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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GD7WGhRRFpVZg5whyX355Rz</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005018203</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401147</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200752</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200752</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeito Cardioprotetor da Suplementa&#231;&#227;o Materna com Resveratrol sobre a Toxicidade Induzida por Doxorrubicina em Cardiomi&#243;citos de Neonatos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6970-612X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Vinicius Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Dinara Jaqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Jenifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label> 1 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre , Porto Alegre , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label> 2 </label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Faculdades Integradas de Taquara</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Taquara</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original"> Faculdades Integradas de Taquara , Taquara , RS &#8211; Brasil </institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01">Correspond&#234;ncia: Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto Brito &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Rua Sarmento Leite, 245. CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>veronicab@ufcspa.edu.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Brito VB, Moura DJ, Saffi J; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Brito VB, Nascimento LVM; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Brito VB, Nascimento LVM, Moura DJ, Saffi J; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Brito VB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Saffi J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito de interesse no presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1147</fpage>
      <lpage>1158</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>23</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>01</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p>A doxorrubicina (DOX) &#233; frequentemente usada para tratar muitos tipos de c&#226;nceres, apesar da cardiotoxicidade dose-dependente. Como alternativa, o resveratrol &#233; um polifenol que tem demonstrado efeitos cardioprotetores em v&#225;rios modelos de disfun&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p>Este estudo investigou se o tratamento com resveratrol em ratas gestantes protege contra toxicidade induzida por doxorrubicina em cardiomi&#243;citos da ninhada.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p>Ratas Wistar (n-8) receberam sresveratrol como suplemento alimentar durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o. No nascimento da ninhada, os cora&#231;&#245;es (9-11) foram usados para se obter a cultura prim&#225;ria de cardiomi&#243;citos. A cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX e os efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol foram avaliados por marcadores de stress oxidativo, tais como oxida&#231;&#227;o da diclorofluoresce&#237;na diacetato, diminui&#231;&#227;o da atividade de enzimas antioxidantes, e oxida&#231;&#227;o do teor total de grupos sulfidrila, al&#233;m da avalia&#231;&#227;o da viabilidade celular, gera&#231;&#227;o de danos ao DNA, bem como a resposta de reparo aos danos ao DNA. Um valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p>Os cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos de ratas que receberam suplemento resveratrol apresentaram um aumento (p &lt;0,01) na viabilidade das c&#233;lulas, e diminui&#231;&#227;o (p &lt;0,0001) de c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas/necr&#243;ticas ap&#243;s o tratamento com DOX, o que est&#225; correlacionado &#224;s atividades de enzimas antioxidantes e produ&#231;&#227;o de diclorofluoresce&#237;na. Al&#233;m disso, o resveratrol protegeu os cardiomi&#243;citos de danos ao DNA induzidos por DOX, apresentando uma diminui&#231;&#227;o (p &lt;0,05) nas quebras de DNA induzidas por stress oxidativo, avaliadas pela atividade de enzimas reparadoras do DNA endonuclease III e formamidopirimidina glicosilase. A suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol aumentou (p &lt;0,05) a express&#227;o da prote&#237;na reparadora Sirt6 nos cardiomi&#243;citos dos filhotes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p>Essa pesquisa indica que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol durante o per&#237;odo gestacional tem um efeito cardioprotetor no cora&#231;&#227;o da ninhada contra a toxicidade induzida por DOX, o que pode se dever a sua fun&#231;&#227;o antioxidante, e o aumento na resposta de danos ao DNA.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorrubicina</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomi&#243;citos</kwd>
