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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">gygMRTbgDLb7TGm56bQP9xG</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401159</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210914</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210914</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardioprote&#231;&#227;o durante a Quimioterapia: Perspectivas de Estrat&#233;gias com Antioxidantes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1242-5423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Heck</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Modelagem Matem&#225;tica e Computacional</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Iju&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Aten&#231;&#227;o Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de (PPGAIS), Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Modelagem Matem&#225;tica e Computacional (PPGMMC), Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#205;), Iju&#237;, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Thiago Gomes Heck &#8226;</bold> Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Aten&#231;&#227;o Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de - Rua do Com&#233;rcio, 3000. CEP <postal-code>98700-000</postal-code>, Iju&#237;, RS - Brasil. E-mail: <email>thiago.heck@unijui.edu.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1159</fpage>
      <lpage>1160</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Cardioprote&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Tratamento Farmacol&#243;gico</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidantes</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="7"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>O conceito de estresse oxidativo, bem definido como uma situa&#231;&#227;o em que c&#233;lulas, tecidos ou todo o organismo apresentam um desequil&#237;brio entre as esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio (EROS) e as defesas antioxidantes em favor dos n&#237;veis de EROS, se apresenta em diversas doen&#231;as agudas e cr&#244;nicas, como o c&#226;ncer. O equil&#237;brio entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de EROS e a capacidade das c&#233;lulas de evitar o dano oxidativo &#233; um desafio natural para as esp&#233;cies de mam&#237;feros, uma vez que a produ&#231;&#227;o de energia pelas vias oxidativas nas mitoc&#244;ndrias permite a produ&#231;&#227;o cont&#237;nua de radicais livres e mol&#233;culas oxidativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Os agentes farmacol&#243;gicos, em geral, podem usar a modula&#231;&#227;o de equil&#237;brio oxidativo para tratar algumas doen&#231;as, ou o desequil&#237;brio oxidativo pode representar um efeito colateral dos medicamentos. Al&#233;m disso, precisamos ter em mente que o estresse oxidativo causado por condi&#231;&#245;es ambientais (como, por exemplo, polui&#231;&#227;o do ar) e metab&#243;licas (como, por exemplo, obesidade e diabetes) tamb&#233;m est&#225; associado a maior risco de diversos c&#226;nceres.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A hiperprolifera&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas tumorais &#233; acompanhada por alta produ&#231;&#227;o de EROS, mas sabe-se que a resposta ao estresse celular, as defesas antioxidantes e a resist&#234;ncia contra os efeitos citot&#243;xicos da quimioterapia s&#227;o bastante diferentes no tumor em compara&#231;&#227;o com as c&#233;lulas do sistema imunol&#243;gico e outros tecidos. Assim, o tumor &#233; capaz de se adaptar &#224;s condi&#231;&#245;es de carga oxidativa, enquanto outras c&#233;lulas podem n&#227;o apresentar autodefesa suficiente contra o dano oxidativo. O mecanismo de autoprote&#231;&#227;o tumoral envolve aumento dos n&#237;veis da principal defesa antioxidante n&#227;o enzim&#225;tica, a glutationa (GSH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Como uma c&#233;lula &#8220;faminta&#8221;, considerando a demanda comum por altos n&#237;veis de energia principalmente pela capta&#231;&#227;o de glicose, os tumores ativam a glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase (G6PD) e redireciona o metabolismo da glicose desde a glic&#243;lise at&#233; o bra&#231;o oxidativo da via das pentoses-fosfato (VPF) em dire&#231;&#227;o &#224; s&#237;ntese de nucleot&#237;deos. Por sua vez, o aumento da nicotinamida adenina dinucleot&#237;deo fosfato (NADPH) permite o aumento da GSH e de outros sistemas antioxidantes. Al&#233;m disso, em n&#237;vel molecular, o tumor evoca diversos fatores de transcri&#231;&#227;o, incluindo a prote&#237;na ativadora 1 (AP-1), fator de choque t&#233;rmico 1 (HSF1), fator nuclear &#954;B (NF-&#954;B), fator nuclear eritroide 2 relacionado ao fator 2-p45 (NRF2), e prote&#237;na tumoral p53, representando uma estrat&#233;gia proliferativa acompanhada por uma defesa robusta