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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">ydXrcMcWSHDpd9H5PDqvB7Q</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005017202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401170</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200475</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200475</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Seguran&#231;a do Agente de Contraste SF<sub>6</sub> (SonoVue<sup>&#9415;</sup>) no Ecocardiograma sob Estresse Farmacol&#243;gico</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3334-622X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Furtado</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9131-0439</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Daniela do Carmo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Melato</surname>
            <given-names>Luciano Henrique</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Ana Caroline Reinaldo de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Paula Meneses</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Baccelli</surname>
            <given-names>Priscila Elias</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Sara Camila de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Victor Emanuel</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rassi</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz</given-names>
            <suffix>Junior</suffix>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Colandy Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Rogerio Gomes Gomes Furtado &#8226; Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI) - Av. Portugal, 1155. CEP 74150030, Setor Marista, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>rogerio.sbcgo@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Furtado RG; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH, Oliveira A, Nunes PM, Baccelli P, Santos SCO, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH, Santos SCO, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Furtado RG, Rassi DC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Furtado RG, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1170</fpage>
      <lpage>1178</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> Em 2007, a Food and Drug Administration (FDA) determinou revis&#245;es sobre seguran&#231;a dos agentes de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico (ACE) dispon&#237;veis no mercado ap&#243;s relatos de mortes. Ao longo desses anos, diversos estudos comprovaram a seguran&#231;a dos ACE, por&#233;m com poucos estudos relacionados ao SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar a seguran&#231;a do SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico (EEF) por meio da an&#225;lise da incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas e da compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos quanto ao surgimento de arritmia, efeitos colaterais menores e eventos adversos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo observacional, prospectivo, no qual 2.346 pacientes foram submetidos ao EEF e divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1 com ACE (n=1.099) e grupo 2 sem ACE (n=1.247). Os pacientes foram avaliados durante o EEF &#8211; 24 horas e 30 dias. Foi definido p significativo quando &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O grupo 1 apresentou efeitos colaterais mais leves, como cefaleia (5/0,5% <italic>vs.</italic> 19/1,5%, p=0,012) e hipertens&#227;o reativa (3/0,3% <italic>vs</italic> . 19/1,5%, p=0,002), menos arritmias como extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (180/16,4% <italic>vs</italic> . 247/19,8%, p=0,032) e taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular (2/0,2% <italic>vs</italic> . 15/1,2%, p=0,003), assim como nenhum evento adverso como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e &#243;bito. No grupo 2, um paciente apresentou IAM &lt;24h (1/01%) e dois &#243;bitos &lt;30 dias (2/0,1%). Urtic&#225;ria relacionada ao SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> foi observada em 3 (0,3%) pacientes sem rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstrou seguran&#231;a durante o EEF, n&#227;o sendo observados morte, IAM ou rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica. Observou-se menor incid&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais mais leves e arritmias no grupo que utilizou o ACE, assim como baixa incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas leves.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ecocardiograma sob Estresse</kwd>
        <kwd>SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup></kwd>
        <kwd>Seguran&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="10"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="32"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A ecocardiografia &#233; reconhecida como um exame seguro, n&#227;o invasivo e altamente reprodut&#237;vel na an&#225;lise das estruturas anat&#244;micas e funcionais do cora&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, at&#233; 30% dos estudos s&#227;o tecnicamente dif&#237;ceis devido &#224; baixa qualidade de imagem,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> principalmente em pacientes obesos, com deformidades tor&#225;cicas e com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 1997, a Food and Drug Adminstration (FDA) aprovou o uso dos agentes de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico (ACE), com o objetivo de melhorar a acur&#225;cia diagn&#243;stica do m&#233;todo ap&#243;s revisar os dados quanto a sua seguran&#231;a.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Estudos de fase III demonstraram seguran&#231;a e, consequentemente, os ACE foram aprovados e liberados para delineamento das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Contudo, em outubro de 2007, a FDA interrompeu seu uso ap&#243;s 11 &#243;bitos, que foram temporalmente relacionados ao emprego dos ACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s revis&#227;o em 2008, a FDA liberou novamente o uso dos ACE, por&#233;m contraindicados em pacientes com desvios ( <italic>shunts</italic> ) intracard&#237;acos conhecidos ou com hipersensibilidade ao perflutreno.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A seguran&#231;a dos ACE foi documentada ao longo desses anos em diversos cen&#225;rios cl&#237;nicos, como em pacientes com hipertens&#227;o pulmonar, desvios <italic>(shunts</italic> ) intracard&#237;acos e pacientes cr&#237;ticos. Grandes estudos levaram a mudan&#231;as na FDA quanto &#224; libera&#231;&#227;o do uso dos ACE nesses cen&#225;rios descritos, al&#233;m de documentarem a import&#226;ncia do seu emprego na melhoria dos resultados dos pacientes. Ensaios cl&#237;nicos tamb&#233;m demonstraram seguran&#231;a e efic&#225;cia dos ACE na ecocardiografia sob estresse f&#237;sico e farmacol&#243;gico, bem como seu emprego na avalia&#231;&#227;o da perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico (EEF) &#233; uma modalidade estabelecida para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), tendo seguran&#231;a demonstrada em v&#225;rios estudos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A utiliza&#231;&#227;o do ACE no EEF teve seu uso consolidado ao longo dos anos &#8211; inicialmente, para delineamento das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas e, posteriormente, para o estudo de perfus&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> O uso dos ACE &#233; indicado quando dois ou mais segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) n&#227;o s&#227;o visibilizados de forma adequada.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em 2013, a Ag&#234;ncia Nacional de Vigil&#226;ncia Sanit&#225;ria (Anvisa) liberou o uso do SF<sub>6</sub>/hexafluoreto de enxofre (SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>) no Brasil. Apesar da sua seguran&#231;a j&#225; demonstrada previamente, existem na literatura poucos estudos relacionando seu emprego e o surgimento de eventos adversos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Descri&#231;&#227;o do estudo</title>
        <p>Estudo observacional, prospectivo, descritivo, aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa do Hospital de Urg&#234;ncias de Goi&#226;nia (HUGO/protocolo de n&#250;mero 31442100 pela Plataforma Brasil) em que foram avaliados atrav&#233;s do EEF pacientes encaminhados para estratifica&#231;&#227;o de risco de DAC. Os pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a assinatura do TCLE.</p>
        <p>No EEF dos pacientes em que n&#227;o se visibilizava adequadamente dois ou mais segmentos do VE, foi acrescida a infus&#227;o de SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> para melhor delineamento das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, sendo o grupo 1 constitu&#237;do de pacientes submetidos ao EEF com dobutamina-atropina com ACE SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> e o grupo 2, de pacientes submetidos ao EEF com dobutamina-atropina sem ACE.</p>
        <p>Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com hist&#243;ria de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica ao ACE. Informa&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas, antropom&#233;tricas, fatores de risco (FR) para DAC, dados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos, presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de arritmias, eventos adversos e rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas com menos de 30 minutos da realiza&#231;&#227;o do exame foram coletados.</p>
        <p>Os pacientes do grupo 1 foram avaliados clinicamente quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica nos primeiros 30 minutos ap&#243;s o exame de forma presencial. Ap&#243;s 24 horas, os pacientes foram avaliados de forma presencial ou atrav&#233;s de liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas.</p>
        <p>Para avalia&#231;&#227;o de eventos adversos, como infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) e morte (24h e 30 dias), os pesquisadores fizeram liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas para todos os pacientes, em ambos os grupos. Foram exclu&#237;dos da pesquisa os pacientes que n&#227;o atenderam &#224;s liga&#231;&#245;es telef&#244;nicas (3 liga&#231;&#245;es em dias distintos) ou que n&#227;o retornaram ao consult&#243;rio dos cardiologistas e ao Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>O EEF foi realizado em aparelhos de ecocardiografia EPIQ (Philips Ultrasound Systems<sup>&#174;</sup>, Andover, MA, EUA). Os exames foram realizados por ecocardiografistas com o mesmo treinamento, de forma padronizada e uniforme, de acordo com as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> (ASE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os pacientes foram submetidos, inicialmente, ao ecocardiograma basal, com aquisi&#231;&#227;o das medidas lineares das estruturas card&#237;acas e dos fluxos valvares. Para a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (FEVE), foram utilizados os m&#233;todos de Teichholz ou de Simpson, dependendo da extens&#227;o da altera&#231;&#227;o da contra&#231;&#227;o segmentar. Em alguns casos, n&#227;o se mediu o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico final quando utilizado o m&#233;todo de Simpson para o c&#225;lculo da FEVE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s aquisi&#231;&#227;o das imagens no est&#225;gio basal (planos paraesternal longitudinal, transversal, apical quatro, tr&#234;s e duas c&#226;maras), foi iniciada a infus&#227;o endovenosa de dobutamina, com dose inicial de 5&#956;g/kg/min, com incrementos de doses a cada 3min para 10, 20, 30 e 40&#956;g/kg/min. Foi administrada atropina em doses de 0,25mg, a cada 1min, at&#233; a dose m&#225;xima acumulativa de 2mg, caso o paciente n&#227;o apresentasse sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia mioc&#225;rdica e n&#227;o tivesse atingido a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de, no m&#237;nimo, 100bpm no est&#225;gio de 20&#956;g/kg/ min.</p>
