio neste relato de caso.</p>
    </ack>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Research Letter</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Case Report of Valvular Heart Disease Complicated with a Blood Cyst in Right Atrium. Review of the Literature</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4468-7249</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jiang</surname>
            <given-names>Shu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6091-5005</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Wang</surname>
            <given-names>Xiao-Cong</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Yan-Li</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Yu</surname>
            <given-names>Wei</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Pei</surname>
            <given-names>Li-Ping</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ma</surname>
            <given-names>Yan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Changchun</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Jilin University First Hospital, Changchun &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Xiao-Cong Wang</bold> &#8226; Jilin University First Hospital - The First Hospital of Jilin University, 1 Xin Min Street, Changchun, Jilin Changchun <postal-code>130021</postal-code> &#8211; China. E-mail: <email>247266443@qq.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Writing of the manuscript: Jiang S; Acquisition of data: Yu W; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Li-Ping P, Yan M; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Xiao-Cong W, Yan-Li Z.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Blood Cysts</kwd>
        <kwd>Cysts/surgery</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Valve Diseases</kwd>
        <kwd>Heart Atria/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Atrial Function</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Blood cysts in the heart are often recognized as benign. They usually do not cause clinical symptoms and are often found in infants younger than two months of age.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In most cases, blood cysts are attached to cardiac valves or their supporting structures.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Cardiac blood cysts in adults are extremely rare, especially in the chambers of the heart. Here, we report a case of valvular heart disease complicated with a blood cyst in the right atrium. Transthoracic echocardiography, contrast echocardiography and esophageal echocardiography were used to examine the patient.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="cases">
        <title>Case report</title>
        <p>The patient was a 64-year-old woman with palpitations and shortness of breath after exercise for four months. In the previous two weeks, the symptoms had worsened. Local hospitals recommended referral to superior hospitals, and then she was referenced to our hospital for treatment. She had a history of hypertension for seven years, smoking for 30 years and hysteromyoma surgery more than 20 years ago. She had no history of diabetes and denied tuberculosis, hepatitis and other infectious diseases. The patient did not have a clear record of medication. At admission, her vital signs were stable. The electrocardiogram showed atrial fibrillation. Systolic murmurs could be heard in the auscultation area of the mitral valve. There were no murmurs in other valve auscultation areas.</p>
        <p>Transthoracic echocardiography showed bilateral enlarged atria, mild mitral stenosis and severe insufficiency, with normal left ventricular systolic function (LVEF=52%). In addition, a circular anechoic lesion was approximately 30x41 mm in size in the right atrium, which did not cause tricuspid valve obstruction (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1A</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A) Transthoracic echocardiography showed a circular anechoic lesion in the right atrium. B, C) Contrast perfusion imaging showed a cystic structure with a septum and the absence of perfusion in the mass. D) Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed a circular echo in the right atrium, with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and septation. RV: right ventricle; LV left ventricle; RA: right atrium; LA: left atrium.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A GE Vivid E9 ultrasound diagnostic device with an M5sC probe was used for a contrast echocardiography examination. SonoVue (1 ml) was slowly injected through the median cubital vein over 1 minute. The scintillation artifact was triggered approximately 2 minutes after injection of the contrast agent. The microbubbles in the myocardium were quickly destroyed when a high MI pulse was emitted. Then the filling process of the contrast agent in the myocardium and tumors was observed in a low-MI state. Contrast perfusion imaging showed a cystic structure with a septum of approximately 36x42 mm in the right atrium and the absence of perfusion in the mass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1B</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">C</xref>).</p>
        <p>Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed a circular echo in the right atrium, with spontaneous echocardiographic contrast and septation, which we considered to be a blood cyst. (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1D</xref>).</p>
        <p>The patient underwent right atrial mass excision, mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valvuloplasty. The mass was located in the right atrium connected to the oval fossa, near the orifice of the inferior vena cava, by a pedicle approximately 5 mm in diameter. It was around 40 x 40 mm in size (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">2B</xref>). The capsule was intact, tough and purple-black. The atrial septal tissue attached to the tumor and pedicle was completely removed. Mitral valve replacement and tricuspid valvuloplasty were performed.</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figure 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A, B) Surgical findings. The tumor was located in the right atrium connected to the oval fossa, near the orifice of the inferior vena cava, by a pedicle approximately 5 mm in diameter.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>Macroscopic examination showed that the right atrial mass was round with a volume of 45x35x27 mm, had a complete capsule, and a narrowed pedicle on the surface. The mass section was unilocular, the cystic wall was 1-2 mm thick, the inner lining was smooth, and the content was mainly coagula. Light microscopic examination of paraffin-embedded sections showed fibrocystic wall-like tissue, interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia, hyaline degeneration and mucinous degeneration in the right atrium mass, and massive coagulation tissue, which accorded with the cyst changes (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">3</xref>). The valve tissue examined showed hyaline degeneration and mucinous degeneration with scattered infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A, B) Pathology findings. The mass was filled with fibrocystic wall-like tissue, interstitial fibrous tissue hyperplasia, hyaline degeneration and mucinous degeneration in the right atrium mass, and massive coagulation tissue. C: The valve tissue examined showed hyaline degeneration and mucinous degeneration with scattered infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1202-10063-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
        <p>The patient recovered well after the operation. No abnormal mass was found in the right atrium by echocardiography. In addition, her mitral valve prosthesis and tricuspid valve function were normal.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Elsasser first reported blood cysts in 1844.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> They are usually of congenital origin and are found within a few months after birth, then disappear spontaneously with time. They mostly occur in cardiac valves, such as mitral valves, tricuspid, aortic, and pulmonary valves. Sometimes they exist in the left atrium and right atrium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Blood cysts in adults are extremely rare, especially in the heart cavity. There are several hypotheses about the causes of hemocyst formation: 1. During the development of valves, blood cysts are formed because the blood is squeezed and gets stuck in the gap that later closes. 2. Possible heteroplastic changes in primary pericardial mesothelial tissue. 3. Sakakibara et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> suggested that a sudden blockage of circulation causes blood cysts in the atrium or ventricle. They believed that hypoxia, inflammation and bleeding tendencies might be responsible for developing endocardial hematoma into hemocysts. 4. Blood cysts only represent dilated blood vessels. 5. Mucinous degeneration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, there is still no consensus on the cause of blood cysts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> The current patient had mitral insufficiency. Pathological examination of the valve showed hyaline degeneration and mucinous degeneration. It is presumed that this was related to the formation of blood cysts.</p>
