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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">zpmQdMzQJmWm6h4PDcTLKHp</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401179</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200761</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200761</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>A Adiponectina Previne a Reestenose pela Inibi&#231;&#227;o da Prolifera&#231;&#227;o Celular em um Modelo de Enxerto Venoso em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dai</surname>
            <given-names>Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3261-6913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Bing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ge</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Anhui Medical University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Anhui Provincial Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Cardiac Surgery</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Shandong University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cheeloo College of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">School of Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">P.R.</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, P.R. &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Science and Technology of China</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Hospital of USTC</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Division of Life Sciences and Medicine</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Bing Zhang e Jianjun Ge</bold> &#8226; Department of cardiac surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Lujiang Rd 17, Hefei, Anhui, <postal-code>230001</postal-code> - China. E-mail: <email>zkdgjj@ustc.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Zhou Y, Zhang B, Ge J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Zhou Y, Dai C; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados, An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Zhou Y; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Ge J; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Zhang B, Ge J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1179</fpage>
      <lpage>1188</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>O enxerto de bypass na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) continua a ser eficiente como tratamento para pacientes portadores de doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; entretanto, o enxerto venoso tende a apresentar reestenose ou oclus&#227;o. A adiponectina (ADP) &#233; uma prote&#237;na hormonal plasm&#225;tica com a fun&#231;&#227;o de regular a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Foram utilizadas duas doses diferentes da prote&#237;na ADP em um modelo de enxerto venoso em ratos para estimular a altera&#231;&#227;o do enxerto venoso. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito da ADP sobre a reestenose em enxerto venoso.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Veias jugulares aut&#243;logas foram implantadas como enxertos interposicionais de car&#243;tida pela t&#233;cnica de anastomose de manga em ratos Sprague Dawley. A adiponectina (2,5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g e 7,5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g) foi entregue ao enxerto venoso por bypass de forma perivascular, suspensa em gel Pluronic-F127 a 30%. O grupo tratado apenas com bypass e o grupo tratado com gel ve&#237;culo carregado apenas com Pluronic funcionaram como controle. Foram feitas compara&#231;&#245;es com an&#225;lise de via &#250;nica de vari&#226;ncia e teste post-hoc, com p &lt;0,05 sendo considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular (&#237;ndice de PCNA) foi significativamente baixa no grupo tratado com adiponectina em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle e o grupo tratado com o gel ve&#237;culo na &#237;ntima e na advent&#237;cia dos enxertos a partir do dia 3 (p &lt;0,01). VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 avaliados por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica diminu&#237;ram significativamente em enxertos venosos tratados com adiponectina na quarta semana (p &lt;0,01). O tratamento de enxertos venosos com gel carregado com adiponectina reduziu a espessura da &#237;ntima, da m&#233;dia e da advent&#237;cia, em compara&#231;&#227;o com os enxertos de controle e tratados com gel ve&#237;culo no dia 28 (p &lt;0,01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es:</title>
          <p>Este estudo oferece evid&#234;ncias adicionais do poss&#237;vel papel terap&#234;utico da adiponectina na modula&#231;&#227;o de les&#227;o vascular e seu reparo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Adiponectina</kwd>
        <kwd>Prolifera&#231;&#227;o de C&#233;lulas</kwd>
        <kwd>Hiperplasia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81470530</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers NSFC 81470530 to J.G).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="10"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="35"/>
        <page-count count="10"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) &#233; uma doen&#231;a mundial com crescente morbidade e mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O enxerto de bypass na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG) continua a ser eficiente como tratamento para pacientes em est&#225;gio avan&#231;ado. Enxertos venosos de safena oferecem o duto para bypass mais amplamente utilizado, e representam ~50% dos enxertos utilizados em CABG devido &#224; conveni&#234;ncia de sua retirada, e por n&#227;o serem facilmente afetados pelo fluxo de sangue coronariano concorrente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Apesar das vantagens do tratamento, a veia enxertada tem a tend&#234;ncia &#224; reestenose ou oclus&#227;o sob a influ&#234;ncia da press&#227;o arterial, inflama&#231;&#227;o persistente e riscos de falha associados, com um &#237;ndice de pat&#234;ncia de 65% - 80% em 5 anos ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Portanto, a inibi&#231;&#227;o a reestenose nos enxertos venosos ainda representa um desafio.</p>
      <p>A hiperplasia da &#237;ntima (HI) tem um papel causal na reestenose de veias enxertadas, caracterizada pelo ac&#250;mulo excessivo de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV) levando a dist&#250;rbios oclusivos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, h&#225; cada vez mais dados que indicam que a advent&#237;cia tamb&#233;m pode estar relacionada &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o das veias enxertadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Depois da les&#227;o, os fibroblastos da advent&#237;cia se ativam e proliferam, seguidos pela bioss&#237;ntese da advent&#237;cia, e liberam uma variedade de citocinas para promover a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de CMLV. Todo o processo resulta em HI e reestenose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Comprovou-se que muitas citocinas est&#227;o envolvidas na prolifera&#231;&#227;o das CMLV, entre as quais VCAM-1 e ICAM-1, que podem promover a ades&#227;o das c&#233;lulas e a forma&#231;&#227;o da les&#227;o ateroscler&#243;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A adiponectina (ADP), uma prote&#237;na hormonal plasm&#225;tica especificamente biossintetizada por adip&#243;citos, pode exercer seu efeito ligando ao receptor de adiponectina nos fibroblastos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso a ADP pode ser usada para atenuar a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Pesquisas recentes demonstram que a ADP desempenha pap&#233;is importantes na supress&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular ap&#243;s o dano aos vasos, bem como diminui as citocinas que promovem a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando esses achados, levantou-se a hip&#243;tese de que a ADP pode evitar a reestenose do enxerto venoso pela inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular. A ADP foi aplicada &#224; superf&#237;cie externa de enxertos venosos com duas concentra&#231;&#245;es diferentes para investigar o efeito da ADP em reestenoses de enxertos venosos. Os resultados demonstraram que a ADP reduziu significativamente as espessuras de &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia no enxerto venoso. Enquanto isso, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular e a express&#227;o das citocinas (VCAM-1 e ICAM-1) tamb&#233;m diminu&#237;ram. Esses resultados demonstraram primeiramente o papel da ADP na preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose de enxertos venosos e esclareceram o poss&#237;vel mecanismo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Este estudo recebeu aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica para experimentos com animais do Comit&#234; de uso e cuidado com animais do Primeiro Hospital Afiliado &#224; Universidade de Ci&#234;ncia e Tecnologia da China. Ratos Sprague Dawley (SD) (machos e f&#234;meas, com idade 10-12 semanas, peso corporal de 275-325 g e N=72) foram comprados do Centro de Pesquisa Animal do Laborat&#243;rio de Anhui e foram distribu&#237;dos aleatoriamente entre grupos de tratamento com ADP (grupos de dose baixa e alta), grupo de tratamento com gel ve&#237;culo (gel Pluronic-F127) e grupo de controle (apenas o bypass). De acordo com pesquisas anteriores, 72 ratos foram divididos em 4 grupos, que foram posteriormente divididos em 12 grupos em tr&#234;s momentos do estudo diferentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> (n = 6 por grupo).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Construtos para entrega perivascular de f&#225;rmacos</title>