contra o estresse celular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Em meio a essa tempestade, &#233; necess&#225;rio atacar o tumor com agentes agressivos. As antraciclinas, como a doxorrubicina (DOX), s&#227;o altamente eficazes contra leucemias linfobl&#225;sticas e mielobl&#225;sticas agudas e tamb&#233;m contra tumores s&#243;lidos (como, por exemplo, c&#226;ncer de mama). No entanto, a cardiotoxicidade induzida pelas antraciclina pode ocorrer de forma aguda (durante o tratamento ou imediatamente ap&#243;s), induzindo pericardite-miocardite ou arritmias, promovendo complica&#231;&#245;es cr&#244;nicas e aumentando o risco de morte. No cora&#231;&#227;o, por ser um &#243;rg&#227;o com intenso metabolismo oxidativo por natureza, a DOX pode aumentar a produ&#231;&#227;o de EROS ao metabolizar a droga. Enzimas mitocondriais, como a NADPH oxidase, citocromo P-450 redutase e xantina oxidase, podem transformar a DOX e outras antraciclinas na forma de quinona em semiquinona, que por sua vez gera EROS, como o radical &#226;nion super&#243;xido, entre outros. Al&#233;m disso, EROS derivadas de DOX podem ativar o fator p53 e a sinaliza&#231;&#227;o pr&#243;-inflamat&#243;ria, como vias centradas em NF-&#954;B, resultando em um desequil&#237;brio entre prote&#237;nas pr&#243; e anti-apopt&#243;ticas e anti-inflamat&#243;rias. Por fim, a DOX pode afetar a transcri&#231;&#227;o e a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas card&#237;acas espec&#237;ficas, prejudicando a fun&#231;&#227;o dos cardiomi&#243;citos, levando &#224; deteriora&#231;&#227;o miofibrilar, interrup&#231;&#227;o da organiza&#231;&#227;o do sarc&#244;mero e redu&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Evitando o cen&#225;rio oxidativo, a busca b&#225;sica &#233; por estrat&#233;gias antioxidantes. Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o, o estudo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> mostrou que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol durante o per&#237;odo gestacional tem efeito cardioprotetor no cora&#231;&#227;o dos filhotes contra a toxicidade induzida pela DOX. Esse tratamento antioxidante induziu um aumento na viabilidade celular dos cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores apopt&#243;ticos/necr&#243;ticos. Esses efeitos estiveram associados &#224; melhora na defesa antioxidante e diminui&#231;&#227;o dos danos oxidativos ao DNA, e promoveram a express&#227;o de prote&#237;nas relacionadas &#224;s vias de resposta celular ao estresse (Sirt6) nos cardiomi&#243;citos dos filhotes. Al&#233;m disso, esses resultados animadores mostraram a relev&#226;ncia da suplementa&#231;&#227;o com antioxidantes durante o tratamento do c&#226;ncer e destacaram a relev&#226;ncia de incluir interven&#231;&#245;es relacionadas aos antioxidantes (por exemplo: exerc&#237;cios)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> em ambientes maternos em resposta a agentes de estresse para a sa&#250;de dos filhotes a fim de evitar a cardiotoxicidade.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Efeito Cardioprotetor da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o Materna com Resveratrol sobre a Toxicidade Induzida por Doxorrubicina em Cardiomi&#243;citos de Neonatos</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardioprotection during Chemotherapy: Prospects of Antioxidant Strategies</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-1242-5423</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Heck</surname>
            <given-names>Thiago Gomes</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Iju&#237;</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Grupo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia, Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Aten&#231;&#227;o Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de (PPGAIS), Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Modelagem Matem&#225;tica e Computacional (PPGMMC), Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (UNIJU&#205;), Iju&#237;, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Thiago Gomes Heck &#8226;</bold> Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul - Programa de P&#243;s-Gradua&#231;&#227;o em Aten&#231;&#227;o Integral &#224; Sa&#250;de - Rua do Com&#233;rcio, 3000. Postal Code <postal-code>98700-000</postal-code>, Iju&#237;, RS - Brazil. E-mail: <email>thiago.heck@unijui.edu.br</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Cardioprotection</kwd>