        <p>Para a aquisi&#231;&#227;o de imagens espec&#237;ficas com o ACE, foram empregadas as t&#233;cnicas de modula&#231;&#227;o da amplitude de pulso e a invers&#227;o do pulso do ultrassom (fundamental e harm&#244;nica), com baixo &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico (&lt;0,20) associado ou n&#227;o com um breve pulso de ultrasom com alto &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico ( <italic>flash</italic> ) para uniformizar a opacifica&#231;&#227;o das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Foi padronizado um tempo de 30min de monitoramento ap&#243;s o t&#233;rmino da infus&#227;o para avaliar: os efeitos adversos, presen&#231;a de sinais e sintomas de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica (grupo 1) e retorno da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) ao valor inferior a 100 batimentos por minuto.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Durante o EEF, os pacientes foram mantidos sob monitoramento cont&#237;nuo (medidas de press&#227;o arterial, FC e eletrocardiograma em 12 deriva&#231;&#245;es). A sintomatologia dos pacientes foi registrada de acordo com o questionamento direto ao paciente, em qualquer momento do estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O EEF foi considerado eficaz quando o estudo alcan&#231;ou um dos objetivos: m&#237;nimo de 85% da FC m&#225;xima predita para a idade, calculada com a equa&#231;&#227;o de Karvonen (FC m&#225;xima: 220 &#8211; Idade)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> ou presen&#231;a de sinais ecocardiogr&#225;ficos de isquemia (novas altera&#231;&#245;es na mobilidade segmentar do VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de interrup&#231;&#227;o do teste considerados n&#227;o diagn&#243;sticos foram: sintomas intoler&#225;veis, hipertens&#227;o arterial reativa (press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt;230 mmHg ou press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica &gt;120 mmHg), hipotens&#227;o relativa ou absoluta (queda da press&#227;o sist&#243;lica &gt;30 mmHg de repouso ou press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &lt;80 mmHg), arritmias supraventriculares (taquicardia supraventricular sustentada e fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial) e arritmias ventriculares (taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada e sustentada).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios de seguran&#231;a do exame foram estabelecidos como aqueles que potencialmente causam risco de vida, definidos na metan&#225;lise publicada por Geleijnse et a. cols. como ruptura card&#237;aca, IAM, acidente vascular cerebral (AVC), assistolia, fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular (FV) e taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Foram definidos como efeitos colaterais menores angina, n&#225;useas, cefaleia, hipertens&#227;o arterial reativa e hipotens&#227;o arterial (queda da PAS &gt;30mmHg em rela&#231;&#227;o a PAS de repouso e que necessita de reposi&#231;&#227;o de cristaloide). Esses eventos n&#227;o oferecem risco de vida, t&#234;m curta dura&#231;&#227;o e s&#227;o revertidos com a interrup&#231;&#227;o do exame, conforme definido pelo estudo de seguran&#231;a de Wilson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Quanto &#224;s arritmias card&#237;acas registradas durante o exame, definiu-se: taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular (TPSV), presen&#231;a de complexos QRS estreitos (&lt;120ms), na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o, regulares e semelhantes entre si; fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial (FA), aus&#234;ncia de onda P associada com ritmo irregular, complexos QRS estreitos, na aus&#234;ncia de dist&#250;rbio de condu&#231;&#227;o; extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares (EV), presen&#231;a de complexos ventriculares prematuros e com frequ&#234;ncia maior que 6 complexos por minuto; bigeminismo ventricular, presen&#231;a de extrass&#237;stoles ventriculares alternadas com complexos QRS normais; taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada (TVNS), presen&#231;a de mais que tr&#234;s batimentos ventriculares complexos prematuros, com dura&#231;&#227;o menor que 30 segundos e com frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca maior que 100 batimentos por minuto (bpm); e taquicardia ventricular sustentada (TVS), presen&#231;a de mais de tr&#234;s batimentos ventriculares complexos prematuros, com dura&#231;&#227;o maior que 30 segundos e FC maior que 100bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>O VE foi dividido em 17 segmentos mioc&#225;rdicos, segundo as recomenda&#231;&#245;es da ASE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise qualitativa da mobilidade segmentar mioc&#225;rdica foi baseada na avalia&#231;&#227;o visual do espessamento mioc&#225;rdico e no grau de mobilidade da parede graduada em um &#237;ndice de mobilidade segmentar, dando a cada um dos segmentos a seguinte pontua&#231;&#227;o: 1 normal; 2 hipocinesia; 3 acinesia; e 4 discinesia. O valor normal desse &#237;ndice &#233; 1 (17 pontos/17 segmentos). Qualquer valor maior que 1 foi considerado &#237;ndice de mobilidade segmentar alterado. Considerou-se exame positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica a presen&#231;a n&#237;tida de altera&#231;&#227;o de mobilidade mioc&#225;rdica segmentar em um ou mais segmentos do VE, durante o EEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nos pacientes do grupo 1, o ACE foi injetado em <italic>bolus</italic> , na dose de 0,5 a 1 mL em repouso, durante o protocolo e na fase de recupera&#231;&#227;o. A quantidade do ACE feita, durante o EEF, ficou a crit&#233;rio do m&#233;dico ecocardiografista e teve como objetivo a completa opacifica&#231;&#227;o das bordas endoc&#225;rdicas durante o exame.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Uma ampola de SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> foi utilizada em, no m&#225;ximo, dois pacientes (propor&#231;&#227;o de 1:2), sempre respeitando as normas de esterilidade e no tempo entre exames, com intervalo inferior a 6h.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>As re&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas ao SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> foram classificadas em:</p>
        <list list-type="bullet">
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grau leve:</bold> espirros, formigamento, urtic&#225;ria, prurido e dor costolombar, sem necessidade de tratamento medicamentoso</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grau moderado:</bold> espirros, formigamento, urtic&#225;ria e prurido, com necessidade do uso de anti-histam&#237;nico e/ou corticosteroide</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p><bold>Grau acentuado:</bold> sinais e sintomas de rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica grave (choque anafil&#225;tico), necessitando de tratamento imediato com epinefrina intramuscular, inala&#231;&#227;o de agonistas &#946;-2 adren&#233;rgicos para broncospasmos, anti-histam&#237;nico e corticosteroide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os resultados foram apresentados em forma de tabelas e gr&#225;ficos. As vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram apresentadas em frequ&#234;ncia e percentual. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram apresentadas em mediana e intervalo interquartil. Na compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos para as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas, foram utilizados os testes Fisher e o qui-quadrado. Foi empregado o teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov para verificar a exist&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o de diferen&#231;a significativa das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas que n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal entre os grupos estudados. Este teste foi utilizado por se tratar de uma compara&#231;&#227;o entre os dois grupos, na qual as vari&#225;veis testadas n&#227;o apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, sendo, nesta situa&#231;&#227;o, o teste mais sens&#237;vel a qualquer diferen&#231;a nas distribui&#231;&#245;es das quais se extra&#237;ram as amostras. Para todos os testes, foi usado n&#237;vel de 95% do intervalo de confian&#231;a, sendo considerado o valor de p significativo menor que 0,05. Os dados foram analisados no programa estat&#237;stico Statistical Package for the Social Sciences 2.1 (SPSS).</p>
        <p>Para o o c&#225;lculo amostral, foi utilizado como refer&#234;ncia o estudo de seguran&#231;a de Abdelmoneim e cols., em que foram avaliados 26.774 pacientes. Nesse estudo, ocorreram 94 &#243;bitos em 30 dias; sendo assim, o c&#225;lculo amostral de propor&#231;&#227;o (amostras infinitas) foi estimado em 0,035109 (94/26.774), com erro de 0,25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, o c&#225;lculo amostral foi de 2.150 pacientes.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Foram avaliados 2.346 pacientes, sendo 1.099 do grupo 1 e 1.247 do grupo 2. Perderam seguimento cl&#237;nico 37 pacientes do grupo 1 (3%) e 73 do grupo 2 (5%). Portanto, a amostra final estudada foi de 1.062 (grupo 1) e 1.174 (grupo 2).</p>
      <p>Os pacientes do grupo 1 eram predominantemente do g&#234;nero masculino e apresentavam &#237;ndices de superf&#237;cie corporal (ISC) e de massa corporal (IMC) maiores, conforme mostra a <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas gerais da amostra dos pacientes dos grupos 1 e 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>Com contraste (n=1.099) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th>Sem contraste (n=1.247) Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Idade</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 (56,0-74,0)</td>
                <td align="center">65,0 (57,0-73,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,460</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Peso</td>
                <td align="center">84,0 (72,0-98,0)</td>
                <td align="center">74,0 (64,0-85,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Altura</td>
                <td align="center">167,0 (160,0-174,0)</td>
                <td align="center">164,0 (157,0-174,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ISC</td>
                <td align="center">1,90 (1,75-2,08)</td>
                <td align="center">1,80 (1,65-1,95)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IMC</td>
                <td align="center">30,0 (26,0-35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">27,4 (24,4-31,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sexo masculino<sup>1</sup></td>
                <td align="center">613 (55,8%)</td>
                <td align="center">511 (41,0%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>
                <italic>Testes de qui-quadrado e de Kolmogorov-Sminorv; * Significativo; Q1-Q3: intervalo interquartil das medianas; ISC: &#237;ndice de superf&#237;cie corporal; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Um dado importante em nosso estudo &#233; que o emprego do ACE permitiu a visibiliza&#231;&#227;o adequada de todos os segmentos do VE nos pacientes estudados, contribuindo para a melhora da qualidade do exame.</p>
      <p>Observa-se tamb&#233;m que o grupo 1 tinha maior n&#250;mero de pacientes hipertensos, obesos, sedent&#225;rios e com maior frequ&#234;ncia de angioplastia pr&#233;via. No grupo 2, havia mais pacientes ex-tabagistas e com hist&#243;ria familiar para DAC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> demonstra a distribui&#231;&#227;o da terap&#234;utica antianginosa entre os grupos.</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes quanto aos fatores de risco para DAC e terap&#234;utica antianginosa nos grupos 1 e 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Grupo 1 (n=1.099)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">Grupo 2 (n=1.247)</th>
                <th rowspan="3">p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Fatores de risco para DAC</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>HAS</td>
                <td align="center">764 (69,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">812 (65,12%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,025*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DM</td>