        <p>A abordagem de entrega de f&#225;rmacos &#224; advent&#237;cia utilizou o gel Pluronic F127 como ve&#237;culo. Um total de 2,5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g de adiponectina (Abcam) foi dissolvido em 25 <italic>&#956;</italic>l de &#225;gua destilado e ressuspenso em 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>l de gel Pluronic-F127 a 30% para entrega nos enxertos venosos ap&#243;s a interposi&#231;&#227;o da car&#243;tida, no grupo de tratamento com dose baixa (grupo L-ADP), enquanto 7,5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g de adiponectina foram usados para revestir os enxertos venosos no grupo de tratamento com alta dose de adiponectina (grupo H-ADP). Uma quantidade igual de gel Pluronic-F127 foi aplicada ao grupo com tratamento por gel ve&#237;culo (grupo VG). O gel Pluronic-F127 s&#243; foi retirado do ambiente refrigerado a 4 &#176;C no momento da aplica&#231;&#227;o, para que mantivesse sua forma l&#237;quida.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Modelo de enxerto venoso aut&#243;logo em ratos</title>
        <p>Ratos SD foram anestesiados com hidrato cloral a 10% (300 mg/kg) e receberam heparina (200 U/kg) via inje&#231;&#227;o venosa caudal. A veia jugular esquerda foi retirada para utiliza&#231;&#227;o como enxerto interposicional de car&#243;tida. O bypass foi realizado pelo modelo de anastomose de manga, conforme descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Especificamente, foram cortadas mangas de 2 mm de agulhas arteriais vermelhas 20G (BD Company). A art&#233;ria car&#243;tida foi isolada at&#233; as ramifica&#231;&#245;es. Foram colocadas linhas de tra&#231;&#227;o para sutura e clipes de hemostasia para bloquear o fluxo sangu&#237;neo nas extremidades proximal e distal da art&#233;ria antes de serem seccionadas na metade. As duas extremidades das art&#233;rias foram puxadas por dentro da manga. Em seguida, as art&#233;rias foram evertidas e presas &#224; manga por sutura de seda 6-0. Ap&#243;s a arteriotomia na art&#233;ria car&#243;tida comum esquerda (ipsilateral), as mangas foram inseridas e presas &#224; art&#233;ria com sutura de seda 6-0. A art&#233;ria foi seccionada para permitir a extens&#227;o longitudinal do enxerto venoso interposicional. Foram aplicados tratamentos &#224; superf&#237;cie externa do enxerto ap&#243;s a retirada dos clipes. Os dois grupos de tratamento com a adiponectina foram submetidos &#224; aplica&#231;&#227;o perivascular de 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>L de gel de ADP, o grupo de tratamento com gel ve&#237;culo, com 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>L de gel Pluronic-F127, e o grupo de bypass apenas n&#227;o recebeu gel. Al&#233;m disso, o gel foi mantido resfriado at&#233; a aplica&#231;&#227;o perivascular e, em seguida, foi permitido que se solidificasse &#224; temperatura corporal, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Coleta de enxertos implantados</title>
        <p>Os ratos foram sacrificados no 3&#176;, 14&#176; e 28&#176; dias ap&#243;s o transplante de bypass, 6 ratos por vez. Ap&#243;s a pat&#234;ncia dos enxertos venosos ter sido testada por ultrassonografia por Doppler, foram coletados corpos de prova de enxertos venosos, que foram divididos em 2 se&#231;&#245;es. Um dos segmentos foi imediatamente afixado ap&#243;s a perfus&#227;o com solu&#231;&#227;o salina heparinizada, seguida de formalde&#237;do a 4% para hematoxilina e eosina (H&amp;E), colora&#231;&#227;o de tricr&#244;mio de Masson e an&#225;lise de ensaios imuno-histoqu&#237;micos, enquanto o outro foi colocado a &#8722;80 &#176;C para realiza&#231;&#227;o do ensaio de Western blot. Os animais foram sacrificados por overdose de pentobarbital s&#243;dico.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>Ap&#243;s a fixa&#231;&#227;o em formalde&#237;do a 4% e o processamento em &#225;lcool 70%, os corpos de prova coletados no 3&#176;, 14&#176; e 28&#176; dias foram embebidos em parafina; foram retiradas se&#231;&#245;es de 3 <italic>&#956;</italic>m ao longo do enxerto; exceto pelas regi&#245;es imediatamente adjacentes &#224;s mangas da anastomose. As se&#231;&#245;es foram coloridas com hematoxilina e com o kit de Masson (Shanghai Gefan Biological, China), e as se&#231;&#245;es coloridas foram observadas em um microsc&#243;pio biol&#243;gico Leica-DM2000 (Leica, Hefei, China). Pelo menos cinco se&#231;&#245;es dos enxertos de bypass espa&#231;adas simetricamente foram analisadas para cada corpo de prova. Medidas morfom&#233;tricas padr&#227;o foram registradas, incluindo a espessura &#237;ntima, a espessura m&#233;dia, e a espessura advent&#237;cia. Em seguida, esses dados foram calculados pelo software ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise imuno-histoqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Tecidos embebidos em parafina (enxertos no 3&#176;, 14&#176; e 28&#176; dias) foram processados, e foram retiradas se&#231;&#245;es de 3 <italic>&#956;</italic>m ao longo do enxerto; exceto pelas regi&#245;es imediatamente adjacentes &#224;s mangas da anastomose. Depois da desparafiniza&#231;&#227;o, o ant&#237;geno foi recuperado com tamp&#227;o citrato por 20 minutos em temperatura e press&#227;o altas, depois desativado com peroxidase end&#243;gena H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> a 3% for 20 minutos, e bloqueio de peroxidase end&#243;gena com albumina s&#233;rica bovina a 5% por 10 minutos. As se&#231;&#245;es foram tratadas durante a noite a 4&#176;C com anticorpo monoclonal anti-PCNA (D3H8P; Cell Signaling), anticorpo anti-VCAM1 (ab134047; Abcam, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:500), e anticorpo anti-ICAM1 (ab119871; Abcam, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:200). Tr&#234;s se&#231;&#245;es separadas por enxerto foram analisadas em rela&#231;&#227;o a todos os marcadores. Os cortes foram lavados v&#225;rias vezes. Foram adicionadas aos cortes a solu&#231;&#227;o funcional de anticorpo secund&#225;rio biotinilado, e de solu&#231;&#227;o funcional de estreptavidina conjugada com horseradish peroxidase. Os cortes foram lavados em PBS (pH 7.2) por 5 minutos. Foi utilizada a diaminobenzidina tetrahidrocloreto (DAB) para a visualiza&#231;&#227;o, e a hematoxilina foi utilizada para contracolora&#231;&#227;o. Por &#250;ltimo, os cortes foram desidratados, e em seguida foram montadas e seladas. Todas as imagens foram capturadas por aquisi&#231;&#227;o de sinal de imagem e sistema de an&#225;lise (Leica-DM2000, Hefei, China). O &#237;ndice de PCNA foi utilizado para descrever o n&#237;vel de express&#227;o de PCNA (&#237;ndice de PCNA = n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas com PCNA positivo/n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas). A densidade &#243;tica m&#233;dia foi utilizada para descrever o padr&#227;o de express&#245;es de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 (densidade &#243;tica m&#233;dia = densidade &#243;tica integral/&#225;rea).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de express&#227;o de prote&#237;na VCAM-1 e PCNA pelo ensaio de Western blot</title>
        <p>As prote&#237;nas totais foram isoladas das veias enxertadas. Ap&#243;s a eletroforese e a eletrotransfer&#234;ncia, as membranas foram bloqueadas com leite desnatado a 5%, e foram incubadas a 4&#176;C com anticorpos prim&#225;rios durante a noite (com anticorpo monoclonal anti-PCNA D3H8P; Cell Signaling, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:1000; anticorpo anti-VCAM1 ab134047; Abcam, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:3000; anticorpo anti-&#946;-tubulina GB11017; Servicebio, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:2000). Depois de serem incubadas com anticorpos secund&#225;rios (IgG de cabra anti-IgG de camundongo HRP SE131; Solarbio, dilui&#231;&#227;o 1:3000), as membranas foram lavadas com TBST. Em seguida, as membranas foram expostas no filme de PVDF e a solu&#231;&#227;o de reagente ECL (PE0010, Solarbio) foi adicionada. Faixas imunorreativas separadas foram processadas pelo software Odyssey v1.2. Valores cinza foram medidos com base na refer&#234;ncia interna da &#946;-Tubulina.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e foram processados pelo software SPSS v.21.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). Como os dados seguiram a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal verificada pelo teste Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov, as compara&#231;&#245;es entre v&#225;rios grupos foram analisadas por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de via &#250;nica (ANOVA). As compara&#231;&#245;es entre dois grupos foram analisadas pelo teste de diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima significativa de Fisher (LSD). Um p-valor &lt;0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>O m&#233;todo de opera&#231;&#227;o descrito anteriormente foi usado para estabelecer o modelo de bypass aut&#243;logo em veia jugular em ratos. Ap&#243;s o procedimento, as veias jugulares transplantadas foram totalmente preenchidas, e os vasos sangu&#237;neos tinham bons batimentos. A entrega perivascular local do gel Pluronic-F 127 cobriu uniformemente a superf&#237;cie do vaso sangu&#237;neo. A incis&#227;o foi fechada ap&#243;s a solidifica&#231;&#227;o do adesivo. Os status de atividade e cura da incis&#227;o nos ratos foram verificados diariamente ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o. Foi realizado ultrassom por Doppler no dia da eutan&#225;sia, que demonstrou que o sangue da veia jugular transplantada n&#227;o apresentava uma clara oclus&#227;o. No grupo de controle de 28 dias, os enxertos venosos estavam espessados e ligeiramente r&#237;gidos, e a ades&#227;o dos tecidos adjacentes estava relativamente &#243;bvia. Correspondentemente, no grupo de alta dose de adiponectina, as veias n&#227;o se expandiram significativamente, e os tecidos adjacentes poderiam ser separados com facilidade (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f1">
        <label>Figura 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Fotografias intraoperat&#243;rias e p&#243;s-operat&#243;rias e fotografias do ultrassom por Doppler. (A) a. Fotografias intraoperat&#243;rias dos grupos de controle e alta dose de adiponectina; (B) fotografia p&#243;s-operat&#243;ria na quarta semana dos grupos de controle e de alta dose de adiponectina; (C) fotografias do ultrassom por Doppler no dia da eutan&#225;sia dos grupos de controle e alta dose adiponectina.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      <p>A adiponectina atenua a hiperplasia de &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia em enxerto venoso</p>
