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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">dbRXRgKcCmLFgxX6Qpg8RCy</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401161</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200296</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200296</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influ&#234;ncia de um Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce no comportamento auton&#244;mico de pacientes submetidos a Angioplastia Coron&#225;ria Transluminal Percut&#226;nea</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8574-5719</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7611-853X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jade Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9340-6736</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neri</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Paula de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7942-4441</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Michele Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8390-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9623-3145</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Accioly</surname>
            <given-names>Marilita Falangola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o Enfermagem, S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Marilita Falangola Accioly</bold> &#8226; Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro - Departamento de Fisioterapia Aplicada - Av. Frei Paulino, 30. CEP <postal-code>38025-180</postal-code>, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brasil. E-mail: <email>marilitafisio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Neri GPO, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Neri GPO; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Accioly MF; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1161</fpage>
      <lpage>1169</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>08</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>06</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Gr&#225;ficos de recorr&#234;ncia (GR) permitem uma an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear da variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) e fornecem informa&#231;&#245;es sobre o sistema nervoso aut&#244;nomo (SNA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Avaliar se a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce em pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP) influencia os componentes quantitativos e qualitativos dos GR.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Um total de 32 participantes que foram submetidos a ACTP foram divididos entre um grupo de controle (GC - sem exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos) e grupo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce (GMP - com exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos) A frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento foi registrada utilizando um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro em ambos os grupos na admiss&#227;o e na alta. Os &#237;ndices lineares nos dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia foram analisados, bem como os &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares obtidos pelos GR. O protocolo fisioterap&#234;utico de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce come&#231;ou 12-18 horas ap&#243;s a ACTP. Um teste T n&#227;o pareado bicaudal foi utilizado para as compara&#231;&#245;es, e p-valores &lt;0,05 foram aceitos como significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Ao comparar os dois grupos, na alta, o GMP apresentou um aumento no SDNN (23,55 &#177; 12,05 a 37,29 &#177; 16,25; p=0,042), &#237;ndice triangular (8,99 &#177; 3,03 a 9,66 &#177; 3,07; p=0,014) e VLF (694,20 &#177; 468,20 a 848,37 &#177; 526,51; p=0,004), mas n&#227;o apresentou altera&#231;&#245;es significativas na avalia&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o linear. Al&#233;m disso, na an&#225;lise qualitativa dos GR, observou-se um padr&#227;o mais difuso e menos geom&#233;trico no GMP, indicando maior variabilidade, enquanto no GC, notou-se um padr&#227;o geom&#233;trico mais alterado.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce promove uma melhoria no comportamento auton&#244;mico, conforme avaliado por VFC e GR, e pode ser considerado um procedimento &#250;til para a melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a ACTP.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;as Cardiovasculares/mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Deambula&#231;&#227;o Precoce/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Exerc&#237;cios</kwd>
        <kwd>Sistema Nervoso Aut&#244;nomo</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplastia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="28"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>As doen&#231;as cardiovasculares s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pelo n&#250;mero mais alto de mortes em todo o mundo.&#185; Entre elas, o infarto do mioc&#225;rdio agudo (IMA) &#233; a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil.&#178; Entretanto, a sobrevida desses pacientes aumentou devido a avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos, tais como a angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea (ACTP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em associa&#231;&#227;o com a ACTP, a intera&#231;&#227;o multidisciplinar desempenha um papel importante na redu&#231;&#227;o da mortalidade,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> uma vez que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce evita o confinamento ao leito e seus v&#225;rios efeitos delet&#233;rios, tais como o decl&#237;nio funcional e a redu&#231;&#227;o da qualidade de vida ap&#243;s a alta.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Entretanto, ainda &#233; muito comum que pacientes permane&#231;am confinados ao leito por receio de instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em contraste, a an&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca pela variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (VFC) foi utilizada como preditor de riscos cardiovasculares em v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos utilizou a an&#225;lise linear da VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O corpo humano &#233; uma boa ilustra&#231;&#227;o de um &#8220;sistema complexo&#8221; caracterizado pela intera&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de seus v&#225;rios &#243;rg&#227;os para manter a vida. Sua complexidade resulta em um modo de comportamento que &#233; tipicamente n&#227;o linear em situa&#231;&#245;es normais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Assim, os m&#233;todos relacionados &#224; din&#226;mica n&#227;o linear s&#227;o geralmente mais relevantes clinicamente para uma melhor interpreta&#231;&#227;o do comportamento fisiopatol&#243;gico da VFC sob v&#225;rias condi&#231;&#245;es, e, consequentemente, seu valor progn&#243;stico, complementando as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas com avalia&#231;&#245;es tradicionais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Gr&#225;ficos de recorr&#234;ncia (GR) s&#227;o um m&#233;todo de an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear idealizado por Eckmann et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> que prop&#245;e a an&#225;lise do comportamento de um sistema, representado por uma s&#233;rie temporal, em um espa&#231;o abstrato chamado espa&#231;o f&#225;sico, permitindo a quantifica&#231;&#227;o e a qualifica&#231;&#227;o da VFC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#233;m disso, pouco se sabe sobre respostas agudas ao exerc&#237;cio precoce na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica e fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular no per&#237;odo p&#243;s-operat&#243;rio imediato de pacientes submetidos a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e ACTP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o presente estudo pretendeu avaliar se a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce em pacientes submetidos a ACTP influencia os componentes quantitativos e qualitativos dos GR.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra</title>
        <p>Esse &#233; um ensaio cl&#237;nico prospectivo, controlado e quase-experimental. A amostra incluiu indiv&#237;duos que foram submetidos a ACTP no Hospital de Cl&#237;nicas da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro.</p>
        <p>O tamanho da amostra foi calculado considerando-se a preval&#234;ncia de indiv&#237;duos que precisam de angioplastia e est&#227;o hospitalizados em uma unidade de cuidado coron&#225;rio. Para o c&#225;lculo, foi utilizada a seguinte f&#243;rmula: n= Z<sup>2</sup> x p (p-100) / e<sup>2</sup>, em que &#8220;Z&#8221; &#233; o valor cr&#237;tico constante que corresponde ao intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% (IC95%); &#8220;p&#8221; &#233; a preval&#234;ncia da doen&#231;a/principal vari&#225;vel; e &#8220;e&#8221; &#233; o erro de amostragem, que pode variar em at&#233; 10% do valor real da popula&#231;&#227;o selecionada para a amostra, sugerindo uma amostra de 15 indiv&#237;duos para cada grupo.</p>
        <p>O fluxograma para recrutamento e sele&#231;&#227;o de amostra &#233; apresentado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxograma mostrando o recrutamento e a sele&#231;&#227;o dos participantes do estudo. IMA: Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio agudo. PCP: Parada cardiopulmonar ACTP: Angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea. VM: Ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        <p>A amostra foi composta de 32 participantes que atenderam aos seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: ter pelo menos 18 anos de idade; apresentar um diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico de um IMA sem complica&#231;&#245;es (Killip I ou II), com ou sem supradesnivelamento do segmento ST e/ou indica&#231;&#227;o de ACTP eletiva (ACTP bem-sucedida com estenose residual de menos de 50%); ser capaz de entender as instru&#231;&#245;es para realizar exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos. Em seguida, os participantes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce (GMP) com 16 participantes submetidos ao protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce; e grupo de controle (GC) com 16 participantes n&#227;o submetidos ao protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce. A amostra foi ajustada para idade, sexo e diagn&#243;stico m&#233;dico.</p>
        <p>Indiv&#237;duos com pelo menos uma das caracter&#237;sticas abaixo foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo: hist&#243;rico pr&#233;vio de IMA, IMA com complica&#231;&#245;es (Killip III e IV), implante de marcapasso, bloqueio atrioventricular de 2&#186; ou 3&#186; grau, sequela de acidente vascular cerebral, amputa&#231;&#227;o de membro inferior, estenose a&#243;rtica grave, cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio pr&#233;vio, insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, instabilidade hemodin&#226;mica em repouso, piora da condi&#231;&#227;o cl&#237;nica geral, condi&#231;&#227;o febril, insufici&#234;ncia respirat&#243;ria (necessidade de ventila&#231;&#227;o mec&#226;nica).</p>