                <td align="center">266 (24,20%)</td>
                <td align="center">276 (22,13%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,220</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM pr&#233;vio</td>
                <td align="center">93 (8,46%)</td>
                <td align="center">96 (7,70%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,495</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">65 (5,91%)</td>
                <td align="center">73 (5,85%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,507</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Ex-tabagismo</td>
                <td align="center">38 (3,46%)</td>
                <td align="center">342 (27,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DLP</td>
                <td align="center">425 (38,67%)</td>
                <td align="center">524 (42,02%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,109</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>CVRM</td>
                <td align="center">30 (2,73%)</td>
                <td align="center">23 (1,84%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,164</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ACTP</td>
                <td align="center">221 (20,11%)</td>
                <td align="center">153 (12,27%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>H. FamDAC</td>
                <td align="center">153 (13,92%)</td>
                <td align="center">309 (24,78%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Obesidade</td>
                <td align="center">556 (50,59%)</td>
                <td align="center">391 (31,36%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sedentarismo</td>
                <td align="center">783 (71,25%)</td>
                <td align="center">790 (63,35%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>D. Chagas</td>
                <td align="center">8 (0,73%)</td>
                <td align="center">39 (3,13%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Terap&#234;utica antianginosa</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Betabloqueadores</td>
                <td align="center">151 (13,74%)</td>
                <td align="center">325 (26,06%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Nitratos</td>
                <td align="center">0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td align="center">19 (1,52%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Estatinas</td>
                <td align="center">214 (19,47%)</td>
                <td align="center">342 (27,43%)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Antiagregantes</td>
                <td align="center">198 (18,02%)</td>
                <td align="center">255 (20,45%)</td>
                <td align="center">0,136</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste de Fisher; * Significativo HAS: hipertens&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica; DM: diabetes melito; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio; DLP: dislipidemias; CRVM: cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica; ACTP: angioplastia pr&#233;via; H. FamDAC: hist&#243;ria familiar para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana; D. Chagas: doen&#231;a de Chagas.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto aos par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ), foi observado que o grupo 1 apresentava valores de mediana discretamente maiores quando comparado ao grupo 2 para as seguintes vari&#225;veis: raiz da aorta (RaAo), &#225;trio esquerdo (AE), volume do AE, dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (DDFVE), septo interventricular (SIV) e parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (PPVE).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos hemodin&#226;micos, geom&#233;tricos e funcionais dos grupos 1 e 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3">Caracteristicas basais ecogr&#225;ficas e hemodin&#226;micas</th>
                <th>Com contraste (n=1099)</th>
                <th>Sem contraste (n=1.247)</th>
                <th>p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                  <hr/>
                </th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th>Mediana (Q1-Q3)</th>
                <th> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>RaAO</td>
                <td align="center">32,0 (29,0-35,0)</td>
                <td align="center">31,0 (28,0-34,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>AE</td>
                <td align="center">37,0 (34,0-40,0)</td>
                <td align="center">35,0 (31,0-38,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Vol. AE</td>
                <td align="center">28,0 (23,0-30,0)</td>
                <td align="center">21,0 (18,0-27,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DDFVE</td>
                <td align="center">47,0 (44,0-51,0)</td>
                <td align="center">46,0 (43,0-50,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>DSFVE</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (27,0-32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">29,0 (26,0-32,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,053</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FEVE</td>
                <td align="center">66,0 (61,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">65,5 (60,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>SIV</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (8,0-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PPVE</td>
                <td align="center">9,0 (8,0-10,0)</td>
                <td align="center">8,0 (7,0-9,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMSR</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (1,0-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (1,0-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,440</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IEMSE</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (1,0-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">1,0 (1,0-1,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,625</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAS</td>
                <td align="center">130,0 (120,0-140,0)</td>
                <td align="center">130,0 (120,0-130,0)</td>
                <td align="center">0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>PAD</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (80,0-80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">80,0 (80,0-80,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FC</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (63,0-78,0)</td>
                <td align="center">70,0 (64,0-70,0)</td>
                <td align="center">&lt;0,001*</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN3">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste de Kolmogorov-Sminorv; *Significativo; Q1-Q3: intervalo interquartil das medianas; AE: &#225;trio esquerdo; Vol. AE: volume do &#225;trio esquerdo; DDFVE: dimens&#227;o diast&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; DSFVE: dimens&#227;o sist&#243;lica final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; FEVE: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IEMSR: &#237;ndice de escore de mobilidade segmentar em repouso; IEMSE: &#237;ndice de escore de mobilidade segmentar no estresse; PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Quanto &#224; an&#225;lise das arritmias apresentadas durante o exame, o grupo 2 apresentou maior incid&#234;ncia de EV isoladas e TPSV. Da mesma forma, nesse grupo, houve maior incid&#234;ncia de cefaleia e HA reativa durante o exame ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t4">
          <label>Tabela 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Incid&#234;ncia de arritmias, efeitos colaterais menores e eventos adversos induzidos durante o EEF nos grupos 1 e 2</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Vari&#225;veis</th>
                <th align="left">Grupo 1 (n=1.099)</th>
                <th align="left">Grupo 2 (n=1.247)</th>
                <th align="left">p</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td colspan="4">
                  <bold>Arritmias induzidas durante o estresse farmacol&#243;gico</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>EV</td>
                <td>180 (16,4%)</td>
                <td>247 (19,8%)</td>
                <td>0,032*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>ESV</td>
                <td>74 (6,7%)</td>
                <td>66 (5,3%)</td>
                <td>0,162</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TVNS</td>
                <td>6 (0,5%)</td>
                <td>10 (0,8%)</td>
                <td>0,617</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TVS</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FV</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>TPSV</td>
                <td>2 (0,2%)</td>
                <td>15 (1,2%)</td>
                <td>0,003*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>FA</td>
                <td>2 (0,2%)</td>
                <td>2 (0,2%)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Bradicardia</td>
                <td>1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>0,469</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>Efeitos colaterais menores</bold>
                </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angina</td>
                <td>20 (1,8%)</td>
                <td>14 (1,1%)</td>
                <td>0,170</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Cefaleia</td>
                <td>5 (0,5%)</td>
                <td>19 (1,5%)</td>
                <td>0,012*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>N&#225;useas</td>
                <td>4 (0,4%)</td>
                <td>8 (0,6%)</td>
                <td>0,397</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>HA reativa</td>
                <td>3 (0,3%)</td>
                <td>19 (1,5%)</td>
                <td>0,002*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Hipotens&#227;o arterial</td>
                <td>1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td>2 (0,2%)</td>
                <td>1,000</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Efeitos adversos</td>
                <td>(n=1.062)</td>
                <td>(n=1.174)</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito com menos de 24h</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>&#211;bito com menos de 30 dias</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>2 (0,17%)</td>
                <td>0,276*</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM com menos de 24h</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>1 (0,1%)</td>
                <td>0,525</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>IAM com menos de 30 dias</td>
                <td>0 (0,0%)</td>
                <td>0 (0,00%)</td>
                <td>-</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN4">
              <p>