        <kwd>Enzimas de Reparo do DNA</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="14"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="51"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A antraciclina doxorrubicina (DOX) &#233; um agente quimioter&#225;pico usado geralmente usado para tratar leucemia e uma variedade de tumores s&#243;lidos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Sua a&#231;&#227;o citot&#243;xica em c&#233;lulas tumorais est&#225; relacionada &#224; inibi&#231;&#227;o da topoisomerase II; intercala&#231;&#227;o e dano ao DNA, que produzem quebras de dupla h&#233;lice; e um aumento na gera&#231;&#227;o de radicais livres, que comprometem os processos de replica&#231;&#227;o e transcri&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Recentemente, demonstrou-se que a DOX expulsa histonas de regi&#245;es espec&#237;ficas do genoma, causando danos &#224; cromatina com altera&#231;&#245;es epigen&#233;ticas e transcricionais consequentes. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O tratamento com DOX pode causar efeitos colaterais graves, demonstrando uma a&#231;&#227;o terap&#234;utica limitada devido a sua forte cardiotoxicidade que pode levar a cardiomiopatia dependente da dose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> No n&#237;vel intracelular, muitas vias podem estar envolvidas na toxicidade induzida por DOX. Em muitos delas as esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ERO) geradas pelo metabolismo da DOX t&#234;m um papel importante na disfun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica devido ao stress oxidativo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>N&#227;o est&#225; claro se os efeitos adversos do tratamento com DOX s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para sua efic&#225;cia antitumoral. Algumas estrat&#233;gias de redu&#231;&#227;o da toxicidade foram investigadas, mas, atualmente, o agente quelante de ferro dexrazoxane &#233; clinicamente o &#250;nico m&#233;todo alternativo para evitar a cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, o desafio atual &#233; elaborar um protocolo cardioprotetor para tratamentos curtos e longos com DOX, sem impedir sua atividade antitumoral. Muitas estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas, tais como a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com antioxidantes ou o aumento da capacidade antioxidante pelo exerc&#237;cio, j&#225; foram propostas para limitar a toxicidade da DOX. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Surpreendentemente, dados recentemente publicados por nosso grupo de pesquisa demonstram que o exerc&#237;cio materno durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o pode reduzir os efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos induzidos por DOX em cardiomi&#243;citos de filhotes de ratos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesse sentido, o resveratrol &#233; um composto polifen&#243;lico que tem recebido aten&#231;&#227;o por seu potencial de prote&#231;&#227;o contra doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Seus benef&#237;cios cardiovasculares est&#227;o relacionados aos efeitos em sistemas biol&#243;gicos - evitando a agrega&#231;&#227;o plaquet&#225;ria, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> diminuindo a express&#227;o da sintase do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> exercendo efeitos antioxidante e neutralizando radicais livres. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A demanda global por terapias mais razo&#225;veis identificou caracter&#237;sticas importantes para a sa&#250;de humana no resveratrol, associada &#224; boa rela&#231;&#227;o custo benef&#237;cio: baixa toxicidade e alta disponibilidade. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o interesse nesse composto bioativo aumentou recentemente ap&#243;s a identifica&#231;&#227;o de sua a&#231;&#227;o protetora contra o c&#226;ncer de pele. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Mol&#233;culas bioativas presentes na dieta materna dos ratos t&#234;m recebido destaque devido a sua participa&#231;&#227;o na reprograma&#231;&#227;o do metabolismo da ninhada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> Como o resveratrol atravessa a membrana placent&#225;ria, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o pela m&#227;e durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o j&#225; foi associada a efeitos ben&#233;ficos em modelos experimentais, tais como evitar a morte do embri&#227;o no curso do diabetes gestacional, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e controle da hipertens&#227;o na prole de animais espontaneamente hipertensos. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Entretanto, o efeito cardioprotetor, na ninhada, do resveratrol presente na dieta materna ainda n&#227;o foi investigado.</p>