        <p>Cardiac tumors are mostly benign and myxomatous. They can occur at any age. Myxoma usually occurs on the endocardial surface of the cardiac cavity, 60% -80% of the time in the left atrium. The pedicle attaches to the oval fossa of the atrial septum and has a certain range of motion with the cardiac cycle.</p>
        <p>However, myxoma is usually a round or oval strong-echo mass with regular inside echoes. If there is necrosis in the center, it may be an anechoic area.</p>
        <p>Left ventricular contrast echocardiography of myxoma shows that the contrast medium is sparse but enhanced in the lesion. Its intensity is lower than that of adjacent myocardial tissue, which is not consistent with this case.</p>
        <p>The echocardiographic manifestations of cardiac echinococcosis are cystic space-occupying lesions in the heart. The distribution of cysts in the heart is mainly related to the myocardial blood supply. Therefore, the most common site is the ventricular wall myocardium, which has the most blood supply of the heart, followed by the atrial wall, and the cardiac cavity is less often involved.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> However, the patient did not have a clear history of contact with cattle or sheep or an unclean diet, so that diagnosis was not supported.</p>
        <p>From 1958 to 2020, there were only ten articles about blood cysts in the right atrium confirmed by pathology. Our review of the English-language literature revealed ten other entries since 1996, describing a total of 10 patients with details of these blood cysts in the right atrium (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>). The symptoms of reported blood cysts vary. Four patients were asymptomatic.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Other patients had symptoms. The common symptoms were dyspnea and chest discomfort, one case of chronic grief, and one case of headache. The attachment site has also been different. Six cysts were attached to the atrial septum,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> 2 to the oval fossa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> 1 to the tricuspid valve,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and 1 to the coronary sinus valve.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Calcification was found in 5 of the blood cysts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> After surgery, most patients recovered,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> 2 patients did not have an explained prognosis,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and 1 patient died.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Clinical summary of Blood cysts cases found in English literature since 1958</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="9%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patient</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">First author</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Year</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Gender</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Age</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Tumor size</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Attachment</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Blood cyst with calcium</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Symptom</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">History</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Prognosis</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">H Niinam<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1996</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">59</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20x20mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum between the fossa ovalis and tricuspid valve annulus</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">periodic episodes of substernal pressure and dry cough</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hiroyuki Tanaka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2003</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40x30mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum between the fossa ovalis and tricuspid valve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">no</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">gastric cancer</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Gernot Seebacher<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2006</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44x20mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">fossa ovalis of atrial septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">dyspnea, angina, and tachycardia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Kaoru Otsuka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2007</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30x20mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">fossa ovalis of the atrial septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Tomasa Centella<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2015</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Unknown</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28x28mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">headache</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">elevated ferritin unrelated to the hemochromatosis gene, a hiatal hernia, mild esophagitis, and renal sinus cysts</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">unknown</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hiroyuki Otsuka<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2016</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">30x30mm, 25x25mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum between the fossa ovalis and the tricuspid valve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">no</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">sick sinus syndrome</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Hilary Bews<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45x54mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">tricuspid valve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">no</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">chronic back pain</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">unknown</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Feridoun Sabzi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">unknown</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">coronary sinus valve</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">unknown</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">dyspnea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Behnam Shakerian<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">M</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">73</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">16x10mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">yes</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">recovery</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A Angelov<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2012</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">F</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">60x65mm</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">atrial septum</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">no</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">chest discomfort, shortness of breath, and fever</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">none</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">death</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>At present, there is no uniform standard for the treatment of blood cysts. Therefore, patients with symptoms can be followed up regularly. It is reported that hemocysts may cause left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, valve dysfunction, ventricular dysfunction, embolic stroke, pulmonary embolism and coronary artery obstruction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Therefore, for patients with symptoms, early surgical treatment should be carried out.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Echocardiography has become the first choice for diagnosing blood cysts because it can let us observe the size, shape, structure, function and valvular development of the heart, and it is noninvasive and safe. Furthermore, contrast-enhanced echocardiography is helpful in the diagnosis of blood cysts because it can show whether there is a contrast medium filling in the mass. In addition, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography can be used to locate the cardiac mass and thereby help with the operation.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgments</title>
        <p>The authors would like to thank the patient and her family for allowing the use and publishing of her medical records in this case report.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