      <p>An&#225;lises morfom&#233;tricas de enxertos explantados ap&#243;s o bypass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2A</xref>) apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o da espessura &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia ap&#243;s a entrega perivascular da adiponectina. A quantifica&#231;&#227;o da espessura &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia foi realizada por, pelo menos, cinco se&#231;&#245;es igualmente espa&#231;adas ao longo da veia n&#227;o anastom&#243;tica em cada enxerto do bypass. Na visualiza&#231;&#227;o dos tr&#234;s momentos de an&#225;lise, dia 3, dia 14 e dia 28, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre a espessura da &#237;ntima, da m&#233;dia e da advent&#237;cia entre o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, o que significou que a aplica&#231;&#227;o do gel Pluronic F-127 como carga de gel n&#227;o afetou a fisiopatologia dos enxertos venosos. Especificamente, a espessura da &#237;ntima do enxerto venoso no grupo H-ADP diminuiu significativamente no dia 14 e no dia 28 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo. De forma semelhante, a espessura da &#237;ntima no grupo L-ADP evidentemente reduziu mais, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 14 e no dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <fig id="f2">
        <label>Figura 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>A entrega perivascular local de adiponectina atenua a hiperplasia de &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia em enxerto venoso em ratos. (A) Microfotografias de se&#231;&#245;es de veias enxertadas com colora&#231;&#227;o de Masson (200&#215; amplia&#231;&#227;o, barra: 100 <italic>&#956;</italic>m). (B) Mudan&#231;a da espessura neo&#237;ntima; (C) Mudan&#231;a da espessura da m&#233;dia; (D) Mudan&#231;a da espessura da advent&#237;cia; (E) rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia (I/M). Os resultados s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia + &#177; DP. *p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de controle, **p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle. #p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, ##p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo. I: &#237;ntima; M: m&#233;dia.</title>
        </caption>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Espessura da &#237;ntima, m&#233;dia e advent&#237;cia nos grupos de controle, de gel ve&#237;culo (Pluronic-F127), L-ADP (dose baixa de ADP) e H-ADP (dose alta de ADP).</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Grupos</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Hor&#225;rio (dia)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controle<break/>N=6</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Gel ve&#237;culo<break/>N=6</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">L-ADP<break/>N=6</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">H-ADP<break/>N=6</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">An&#225;lise</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Espessura da &#237;ntima (&#956;m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,47&#177;1,02</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">25,10&#177;1,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,55&#177;1,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">26,46&#177;0,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111,69&#177;5,31</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">106,62&#177;5,57</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,12&#177;4,94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>#</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">75,46&#177;3,59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">196,09&#177;6,78</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">190,44&#177;7,68</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">128,30&#177;6,01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">96,96&#177;5,45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Espessura da m&#233;dia (&#956;m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,00&#177;4,19</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95,47&#177;3,38</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,93&#177;5,30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>#</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">69,03&#177;5,94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>#</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107,19&#177;3,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">107,41&#177;5,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">93,86&#177;3,17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">82,83&#177;4,13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">158,83&#177;8,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">157,75&#177;8,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,67&#177;7,16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>#</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">104,02&#177;7,12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">#</xref>#</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Espessura da advent&#237;cia (&#956;m)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">56,09&#177;3,42</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">53,03&#177;4,59</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,51&#177;3,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">59,21&#177;4,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">112,03&#177;7,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">111,87&#177;6,35</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">85,04&#177;6,35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,52&#177;5,20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">152,31&#177;3,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">154,49&#177;6,55</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95,70&#177;6,05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">90,15&#177;4,87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN3">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN5">##</xref> </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>Os valores das espessuras s&#227;o apresentados como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (=6).</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de controle,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <label>**</label>
            <p>p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle.</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>#</label>
            <p>p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo,</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <label>##</label>
            <p>p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Comparada &#224; hiperplasia da &#237;ntima, a hiperplasia da m&#233;dia nas veias enxertadas ocorreu mais cedo; o espessamento da m&#233;dia no grupo de controle e no grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, no dia 3 era mais &#243;bvia que nos grupos L-ADP e H-ADP. Similarmente, a espessura do tecido da m&#233;dia diminuiu nos grupos com alta dose de adiponectina comparados aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 14 e no dia 28. A mesma tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m existiu no grupo de baixa dose de adiponectina no dia 14 e no dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2C</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <p>As rela&#231;&#245;es &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia nos grupos L-ADP e H-ADP foram mais altas em compara&#231;&#227;o com grupo de controle e o de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 3. Posteriormente, a rela&#231;&#227;o &#237;ntima-m&#233;dia era notavelmente mais baixa no grupo H-ADP no dia 14 e no dia 28 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo. Dados do grupo L-ADP revelaram uma tend&#234;ncia similar no dia 14 e no dia 28 versus o grupo de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2E</xref>).</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, identificou-se que a aplica&#231;&#227;o de adiponectina tamb&#233;m pode inibir a hiperplasia da advent&#237;cia de veias enxertadas em ambos os grupos com doses diferentes. A espessura da advent&#237;cia foi atenuada pela alta dose de adiponectina comparada aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 3, no dia 14 e no dia 28. A mesma tend&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m existiu no grupo de baixa dose de adiponectina comparada aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 3, no dia 14 e no dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>).</p>
      <sec>
        <title>A adiponectina diminui a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular ap&#243;s o enxerto venoso</title>