      <p>Portanto, considerando os efeitos bioativos do resveratrol em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, neste estudo testou-se a hip&#243;tese de que o resveratrol, presente na dieta materna durante o per&#237;odo gestacional, tem um efeito cardioprotetor na toxicidade induzida por DOX na cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos da ninhada, por meio de seus poss&#237;veis efeitos no sistema de defesa antioxidante e na resposta ao dano de DNA.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Ratos Wistar adultos machos e f&#234;meas (provenientes do Biot&#233;rio da UFCSPA) pesando entre 70-100 g foram abrigados em condi&#231;&#245;es controladas de luz, temperatura e umidade (per&#237;odos de 12h luz/escurid&#227;o, a 22&#186;C &#177; 2, e 55% &#177; 5 de umidade relativa), com &#225;gua e dieta padr&#227;o <italic>ad libitum</italic> . Essa pesquisa foi realizada em conformidade com as diretrizes nacionais e internacionais sobre o uso de animais para fins cient&#237;ficos, e foi aprovada pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica da UFCSPA e registrado sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 183/13.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Protocolo experimental</title>
        <p>O procedimento de acasalamento foi realizado ap&#243;s o primeiro ciclo estral. Na manh&#227; seguinte ao procedimento de acasalamento, esfrega&#231;os vaginais foram analisados para detectar espermatozoides, que era a confirma&#231;&#227;o do dia zero da gesta&#231;&#227;o. Em seguida, as f&#234;meas foram distribu&#237;das nos seguintes grupos:</p>
        <p>Grupo controle (C-G, n=8): sem suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol. Recebiam solu&#231;&#227;o salina com 0,05% de Tween 80 por gavagem, e eram manipuladas uma vez por dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 21 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o, totalizando 15 dias de gavagem.</p>
        <p>Grupo resveratrol (RV-G, n=8): suplementado com 2,5 mg/kg de peso corporal com resveratrol <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (dispersado em solu&#231;&#227;o salina com 0,05% de Tween 80) <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> por gavagem (uma vez por dia, 5 dias/semana, durante 21 dias de gesta&#231;&#227;o, totalizando 15 dias de suplementa&#231;&#227;o).</p>
        <p>Para a estimativa do tamanho da amostra, a pesquisa de Singh et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> foi utilizada como refer&#234;ncia. Para isso, um teste bicaudal foi aplicado, com um n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia de 5% e poder de 95%. Estimou-se uma diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima entre os grupos de 12 &#331;mol/mg de prote&#237;na, com um desvio padr&#227;o de 0,096, para resultar em uma avalia&#231;&#227;o significativa do teste de grupos sulfidrila utilizado para estimativa da amostra. A estimativa do tamanho da amostra resultou em oito animais por grupo.</p>
        <p>Ao final do per&#237;odo gestacional, filhotes de at&#233; 3 dias de idade foram submetidos &#224; eutan&#225;sia e seus cora&#231;&#245;es <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> foram usados para obter um agregado de cardiomi&#243;citos usado para a cultura prim&#225;ria, como demonstrado na linha do tempo simplificada da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Linha de tempo simplificada do protocolo experimental.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>A cultura prim&#225;ria dos cora&#231;&#245;es de ratos neonatos foi obtida conforme descrito previamente por nosso grupo de pesquisa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Em resumo, os cora&#231;&#245;es foram submetidos a ciclos repetidos de uma digest&#227;o enzim&#225;tica em um tamp&#227;o contendo pancreatina e BSA, a 37&#176;C. Ao final dos ciclos, o agregado de c&#233;lulas foi colocado em frascos de cultura de 75 cm <sup>2</sup> para ades&#227;o de fibroblastos. A suspens&#227;o celular foi aspirada, centrifugada e disposta em placas de cultura tratadas com gelatina (0,1% em PBS) para ades&#227;o de cardiomi&#243;citos. Quando as c&#233;lulas haviam adquirido conflu&#234;ncia, a cultura foi tratada com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) durante 24 ou 48 h para a an&#225;lise descrita abaixo. Todos os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata, para garantir a precis&#227;o dos resultados.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de viabilidade celular e mecanismos de morte</title>
        <p>O teste azul de tripan (TB) foi utilizado para avaliar a viabilidade das c&#233;lulas. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> O n&#250;mero de c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis e c&#233;lulas mortas foi contado em um contador de c&#233;lulas autom&#225;tico (Countess&#174;), que permite estimar a porcentagem de c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis (rela&#231;&#227;o c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis/c&#233;lulas totais). Desse ponto em diante, o mecanismo de morte foi avaliado pela citometria de fluxo. Depois do tratamento com DOX, a cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos foi lavada, centrifugada e ressuspensa em tamp&#227;o aglutinante (100 &#181;L) com Anexina V-PE (3 &#956;L) e 7-AAD (3 &#956;L), e depois incubada no escuro por 15 minutos. Foram realizadas an&#225;lises por citometria de fluxo, considerando 5.000 eventos/amostra, para acessar as c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis, apopt&#243;ticas ou necr&#243;ticas (FACSCalibur com software CellQuest).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Detec&#231;&#227;o de danos no DNA</title>