        <p>Os procedimentos do estudo seguiram todas as normas da Resolu&#231;&#227;o n&#186; 466 do CNS e foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica e Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro sob o n&#250;mero de resolu&#231;&#227;o 2.319.890 e pelo Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Cl&#237;nicos sob o n&#250;mero RBR-9w378x.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
        <p>O protocolo experimental consistiu em quatro fases. A fase I foi conduzida com entrevistas e avalia&#231;&#227;o de registros m&#233;dicos. A fase II foi realizada de 12 a 18 horas ap&#243;s a ACTP e consistiu em registrar a frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca batimento a batimento, utilizando um cardiofrequenc&#237;metro Polar&#174; modelo RS800CX (Polar Kempele, Finl&#226;ndia), e coletando o tacograma continuamente por 20 minutos. Durante todo o processo de coleta, o participante permaneceu em repouso, em posi&#231;&#227;o supina, em sil&#234;ncio e acordado. A fase III foi caracterizada pela implementa&#231;&#227;o de um protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce, realizado apenas pelo GMP.</p>
        <p>Na fase IV, foi realizado um novo eletrocardiograma para a analisar a VFC, seguindo o mesmo procedimento realizado na fase II.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</title>
        <p>O Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce foi adaptado do protocolo utilizado no Grady Memorial Hospital e na Escola de Medicina da Emory University<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> composto de passos progressivos em posi&#231;&#245;es diferentes, conforme descrito na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref>. O protocolo foi iniciado e aplicado nas posi&#231;&#245;es de acordo com o status funcional do participante, que foi verificado por avalia&#231;&#245;es e comunica&#231;&#227;o com a equipe multidisciplinar. O GMP realizou o protocolo durante o per&#237;odo de hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o, que consistiu em duas sess&#245;es por dia (4 interven&#231;&#245;es durante a perman&#234;ncia da UTI).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="50%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Posi&#231;&#227;o</th>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Exerc&#237;cios</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Supina</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A) Um set de exerc&#237;cios de diafragma com movimento diagonal ativo-assistido ou ativo-livre do membro superior (10 vezes para cada membro);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">B) Repetir o exerc&#237;cio por um set com ambos os membros simultaneamente (10 vezes);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">C) Repetir o exerc&#237;cio por um set com ambos os membros simultaneamente (10 vezes);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">D) Flex&#227;o tripla (10 vezes) + abdu&#231;&#227;o/adu&#231;&#227;o do quadril ativas-assistidas ou ativas-livres (10 vezes para cada membro);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E) Flex&#227;o-extens&#227;o de tornozelo (10 vezes) para cada p&#233;;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E) Circundu&#231;&#227;o de tornozelo (10 vezes) para cada p&#233;;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sentado</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exerc&#237;cios ativos de A a F</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Ortostatismo</td>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Exerc&#237;cios ativos de A a F e ativos para membros inferiores (suportado, se necess&#225;rio)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">G) Ficar nas pontas dos p&#233;s (10 vezes) com ambos os membros simultaneamente;</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">H) Meio agachamento (10 vezes);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">I) Marcha no lugar (por 30 segundos);</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">J) Deambula&#231;&#227;o no quarto (1 volta).</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Os seguintes crit&#233;rios foram utilizados para interromper o Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce: sinais e/ou sintomas de fadiga, dor no peito, dispneia, cianose, palidez, taquicardia (&gt;120 batimentos por minuto), bradicardia, arritmias complexas e hipotens&#227;o (Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia &lt;65mmHg).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o de modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise de &#237;ndices de VFC, registros de intervalo de RR foram transmitidos para um computador utilizando o software Polar Precision Performance (vers&#227;o 4.01.029)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> e convertidos em arquivo de texto. Apenas as s&#233;ries com mais de 95% de batimentos sinusais foram analisadas, ap&#243;s a sele&#231;&#227;o dos 1000 pontos mais est&#225;veis (Kubios HRV Software, vers&#227;o 2.0, Universidade de Kuopio, Finl&#226;ndia). Os dados foram filtrados usando o filtro padr&#227;o do software Polar Precision Performance (vers&#227;o 4.01.029), com filtro moderado. Em seguida, uma ferramenta de filtragem computacional chamada T-RR Filter<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> foi utilizada.</p>
        <p>Entre os m&#233;todos lineares, o dom&#237;nio tempo mede os intervalos RR normais (iR-R) e as v&#225;rias medi&#231;&#245;es s&#227;o calculadas a partir desses intervalos, incluindo: desvio padr&#227;o do iR-R normal m&#233;dio (SDNN), que corresponde a efeitos simp&#225;ticos e parassimp&#225;ticos, e representam variabilidade global; a porcentagem do iR-R adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o acima de 50 milissegundos (pNN50); e a raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os iR-R adjacentes usuais (RMSSD). As vari&#225;veis RMSSD e pNN50 est&#227;o relacionadas apenas ao comportamento parassimp&#225;tico, enquanto o SDNN reflete todos os componentes respons&#225;veis pela variabilidade. O &#237;ndice triangular refere-se ao n&#250;mero de todos os iR-R dividido pela frequ&#234;ncia desses iR-R no compartimento modal do histograma, refletindo, dessa forma, a variabilidade global.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise do dom&#237;nio frequ&#234;ncia, o m&#233;todo de interpola&#231;&#227;o por spline c&#250;bica em 4Hz foi aplicado, e a densidade espectral de pot&#234;ncia do segmento mais est&#225;vel foi calculada utilizando-se a Transforma&#231;&#227;o r&#225;pida de Fourier (FFT), calculando, em milissegundos ao quadrado (ms<sup>2</sup>), os componentes espectrais para banda de frequ&#234;ncia muito baixa (VLF) (&lt;0,04Hz), frequ&#234;ncia baixa (LF) (0,04-0,15 Hz), e frequ&#234;ncia alta (HF) (0,15 a 0,40 Hz), al&#233;m da rela&#231;&#227;o entre esses componentes (LF/HF).</p>
        <p>LF representa a modula&#231;&#227;o parassimp&#225;tica; HF representa a atividade de modula&#231;&#227;o vagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> VLF reflete regula&#231;&#245;es humorais, vasculares, t&#233;rmicas, bem como a atividade do sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a rela&#231;&#227;o entre LF e HF pode ser uma medida de balan&#231;o simpatovagal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os GR podem ser usados para an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear de VFC, que foi realizada de maneira qualitativa e quantitativa. A an&#225;lise qualitativa foi realizada pela visualiza&#231;&#227;o do padr&#227;o gr&#225;fico e a an&#225;lise quantitativa utilizou os seguintes &#237;ndices: Recorr&#234;ncia (REC), Determinismo (DET), Entropia de Shannon (ES), Laminaridade (LAM), Tempo de perman&#234;ncia (TT) e Comprimento m&#225;ximo de linha (MaxLine).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Os seguintes par&#226;metros foram usados nos GR: dimens&#227;o de incorpora&#231;&#227;o= 10; atraso= 1, raio= 70, linha= 2<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e esquema de cores= Volcano.</p>
        <p>&#201; utilizada uma s&#233;rie temporal para a constru&#231;&#227;o do GR. De acordo com faixas de valores entre medidas (dimens&#245;es) e dist&#226;ncias ou intervalos de tempo (raio), pode-se verificar se existem valores de recorr&#234;ncia ou n&#227;o. O uso de cores diferentes representa v&#225;rios raios, complementando a apar&#234;ncia visual t&#237;pica dos GR.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Os GR podem ser analisados por padr&#245;es de pequena ou grande escala. Os padr&#245;es de pequena escala se encaixam em pontos, e linhas diagonais e verticais, o que permite uma an&#225;lise qualitativa. Por exemplo, em indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o GR mostra uma linha diagonal e menos quadrados aparentes, indicando uma VFC mais alta. Em indiv&#237;duos com alguma defici&#234;ncia na modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica, o GR mostra quadrados definidos no gr&#225;fico, mais formas geom&#233;tricas, indicando a periodicidade inerente, comportamento linear e VFC baixa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Na an&#225;lise quantitativa, alguns &#237;ndices s&#227;o gerados: &#237;ndice de recorr&#234;ncia (REC%), que quantifica a porcentagem de pontos recorrentes com um raio espec&#237;fico; porcentagem de determinismo (DET%), representando as linhas diagonais formadas pelos pontos de recorr&#234;ncia; comprimento m&#233;dio das linhas diagonais (Lmean) e comprimento m&#225;ximo das linhas diagonais (Lmax), representando a maior diagonal exceto a principal; laminaridade (LAM), que s&#227;o os pontos de recorr&#234;ncia que formam linhas verticais; tempo de perman&#234;ncia (TT), que &#233; o comprimento m&#233;dio das linhas verticais; entropia, representando a entropia de Shannon, que mede a complexidade de distribui&#231;&#227;o de linhas diagonais. Nesse caso, diferentemente de outras interpreta&#231;&#245;es, entende-se que quanto mais alta a entropia de Shannon, mais linear ser&#225; a s&#233;rie temporal.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise qualitativa, sistemas ca&#243;ticos, aleat&#243;rios, peri&#243;dicos e lineares constru&#237;dos por meio da f&#243;rmula matem&#225;tica relatada por Takakura et. al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> foram usados como modelos de GR, conforme mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>.</p>