        <p>A prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular foi quantificada pelo &#237;ndice de PCNA da &#237;ntima e da advent&#237;cia (n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas com PCNA positivo dividido pelo n&#250;mero total de c&#233;lulas nucleadas) em 3 momentos no tempo ap&#243;s o bypass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3B</xref>). A prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular entre o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo na &#237;ntima e na advent&#237;cia foi similar nos tr&#234;s momentos no tempo. Veias tratadas com alta dose de adiponectina demonstraram prolifera&#231;&#227;o m&#237;nima na &#237;ntima (26%) e na advent&#237;cia (10%) tr&#234;s dias ap&#243;s o bypass em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os grupos de controle (&#237;ntima: 36%; advent&#237;cia: 36%) e de gel ve&#237;culo (&#237;ntima: 37%; advent&#237;cia: 37%), a prolifera&#231;&#227;o diminuiu no grupo L-ADP na &#237;ntima (29%) e na advent&#237;cia (19%) no terceiro dia. Al&#233;m disso, a supress&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o do grupo H-ADP tamb&#233;m foi mais evidente na advent&#237;cia do que no grupo L-ADP no dia 3. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o foi pronunciada em enxertos venosos no dia 14 (&#237;ntima: 48%; advent&#237;cia: 46%) e no dia 28 (&#237;ntima: 61%; advent&#237;cia: 51%) no grupo de controle, mas tamb&#233;m no dia 14 (&#237;ntima, 47%; advent&#237;cia, 46%) e dia 28 (&#237;ntima, 59%; advent&#237;cia, 50%) no grupo de gel ve&#237;culo. Aplica&#231;&#227;o perivascular de adiponectina com alta dose apresentou 34% de prolifera&#231;&#227;o na &#237;ntima e 20% na advent&#237;cia no dia 14 quando comparado com o grupo de controle e o grupo de gel ve&#237;culo. A prolifera&#231;&#227;o no grupo L-ADP era visivelmente mais baixa na &#237;ntima (43%) e na advent&#237;cia (37%) no dia 14 em compara&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo. As diferen&#231;as tamb&#233;m podem ser encontradas na &#237;ntima e na advent&#237;cia entre os dois grupos com doses diferentes no dia 14. A inibi&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o tamb&#233;m foi evidente no dia 28 no grupo L-ADP, 49% de prolifera&#231;&#227;o da &#237;ntima e 43% da advent&#237;cia, o que ilustra diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo. A express&#227;o do PCNA nos grupos de H-ADP apresentou uma tend&#234;ncia similar na &#237;ntima (38%) e na advent&#237;cia (29%) no dia 28. A compara&#231;&#227;o entre dois grupos de adiponectina diferentes tamb&#233;m demonstrou diferen&#231;as not&#225;veis na &#237;ntima e na advent&#237;cia no dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figuras 3C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">3D</xref>). A express&#227;o do PCNA determinada pelo teste de Western Blot tamb&#233;m demonstrou os mesmos efeitos da adiponectina (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figuras 4A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">4B</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f3">
          <label>Figura 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A adiponectina diminui a prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular. (A) &#205;ndice de PCNA da &#237;ntima determinado por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (200&#215;amplia&#231;&#227;o); (B) &#237;ndice de PCNA da advent&#237;cia determinado por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (200&#215;magnifica&#231;&#227;o); (C) &#237;ndice de PCNA da &#237;ntima; (D) &#237;ndice de PCNA da advent&#237;cia. Os dados representam m&#233;dia + &#177; DP. *p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de controle, **p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle. #p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, ##p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Inibi&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de PCNA e VCAM-1 pela entrega de adiponectina. (A) Express&#245;es de PCNA e VCAM-1 em todos os grupos em tr&#234;s momentos no tempo ap&#243;s a opera&#231;&#227;o; (B) Express&#227;o de PCNA determinada por Western blot; (C) Express&#227;o de VCAM-1 determinada por Western blot. Os dados representam m&#233;dia + &#177; DP. *p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de controle, **p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle. #p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, ##p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A adiponectina diminui as express&#245;es de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 ap&#243;s o enxerto venoso</title>
        <p>VCAM-1 foi expressado no est&#225;gio inicial, mas n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos no dia 3. A diferen&#231;a n&#227;o foi observada entre os grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo. A express&#227;o de VCAM-1 no grupo de tratamento com alta dose de adiponectina foi significativamente suprimida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de controle ou de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 14 (0,25 versus 0,31, 0,30) e no dia 28 (0,30 versus 0,50, 0,50). A express&#227;o de VCAM-1 no grupo L-ADP tamb&#233;m foi inibida em rela&#231;&#227;o aos grupos de controle ou de gel ve&#237;culo no dia 14 (0,26) e no dia 28 (0,40). <italic>Al&#233;m disso</italic>, a diferen&#231;a entre os grupos H-ADP e L-ADP tamb&#233;m foi marcada no dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5C</xref>). Os resultados determinados pelo teste Western Blot tamb&#233;m ilustraram uma tend&#234;ncia similar (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4C</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f5">
          <label>Figura 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>A adiponectina diminui express&#245;es de citocina ap&#243;s o enxerto venoso. (A) Express&#227;o de VCAM-1 determinada por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (200&#215;amplia&#231;&#227;o); (B) Express&#227;o de ICAM-1 determinada por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica (200&#215;amplia&#231;&#227;o); (C) Express&#227;o de VCAM-1; (D) Express&#227;o de ICAM-1. Os dados representam m&#233;dia + &#177; DP. *p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de controle, **p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de controle. #p &lt;0,05 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo, ##p &lt;0,01 versus grupo de gel ve&#237;culo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A express&#227;o de ICAM-1 analisada pelo ImageJ raramente foi observada nos est&#225;gios iniciais. As express&#245;es de ICAM-1 n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa no grupo H-ADP (0,10 versus 0,18 no grupo de controle, 0,19 no grupo de gel ve&#237;culo) e no grupo L-ADP (0,10 versus grupos de controle e de gel ve&#237;culo) at&#233; o dia 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5B</xref>). Nenhuma diferen&#231;a foi observada entre os dois grupos com doses diferentes de adiponectina nos tr&#234;s momentos no tempo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Apesar dos avan&#231;os nas terapias de DAC, o CABG continua sendo o principal tratamento cir&#250;rgico, e, portanto, a reestenose continua a afligir a pat&#234;ncia de enxertos venosos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Muitos experimentos tentaram entender melhor os mecanismos de falha do enxerto venoso e identificar novas abordagens para reduzir a les&#227;o ao vaso e melhorar a cura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Este estudo demonstrou que a adiponectina entregue &#224; superf&#237;cie externa dos enxertos venosos em ratos no momento do implante por gel Pluronic-F n&#227;o s&#243; reduziu a hiperplasia &#237;ntima no dia 28 em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de controle em que s&#243; foi realizado o bypass, mas tamb&#233;m pode diminuir a hiperplasia da m&#233;dia e da advent&#237;cia. Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a atividade antiproliferativa e a express&#227;o de citocinas (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) na parede do enxerto provavelmente devem estar envolvidas nesse efeito. Esses resultados demonstram o papel da ADP na preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose de enxertos venosos e esclarecem o poss&#237;vel mecanismo.</p>
      <p>O processo complexo de remodela&#231;&#227;o de vasos resulta em reestenose dos enxertos venosos, mas o mecanismo ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro. Estudos demonstraram que o processo de reestenose de enxertos venosos inclui trombose, hiperplasia da &#237;ntima, forma&#231;&#227;o da neo&#237;ntima, e aterosclerose.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Depois do transplante dos vasos, a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o celular do m&#250;sculo liso vascular foram afetadas pelas altera&#231;&#245;es na disfun&#231;&#227;o das c&#233;lulas endoteliais, inflama&#231;&#227;o, hemodin&#226;mica, entre outros fatores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a advent&#237;cia do vaso sangu&#237;neo tamb&#233;m &#233; danificada. Os fibroblastos ativados da advent&#237;cia se transformam em miofibroblastos, e se proliferam a migram para a m&#233;dia e &#237;ntima, onde sintetizam e liberam uma s&#233;rie de citocinas que promovem a prolifera&#231;&#227;o e a migra&#231;&#227;o celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Estudos j&#225; revelaram que a adiponectina pode ser ligada a receptores de adiponectina expressos em fibroblastos da advent&#237;cia e desempenhar uma importante fun&#231;&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, muitos estudos relataram que a adiponectina tem efeitos anti-inflamat&#243;rios e anti-ateroscler&#243;ticos no sistema cardiovascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Entretanto, os efeitos da ADP na preven&#231;&#227;o da reestenose permanecem amplamente desconhecidos. Neste estudo, primeiramente demonstrou-se a poss&#237;vel efic&#225;cia da ADP na inibi&#231;&#227;o de hiperplasia em enxertos venosos.</p>
      <p>Neste estudo, a adiponectina foi aplicada ao modelo de enxerto venoso aut&#243;logo em ratos para estimular o processo fisiopatol&#243;gico de enxertos venosos ap&#243;s CABG. Observou-se que a espessura da &#237;ntima nos grupos tratados com adiponectina era significativamente mais baixa que nos grupos tratados apenas com bypass e gel ve&#237;culo, indicando que a adiponectina tem um efeito na inibi&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia da &#237;ntima. Al&#233;m disso, a dose mais alta de adiponectina foi mais eficiente neste estudo. &#201; interessante notar que o &#237;ndice de PCNA da &#237;ntima e da advent&#237;cia tamb&#233;m diminuiu nos grupos tratados com adiponectina, demonstrando que a adiponectina pode ter um efeito inibit&#243;rio na prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular na &#237;ntima e na advent&#237;cia de veias enxertadas. Este estudo apresenta apenas uma vis&#227;o limitada dos mecanismos pelos quais a ADP reduziu a &#237;ntima do enxerto venoso neste modelo. Entretanto, ao comparar estes dados com os dados obtidos no contexto de estudos anteriores, concluiu-se que a adiponectina conseguia n&#227;o s&#243; inibir a hiperplasia da &#237;ntima, mas tamb&#233;m inibir a prolifera&#231;&#227;o de miofibroblastos e limitar sua migra&#231;&#227;o para a &#237;ntima e a m&#233;dia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, o mecanismo espec&#237;fico de intera&#231;&#227;o entre a adiponectina e os receptores ainda exige estudos posteriores. A farmacocin&#233;tica de entrega perivascular de adiponectina tamb&#233;m precisa ser mais bem definida em estudos futuros. Al&#233;m disso, pesquisadores demonstraram que a trombose desempenhe um papel central na fase inicial das falhas de enxertos venosos. A veia &#233; submetida a um per&#237;odo de les&#227;o de isquemia e reperfus&#227;o, levando a uma redu&#231;&#227;o na sintase endotelial do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (eNOS), expressando danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais e c&#233;lulas musculares lisas vasculares (CMLV) e libera&#231;&#227;o de v&#225;rios mediadores protromb&#243;ticos. Al&#233;m disso, os processos de remodela&#231;&#227;o de enxerto venoso se iniciam dias ap&#243;s a coleta e o enxerto, levando &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o da hiperplasia da &#237;ntima.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Considera-se que a ADP possa exercer um efeito nos est&#225;gios iniciais e intermedi&#225;rios. Este estudo apresenta informa&#231;&#245;es apenas sobre os efeitos em curto prazo. Pesquisas posteriores precisam ser realizadas para que se entenda o mecanismo espec&#237;fico no curto prazo e para saber como a ADP influencia o resultado no longo prazo.</p>