                <italic>Teste de Fisher; *Significativo; EEF: ecocardiograma de estresse farmacol&#243;gico; EV: extrass&#237;stole ventricular; ESV: extrass&#237;stole supraventricular; TVNS: taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada; TVS: taquicardia ventricular sustentada; FV: fibrila&#231;&#227;o ventricular; TPSV: taquicardia parox&#237;stica supraventricular; FA: fibrila&#231;&#227;o atrial; HA: hipertens&#227;o arterial; IAM: infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>Foram observados eventos adversos como IAM e morte somente no grupo 2. Um paciente apresentou IAM com menos de 24h p&#243;s-exame. Houve dois &#243;bitos com menos de 30 dias. O primeiro caso foi uma paciente de 80 anos de idade, com resultado positivo para isquemia mioc&#225;rdica no EEF (multiarterial), evoluindo com IAM com menos de 24h p&#243;s-exame, necessitando de interna&#231;&#227;o em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI) e com falecimento no s&#233;timo dia p&#243;s-exame. O segundo caso foi um &#243;bito no 17&#186; dia p&#243;s-EEF por causa n&#227;o cardiovascular. As rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas encontradas no grupo 1 foram prurido e urtic&#225;ria. Todas elas em mulheres e de forma simult&#226;nea. A incid&#234;ncia total de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas foi baixa (0,6%). Observou-se urtic&#225;ria em tr&#234;s (0,3%) dos pacientes, sendo dois casos de apresenta&#231;&#227;o precoce (menos de 30min e com doses de 4,8mL) e um caso com apresenta&#231;&#227;o tardia (ap&#243;s 24h com doses de 2,5mL do ACE), conforme demonstrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> e na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Tabela 5</xref> .</p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Exemplo de uma paciente com rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica/urtic&#225;ria com uso de SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> e com melhora cl&#237;nica ap&#243;s o uso do anti-histam&#237;nico oral.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1170-00475-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Paciente com janelas ac&#250;sticas limitadas com melhora da imagem ap&#243;s o uso do agente de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1170-00475-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Tabela 5</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Distribui&#231;&#227;o das rea&#231;&#245;es adversas ao ACE (SonoVue&#174;) no grupo I durante o EEF</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup width="33%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Grupo I (n=1.089) Vari&#225;vel</th>
                <th>N</th>
                <th>%</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>Rea&#231;&#227;o al&#233;rgica</td>
                <td align="center">3</td>
                <td align="center">0,3</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>30min ap&#243;s infus&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prurido (n=1.086)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espirros (n=1.083)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urtic&#225;rias (n=1.083)</td>
                <td align="center">2</td>
                <td align="center">0,2</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sibilos (n=1.083)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rea&#231;&#245;es anafil&#225;ticas (n=1.083)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioedema (n=1.085)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque anafil&#225;tico (n=1.085)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>
                  <bold>24h ap&#243;s infus&#227;o</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
                <td align="center"> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Prurido (n=1.081)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Espirros (n=1.081)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Urtic&#225;rias (n=1.082)</td>
                <td align="center">1</td>
                <td align="center">0,1</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Sibilos (n=1.082)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Rea&#231;&#245;es anafil&#225;ticas (n=1.082)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Angioedema (n=1.082)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Choque anafil&#225;tico (n=1.082)</td>
                <td align="center">0</td>
                <td align="center">0,0</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p>
                <italic>N: N&#250;mero de pacientes; h: horas; min: minutos; EEF: ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</italic>
              </p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>As doses de ACE administradas durante o EEF variaram de 1,5mL a 4,8mL. A dose de 1,5mL foi administrada em cinco pacientes (0,5%), 2,5mL em 913 (83,1%) e 4,8mL em 79 (7,2%).</p>
      <p>Houve repeti&#231;&#227;o do EEF com ACE com menos de 1 ano em 90 pacientes (8,5%). Dentre eles, uma paciente apresentou urtic&#225;ria com menos de 30min da infus&#227;o, com dose administrada de 4,8mL.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta coorte apresentou um n&#250;mero total de 2.346 pacientes, com predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero masculino no grupo que recebeu ACE e com m&#233;dia de idade semelhante entre os grupos. Esses tr&#234;s dados est&#227;o de acordo com o estudo de seguran&#231;a de Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Nossa casu&#237;stica foi menor quando comparada aos outros estudos de seguran&#231;a com outros ACE j&#225; existentes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Dentre esses estudos, nossos dados foram semelhantes ao estudo de Abdelmoneim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> em que o grupo que recebeu ACE apresentou predom&#237;nio do g&#234;nero masculino e com IMC &gt;30 kg/m<sup>2</sup>Os dois grupos apresentaram semelhan&#231;a quanto aos FR para DAC, mas o grupo 2 tinha maior n&#250;mero de pacientes em uso cont&#237;nuo de betabloqueadores (17,8 <italic>vs</italic> . 27,7 com p&lt;0,001). Os pacientes do grupo 2 apresentaram maior incid&#234;ncia de cefaleia e HA reativa durante o EEF em compara&#231;&#227;o aos pacientes do grupo 1. O uso cont&#237;nuo do betabloqueador, sem suspens&#227;o pr&#233;via, poderia justificar uma maior incid&#234;ncia desses efeitos colaterais citados durante o EEF com dobutamina, devido a um maior est&#237;mulo adren&#233;rgico dos receptores alfa e bloqueio direto dos barorreceptores vasovagais, levando, consequentemente, a uma maior frequ&#234;ncia de HA reativa e cefaleia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, houve maior incid&#234;ncia de EV e TPSV no grupo 2, no qual n&#227;o foi empregado o ACE. Esse dado corrobora com a seguran&#231;a do ACE na popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. O surgimento de arritmias durante o EEF est&#225; relacionado com a presen&#231;a de disfun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, idade avan&#231;ada, hist&#243;ria pr&#233;via de arritmia e altera&#231;&#245;es da mobilidade segmentar em repouso.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Esses fatores de risco s&#227;o semelhantes nos dois grupos estudados, portanto, n&#227;o podemos atribuir esses motivos como respons&#225;veis por essa diferen&#231;a em nosso estudo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Outra explica&#231;&#227;o poderia ser o emprego de uma maior dose de dobutamina durante o exame, visto que o grupo 2 apresentava maior n&#250;mero de pacientes em uso cont&#237;nuo de betabloqueador.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Contudo, n&#227;o podemos confirmar essa hip&#243;tese, pois, infelizmente, n&#227;o comparamos a dose de dobutamina empregada entre os grupos. Os dados do nosso estudo diferem dos encontrados por Saikh et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> que demonstraram maior incid&#234;ncia de arritmias como EV, FA e TVNS no grupo que recebeu ACE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Em contrapartida, Abdelmoneim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observaram que houve semelhan&#231;a na ocorr&#234;ncia de arritmias entre as coortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Tsutsui et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> n&#227;o observaram diferen&#231;a entre os seus dois grupos estudados quanto &#224; incid&#234;ncia de TVNS, TVS ou TPSV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Quanto aos desfechos de IAM e morte, nossos dados assemelham-se ao estudo conduzido por Gabriel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> no qual os pacientes do grupo que recebeu ACE n&#227;o apresentaram desfecho de mortes (0/0,0% <italic>vs</italic> . 2/0,04%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Shaikh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> avaliaram, retrospectivamente, duas coortes e n&#227;o observaram mortes entre os grupos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Vancraeynest et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> descreveram em seu estudo um caso de IAM no grupo que recebeu ACE, sendo improv&#225;vel a rela&#231;&#227;o causal nesse caso. Esse estudo avaliou pacientes encaminhados para angiografia coronariana diagn&#243;stica ap&#243;s realizarem ecocardiografia com ACE (albumina com dextrose aprimorada com perfluorcarboneto), com emprego de alto &#237;ndice mec&#226;nico (1,5), utilizando o mesmo plano de imagem por 15min e com libera&#231;&#227;o subcl&#237;nica de biomarcadores card&#237;acos. Foi observado que as imagens com baixos &#237;ndices mec&#226;nicos (0,2) foram mais seguras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na metan&#225;lise conduzida por Khawaja et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> envolvendo 211.162 pacientes, a mortalidade no grupo com ACE <italic>versus</italic> sem ACE foi 0,34% <italic>versus</italic> 0,9% com p=0,052, e a de IAM foi 0,15% <italic>versus</italic> 0,2% com p=0,72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Tais achados s&#227;o semelhantes aos encontrados nos estudos de Dolan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Abdelmoneim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> e Kunestzky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Nosso estudo apresentou incid&#234;ncia menor de IAM e morte quando comparado &#224; metan&#225;lise citada anteriormente. Uma das raz&#245;es para isso poderia ser o fato da nossa amostra ser constitu&#237;da de pacientes ambulatoriais, est&#225;veis, sem s&#237;ndromes isqu&#234;micas agudas ou qualquer situa&#231;&#227;o cr&#237;tica.</p>
      <p>Alguns estudos, como de Tsutsui et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> utilizando ACE como Optison<sup>&#174;</sup> e Definity<sup>&#174;</sup> e Aggeli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> utilizando SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>, n&#227;o apresentaram eventos como IAM ou morte durante o EEF.</p>
      <p>Diferentemente da nossa amostra ambulatorial, Anantharam et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> demonstraram seguran&#231;a dos ACE em pacientes submetidos &#224; EEF com suspeita de s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda (SCA) est&#225;vel. Durante um per&#237;odo de 4 anos, 3.704 pacientes foram submetidos &#224; EEF ou ao ecocardiograma sob estresse com exerc&#237;cios (EEE), sendo 929 (25%) pacientes com suspeita de SCA. Os agentes de contraste utilizados foram SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> (46%) e Luminity<sup>&#174;</sup> (54%) e n&#227;o houve desfecho de morte, com ou sem ACE. Nesse mesmo estudo, n&#227;o houve desfecho de IAM em pacientes que receberam ACE; em contrapartida, tr&#234;s pacientes no grupo sem contraste apresentaram IAM (p=0,24). Nosso estudo apresentou baixa incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas. Esse dado &#233; semelhante ao encontrado por Aggeli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Nesse estudo, 23 (0,44%) pacientes, de um total de 5.250 que receberam SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>, apresentaram prurido e urtic&#225;ria. Houve remiss&#227;o do quadro com o uso de anti-histam&#237;nicos e sem necessidade de interna&#231;&#227;o hospitalar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Wei et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> avaliaram, retrospectivamente, 78.383 pacientes e observaram que 0,01% da amostra apresentou eventos adversos graves, como provavelmente relacionados ao Definity<sup>&#174;</sup>, dentro dos primeiros 30min ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o, distribu&#237;dos igualmente entre homens e mulheres. Houve dois casos com rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas do tipo urtic&#225;ria e edema labial, mas sem anormalidades respirat&#243;rias, e que regrediram com o uso de anti-histam&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Na metan&#225;lise de Khawaja et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> nos 110.500 pacientes avaliados, a incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas e anafil&#225;ticas graves imediatamente ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do ACE foi de 0,009% e 0,004% respectivamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Em outro estudo conduzido por Herzog et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> a incid&#234;ncia de prurido e urtic&#225;ria foi de 2 (0,01%), e de rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica 1 (0,01%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> No estudo de Shaikh et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica foi observada em um paciente (0,03%) ap&#243;s a administra&#231;&#227;o do Definity<sup>&#174;</sup>, sem exposi&#231;&#227;o pr&#233;via ao contraste.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Essas rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas muito raras e graves s&#227;o secund&#225;rias a uma rea&#231;&#227;o de hipersensibilidade do tipo 1, conhecida como pseudoalergia relacionada &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o do complemento ou rea&#231;&#245;es de CARPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com Muskula et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> a incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas com o emprego dos ACE ocorre em torno de 0,01%, e essas rea&#231;&#245;es podem ser evitadas com a utiliza&#231;&#227;o de doses menores e com infus&#227;o lenta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, 83,1% dos pacientes receberam 2,5mL, e 7,2% receberam 4,8mL de SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>. Dentro da nossa casu&#237;stica, 8,5% dos pacientes refizeram o EEF com SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>, em menos de 1 ano, e somente uma paciente apresentou urtic&#225;ria com menos de 30min, sendo, assim, dif&#237;cil determinar a rela&#231;&#227;o de dose-resposta.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <list list-type="order">