        <fig id="f2">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>GR de sistemas aleat&#243;rios, ca&#243;ticos, peri&#243;dicos e lineares obtidos com f&#243;rmulas matem&#225;ticas.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Fonte: Takakura et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Foi realizada a an&#225;lise descritiva de vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas e cont&#237;nuas. A presen&#231;a ou aus&#234;ncia de distribui&#231;&#227;o normal de vari&#225;veis foi avaliada por testes de Shapiro-Wilk. Dados cont&#237;nuos com distribui&#231;&#227;o gaussiana foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. Vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas foram expressas como valores absolutos e porcentagens.</p>
        <p>Um teste T n&#227;o pareado bicaudal foi definido para an&#225;lises intergrupos, admitindo-se um erro alfa de 5%. Todas as an&#225;lises foram realizadas com o software Stats Direct Statistical vers&#227;o 3.3.3.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A amostra analisada foi homog&#234;nea em rela&#231;&#227;o a diagn&#243;stico cl&#237;nico, press&#227;o arterial sist&#234;mica, frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca em repouso, dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o, n&#250;mero de stents implantados, e &#237;ndices de VFC. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">tabela 2</xref> descreve a carateriza&#231;&#227;o das amostras de ambos os grupos.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracteriza&#231;&#227;o de amostras</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de controle (N=16)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Grupo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce (N=16)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref> </th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Perfil sociodemogr&#225;fico</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade: anos</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">61,00 &#177; 8,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">63,50 &#177; 9,64</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,439</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo: masculino (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">29 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,467</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Diagn&#243;stico</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio Agudo (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>PA/FC (em repouso)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca (bpm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,38 &#177; 11,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">71,19 &#177; 10,08</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,960</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">130,25 &#177; 22,62</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">134,38 &#177; 19,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,583</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">76,50 &#177; 17,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">72,06 &#177; 9,95</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,383</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,06 &#177; 21,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,69 &#177; 13,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,827</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                <bold>Obstru&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria direita (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (75%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (62,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior descendente (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (50%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Circunflexa (n)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12,5%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (18,8%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dura&#231;&#227;o da interna&#231;&#227;o (dias)</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,94 &#177; 1,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,75 &#177; 1,18</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>N&#250;mero de stents</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,63 &#177; 0,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,94 &#177; 0,85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,215</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p>N: n&#250;mero de participantes; m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o; IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; kg/m2; quilograma por metro quadrado; PA: press&#227;o arterial; FC: frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca; bpm: batimentos por minuto; mmHg: mil&#237;metros de merc&#250;rio</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>teste t de Student n&#227;o pareado.</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os medicamentos usados pelo GC foram betabloqueadores (81,3%), hipolipemiantes (62,5%), IECA (50%), Aspirina (62,5%) e Ticlopidina/clopidogrel (18,8); enquanto o GMP utilizou (87,5%), hipolipemiantes (53,6%), IECA (50%), Aspirina (62,5%) e Ticlopidina/clopidogrel (37,5%).</p>
      <p>A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">tabela 3</xref> resume a an&#225;lise de &#237;ndices lineares pelos dom&#237;nios de tempo e frequ&#234;ncia, em que se pode observar uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa no SDNN, &#237;ndice triangular e VLF, ao comparar GC e GMP. A <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> mostra a an&#225;lise quantitativa de &#237;ndices n&#227;o lineares pelo software Visual Recurrence Analysis. N&#227;o h&#225; diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas entre ambos os momentos, ao comparar GC e GMP.</p>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variabilidade de Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca analisada por M&#233;todos Lineares: Controle vs. Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">&#205;ndices de VFC</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Controle</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Controle x Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dom&#237;nio tempo</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RR m&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">894,58 &#177;112,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">825,29 &#177;85,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">890,60 &#177;147,14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">908,12 &#177;140,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9321</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0544</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">SDNN</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,73 &#177;18,91</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">27,4 &#177;8,71</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">23,55 &#177;12,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">37,29 &#177;16,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4610</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">RMSSD</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,98 &#177;11,10</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,69 &#177;9,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">19,68 &#177;11,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,48 &#177;13,47</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5601</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2482</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PNN50</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,19 &#177;7,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,83 &#177;6,85</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,30 &#177;5,26</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,12 &#177;6,53</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7046</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4864</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">&#205;ndice triangular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,34 &#177;4,99</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,23 &#177;2,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,99 &#177;3,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">9,66 &#177;3,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8126</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0148<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TINN</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">142,81 &#177; 54,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">131,25 &#177;39,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">120,62 &#177;63,03</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">130,0 &#177;70,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2944</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9513</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">
                <bold>Dom&#237;nio Frequ&#234;ncia</bold>
              </td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#234;ncia de VLF (ms&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">927,23 &#177;1395,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">407,56 &#177;237,61</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">694,20 &#177;468,20</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">848,37 &#177;526,51</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5308</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,0043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">*</xref> </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#234;ncia de LF (ms&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">300,06 &#177;367,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">177,81 &#177;154,94</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">233,93 &#177;165,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">380,50 &#177;513,86</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5165</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1414</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#234;ncia de HF (ms&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">148,43 &#177;174,09</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">159,87 &#177;223,07</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">94,12 &#177;117,58</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">177,68 &#177;159,76</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4677</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3282</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Pot&#234;ncia de LF/HF (ms&#178;)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,86 &#177;2,12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,39 &#177;2,49</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,80 &#177;1,61</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,94 &#177;3,65</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9295</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,6205</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p>RR m&#233;dia: m&#233;dia de intervalos RR; RMSSD: raiz quadrada m&#233;dia das diferen&#231;as sucessivas entre os iR-R adjacentes usuais; pNN50: porcentagem do iR-R adjacentes com diferen&#231;a de dura&#231;&#227;o acima de 50 milissegundos; SDNN: desvio padr&#227;o da m&#233;dia de intervalos RR; &#237;ndice tri RR: &#237;ndice triangular de RR; TINN: Interpola&#231;&#227;o triangular de histograma de intervalos NN. Dados expressos como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o); VLF: Frequ&#234;ncia Muito Baixa; HF: Alta Frequ&#234;ncia; LF: Baixa Frequ&#234;ncia; LF/HF: Rela&#231;&#227;o entre Baixa e Alta Frequ&#234;ncia</p>