      <p>Depois de o endot&#233;lio ser lesionado, um processo fisiopatol&#243;gico inicial de reestenose, as mol&#233;culas de ades&#227;o ICAM-1 e VCAM-1 s&#227;o liberadas, o que pode levar &#224; ades&#227;o e &#224; infiltra&#231;&#227;o de mon&#243;citos/macr&#243;fagos que diferenciam e fagocitam uma grande quantidade de ox-LDL, e, em seguida, formam c&#233;lulas espumosas. Nestes experimentos, detectou-se a express&#227;o de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 por imuno-histoqu&#237;mica, e identificou-se que os valores de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 nos grupos tratados por adiponectina eram marcadamente mais baixos do que os do grupo tratado por gel ve&#237;culo e do grupo tratado apenas por bypass, o que elucidou como a aplica&#231;&#227;o da adiponectina pode reduzir a express&#227;o de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 para promover a disfun&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>No presente estudo, confirmou-se que a entrega perivascular local de adiponectina atenua a hiperplasia de enxertos venosos em um modelo de bypass de car&#243;tida em ratos. O efeito parece ser mediado tanto pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da prolifera&#231;&#227;o celular quanto pela diminui&#231;&#227;o da express&#227;o de VCAM-1 e ICAM-1 dentro do enxerto. Embora os efeitos de curto prazo da adiponectina pare&#231;am promissores, os efeitos de longo prazo e a signific&#226;ncia cl&#237;nica da adiponectina no CABG precisa ser estudado no futuro. Espera-se que estes estudos, em algum momento, se traduzam em aplica&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica na preven&#231;&#227;o de reestenose e falha nos enxertos em bypass.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo foi financiado por National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers NSFC 81470530 to J.G).</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de doutorado de Yang Zhou pelo Anhui Medical University.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Adiponectin Prevents Restenosis Through Inhibiting Cell Proliferation in a Rat Vein Graft Model</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Zhou</surname>
            <given-names>Yang</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Dai</surname>
            <given-names>Chun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3261-6913</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Zhang</surname>
            <given-names>Bing</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ge</surname>
            <given-names>Jianjun</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Department of Cardiac Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui - China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="state">P.R.</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">School of Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, P.R. &#8211; China</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Hefei</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">Anhui</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CN">China</country>
          <institution content-type="original">The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui - China</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Bing Zhang e Jianjun Ge</bold> &#8226; Department of cardiac surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Lujiang Rd 17, Hefei, Anhui, <postal-code>230001</postal-code> - China. E-mail: <email>zkdgjj@ustc.edu.cn</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Zhou Y, Zhang B, Ge J; Acquisition of data: Zhou Y, Dai C; Analysis and interpretation of the data, Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Zhou Y; Obtaining financing: Ge J; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Zhang B, Ge J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continues to be an effective therapy for coronary artery disease patients, but the vein graft is prone to restenosis or occlude. Adiponectin (ADP) is a plasma hormone protein with the function of regulating cell proliferation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>This study used two different doses of ADP protein in a rat vein graft model to stimulate vein graft change. The aim of our study was to investigate the effect of ADP on vein graft restenosis.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Autologous jugular veins were implanted as carotid interposition grafts through the anastomotic cuff technique in Sprague Dawley rats. Adiponectin (2.5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g and 7.5 <italic>&#956;</italic>g) was delivered to the vein bypass grafts in a perivascular fashion, suspended in a 30% Pluronic-F127 gel. No treatment (bypass only) and vehicle loaded Pluronic gel served as controls. Comparisons were made with one-way analysis of variance and a post-hoc test, with p &lt; 0.05 considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Cell proliferation (PCNA index) was significantly low in adiponectin-treated versus control and vehicle-gel-treated grafts, both in intima and adventitia, as of day 3 (p &lt; 0.01). VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 evaluated by immunohistochemistry significantly down-regulated in the adiponectin-treated vein grafts in the fourth week (p &lt;0.01). Treatment of vein grafts with adiponectin-loaded gels reduced intimal, media, and adventitia thickness when compared with the control and vehicle-gel-treated vein grafts at day 28 (p &lt; 0.01).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions:</title>
          <p>Our studies provide further support for the potential therapeutic role of adiponectin in modulating vascular injury and repair.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Adiponectin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cell Proliferation</kwd>
        <kwd>Hyperplasia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group>
        <award-group>
          <funding-source>National Natural Science Foundation of China</funding-source>
          <award-id>81470530</award-id>
        </award-group>
        <funding-statement>This study was partially funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers NSFC 81470530 to J.G).</funding-statement>
      </funding-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a worldwide disease with an increasing morbidity and mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) continues to be an therapy for advanced stage patients. Saphenous vein grafts provide the most widely used bypass conduit, which make up ~50% of grafts used in CABG for its convenience of harvesting and manipulating, its sufficient length, and its character of not easily being affected by competitive coronary blood flow.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Despite the advantages in treatments, the grafted vein is prone to restenosis or occlude under the influence of arterial blood pressure, persistent inflammation and associated risks of failure, with a patency rate of 65% - 80% in 5 years after operation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Therefore, how to inhibit restenosis in the vein grafts represents a challenge.</p>
        <p>Intimal hyperplasia (IH) plays a causal role in grafted vein restenosis, characterized by an excessive accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) leading to occlusive disorders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In addition, increasing data indicate that the adventitia may also be related to the remodeling of the grafted veins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> After being injured, adventitial fibroblasts activate and proliferate, followed by adventitia biosynthesizing, and release a variety of cytokines to promote the proliferation of VSMCs. The entire process results in IH and restenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Many cytokines have proven to be involved in the proliferation of VSMCs, among which VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 can promote cell adhesion and atherosclerotic lesion formation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Adiponectin (ADP), a plasma hormone protein specifically biosynthesized by adipocytes, can exert an effect by binding to adiponectin receptors in fibroblasts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> ADP can also be used to attenuate endothelial dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown that ADP plays important roles in suppressing cell proliferation after damage to the vessel, and decreases cytokines, which also promote cell proliferation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Considering these findings, we hypothesize that ADP can prevent vein graft restenosis by inhibiting cell proliferation. ADP was delivered to the external surface of the graft veins with two different concentrations in order to investigate the effect of ADP on vein graft restenosis. The results showed that the ADP significantly decreased intimal, medial, and adventitial thickness of the vein graft. Meanwhile, cell proliferation and cytokine expression (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) also decreased. These results primarily demonstrated the role of ADP in preventing vein graft restenosis and highlighted the potential mechanism.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>Ethical approval for animal experiments was accepted from the Animal Care and Use Committee of the First Affiliated Hospital to the University of Science and Technology of China. Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (male and female, aged 10-12 weeks, body weight of 275-325 g, and N=72) were purchased from the Anhui Lab Animal Research Center and were randomly assigned to the ADP treatment groups (low and high dose groups), vehicle gel treatment group (pluronic-F127 gel), and control group (bypass only). According to previous research, 72 rats were divided into 4 groups, which were then divided into 12 groups at three different points of time<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> (n = 6 per group).</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Perivascular drug delivery constructs</title>