        <kwd>Drug Therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Antioxidants</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>The concept of oxidative stress, well defined as a situation in which cells, tissues, or the whole body present an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses in favor of ROS levels, is found in several acute and chronic diseases, including cancer. The equilibrium between ROS production and the ability of cells to avoid oxidative damage is a natural challenge for mammalian species since the energy production by oxidative pathways in mitochondria allows the continuous production of free radical and oxidative molecules.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Pharmacological agents may generally use the modulation of oxidative balance to treat some diseases, or oxidative imbalance may represent a side effect of the drugs. Also, we need to keep in mind that oxidative stress caused by environmental (e.g., air pollution) and metabolic (e.g., obesity and diabetes) conditions is also associated with an increased risk of a variety of cancers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Hyperproliferation of tumor cells is accompanied by high ROS production, but it is well known that cell stress response, antioxidant defenses, and resistance against the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapy is quite different in tumor compared to immune cells and other tissues. Thus, the tumor is able to adapt to conditions of oxidative burden while other cells may not present sufficient self-defense against oxidative damage. The mechanism of tumor self-protection involves increasing the levels of the major non-enzymatic antioxidant defense, glutathione (GSH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As a &#8220;hungry&#8221; cell, considering the common high-energy demand mainly by glucose uptake, tumors activate glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and reroute glucose metabolism from glycolysis through the oxidative arm of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) toward nucleotide synthesis. In turn, the increase in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) allows the increase in GSH and other antioxidant systems. Also, at a molecular level, the tumor evocates many transcription factors, including activator protein 1 (AP-1), heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), nuclear factor &#954;B (NF-&#954;B), nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2), and tumor protein p53, representing a proliferative strategy accompanied by a robust cell stress defense.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In the middle of this storm, it is necessary to attack the tumor with aggressive agents. Anthracyclines, such as doxorubicin (DOX), are highly effective against acute lymphoblastic and myeloblastic leukemias and also against solid tumors (e.g., breast cancer). However, anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity may occur acutely (during treatment or immediately after), inducing pericarditis-myocarditis or arrhythmias, chronically promoting complications, and increasing the risk of death. In the heart, as an organ with an intense oxidative metabolism by nature, DOX can increase ROS production by metabolizing the drug. Mitochondria enzymes such as NADPH oxidase, cytochrome P-450 reductase, and xanthine oxidase can transform DOX and other anthracyclines in the form of quinone into semiquinone, which in turn generates ROS as superoxide anion and others. Also, DOX-derived ROS may activate p53 and pro-inflammatory signaling such as NF-&#954;B-centered pathways, resulting in an imbalance between pro-and anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory proteins. Finally, DOX could affect the transcription and expression of cardiac-specific proteins impairing the function of cardiomyocytes leading to myofibrillar deterioration, disruption of sarcomere organization, and reduction of contractile function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Avoiding the oxidative scenario, the basic search is for antioxidant strategies. In this issue, a study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> showed that supplementation with resveratrol during the gestational period has a cardioprotective effect on the offspring's heart against DOX-induced toxicity. This antioxidant treatment induced an increase in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell viability and decreased apoptotic/necrotic markers. These effects were associated with improved antioxidant defense and decreased DNA oxidative damages, and promoted the expression of proteins related to cell stress response pathways (Sirt6) in the cardiomyocytes of the pups. Furthermore, these exciting results showed the relevance of antioxidant supplementation during cancer treatment and highlighted the relevance of including antioxidant-related interventions (e.g. exercise)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> in maternal environments in response to stress agents for the offspring health to avoid cardiotoxicity.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Cardioprotective Effect of Maternal Supplementation with Resveratrol on Toxicity Induced by Doxorubicin in Offspring Cardiomyocytes</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