          </fn>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <label>*</label>
            <p>diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt;0,05). Teste T de Student n&#227;o pareado (Controle x Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Variabilidade de Frequ&#234;ncia Card&#237;aca analisada por M&#233;todos N&#227;o Lineares: Controle x Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="14%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="center" rowspan="3" valign="middle">&#205;ndices de VFC</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Controle</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</th>
              <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Controle x Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Admiss&#227;o</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Alta</th>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">M&#233;dia (DP)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="middle">
                <bold>Visual Recurrence Analysis (VRA)</bold>
              </td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">M&#233;dia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">890,64 &#177; 147,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">908,22 &#177; 140,36</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">893,71 &#177; 101,13</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">843,18 &#177; 90,72</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,9457</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,1318</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Porcentagem de recorr&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,71 &#177;7,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">40,18 &#177;2,41</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,54 &#177;3,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">43,60 &#177; 13,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3021</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3389</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Porcentagem de determinismo</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,35 &#177;10,99</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,65 &#177;11,37</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">83,71 &#177;13,78</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,63 &#177;11,39</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,553</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8099</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Porcentagem de laminaridade</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">92,38 &#177;6,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,05 &#177;9,61</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">89,62 &#177;9,66</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,51 &#177;9,77</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3477</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8941</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Tempo de perman&#234;ncia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,65 &#177;12,15</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,73 &#177;3,11</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,68 &#177;3,67</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,82 &#177;2,40</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2271</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,3668</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Rela&#231;&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14 &#177;0,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,12 &#177;0,22</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,16 &#177;0,25</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,14 &#177;0,28</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8472</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,8257</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Entropia</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,79 &#177;0,75</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,83 &#177;0,52</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,66 &#177;0,60</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">3,71 &#177;0,48</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5886</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,5117</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">MaxLine</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">219,93 &#177; 191,23</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">241,68 &#177; 223,29</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">238,12 &#177; 166,34</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">171,12 &#177; 95,56</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,7761</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,2587</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN5">
            <p>Dados expressos como m&#233;dia (desvio padr&#227;o)*: diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa (p &lt;0,05). Teste T pareado (amostras param&#233;tricas) e teste de Wilcoxon (amostra n&#227;o param&#233;trica). teste T de Student n&#227;o pareado (Controle x Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce).</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Entretanto, uma piora geral do padr&#227;o do Grupo de controle pode ser observada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>, que mostra a an&#225;lise qualitativa do GR. Na alta, h&#225; um n&#250;mero maior de quadrados escuros e mais formas geom&#233;tricas, indicando linearidade mais alta, e, portanto, menos homeostase do sistema, quando comparado com a admiss&#227;o. Al&#233;m disso, ao comparar GMP e GC, observa-se um padr&#227;o ca&#243;tico, com menos quadrados aparentes e mais homog&#234;neos no GMP, indicando maior complexidade e melhoria da homeostase.</p>
      <fig id="f3">
        <label>Figura 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Gr&#225;ficos de recorr&#234;ncia de participantes identificado por P_00 admiss&#227;o e alta.</title>
        </caption>
        <attrib>Fonte: Pesquisa.</attrib>
        <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf03.tif"/></fig>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados da an&#225;lise intragrupo do GMP foram o aumento significativo dos &#237;ndices lineares (SDNN e pNN50) na alta, quando comparados aos da admiss&#227;o. Na an&#225;lise intergrupo do GMP, observa-se um padr&#227;o mais complexo e ca&#243;tico.</p>
      <p>O aumento de &#237;ndices lineares &#233; indicativo de VFC alta, representada pelo aumento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica em pNN50, e atividade auton&#244;mica global em SDNN, ap&#243;s a aplica&#231;&#227;o do Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce. Esse resultado implica a melhoria da sa&#250;de global do sistema cardiovascular, considerando que o aumento da atividade parassimp&#225;tica est&#225; relacionado &#224; VFC mais alta, e &#224; mortalidade cardiovascular mais baixa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> demonstrando a influ&#234;ncia ben&#233;fica dos exerc&#237;cios realizados na UTI.</p>
      <p>Na an&#225;lise intergrupo, os &#237;ndices de SDNN, &#205;ndice triangular, e VLF demonstram uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na alta. Os &#237;ndices de SDNN implicam as informa&#231;&#245;es globais na modula&#231;&#227;o simp&#225;tica e parassimp&#225;tica; o &#205;ndice triangular expressa variabilidade no intervalo de RR, intimamente relacionada a SDNN; e a VLF est&#225; relacionada ao sistema angiotensina-aldosterona renina, termorregula&#231;&#227;o, e t&#244;nus vasomotor perif&#233;rico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Alguns estudos<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> demonstraram evid&#234;ncia de que a mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce aumenta a modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em indiv&#237;duos ap&#243;s o IMA. Entretanto, esses estudos utilizaram m&#233;todos lineares em suas an&#225;lises, e estudos recentes indicam que o corpo humano tem um comportamento n&#227;o linear. Portanto, a an&#225;lise da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica por m&#233;todos n&#227;o lineares &#233; crucial.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear, diferentemente da an&#225;lise linear, mede qualidade, escala e correla&#231;&#227;o de propriedades de sinais, proporcionando, dessa forma, uma interpreta&#231;&#227;o de imprevisibilidade, complexidade e fractalidade do sistema.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Meyerfeldt et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> identificaram &#8220;sensibilidade&#8221; mais alta de an&#225;lise n&#227;o linear comparada &#224; an&#225;lise em comportamentos patol&#243;gicos, tais como as taquiarritmias.</p>
      <p>Ao analisar os resultados de &#237;ndices para dom&#237;nios de caos, em valores absolutos, n&#227;o foram encontradas diferen&#231;as estatisticamente significativas. Entretanto, ao analisar o aspecto qualitativo do GR (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref>), &#233; poss&#237;vel observar que o GR dos participantes tratados com mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce apresenta melhoria da VFC, j&#225; que apresentam cores mais heterog&#234;neas e menos padr&#245;es geom&#233;tricas. Comparados a modelos matem&#225;ticos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref>), eles apresentam um comportamento que tendem ao caos, indicando maior variabilidade e, portanto, melhoria auton&#244;mica. O estudo realizado por Manata et al.<sup>30</sup> corroboram os achados deste estudo, que utilizaram GR para comparar indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis a indiv&#237;duos com doen&#231;a pulmonar obstrutiva cr&#244;nica (DPOC). Os autores conclu&#237;ram que indiv&#237;duos portadores de DPOC t&#234;m VFC mais baixa, j&#225; que o GR apresentou quadrados mais vis&#237;veis e uma configura&#231;&#227;o mais homog&#234;nea. Tamb&#233;m se observaram pontos de recorr&#234;ncia mais altos na compara&#231;&#227;o com indiv&#237;duos saud&#225;veis, o que indica um sistema mais recorrente e menos din&#226;mico, e menos modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica complexa nessa popula&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Godoy &amp; Greg&#243;rio<sup>31</sup> ao analisar o GR de v&#225;rios grupos, conseguiram verificar uma diferen&#231;a na variabilidade desses indiv&#237;duos (rec&#233;m-nascidos, adultos, portadores de doen&#231;as renais, e indiv&#237;duos com morte cerebral declarada), para as an&#225;lises quantitativas e qualitativas de GR. A evid&#234;ncia parece corroborar nossos achados, j&#225; que foi observada a influ&#234;ncia positiva da mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce na VFC na an&#225;lise qualitativa de GR. Entretanto, n&#227;o foram observadas diferen&#231;as estat&#237;sticas na an&#225;lise quantitativa.</p>