          <p>The adventitial drug delivery approach used Pluronic F127 gel as a vehicle gel. A total of 2.5<italic>&#956;</italic>g adiponectin (Abcam) was dissolved in 25 <italic>&#956;</italic>l of distilled water and resuspended in 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>l of 30% pluronic-F127 gel for delivery to vein grafts after carotid interposition in a low dose adiponectin treatment group (L-ADP group), while 7.5<italic>&#956;</italic>g adiponectin was used to coat the graft veins in a high dose adiponectin treatment group (H-ADP group). An equal amount of pluronic-F127 gel was applied to the vehicle gel treatment group (VG group). Only upon application were the pluronic-F 127 gels taken out of a 4&#176;C environment, which seeks to maintain its liquid form.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Rat autologous vein graft model</title>
          <p>SD rats were anesthetized with a 10% chloral hydrate (300 mg/kg) and received heparin (200 U/kg) via caudal vein injection. The left jugular vein was harvested for use as a carotid interposition graft. The bypass was performed by applying the anastomotic cuff model, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Specifically, 2-mm cuffs were cut from a 20G red arterial puncture needle (BD Company). The carotid artery was isolated up to the branches. The proximal and distal ends of the artery were then placed under suture traction lines and hemoclips to block blood flow before being cut in middle. Both ends of the arteries were then pulled through the cuff. The arteries were then everted and secured to the cuff with 6&#8211;0 silk suture. Following an arteriotomy in the left (ipsilateral) common carotid artery, the cuffs were inserted into and secured to the artery with a 6&#8211;0 silk suture. The artery was then divided to enable a longitudinal extension of the vein interposition graft. Treatments were applied to the external surface of the graft after unclamping. Both adiponectin treatment groups underwent a perivascular application of 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>L of ADP gel, the vehicle gel treatment group with 300 <italic>&#956;</italic>l of pluronic-F127 gel, and the bypass only group with no gel. Additionally, gels were kept on ice until perivascular application and subsequently allowed to solidify at body temperature, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Harvest of implanted grafts</title>
          <p>Rats were euthanized on the 3<sup>rd</sup>, 14<sup>th</sup>, and 28<sup>th</sup> days after bypass transplantation respectively, 6 rats each time. Following vein grafts patency tested by Doppler ultrasonography, vein graft specimens were harvested and cut into 2 sections. One segment was immediately fixed after perfusion with heparinized saline, followed by 4% formaldehyde for hematoxylin and eosin (H&amp;E), Masson staining and immunohistochemistry assay analyses, while the other was placed at -80&#176;C for Western blot analysis. Animals were sacrificed by sodium pentobarbital overdose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric analysis</title>
          <p>After fixation in 4% formaldehyde and processing in 70% ethanol, specimens harvested on the 3rd, 14th and 28th days were paraffin embedded; 3-<italic>&#956;</italic>m sections were taken throughout the graft, excluding regions immediately adjacent to the anastomotic cuffs. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and Masson kit (Shanghai Gefan Biological, China.), and staining sections were observed by a Leica-DM2000 biological microscope (Leica, Hefei, China). At least five equally spaced sections of the bypass grafts were analyzed for each specimen. Standard morphometric measurements were recorded, including intimal thickness, medial thickness, and adventitial thickness. These data were then calculated by ImageJ (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Immunohistochemistry analysis</title>
          <p>Paraffin-embedded tissues (3, 14 and 28-day grafts) were processed, and 3-<italic>&#956;</italic>m sections were taken throughout the graft, excluding regions immediately adjacent to the anastomotic cuffs. After deparaffinization, the antigen was recovered with a citrate buffer for 20 min at high temperature and pressure, then deactivated with a 3% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> endogenous peroxidase for 20 min and block endogenous peroxidase with 5% bovine serum albumin for 10 min. Sections were treated overnight at 4&#176;C with anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody (D3H8P; Cell Signaling), anti-VCAM1 antibody (ab134047; Abcam, 1:500 dilution), and anti-ICAM1 antibody (ab119871; Abcam, 1:200 dilution). Three separate sections per graft were analyzed for all markers. The slices were washed several times. Biotinylated secondary antibody working solution and horseradish peroxidase conjugated streptavidin working solution were added to the slices, respectively. The slices were washed in PBS (pH 7. 2) for 5 minutes. Diaminobenzidine tetrahydrochloride (DAB) was used to visualize and hematoxylin to counterstain. Lastly, the slices were dehydrated, and then mounted and sealed. All images were acquired by image signal acquisition and analysis system (Leica-DM2000, Hefei, China). PCNA index was used to describe the level of PCNA expression (PCNA index = the numbers of PCNA positive cells / the numbers of all cells). Average optical density was used to describe the standard of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expressions (average optical density = Integral optical density / area).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Western blot assay of PCNA and VCAM-1 protein expression analysis</title>
          <p>Total protein was isolated from grafted veins. After electrophoresis and electrotransfer, membranes were blocked with 5% skimmed milk and were incubated at 4&#176;C with primary antibodies overnight (with anti-PCNA monoclonal antibody D3H8P; Cell Signaling, 1:1000 dilution; anti-VCAM1 antibody ab134047; Abcam, 1:3000 dilution; anti-&#946;-Tubulin antibody GB11017; Servicebio, 1:2000 dilution). After being incubated with secondary antibody (goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP SE131; Solarbio, 1:3000 dilution), the membranes were washed with TBST. The membranes were then exposed on the PVDF film and an ECL coloring solution (PE0010, Solarbio) was added. Separated immunoreactive bands were processed by Odyssey v1.2 software. Gray values were measured based on the internal reference of &#946;-Tubulin.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were presented as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and were processed by SPSS v.21.0 software (Chicago, IL). Because data followed a normal distribution verified by the Kolmogorov&#8211;Smirnov test, comparisons among multiple groups were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Comparisons between two groups were analyzed by Fisher's least significant difference (LSD) test. A p-value &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The previously described operation method was used to establish the model of autologous jugular vein bypass in rats. After the procedure, the transplanted jugular veins were fully filled, and the blood vessels beat well. Local perivascular delivery of Pluronic-F 127 gel evenly covered the surface of the blood vessel. The incision was closed after the glue solidified. The incision healing and activity status of rats were checked every day after operation. Doppler ultrasound was performed on the day of euthanasia, which showed that the transplanted jugular vein blood did not clearly occlude. In the 28-day control group, the vein grafts were thickened and were slightly stiff, and the surrounding tissue adhesion was relatively obvious. Correspondingly, veins in the high-dose adiponectin group did not expand significantly, and the surrounding tissues were easy to separate (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Fig 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Intraoperative and postoperative photographs and Doppler ultrasound photographs. (A) a. Intraoperative photographs of control and high-dose adiponectin groups; (B) postoperative photograph in the fourth week of control and high-dose adiponectin groups; (C) Doppler ultrasound photographs on the day of euthanasia in the control and high-dose adiponectin groups.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        <sec>
          <title>Adiponectin attenuates vein graft intimal, medial, and adventitial hyperplasia</title>