          <list-item>
            <p>Estudo unic&#234;ntrico, prospectivo, com pacientes ambulatoriais em que n&#227;o foi inclu&#237;do pacientes cr&#237;ticos ou em vig&#234;ncia de SCA.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>Amostra com n&#250;mero de pacientes no limite inferior para an&#225;lise de seguran&#231;a do ACE.</p>
          </list-item>
          <list-item>
            <p>N&#227;o houve compara&#231;&#227;o com outros agentes de contraste ecocardiogr&#225;fico.</p>
          </list-item>
        </list>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup> demonstrou seguran&#231;a durante o EEF. N&#227;o ocorreram morte, IAM e rea&#231;&#227;o anafil&#225;tica durante o exame ou at&#233; 24h ap&#243;s a sua realiza&#231;&#227;o. Observou-se menor incid&#234;ncia de efeitos colaterais menores e arritmias no grupo que realizou EEF com ACE (SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>) em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle, assim como uma baixa incid&#234;ncia de rea&#231;&#245;es al&#233;rgicas leves.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
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        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
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          <subject>Original Article</subject>
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          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nunes</surname>
            <given-names>Colandy Godoy</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI), Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Goi&#225;s, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Santa Casa de Miseric&#243;rdia de Goi&#226;nia, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Rogerio Gomes Gomes Furtado &#8226; Centro de Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem (CDI) - Av. Portugal, 1155. Postal Code 74150030, Setor Marista, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil E-mail: rogerio.sbcgo@gmail.com</corresp>
        <fn id="fn1001">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Furtado RG; Acquisition of data: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH, Oliveira A, Nunes PM, Baccelli P, Santos SCO, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH, Santos SCO, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; Statistical analysis: Furtado RG, Rassi DC; Obtaining financing: Furtado RG, Santos VE, Rassi Junior L, Nunes CG; Writing of the manuscript: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Furtado RG, Rassi DC, Melato LH.</p>
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>In 2007, the United States Food and Drug Administration mandated safety reviews of commercially available echocardiographic contrast agents (ECA), following reports of death. During the past years, different studies have proven the safety of ECA, but there have been few studies on SonoVue&#174;.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To evaluate the safety of SonoVue&#174; during pharmacological stress echocardiography (PSE), by analyzing the incidence of allergic reactions and comparing groups regarding the appearance of arrhythmia, minor side effects and adverse events.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>In this observational, prospective study, 2346 patients underwent PSE, and they were divided into the following 2 groups: group 1 with ECA (n = 1099) and group 2 without ECA (n = 1247). Patients were evaluated during PSE, at 24 hours, and at 30 days. Statistical significance was defined as p &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Group 1 had fewer minor side effects, such as headache (5/0.5% versus 19/1.5%, p = 0.012) and less reactive hypertension (3/0.3% versus 19/1.5%, p = 0.002); fewer arrhythmias, such as ventricular extrasystoles (180/16.4% versus 247/19.8%, p = 0.032) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (2/0.2% versus 15/1.2%, p = 0.003); and no adverse events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) or death. In group 2, 1 patient had AMI in &lt; 24 hours (1/01%), and there were 2 deaths in &lt; 30 days (2/0.1%). SonoVue&#174;-related urticaria was seen in 3 (0.3%) patients, without anaphylactic reaction.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>SonoVue&#174; demonstrated safety during PSE. No cases of death, AMI, or anaphylactic reaction were observed. There was a lower incidence of minor side effects and arrhythmias in the group that received ECA, as well as a low incidence of mild allergic reactions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Stress Echocardiogram</kwd>
        <kwd>Echocardiographic Contrast Agent</kwd>
        <kwd>Sonovue<sup>&#174;</sup></kwd>
        <kwd>Safety</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Echocardiography is recognized as a safe, non-invasive, and highly reproducible procedure for analyzing the anatomical and functional structures of the heart. However, up to 30% of exams face technical difficulties due to poor image quality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> especially in patients who are obese, patients with thoracic deformities, and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 1997, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the use of echocardiographic contrast agents (ECA), with the aim of improving diagnostic accuracy of echocardiography, after reviewed data regarding the safety of ECA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Phase III trials demonstrated their safety, and, consequently, ECA were approved and released for endocardial border delineation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, in October 2007, the FDA discontinued the use of ECA after 11 deaths that were temporally related to their use.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Following review in 2008, the FDA once again approved the use of ECA, albeit with contraindications for patients with known intracardiac shunts or hypersensitivity to perflutren.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The safety of ECA has been documented over the past years in diverse clinical scenarios, such as in patients with pulmonary hypertension, intracardiac shunts, and critical patients. Large studies have led to changes in FDA approval regarding the use of ECA in the described scenarios; moreover, the importance of their use in improving patient outcomes has been documented. Clinical trials have also demonstrated the safety and efficacy of ECA in physical and pharmacological stress echocardiography, as well as their use for evaluation of myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Pharmacological stress echocardiography (PSE) is an established modality for diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD), whose safety has been demonstrated in several studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> The use of ECA on PSE has been consolidated over the years, initially, for endocardial border delineation and, subsequently, for evaluation of myocardial perfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> The use of ECA is indicated when 2 or more segments of the left ventricle (LV) are not adequately visualized.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In 2013, the Brazilian National Health Surveillance Agency (ANVISA, acronym in Portuguese) approved the use of SF<sub>6</sub>/sulfur hexafluoride (SonoVue&#174;) in Brazil. While its safety has been previously demonstrated, there are few studies in the literature that report its use and the occurrence of adverse events.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study design</title>
          <p>This observational, prospective, descriptive study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Emergency Hospital of Goi&#226;nia (HUGO/protocol number 31442100 on Plataforma Brasil). Patients referred for risk stratification for CAD were evaluated by means of PSE. Patients were included after signing the informed consent form.</p>
          <p>During PSE, when 2 or more LV segments were not adequately visualized, SonoVue&#174; infusion was added for better delineation of the endocardial borders.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 comprised patients who underwent PSE with dobutamine-atropine and SonoVue&#174; ECA, and group 2 comprised patients who underwent PSE with dobutamine-atropine, without any ECA.</p>
          <p>Patients with history of allergic reaction to ECA were excluded from this study. Clinical and anthropometric data, risk factors for CAD, echocardiographic data, presence or absence of arrhythmias, adverse events, and allergic reactions within 30 minutes of the exam were obtained.</p>
          <p>Patients in group 1 were clinically evaluated regarding signs and symptoms of allergic reaction during the first 30 minutes after the exam in person. After a 24-hour period, patients were evaluated in person or by telephone call.</p>
          <p>In order to evaluate adverse events, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and death, at 24 hours and 30 days, the researchers called all patients in both groups by telephone. Patients who did not answer the phone calls (3 calls on different days) and those who did not return to the cardiologists&#8217; office or the diagnostic imaging center were excluded from the study.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography evaluation</title>
          <p>PSE was carried out using EPIQ echocardiography devices (Philips Ultrasound Systems, Andover, MA, USA) . The exams were performed by echocardiographers who had received the same training, in a standardized and uniform manner, in accordance with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Patients initially underwent baseline echocardiography, with acquisition of linear measurements of cardiac structures and valve flows. To evaluate left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), the Teichholz or Simpson methods were used, depending on the extent of change in segmental contraction. In some cases, end-systolic diameter was not measured when the Simpson method was used to calculate LVEF.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Following acquisition of images in the baseline stage (parasternal longitudinal, transversal, apical 4-, 3- and 2-chamber planes), an intravenous infusion of dobutamine was initiated, with an initial dose of 5 &#181;g/kg/min, with dose increments every 3 minutes at 10, 20, 30, and 40 &#181;g/kg/min. Atropine was administered in doses of 0.25 mg, every minute, up to the maximum cumulative dose of 2 mg, in the event that patients did not show echocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia and had not reached a heart rate of at least 100 bpm at the stage of 20 &#181;g/kg/min.</p>