      <p>Takakura et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> analisaram GR em pacientes que foram submetidos a transplante card&#237;aco, e observaram sinais quantitativos e qualitativos de recupera&#231;&#227;o de VFC, demonstrando que a reinerva&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica card&#237;aca iniciou gradualmente ap&#243;s o transplante.</p>
      <p>Acredita-se que o pequeno n&#250;mero de interven&#231;&#245;es do Protocolo de Mobiliza&#231;&#227;o Precoce (apenas 4 interven&#231;&#245;es) pode ter contribu&#237;do para a aus&#234;ncia de uma diferen&#231;a estatisticamente significativa na an&#225;lise quantitativa. &#201; poss&#237;vel que um n&#250;mero mais alto de interven&#231;&#245;es promova a melhoria da modula&#231;&#227;o auton&#244;mica em outros &#237;ndices de VFC. Isso pode ser considerado um fator limitador deste estudo.</p>
      <p>Para esta pesquisa, somente foram utilizados estudos que analisaram o GR ap&#243;s procedimentos cir&#250;rgicos e/ou doen&#231;as, e n&#227;o foram identificados estudos que analisaram os efeitos agudos do exerc&#237;cio f&#237;sico nos pacientes com IMA ou Doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC). Isso sugere que s&#227;o necess&#225;rias pesquisa adicionais para analisar a din&#226;mica de VFC n&#227;o linear em rela&#231;&#227;o a v&#225;rios protocolos de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>O protocolo de mobiliza&#231;&#227;o precoce promove uma melhoria no comportamento auton&#244;mico, conforme avaliado por variabilidade de frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca e por gr&#225;ficos de recorr&#234;ncia, e pode ser considerado um procedimento &#250;til para a melhor recupera&#231;&#227;o de pacientes submetidos a angioplastia coron&#225;ria transluminal percut&#226;nea.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Gaziella P. O Neri pelo Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Influence of an Early Mobilization Protocol on the Autonomic Behavior of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-8574-5719</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Silveira</surname>
            <given-names>B&#225;rbara Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7611-853X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Melo</surname>
            <given-names>Jade Lara de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9340-6736</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Neri</surname>
            <given-names>Graziella Paula de Oliveira</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-7942-4441</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Greg&#243;rio</surname>
            <given-names>Michele Lima</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8390-0933</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Godoy</surname>
            <given-names>Moacir Fernandes de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-9623-3145</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Accioly</surname>
            <given-names>Marilita Falangola</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Uberaba</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">MG</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - P&#243;s Gradua&#231;&#227;o Enfermagem, S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Faculdade de Medicina de S&#227;o Jos&#233; do Rio Preto (FAMERP) - Cardiologia e Cirurgia Cardiovascular, S&#227;o Jose do Rio Preto, SP &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Marilita Falangola Accioly &#8226;</bold> Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro - Departamento de Fisioterapia Aplicada - Av. Frei Paulino, 30. Postal Code <postal-code>38025-180</postal-code>, Uberaba, MG Brazil. E-mail: <email>marilitafisio@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Neri GPO, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF; Acquisition of data: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Neri GPO; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF; Statistical analysis: Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF; Writing of the manuscript: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Accioly MF; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Silveira BO, Melo JL, Greg&#243;rio ML, Godoy MF, Accioly MF.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Recurrence Plots (RP) enable a nonlinear analysis of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) and provide information on the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>To evaluate whether early ambulation in patients undergoing Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA) influences the quantitative and qualitative components of RP.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>A total of 32 participants who underwent PTCA were divided into a Control Group (CG - no physical exercises) and an Early Ambulation Group (EAG &#8211; with physical exercises). Beat-to-beat heart rate was recorded using a heart rate monitor in both groups upon admission and discharge. The linear indices in the time and frequency domains were analyzed, and nonlinear indices were obtained through RP. The Early Ambulation Physical Therapy Protocol began 12-18 hours after PTCA. A two-tailed unpaired t-test was used for comparisons, and p-values &lt; 0.05 were accepted as significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>When comparing both groups, upon discharge, EAG showed an increase in SDNN (23.55 &#177; 12.05 to 37.29 &#177; 16.25; p=0.042), Triangular Index (8.99 &#177; 3.03 to 9.66 &#177; 3.07; p=0.014), and VLF (694.20 &#177; 468.20 to 848.37 &#177; 526.51; p=0.004), but without significant changes in the nonlinear evaluation. In addition, in the qualitative analysis of RP, a more diffuse and less geometric pattern was observed in EAG, indicating greater variability, while in CG, an altered and more geometric pattern was noted.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>The Early Ambulation Protocol promotes an improvement in autonomic behavior as evaluated by HRV and by RP, which can thus be considered a useful procedure for better recovery of patients undergoing PTCA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Cardiovascular Diseases/mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Ambulation/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Exercise</kwd>
        <kwd>Autonomic Nervous System</kwd>
        <kwd>Angioplasty</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular diseases account for the highest number of deaths worldwide.&#185; Among them, Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is the leading cause of death in Brazil.&#178; However, survival of these patients has increased as a result of technological advances, such as Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Associated with PTCA, multidisciplinary interaction plays an important role in reducing mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> since early ambulation avoids bed confinement and its many deleterious effects, such as functional decline and reduced quality of life after discharge.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> However, it is still very common for patients to remain confined to a bed for fear of hemodynamic instability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In contrast, the analysis of cardiac autonomic modulation through Heart Rate Variability (HRV) has been used as a predictor of cardiovascular risks in various conditions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> However, most studies used the linear analysis of HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The human body is a good illustration of a natural &#8220;Complex System&#8221; characterized by the continuous interaction of its multiple organs to maintain life. Its complexity results in a mode of behavior that is typically nonlinear in normal situations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Thus, the methods related to nonlinear dynamics are usually more clinically relevant for a better interpretation of the pathophysiological behavior of HRV under various conditions and, consequently, its prognostic value, complementing the information obtained with traditional evaluations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Recurrence Plots (RP) are a nonlinear analysis method idealized by Eckmann et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> which proposes the analysis of the behavior of a system, represented by a time series, in an abstract space called phase space, enabling the quantification and qualification of HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In addition, little is known about acute responses to early exercise in autonomic modulation and cardiovascular function in the immediate postoperative period of patients undergoing myocardial revascularization and PTCA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate whether early ambulation in patients undergoing PTCA influences the quantitative and qualitative components of RP.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Sample</title>
          <p>This is a prospective, controlled and quasi-experimental clinical trial. The sample included individuals who underwent PTCA at the University Hospital of the University of Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro.</p>
          <p>The sample size was calculated considering the prevalence of individuals requiring angioplasty and hospitalized in a coronary care unit. For the calculation, the following formula was used: n= Z<sup>2</sup> x p (p-100) / e<sup>2</sup>, where Z is the constant critical value that corresponds to the 95% confidence interval (95% CI); p is the prevalence of the disease/main variable; and e is sampling error, which may vary up to 10% of the true value of the population selected for the sample, suggesting a sample of 15 individuals for each group.</p>
          <p>The flowchart for sample recruitment and selection is displayed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f4">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flowchart showing recruitment and selection of study participants. AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction. CPA: Cardiopulmonary Arrest. PTCA: Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty. MV: Mechanical Ventilation.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          <p>The sample consisted of 32 participants who met the following inclusion criteria: be at least 18 years old; show a medical diagnosis of uncomplicated AMI (Killip I and II), with or without ST segment elevation and/or indication of elective PTCA (successful PTCA with residual stenosis of less than 50%); and be able to understand the instructions to perform the physical exercises. Next, the participants were divided into two groups: Early Ambulation (EAG) with 16 participants submitted to the Early Ambulation Protocol; and Control (GC) with 16 participants not submitted to the Early Ambulation Protocol. The sample was matched for age, sex, and medical diagnosis.</p>