          <p>Morphometric analysis of grafts explanted after bypass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2A</xref>) showed decreased intimal, medial, and adventitial thickness after perivascular delivery of adiponectin. Quantification of the intimal, medial, and adventitial thickness was performed by at least five equally spaced sections along the nonanastomotic vein for each bypass graft. In view of the three time points of day 3, day 14, and day 28, there was no significant difference in the thickness of the intima, media, and adventitia between the control group and the vehicle gel group, which meant the application of Pluronic F-127 gel as the load gel will not affect the pathophysiology of vein grafts. To be specific, the intimal thickness of the vein graft in the H-ADP group diminished significantly on day 14 and day 28 compared with the control group and the vehicle gel group. Similarly, intimal thickness in the L-ADP group evidently decreased more than that in the control group and the vehicle gel group on day 14 and day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2B</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f7">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Local perivascular delivery of adiponectin attenuates vein graft intimal, medial, and adventitial hyperplasia within rat vein grafts. (A) Light micrographs of Masson-stained sections of grafted veins (200&#215; magnification, bar: 100<italic>&#956;</italic>m). (B) The change of neointimal thickness; (C) The change of medial thickness; (D) The change of adventitial thickness; (E) intima-to-media (I/M) ratio. Results are presented as mean &#177; SD. *P &lt; 0.05 versus control group, **P &lt; 0.01 versus control group. #P &lt; 0.05 versus vehicle gel group, ##P &lt; 0.01 versus vehicle gel group. I: intima; M: media.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>The thickness of intima, media, and adventitia in the control, vehicle gel (pluronic-F127 gel), L-ADP (low-ADP dose), and H-ADP (high-ADP dose) groups</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="14%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Groups</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Time(day)</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Control<break/>N=6</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Vehicle gel<break/>N=6</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">L-ADP<break/>N=6</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">H-ADP<break/>N=6</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Analysis</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Intima thickness (&#956;m)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.47&#177;1.02</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">25.10&#177;1.53</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.55&#177;1.05</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">26.46&#177;0.71</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">111.69&#177;5.31</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">106.62&#177;5.57</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.12&#177;4.94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>#</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">75.46&#177;3.59<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">196.09&#177;6.78</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">190.44&#177;7.68</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">128.30&#177;6.01<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">96.96&#177;5.45<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Media thickness (&#956;m)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">94.00&#177;4.19</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">95.47&#177;3.38</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">76.93&#177;5.30<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>#</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">69.03&#177;5.94<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>#</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">107.19&#177;3.66</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">107.41&#177;5.48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">93.86&#177;3.17<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">82.83&#177;4.13<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">158.83&#177;8.39</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">157.75&#177;8.75</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109.67&#177;7.16<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>#</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">104.02&#177;7.12<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">#</xref>#</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">Adventitia thickness (&#956;m)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">3</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">56.09&#177;3.42</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">53.03&#177;4.59</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">54.51&#177;3.95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">59.21&#177;4.28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">14</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">112.03&#177;7.08</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">111.87&#177;6.35</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">85.04&#177;6.35<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">86.52&#177;5.20<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">28</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">152.31&#177;3.55</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">154.49&#177;6.55</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">95.70&#177;6.05<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">90.15&#177;4.87<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN8">**</xref> <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN10">##</xref> </td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">ANOVA</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN6">
                <p>The values of thickness are presented as mean &#177; SD (N=6).</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN7">
                <label>*</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus control group,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN8">
                <label>**</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01 versus control group.</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN9">
                <label>#</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.05 versus vehicle gel group,</p>
              </fn>
              <fn id="TFN10">
                <label>##</label>
                <p>p &lt; 0.01 versus vehicle gel group.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>Compared with intimal hyperplasia, the average hyperplasia in the grafted veins occurred earlier; the thickening of the average in the control and the vehicle gel group on day 3 was more obvious than that in the L-ADP and H-ADP groups. Similarly, the thickness of the medial tissue decreased in the high-dose adiponectin groups when compared with the control group and the vehicle gel group on day 14 and day 28. The same tendency also existed in the low-dose adiponectin group on day 14 and day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2C</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
          <p>The intima-to-media ratios in the L-ADP and H-ADP groups were higher when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups on day 3. After, the intima-to-media ratio was notably lower in the H-ADP group on day 14 and day 28 when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups. Data from the L-ADP group showed a similar tendency at day 14 and day 28 when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2E</xref>).</p>
          <p>In addition, our study found that the application of adiponectin can also inhibit the adventitia hyperplasia of grafted veins in both of the different dose groups. Adventitia thickness was attenuated by high-dose adiponectin when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups on day 3, day 14, and day 28. The same trend occurred in the low-dose adiponectin treatment groups when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups on day 3, day 14, and day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 2D</xref>, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table 1</xref>).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Adiponectin decreases cell proliferation after vein grafting</title>
          <p>Cell proliferation was quantified by the PCNA index of intima and adventitia (total number of PCNA-positive cells divided by the total number of nucleated cells) at 3 time-points after bypass (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3B</xref>). The cell proliferation between the control and the vehicle group in both intima and adventitia was similar at 3 points of time. High-dose adiponectin-treated veins showed minimal proliferation in intima (26%) and adventitia (10%) three days after bypass as compared to the control and vehicle gel groups. Compared to the control (intima: 36%; adventitia: 36%) and vehicle gel (intima: 37%; adventitia: 37%) groups, proliferation diminished in the L-ADP group both in intima (29%) and adventitia (19%) on the third day. Moreover, proliferation suppression of the H-ADP group was also more obvious in adventitia than that of the L-ADP group on day 3. Proliferation was pronounced in vein grafts on day 14 (intima, 48%; adventitia, 46%) and day 28 (intima, 61%; adventitia, 51%) in the control group, but also on day 14 (intima, 47%; adventitia, 46%) and day 28 (intima, 59%; adventitia, 50%) in the vehicle gel group. Perivascular application of high-dose adiponectin exhibited 34% proliferation in intima and 20% in adventitia on day 14 when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups. Proliferation in the L-ADP group was visibly lower in both intima (43%) and adventitia (37%) on day 14 when compared to the control and vehicle gel groups. The differences can also be found in intima and adventitia between two different dose groups on day 14. Proliferation inhibition was also evident on day 28 in the L-ADP group, 49% proliferation of intima and 43% of adventitia, which illustrated significant differences when compared to the control and the vehicle gel groups. The expression of PCNA in the H-ADP group showed a similar trend in intima (38%) and adventitia (29%) on day 28. Comparison between two different adiponectin groups also showed notable