          <p>For acquisition of specific images with ECA, the techniques of pulse-amplitude modulation and ultrasound pulse inversion (fundamental and harmonic) were used, with low mechanical index (&lt; 0.20), associated or unassociated with a flash, to allow for uniform opacification of the endocardial boundary.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
          <p>A 30-minute monitoring period was standardized after the end of infusion, in order to evaluate the following: adverse effects, signs and symptoms of allergic reaction (group 1), and return of heart rate (HR) to a value below 100 beats per minute (bpm).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>During PSE, patients were kept under continuous monitoring (blood pressure, HR, and 12-lead electrocardiogram measurements). Symptoms were registered by directly questioning the patients, at any moment of the study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>PSE was considered effective when the exam achieved 1 of the following objectives: at least 85% of the age-predicted maximal heart rate, calculated using Karvonen&#8217;s equation (maximal HR: 220 &#8722; age),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> or echocardiographic signs of ischemia (new alterations in LV segmental wall motion).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The criteria for interrupting the exam, which were considered non-diagnostic, were the following: unbearable symptoms, reactive arterial hypertension (systolic blood pressure &gt; 230 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure &gt; 120 mmHg), relative or absolute hypotension (decrease of &gt; 30 mmHg in relation to resting systolic pressure or systolic blood pressure &lt; 80 mmHg), supraventricular arrhythmias (sustained supraventricular tachycardia or atrial fibrillation), and ventricular arrhythmias (non-sustained and sustained ventricular tachycardia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The safety criteria of the exam were established as the potentially life-threatening complications defined in the meta-analysis published by Geleijnse et al., such as cardiac rupture, AMI, stroke, asystole, ventricular fibrillation, and sustained ventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Angina, nausea, headache, reactive arterial hypertension, and arterial hypotension (decrease of &gt; 30 mmHg in relation to resting systolic blood pressure, requiring crystalloid replacement) were defined as minor side effects. These events are not life-threatening; they have a short duration, and they are reverted by interrupting the exam, as defined in the safety study by Wilson et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Regarding cardiac arrhythmias registered during the exam, the following were defined: paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia, presence of narrow QRS complexes (&lt; 120 ms), in the absence of a conduction disorder, that were regular and similar to each other; atrial fibrillation, absence of P wave associated with irregular rhythm, narrow QRS complexes, in the absence of a conduction disorder; ventricular extrasystoles, presence of premature ventricular complexes, with a frequency higher than 6 complexes per minute; ventricular bigeminy, the presence of ventricular extrasystoles alternating with normal QRS complexes; non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, the presence of more than 3 premature ventricular contractions, lasting less than 30 seconds, with HR greater than 100 bpm; and sustained ventricular tachycardia, the presence of more than 3 premature ventricular contractions, lasting more than 30 seconds, and HR greater than 100 bpm.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>The LV was divided into 17 myocardial segments, in following with the recommendations of the American Society of Echocardiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Qualitative analysis of segmental myocardial wall motion was based on visual evaluation of myocardial thickening and on the degree of wall motion graded on a segmental wall motion index, assigning the following scores to each segment: 1 normal; 2 hypokinesia; 3 akinesia; and 4 dyskinesia. The normal score on this index is 1 (17 points/17 segments). Any value greater than 1 was considered altered segmental wall score. A positive exam for myocardial ischemia was defined as the clear presence of altered segmental myocardial wall motion in 1 or more segments of the LV, during PSE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For patients in group 1, the ECA was injected as a bolus, at a dose of 0.5 to 1 ml at rest, during the protocol and the recovery phase. The amount of ECA applied during the PSE was at the discretion of the echocardiographer, with the aim of completely opacifying the endocardial borders during the exam.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> One ampoule of SonoVue&#174; was used for a maximum number of 2 patients (1:2 ratio), consistently respecting sterility standards, with an interval of fewer than 6 hours between exams.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Allergic reactions to SonoVue&#174; were classified in the following manner:</p>
          <list list-type="bullet">
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Mild:</bold> sneezing, tingling, urticaria, itching, and costolumbar pain, not requiring medical treatment;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Moderate:</bold> sneezing, tingling, urticaria, and itching, requiring antihistamine and/or corticoid use;</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p><bold>Severe:</bold> signs and symptoms of severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock), requiring immediate treatment with intramuscular epinephrine, inhalation of &#946;-2 adrenergic agonists for bronchospasms, antihistamine, and corticoid drugs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Results were shown as tables and graphs. Categorical variables were shown as frequency and percentage, and continuous variables were shown as median and interquartile range. For comparison of categorical variables between groups, Fisher&#8217;s test and the chi-square test were used. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to verify whether there was significant difference in continuous variables that did not show normal distribution between the study groups. This test was used because it was a comparison between both groups, where the tested variables did not show normal distribution; in this situation, it was the most sensitive test to any difference in distribution from which the samples were extracted. For all tests, a 95% confidence interval was applied, and p values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Data were analyzed using the statistics program Statistical Package for Social Sciences 2.1 (SPSS).</p>
          <p>To calculate sample size, the safety study by Abdelmoneim et al., which evaluated 26,774 patients, was used as a reference. In that study, there were 94 deaths over 30 days, so the calculation of sample proportion (infinite samples) was estimated at 0.035109 (94/26,774), with an error of 0.25%.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In our study, the sample size was calculated at 2150 patients.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>This study evaluated 2346 patients, 1099 in group 1 and 1247 in group 2. Clinical follow-up was lost in 37 patients in group 1 (3%) and 73 in group 2 (5%). Thus, the final sample studied included 1062 patients in group 1 and 1174 in group 2.</p>
        <p>Patients in group 1 were predominantly male, and they had higher body surface area and body mass indices, as shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; General characteristics of the sample of patients in groups 1 and 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variable</th>
                  <th>With contrast (n = 1099) Median (Q1 &#8211; Q3)</th>
                  <th>Without contrast (n = 1247) Median (Q1 &#8211; Q3)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Age</td>
                  <td align="center">65.0 (56.0 &#8211; 74.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.0 (57.0 -73.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.460</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Weight</td>
                  <td align="center">84.0 (72.0 &#8211; 98.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">74.0 (64.0 &#8211; 85.0 )</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Height</td>
                  <td align="center">167.0 (160.0 -174.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">164.0 (157.0 &#8211; 174.0 )</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BSAI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.90 (1.75 -2.08)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.80 (1.65-1.95)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>BMI</td>
                  <td align="center">30.0 (26.0 -35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">27.4 (24.4 -31.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Male sex<sup>1</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">613 (55.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">511 (41.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Chi-square and Kolmogorov-Sminorv tests; * significant; Q1 &#8211; Q3: interquartile ranges of the median. BMI: body mass index; BSAI: body surface area index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>An important piece of data in our study is that the use of the ECA made adequate visualization of all LV segments possible in the studied patients, contributing to improved exam quality.</p>
        <p>It was also observed that group 1 had a greater number of patients with hypertension, obesity, sedentarism, and higher frequency of prior angioplasty. In group 2, there were more patients who were former tobacco users and patients with family history of CAD. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> shows the distribution of antianginal therapy between groups.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of patients by risk factors for coronary artery disease and antianginal therapy in groups 1 and 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Group 1 (n = 1099)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">Group 2 (n = 1247)</th>
                  <th rowspan="3">p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Risk factors for CAD</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>SAH</td>
                  <td align="center">764 (69.52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">812 (65.12%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.025*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DM</td>
                  <td align="center">266 (24.20%)</td>
                  <td align="center">276 (22.13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.220</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Previous AMI</td>
                  <td align="center">93 (8.46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">96 (7.70%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.495</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Tobacco use</td>
                  <td align="center">65 (5.91%)</td>
                  <td align="center">73 (5.85%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.507</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Former tobacco use</td>
                  <td align="center">38 (3.46%)</td>
                  <td align="center">342 (27.43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DLP</td>
                  <td align="center">425 (38.67%)</td>
                  <td align="center">524 (42.02%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.109</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>MRS</td>
                  <td align="center">30 (2.73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">23 (1.84%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.164</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Prior angioplasty</td>
                  <td align="center">221 (20.11%)</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (12.27%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FHCAD</td>