          <p>Individuals with at least one of the following characteristics were excluded from the study: history of previous AMI, complicated AMI (Killip III and IV), pacemaker implantation, 2<sup>nd</sup> or 3<sup>rd</sup> degree atrioventricular block, sequelae of stroke, inferior limb amputation, severe aortic stenosis, previous myocardial revascularization surgery, heart failure, hemodynamic instability at rest, worsening of the general clinical condition, feverish condition, and respiratory failure (need for mechanical ventilation).</p>
          <p>The study procedures followed all the norms of CNS Resolution No. 466 and was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Federal University of Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro under Resolution 2.319.890 and the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials RBR-9w378x.</p>
          <p><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figure 1</xref> - Flowchart showing recruitment and selection of study participants. AMI: Acute Myocardial Infarction. CPA: Cardiopulmonary Arrest. PTCA: Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty. MV: Mechanical Ventilation.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental Protocol</title>
          <p>The experimental protocol consisted of four phases. Phase I was conducted with interviews and assessments of medical records. Phase II was performed 12 to 18 hours after PTCA and consisted of recording beat-to-beat heart rate, using a Polar&#174; heart rate monitor model RS800CX (Polar Kempele, Finland), and the tachogram was collected continuously for 20 minutes. During the entire collection process, the participant remained at rest, in the supine position, in silence and awake. Phase III was characterized by the implementation of an Early Ambulation Protocol, performed only by EAG.</p>
          <p>In Phase IV, a new electrocardiogram was performed to analyze HRV, following the same procedures as in Phase II.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Early Ambulation Protocol</title>
          <p>The Early Ambulation Protocol was adapted from the protocol used at the Grady Memorial Hospital and Emory University School of Medicine,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> consisting of progressive steps in different positions, as described in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref>. The protocol was started and applied in the positions according to the participants&#8217; functional status, which was verified by evaluations and communication with the multidisciplinary team. The EAG performed the protocol throughout the hospitalization period, which consisted of two sessions per day (4 interventions during ICU stay).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t5">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Early Ambulation Protocol</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="50%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Position</th>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Exercises</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="6" valign="middle">Supine</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">A) One-set diaphragmatic exercises associated with active-assisted or active-free diagonal movement of the upper limb (10 times for each limb);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">B) Repeat the exercise over 1 set with both members simultaneously (10 times);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">C) Repeat the exercise over 1 set with both members simultaneously (10 times);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">D) Active assisted or active free lower limbs - triple flexion (10 times) + abduction / hip adduction (10 times for each limb);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">E) Ankle flexion-extension (10 times) for each foot;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">F) Ankle circumference (10 times) for each foot.</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Sitting</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Active exercises from A to F</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" rowspan="5" valign="middle">Orthostatism</td>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Active exercises from A to F and active for lower limbs (supported if necessary)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">G) Standing on tiptoe (10 times) with both limbs simultaneously;</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">H) Half squats (10 times);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">I) Stationary gait (for 30 seconds);</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">J) Ambulation in the room (1 round).</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
          <p>The following criteria were used to discontinue the Early Ambulation Protocol: signs and/or symptoms of fatigue, chest pain, dyspnea, cyanosis, pallor, tachycardia (&gt;120 beats per minute), bradycardia, complex arrhythmias, and hypotension (Mean Blood Pressure &lt;65mmHg).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Evaluation of autonomic modulation</title>
          <p>For the analysis of HRV indices, RR interval records were transmitted to a computer using the Polar Precision Performance software (version 4.01.029)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> and converted to text files. Only those series with more than 95% of sinus beats were analyzed, following the selection of the 1,000 most stable points (Kubios HRV Software, version 2.0, University of Kuopio, Finland). The data were filtered using the Polar Precision Performance standard software filter (version 4.01.029), with a moderate filter. Next, a graphical computational filtering tool called T-RR Filter<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> was used.</p>
          <p>Among the linear methods, the time domain measures normal RR intervals (iR-R), and various measurements are calculated from these intervals, including: standard deviation of the mean normal iR-R (SDNN), which corresponds to sympathetic and parasympathetic effects and represents global variability; the percentage of adjacent iR-Rs with a difference of duration greater than 50 milliseconds (pNN50); and the root mean square of the successive differences between the usual adjacent iR-Rs (RMSSD). The RMSSD and pNN50 variables are related only to parasympathetic behavior, while SDNN reflects all components responsible for variability. The Triangular Index refers to the number of all iR-Rs divided by the frequency of these iR-Rs in the modal compartment of the histogram, thus reflecting the global variability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For the analysis of the frequency domain, the cubic splines interpolation method at 4Hz was applied and the power spectral density of the most stable segment was calculated using the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), calculating, in milliseconds squared (ms<sup>2</sup>), the spectral components for Very Low Frequency (VLF) (&lt;0.04Hz), Low Frequency (LF) (0.04-0.15 Hz), and High Frequency (HF) (0.15 to 0.40 Hz), in addition to the ratio of these components (LF/HF).</p>
          <p>LF represents the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation; HF represents the vagal modulation activity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> VLF reflects humoral, vascular, thermal regulations, as well as the activity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Moreover, the LF and HF ratio can be considered a measure of sympathovagal balance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>RP were used for nonlinear analysis of HRV, which was made in a qualitative and quantitative manner. The qualitative analysis was performed by visualizing the graphic pattern and the quantitative analysis used the following indices: Recurrence (REC), Determinism (DET), Shannon entropy (ES), Laminarity (LAM), Trapping time (TT), and Maximum line (MaxLine).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> The following parameters were used in RP: embedding dimension = 10; time delay = 1, radius = 70, line = 2,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> and color scheme = Volcano.</p>
          <p>A time series is used for the construction of RP. According to the ranges of values between measurements (dimension) and distances or time intervals (radius), it can be verified whether or not recurrence values exist. The use of different colors represents different radii complementing the typical visual appearance of RP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
          <p>RP can be analyzed by small and large scale patterns. The small scale patterns fit the points, diagonal and vertical lines, which enable a qualitative analysis. For example, in healthy individuals, RP show a diagonal line and fewer apparent squares, indicating higher HRV. In individuals with some autonomic modulation impairment, RP show more squares defined in the graph, more geometric shapes, indicating the inherent periodicity, linear behavior and a low HRV.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>In the quantitative analysis, some indices are generated: recurrence rate (REC%), which quantifies the percentage of recurrent points within a specific radius; Percentage of Determinism (DET%), representing the diagonals formed by recurrence points; average Length of Diagonal Lines (Lmean) and Maximum Length of Diagonal Lines (Lmax), representing the largest diagonal except the main one; Laminarity (LAM), which are the recurrence points that form vertical lines; Trapping Time (TT), which is the average length of vertical lines; Entropy, representing Shannon's entropy, which measures the distribution complexity of diagonal lines. In this case, unlike other interpretations, it is understood that the higher the Shannon entropy is, the more linear the time series will be.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
          <p>For the qualitative analysis, chaotic, randomized, periodic, and linear systems constructed by mathematical formulation reported by Takakura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> were used as RP models, as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>.</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>RP of randomized, chaotic, periodic, and linear systems, obtained with mathematical formulation.</title>
            </caption>
            <attrib>Source: Takakura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></attrib>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>A descriptive analysis of continuous and categorical variables was performed. The presence or absence of normal distribution of variables was assessed by Shapiro-Wilk tests. Continuous data with Gaussian distribution were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and percentage values.</p>