differences in intima and adventitia on day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 3C</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">3D</xref>). The expression of PCNA determined by Western blot also demonstrated the same effects of adiponectin (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">4B</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Adiponectin decreases cell proliferation. (A) PCNA index of intima determined by immunohistochemistry (200&#215;magnification); (B) PCNA index of adventitia determined by immunohistochemistry (200&#215;magnification); (C) PCNA index of intima; (D) PCNA index of adventitia. Data represent mean &#177; SD. *p &lt; 0.05 versus control group, **p &lt; 0.01 versus control group. #p &lt; 0.05 versus vehicle gel group, ##p &lt; 0.01 versus vehicle gel group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f9">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Inhibition of PCNA and VCAM-1 expressions by delivery of adiponectin. (A) Expressions of PCNA and VCAM-1 in all groups at three points in time after operation; (B) Expression of PCNA determined by Western blot; (C) Expression of VCAM-1 determined by Western blot. Data represent mean &#177; SD. *p &lt; 0.05 versus control group, **p &lt; 0.01 versus control group. #p &lt; 0.05 versus vehicle gel group, ##p &lt; 0.01 versus vehicle gel group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Adiponectin decreases VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expressions after vein grafting</title>
          <p>VCAM-1 was expressed in the early stages, but there was no difference in each group on day 3. Difference was not observed between the control and the vehicle gel group. The expression of VCAM-1 in the high-dose adiponectin treatment group was significantly suppressed in relation to the control and vehicle gel groups on day 14 (0.25 versus 0.31, 0.30) and day 28 (0.30 versus 0.50, 0.50). The expression of VCAM-1 in the L-ADP group was also inhibited in relation to the control and vehicle gel groups on day 14 (0.26) and day 28 (0.40). <italic>In addition</italic>, the difference between the H-ADP and the L-ADP groups was also marked on day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5C</xref>). Results determined by Western blot also illustrated a similar tendency (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4A</xref>, <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 4C</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f10">
            <label>Figure 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Adiponectin decreases cytokine expressions after vein grafting. (A) VCAM-1 expression determined by immunohistochemistry (200&#215;magnification); (B) ICAM-1 expression determined by immunohistochemistry (200&#215;magnification); (C) VCAM-1expression; (D) ICAM-1 expression. Data represent mean &#177; SD. *p &lt; 0.05 versus control group, **p &lt; 0.01 versus control group. #p &lt; 0.05 versus vehicle gel group, ##p &lt; 0.01 versus vehicle gel group.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1179-00761-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>ICAM-1 expression analyzed by ImageJ was rarely observed in the early stages. The expressions of ICAM-1 showed no prominent difference in the H-ADP group (0.10 versus 0.18 in control group, 0.19 in vehicle gel group) and the L-ADP group (0.10 versus control and vehicle gel group) until day 28 (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 5B</xref>). No difference could be observed between the two different dose adiponectin groups at the three point in time.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Despite advances in CAD therapies, CABG remains the main surgical treatment, and thus restenosis continues to plague the patency of vein grafts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Many experiments have tried to better understand the mechanisms of venous-graft failure and to identify new approaches to reduce vessel injury and to improve healing.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Our study demonstrated that adiponectin delivered to the external surface of rat vein grafts at the time of implantation through Pluronic-F gel not only reduced intimal hyperplasia on day 28 compared with bypass-only controls, but can also decrease medial and adventitial hyperplasia. Our results suggest that reduced anti-proliferative activity and cytokine expression (VCAM-1, ICAM-1) in the graft wall are likely to be involved in this effect. These results demonstrate the role of ADP in preventing the vein graft restenosis and highlight the potential mechanism.</p>
        <p>The complicated remodeling process of vessels results in restenosis of the vein grafts, but the specific mechanism is still unclear. Studies have shown that the process of venous-graft restenosis includes thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia, neointimal formation, and atherosclerosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> After vessel transplantation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration are affected by changes in endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, hemodynamics, among other factors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> In addition, the adventitia of the blood vessel is also damaged. The activated adventitial fibroblasts transform into myofibroblasts, and then proliferate and migrate to the media and intima, where they synthesize and release a variety of cytokines to promote smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>&#8211;<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> Studies have revealed that adiponectin can be bound to adiponectin receptors expressed in adventitial fibroblasts and play a key role. Furthermore, many studies have reported that adiponectin has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects on the cardiovascular system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> However, the effects of ADP on preventing restenosis remain largely unknown. The present study primarily demonstrated the potential efficacy of ADP in inhibiting vein graft hyperplasia.</p>
        <p>In this study, adiponectin was applied to the rat autologous vein graft model to stimulate the pathophysiological process of vein grafts after CABG. The thickness of intima in the adiponectin groups was found to be significantly lower than that in the bypass-only group and vehicle-gel treatment group, indicating that adiponectin has an effect on inhibiting intima hyperplasia. Moreover, the higher-dose adiponectin was more effective in this study. Interestingly, we found that the PCNA index of intima and adventitia decreased in the adiponectin treated groups as well, demonstrating that adiponectin may well have an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation in the intima and adventitia of grafted veins. This study provides only limited insight into the mechanisms through which ADP reduced vein graft intima in this model. However, comparing our data with that taken in the context of previous studies, it can be concluded that adiponectin was not only able to inhibit intimal hyperplasia, but also to inhibit the proliferation of myofibroblasts and limit its migration to the intima and media.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, the specific mechanism of the interaction between adiponectin and receptors still needs further study. The pharmacokinetics of perivascular delivery of adiponectin also need to be better defined in future studies. Researchers have also shown that thrombosis plays a key role in the early phase of vein graft failure. The vein is subjected to a period of ischemia-reperfusion injury-leading to a reduction in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expressing, damage to endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and the release of various prothrombotic mediators. Furthermore, the remodeling processes of the vein graft start within days after harvesting and grafting, leading to the formation of intimal hyperplasia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> We believe ADP can exert an impact in both the early and intermediate stages. Our study only brings information about the short-term effect. Further research is warranted in order to understand the specific mechanism in the short-term and to know how ADP influences the long-term outcome.</p>
        <p>After the endothelium is damaged, an early pathophysiological process of restenosis, the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are released, which lead to adhesion and infiltration of monocytes / macrophages that differentiate and engulf a large amount of ox-LDL, and then form foam cells. In our experiments, we detected the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 by immunohistochemistry and found that the values of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 in the adiponectin group were markedly lower than those in the vehicle-gel treatment group and the bypass-only group, which elucidated how the application of adiponectin can downregulate the expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 to promote dysfunction of endothelium.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The present study confirmed that the local perivascular delivery of adiponectin attenuates vein graft hyperplasia in a rat carotid bypass model. This effect appears to be mediated by both decreased cell proliferation and a downregulated expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 within the graft. Although the short-term effects of adiponectin seem promising, the long-term effects and clinical significance of adiponectin in CABG need to be studied in the future. We hope that these studies will eventually be translated into clinical application in the prevention of restenosis and bypass graft failure.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="financial-disclosure" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was partially funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant numbers NSFC 81470530 to J.G).</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of doctoral submitted by Yang Zhou, from Anhui Medical University.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