                  <td align="center">153 (13.92%)</td>
                  <td align="center">309 (24.78%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Obesity</td>
                  <td align="center">556 (50.59%)</td>
                  <td align="center">391 (31.36%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sedentarism</td>
                  <td align="center">783 (71.25%)</td>
                  <td align="center">790 (63.35%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Chagas disease</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.73%)</td>
                  <td align="center">39 (3.13%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Antianginal therapy</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Beta-blockers</td>
                  <td align="center">151 (13.74%)</td>
                  <td align="center">325 (26.06%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nitrates</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1.52%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Statins</td>
                  <td align="center">214 (19.47%)</td>
                  <td align="center">342 (27.43%)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Antiplatelet agents</td>
                  <td align="center">198 (18.02%)</td>
                  <td align="center">255 (20.45%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.136</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Fisher&#8217;s test; * significant. AMI: acute myocardial infarction; CAD: coronary artery disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; DLP: dyslipidemias; FHCAD: family history of coronary artery disease; MRS: myocardial revascularization surgery; SAH: systemic arterial hypertension.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>With respect to echocardiography parameters ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ), it was observed that group 1 had slightly higher median values, when compared to group 2, for the following variables: aortic root, left atrium, left atrial volume, left ventricular diastolic diameter, interventricular septum, and left ventricular posterior wall.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Hemodynamic, geometric, and functional echocardiographic parameters of groups 1 and 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3">Echocardiographic and hemodynamic baseline characteristics</th>
                  <th>With contrast (n = 1099)</th>
                  <th>Without contrast (n = 1247)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="3" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>Median (Q1 &#8211; Q3)</th>
                  <th>Median (Q1 &#8211; Q3)</th>
                  <th> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>AoR</td>
                  <td align="center">32.0 (29.0 &#8211; 35.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">31.0 (28.0 &#8211; 34.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LA</td>
                  <td align="center">37.0 (34.0 - 40.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">35.0 (31.0 &#8211; 38.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LAV</td>
                  <td align="center">28.0 (23.0 &#8211; 30.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">21.0 (18.0 &#8211; 27.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVDD</td>
                  <td align="center">47.0 (44.0 &#8211; 51.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">46.0 (43.0 &#8211; 50.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVSD</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (27.0 &#8211; 32.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">29.0 (26.0 &#8211; 32.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.053</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVEF</td>
                  <td align="center">66.0 (61.0 &#8211; 70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">65.5 (60.0 &#8211; 70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>IVS</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (8.0 &#8211; 10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (7.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>LVPW</td>
                  <td align="center">9.0 (8.0 &#8211; 10.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">8.0 (7.0 &#8211; 9.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>RWMSI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 &#8211; 1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 &#8211; 1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.440</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SWMSI</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 &#8211; 1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.0 (1.0 &#8211; 1.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.625</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SBP</td>
                  <td align="center">130.0 (120.0 &#8211; 140.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">130.0 (120.0 -130.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>DBP</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0 (80.0 &#8211; 80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">80.0 (80.0 &#8211; 80.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>HR</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0 (63.0 &#8211; 78.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">70.0 (64.0 &#8211; 70.0)</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001*</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Kolmogorov-Sminorv test; * significant; Q1 &#8211; Q3: interquartile ranges of the median. AoR: aortic root; bpm: beats per minute; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HR: heart rate; IVS: interventricular septum; LA: left atrium; LAV: left atrial volume; LVDD: left ventricular diastolic diameter; LVEF: left ventricular ejection fraction; LVPW: left ventricular posterior wall; LVSD: left ventricular systolic diameter; RWMSI: resting wall motion score index; SBP: systolic blood pressure; SWMSI: stress wall motion score index.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Regarding analysis of arrhythmias that presented during the exam, group 2 had a higher incidence of isolated ventricular extrasystoles and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. Likewise, in group 2, there was a higher incidence of headache and reactive arterial hypertension during the exam ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4001">Table 4</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t4001">
            <label>Table 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Incidence of arrhythmias, minor side effects, and adverse events induced during PSE in groups 1 and 2</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Variables</th>
                  <th>Group 1 (n = 1099)</th>
                  <th>Group 2 (n = 1247)</th>
                  <th>p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td colspan="4">
                    <bold>Arrhythmias induced during pharmacological stress</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VE</td>
                  <td align="center">180 (16.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">247 (19.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.032*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVE</td>
                  <td align="center">74 (6.7%)</td>
                  <td align="center">66 (5.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.162</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>NSVT</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (0.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.617</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>SVT</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>VF</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>PSVT</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">15 (1.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.003*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AF</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bradycardia</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.469</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Minor side effects</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angina</td>
                  <td align="center">20 (1.8%)</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (1.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.170</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Headache</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (0.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.012*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nausea</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (0.4%)</td>
                  <td align="center">8 (0.6%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.397</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Reactive AH</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (0.3%)</td>
                  <td align="center">19 (1.5%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.002*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Arterial hypotension</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.2%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1.000</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Adverse effects</td>
                  <td align="center">(n=1062)</td>
                  <td align="center">(n=1174)</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death within 24 h</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Death within 30 days</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (0.17%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.276*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI within 24 h</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (0.1%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0.525</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>AMI within 30 days</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.0%)</td>
                  <td align="center">0 (0.00%)</td>
                  <td align="center">-</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4001">
                <p>
                  <italic>Fisher&#8217;s test; * significant. AF: atrial fibrillation; AH: arterial hypertension; AMI: acute myocardial infarction; NSVT: non-sustained ventricular tachycardia; PSE: pharmacological stress echocardiogram; PSVT: paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia; SVE: supraventricular extrasystole; SVT: sustained ventricular tachycardia; VE: ventricular extrasystole; VF: ventricular fibrillation.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Adverse events such as AMI and death were observed only in group 2. One patient had AMI fewer than 24 hours after the exam. There were 2 deaths in fewer than 30 days. The first case was an 80-year-old patient with a positive result for myocardial ischemia on PSE (multivessel). The patient progressed to AMI fewer than 24 hours after the exam, requiring hospitalization in an intensive care unit, and he died on the seventh day after the exam. The second case was a death on the seventeenth day after PSE, due to a non-cardiovascular cause. The allergic reactions found in group 1 comprised itching and urticaria. All of these cases occurred in women, in a simultaneous manner. The overall incidence of allergic reactions was low (0.6%). Urticaria was observed in 3 patients (0.3%), with 2 cases of early presentation (under 30 minutes, with 4.8-ml doses) and 1 case of late presentation (after 24 hours, with 2.5-ml doses of ECA), as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5001">Table 5</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Example of a patient with allergic reaction/urticaria to use of SonoVue<sup>&#174;</sup>, with clinical improvement after use of an oral antihistamine drug.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1170-00475-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Patient with limited acoustic windows, with improved imaged after use of the echocardiographic contrast agent.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1170-00475-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t5001">