          <p>A two-tailed unpaired t-test was set for all intergroup analyses being admitted an alpha error of 5%. All analyses were performed with Stats Direct Statistical Software version 3.3.3.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The analyzed sample was homogeneous regarding clinical diagnosis, systemic blood pressure, heart rate at rest, length of hospital stay, number of implanted stents, and HRV indices. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Table 2</xref> describes the sample characterization of both groups.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Sample Characterization</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Control Group (N=16)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Early Ambulation Group (N=16)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-values<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN7">*</xref> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Sociodemographic profile</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age: years</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">61.00 &#177;8.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">63.50 &#177;9.64</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.439</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sex: male (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27 &#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">29 &#177;3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.467</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Diagnostic</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Coronary Artery Disease (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Acute Myocardial Infarction (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">08 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>BP / HR (at rest)</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart Rate (bpm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.38 &#177;11.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">71.19 &#177;10.08</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.960</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130.25 &#177;22.62</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">134.38&#177;19.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.583</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">76.50 &#177;17.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">72.06 &#177;9.95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean blood pressure (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.06 &#177;21.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.69 &#177;13.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.827</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="4" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Coronary obstruction</bold>
                </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Right Coronary Artery (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (75%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">10 (62.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anterior Descending (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8 (50%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Circumflex (n)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2 (12.5%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3 (18.8%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Length of stay in hospital (days)</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.94 &#177;1.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.75 &#177;1.18</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Number of stents</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.63 &#177;0.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.94 &#177;0.85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.215</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p>N: number of participants; mean &#177; standard deviation; BM: body mass index; kg/m2; kilogram per square meter; BP: blood pressure; HR: heart rate; bpm: beats per minute; mmHg: millimeters of mercury.</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>unpaired Student's t-test.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The drugs used by CG were beta-blockers (81.3%), hypolipidemics (62.5%), Ieca (50%), Aspirin (62.5%), and Ticlopidine/clopidogrel (18.8), while EAG used beta-blockers (87.5%), hypolipidemics (53.6%), Ieca (50%), Aspirin (62.5%), and Ticlopidine/clopidogrel (37.5%).</p>
        <p><xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">Table 3</xref> summarizes the analysis of linear indices for the time and frequency domains, in which we can observe a statistically significant difference in SDNN, Triangular Index, and VLF when comparing CG with EAG. <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> shows the quantitative analysis of nonlinear indices by the Visual Recurrence Analysis Software. There was no statistical difference between both moments when comparing CG and EAG.</p>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart Rate Variability analyzed by Linear Methods: Control vs. Early Ambulation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">HRV indices</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Control</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Early Ambulation</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Control x Early Ambulation</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (DP)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Time Domain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean RR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">894.58 &#177;112.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">825.29 &#177;85.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">890.60 &#177;147.14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">908.12 &#177;140.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9321</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0544</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SDNN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.73 &#177;18.91</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">27.4 &#177;8.71</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">23.55 &#177;12.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">37.29 &#177;16.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4610</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0428<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">RMSSD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.98 &#177;11.10</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.69 &#177;9.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">19.68 &#177;11.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.48 &#177;13.47</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5601</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2482</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PNN50</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.19 &#177;7.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.83 &#177;6.85</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.30 &#177;5.26</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.12 &#177;6.53</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7046</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4864</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Triangular Index</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.34 &#177;4.99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.23 &#177;2.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.99 &#177;3.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">9.66 &#177;3.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8126</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0148<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TINN</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">142.81 &#177;54.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">131.25 &#177;39.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">120.62 &#177;63.03</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">130.0 &#177;70.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2944</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9513</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">
                  <bold>Frequency Domain</bold>
                </td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
                <td align="center" valign="middle"/>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">VLF power (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">927.23 &#177;1395.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">407.56 &#177;237.61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">694.20 &#177;468.20</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">848.37 &#177;526.51</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5308</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.0043<xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN9">*</xref> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LF power (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">300.06 &#177;367.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177.81 &#177;154.94</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">233.93 &#177;165.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">380.50 &#177;513.86</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5165</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1414</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">HF power (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">148.43 &#177;174.09</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">159.87 &#177;223.07</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">94.12 &#177;117.58</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">177.68 &#177;159.76</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4677</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3282</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LF/HF power (ms<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.86 &#177;2.12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.39 &#177;2.49</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.80 &#177;1.61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.94 &#177;3.65</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9295</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.6205</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p>Mean RR: mean of RR intervals; RMSSD: root mean square of the successive differences between the usual adjacent iR-Rs; pNN50: percentage of adjacent RR intervals that differ by duration greater than 50 milliseconds; SDNN: standard deviation of the average of normal RR intervals; RR tri index: triangular index RR; TINN: Triangular interpolation of the NN interval histogram. Data expressed as mean (standard deviation); VLF: Very Low Frequency; HF: High Frequency; LF: Low Frequency; LF/HF: Ratio between Low and High Frequency</p>
            </fn>
            <fn id="TFN9">
              <label>*</label>