            <label>Table 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Distribution of adverse reactions to echocardiographic contrast agent (SonoVue&#174;) in group I during PSE</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Group I (n=1089) Variable</th>
                  <th>N</th>
                  <th>%</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Allergic reaction</td>
                  <td align="center">3</td>
                  <td align="center">0.3</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>30 min after infusion</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Itching (n=1086)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sneezing (n=1083)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urticaria (n=1083)</td>
                  <td align="center">2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.2</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wheezing (n=1083)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anaphylactic reactions (n=1083)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioedema (n=1085)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anaphylactic shock (n=1085)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>24 h after infusion</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Itching (n=1081)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sneezing (n=1081)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Urticaria (n=1082)</td>
                  <td align="center">1</td>
                  <td align="center">0.1</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Wheezing (n=1082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anaphylactic reactions (n=1082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Angioedema (n=1082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Anaphylactic shock (n=1082)</td>
                  <td align="center">0</td>
                  <td align="center">0.0</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN5001">
                <p>
                  <italic>N: N&#250;mero de pacientes; h: horas; min: minutos; EEF: ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacol&#243;gico.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Doses of ECA administered during PSE ranged from 1.5 ml to 4.8 ml. The dose of 1.5 ml was administered in 5 patients (0.5%); 2.5 ml in 913 (83.1%); and 4.8 ml in 79 (7.2%).</p>
        <p>PSE with ECA was repeated within less than 1 year in 90 patients (8.5%). Of these patients, 1 had urticaria less than 30 minutes after infusion, with an administered dose of 4.8 ml.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>This cohort included a total number of 2346 patients. Patients were predominantly male in the group that received ECA, and mean age was similar between the groups. These 3 pieces of data are in agreement with the safety study by Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Our sample size was smaller than that of other safety studies on other existing ECA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> Among these studies, our data were similar to those of the study by Abdelmoneim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> where the group that received ECA was predominantly male, with body mass index &gt; 30 kg/m<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Both groups were similar in terms of risk factors for CAD, but group 2 had a greater number of patients on continuous use of beta-blockers (17.8 versus 27.7 with p &lt; 0.001). Patients in group 2 showed a higher incidence of headache and reactive arterial hypertension during PSE, when compared to patients in group 1. Continuous use of beta-blockers, without prior suspension, could justify a higher incidence of these side effects mentioned during PSE with dobutamine, due to higher adrenergic stimulation of alpha receptors and direct block of vasovagal baroreceptors, consequently leading to a higher frequency of reactive arterial hypertension and headache.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, there was a greater incidence of paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia in group 2, where ECA was not used. This piece of data corroborates the safety of ECA in the study population. The appearance of arrhythmias during PSE is related to the presence of ventricular dysfunction, advanced age, previous history of arrhythmia, and alterations in resting segmental wall motion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> These risk factors were similar in both study groups; therefore, it is not possible to consider these motives as responsible for this difference in our study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Another explanation could be that a higher dose of dobutamine was used during the exam, given that, in group 2, there was a greater number of patients on continuous use of beta-blockers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> We cannot, however, confirm this hypothesis, because, unfortunately, we did not compare the dobutamine doses used between the groups. Data from our study differ from those found in the study by Saikh et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> which demonstrated a higher incidence of arrhythmias, such as ventricular extrasystole, atrial fibrillation, and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in the group that received the ECA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> In contrast, Abdelmoneim et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> observed that there was a similarity in the occurrence of arrhythmias between their cohorts.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Tsutsui et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> found no difference between their 2 study groups regarding the incidence of non-sustained ventricular tachycardia, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Regarding the outcomes of AMI and death, our data are similar to those of the study conducted by Gabriel et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> where the outcome of death did not occur in patients in the group that received the ECA (0/0.0% versus 2/0.04%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Shaikh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> retrospectively evaluated 2 cohorts, and they did not observe any deaths between the groups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> Vancraeynest et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> described, in their study, a case of AMI in the group that received ECA, but a causal relationship was unlikely in this case. Their study evaluated patients referred for diagnostic coronary angiography after undergoing echocardiography with ECA (perfluorocarbon-enhanced dextrose albumin), using a high mechanical index (1.5), with the same imaging plane for 15 minutes and subclinical release of cardiac biomarkers. It was observed that images with low mechanical indices (0.2) were safer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the meta-analysis conducted by Khawaja et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> involving 211,162 patients, the mortality in the group that received ECA versus the group without ECA was 0.34% versus 0.9%, with p = 0.052, and that of AMI was 0.15% versus 0.2%, with p = 0.72.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> These findings are similar to those found in the studies by Dolan et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Abdelmoneim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> and Kunestzky et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> Our study showed a lower incidence of AMI and death when compared to the aforementioned meta-analysis. One of the reasons for this could be the fact that our sample consisted of outpatients who were stable, without acute ischemic syndromes or critical situations.</p>
        <p>Some studies, for instance, Tsutsui et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> using Optison&#174; and Definity&#174; as ECA, and Aggeli et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> using SonoVue&#174;, did not find any events, such as AMI or death, during PSE.</p>
        <p>Differently from our sample of outpatients, Anantharam et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> demonstrated the safety of ECA in patients undergoing PSE with suspected stable acute coronary syndrome. Over a 4-year period, 3,704 patients underwent PSE or exercise stress echocardiography; 929 (25%) of these patients had suspected acute coronary syndrome. The ECA used were SonoVue&#174; (46%) and Luminity&#174; (54%), and no deaths occurred in the groups with or without ECA. In this same study, there were no outcomes of AMI in patients who received ECA; on the other hand, 3 patients in the group without ECA had AMI (p = 0.24).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Our study showed a low incidence of allergic reactions. These data are similar to those found by Aggeli et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> In their study, 23 (0.44%) patients out of a total of 5250 who received SonoVue&#174; showed itching and urticaria. The condition was reverted with the use of antihistamines, without requiring hospitalization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Wei et al. retrospectively evaluated 78,383 patients, and they observed that 0.01% of the sample had severe adverse events, considered probably related to Definity&#174;, within the first 30 minutes after administration, distributed equally between men and women. There were 2 cases of allergic reaction such as urticaria and lip edema, but there were no respiratory abnormalities and all patients recovered after use of an antihistamine drug.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In the meta-analysis by Khawaja et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> which evaluated 110,500 patients, the incidence of severe allergic and anaphylactic reactions immediately after administration of ECA was 0.009% and 0.004%, respectively.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> In another study conducted by Herzog et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> the incidence of itching and urticaria was 2 (0.01%), and that of anaphylactic reaction was 1 (0.01%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> In the study by Shaikh et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> anaphylactic reaction was observed in 1 patient (0.03%) after administration of Definity&#174;, without prior exposure to contrast.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup> These very rare and severe allergic reactions are secondary to a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction known as complement activation-related pseudo-allergy or CARPA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to Muskula et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> the incidence of allergic reactions with the use of ECA occurs in approximately 0.01% of cases, and these reactions can be avoided by using lower doses with slow infusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> In our study, 83.1% of patients received 2.5 ml, and 7.2% received 4.8 ml of SonoVue&#174;. In our sample, 8.5% of patients repeated PSE with SonoVue&#174;, in under 1 year, and only 1 patient showed urticaria in under 30 minutes, thus making it difficult to determine the dose-response relationship.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <list list-type="order">
            <list-item>
              <p>This was a prospective, single-center study with outpatients, and it did not include critical patients or patients with acute coronary syndrome</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>The number of patients in the sample was at the lower limit for safety analysis of ECA.</p>
            </list-item>
            <list-item>
              <p>Comparisons were not made with other ECA.</p>
            </list-item>
          </list>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>SonoVue&#174; demonstrated safety during PSE. No cases of death, AMI, or anaphylactic reaction occurred during the exam or within 24 hours after it was performed. A lower incidence of minor side effects and arrhythmias was observed in the group that underwent PSE with SonoVue&#174; ECA, in comparison with the control group, and there was a low incidence of mild allergic reactions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