              <p>statistically significant difference (p &lt;0.05). unpaired Student's t-test (Control x Early Ambulation).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Heart Rate Variability analyzed by Nonlinear Methods: Control x Early Ambulation</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="14%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" rowspan="3" valign="middle">HRV indices</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Control</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Early Ambulation</th>
                <th align="center" colspan="2" valign="middle">Control x Early Ambulation</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Admission</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Discharge</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Mean (SD)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" colspan="7" valign="middle">Visual Recurrence Analysis (VRA)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Mean</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">890.64&#177;147.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">908.22&#177;140.36</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">893.71&#177;101.13</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">843.18&#177;90.72</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.9457</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.1318</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentage of Recurrence</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.71 &#177;7.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">40.18 &#177;2.41</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.54 &#177;3.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">43.60&#177;13.66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3021</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3389</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentage of Determinism</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.35 &#177;10.99</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.65 &#177;11.37</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">83.71 &#177;13.78</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.63&#177;11.39</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.553</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8099</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Percentage of Laminarity</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">92.38 &#177;6.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.05 &#177;9.61</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">89.62 &#177;9.66</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.51 &#177;9.77</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3477</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8941</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Trapping Time</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.65 &#177;12.15</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.73 &#177;3.11</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.68 &#177;3.67</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.82 &#177;2.40</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2271</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.3668</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ratio</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14 &#177;0.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.12 &#177;0.22</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.16 &#177;0.25</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.14 &#177;0.28</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8472</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.8257</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Entropy</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.79 &#177;0.75</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.83 &#177;0.52</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.66 &#177;0.60</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">3.71 &#177;0.48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5886</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.5117</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MaxLine</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">219.93&#177;191.23</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">241.68&#177;223.29</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">238.12&#177;166.34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">171.12&#177;95.56</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.7761</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.2587</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN10">
              <p>Data expressed as mean (standard deviation) *: statistically significant difference (p &lt;0.05). Paired t-test (parametric samples) and Wilcoxon test (nonparametric sample). unpaired Student's t-test (Control x Early Ambulation).</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>However, an overall worsening of the Control Group pattern can be observed in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>, which shows the visual (qualitative) analysis of RP. Upon discharge, there are a greater number of dark squares and more geometric shapes, indicating higher linearity, and therefore less system homeostasis when compared with admission. Moreover, when comparing EAG with GC, a more chaotic pattern can be observed, with fewer apparent and more homogeneous squares in EAG, indicating greater complexity and improvement of homeostasis.</p>
        <fig id="f6">
          <label>Figure 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Recurrence Plots of participants identified by P_00 admission and discharge.</title>
          </caption>
          <attrib>Source: Research</attrib>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1161-00296-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The major findings of the intragroup analysis of EAG were the significant increase in the linear indices (SDNN and PNN50) upon discharge, when compared with those upon admission. In the EAG intergroup analysis, a chaotic and more complex pattern was observed.</p>
        <p>This increase in linear indices is indicative of high HRV, represented by the increase in parasympathetic activity in PNN50 and global autonomic activity in SDNN, following the application of the Early Ambulation Protocol. This result infers improvement of overall health of the cardiovascular system, given that increased parasympathetic activity is related to higher HRV, and lower cardiovascular mortality,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> demonstrating the beneficial influence of exercises performed in the ICU.</p>
        <p>In the intergroup analysis, the indices for SDNN, Triangular Index, and VLF show a statistically significant difference upon discharge. The SDNN indices infer the global information on both parasympathetic and sympathetic modulation; the Triangular Index expresses RR interval variability, closely related to SDNN; and VLF is related to the angiotensin-aldosterone renin system, thermoregulation, and peripheral vasomotor tone.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Some studies<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> have presented evidence that early ambulation improves autonomic modulation in individuals after AMI. However, these studies used linear methods for their analyses, and recent studies point out that our body has a nonlinear behavior. Therefore, the analysis of the autonomic modulation by nonlinear methods is paramount.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Nonlinear analysis, unlike linear analysis, measures quality, scale, and correlation of signal properties, thus providing an interpretation of the unpredictability, complexity, and fractability of the system.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Meyerfeldt et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> found higher &#8220;sensitivity&#8221; of nonlinear analysis when compared with linear analysis in pathological behaviors, such as tachyarrhythmias.</p>
        <p>When analyzing the results of indices for chaos domains, in absolute values, we found no statistically significant differences. However, when analyzing the qualitative aspect of RP (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 3</xref>), it is possible to notice that the RP of the participants treated with early ambulation show improvement in HRV, as they present more heterogeneous colors and less geometric patterns. When compared with the mathematical models (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 2</xref>), they show a behavior that tends to chaos, indicating greater variability, and therefore autonomic improvement. The study conducted by Manata et al.<sup>30</sup> supports our findings, which used RP to compare healthy individuals with individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). The authors concluded that individuals with COPD had lower HRV, as the RP showed more visible squares and a more homogeneous configuration. They further observed higher recurrence points when compared with healthy individuals, which indicates a more recurrent and less dynamic system and less complex autonomic modulation in this population.</p>
        <p>Godoy &amp; Greg&#243;rio,<sup>31</sup> when analyzing the RP of several groups, were able to verify a difference in the variability of these individuals (newborns, adults, renal patients, and individuals with declared brain death), for the quantitative and qualitative analyses of RP. This evidence seems to corroborate our findings, as we observed a positive influence of early ambulation on HRV for the qualitative analysis of RP. However, we did not observe statistical differences in the quantitative analysis.</p>
        <p>Takakura et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> analyzed RP in patients who underwent heart transplantation and observed quantitative and qualitative signs of HRV recovery, showing that the heart autonomic re-innervation started gradually after transplantation.</p>
        <p>We believe that the small number of interventions of the Early Ambulation Protocol (only 4 interventions) may have contributed to the absence of a statistically significant difference in the quantitative analysis. A larger number of interventions are likely to promote improvement of autonomic modulation in other HRV indices. This can be considered a limiting factor of our study.</p>
        <p>This research only used studies that analyzed RP after surgical procedures and/or conditions, and no studies were found that analyzed the acute effects of physical exercise on patients with AMI or Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). This suggests that further research is required to analyze the nonlinear HRV dynamics in relation to different early ambulation protocols.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>The Early Ambulation Protocol promotes an improvement in autonomic behavior as evaluated by Heart Rate Variability as well as by Recurrence Graphs, which can then be considered a useful procedure for a better recovery of patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn3">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Gaziella P. O Neri, from Universidade Federal do Tri&#226;ngulo Mineiro.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