        <p>A genotoxicidade induzida por DOX foi avaliada pelo &#237;ndice de danos ao DNA, por meio do ensaio do cometa alcalino descrito previamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s o tratamento, a cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos foi lavada, tripsinizada, centrifugada e ressuspensa em PBS. Trinta &#956;L de suspens&#227;o celular foram dissolvidos em 0,75% agarose (com baixo ponto de fus&#227;o) que foi distribu&#237;da em uma l&#226;mina previamente coberta com agarose a 1% (com ponto de fus&#227;o normal). L&#226;minas de microsc&#243;pio foram incubadas em solu&#231;&#227;o de lise durante 24 horas a 4&#176;C. Para avaliar a presen&#231;a de danos oxidativos ao DNA, as l&#226;minas foram retiradas da solu&#231;&#227;o de lise, lavadas e incubadas com enzimas reparadoras - endonuclease III (EndoIII) ou formamidopirimidina glicosilase (FPG) - (300 mU/gel; 45 min a 37&#176;C). Depois da lise e/ou incuba&#231;&#227;o com EndoIII ou FPG, o DNA foi desenrolado por 20 minutos em um sistema de eletroforese horizontal contendo tamp&#227;o alcalino fresco (300 mM NaOH/1 mM EDTA a pH 13,0). A express&#227;o de s&#237;tios alcali-l&#225;beis do DNA ocorreu por migra&#231;&#227;o dos danos ao DNA sob corrente el&#233;trica (25 V; 300 mA; 0,9 V/cm). As l&#226;minas foram antes neutralizadas e coradas como descrito previamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> Um total de 100 c&#233;lulas/l&#226;minas foi visualizado por microscopia &#243;tica, e classificado de acordo com o m&#233;todo descrito previamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Extratos proteicos de cardiomi&#243;citos</title>
        <p>Depois de 24 ou 48 horas de tratamento com DOX, o meio celular foi retirado, e os extratos proteicos de cardiomi&#243;citos foram preparados como descrito anteriormente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> os quais foram utilizados para todas as an&#225;lises adicionais descritas abaixo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo</title>
        <p>A diclorofluoresce&#237;na diacetato (H <sub>2</sub> DCF-DA) &#233; uma sonda que &#233; hidrolisada por esterases de meio intracelular para formar um produto n&#227;o fluorescente o qual &#233; oxidado por oxidantes intracelulares gerando uma diclorofluoresce&#237;na fluorescente (DCF). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Resumidamente, a H <sub>2</sub> DCF-DA foi incubada com extrato proteico de cardiomi&#243;cito conforme descrito anteriormente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> e a intensidade da fluoresc&#234;ncia foi medida em um leitor de microplacas (SpectraMax M2&#8494;, Molecular Devices, California) a 480 &#951;m (EX) e 535 &#951;m (EM).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sistema de defesa antioxidante</title>
        <p>A atividade do sistema de defesa antioxidante de cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais foi avaliada por meio da atividade enzim&#225;tica de catalase (CAT) e super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD), conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> O teor de sulfidrila total, que &#233; inversamente proporcional aos danos oxidativos em prote&#237;nas, foi estimado pelo m&#233;todo descrito previamente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resposta aos danos ao DNA</title>
        <p>A resposta dos cardiomi&#243;citos aos danos ao DNA induzidos por DOX foi avaliada pelo ensaio de <italic>immunoblotting</italic> da Sirt6 (sirtu&#237;na 6), uma desacetilase de histonas que age como uma prote&#237;na scaffold no reparo dos danos ao DNA. Para esse ensaio, 25 &#956;g de prote&#237;na de cardiomi&#243;citos foram separadas por um SDS-PAGE a 12% por um m&#233;todo anteriormente descrito. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Membranas foram incubadas com anti-Sirt6 e actina (C-2), a 1:500. O <italic>blot</italic> foi revelado utilizando-se um kit de quimiluminesc&#234;ncia (ECL, Thermo Scientific). As densidades &#243;ticas dos <italic>immunoblots</italic> foram determinadas com o software ImageJ 1.48v (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, EUA).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Quantifica&#231;&#227;o da prote&#237;na</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na dos extratos proteicos foi determinada conforme descrito anteriormente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se o software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) vers&#227;o 16.0 (IBM Company, Armonk, NY, EUA). A distribui&#231;&#227;o normal e a homogeneidade das vari&#226;ncias foram avaliadas pelos testes de Kolmogorov-Smirnov e Levene, respectivamente. A an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia de uma via (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey post hoc foram usados para a compara&#231;&#227;o entre os grupos. As correla&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas pelo coeficiente de correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; erro padr&#227;o de m&#233;dia (EPM) e um p &lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>O resveratrol atenuou a apoptose e a necrose induzida por DOX em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos</title>
        <p>Os efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o materna com resveratrol durante a gest&#227;o foram avaliados inicialmente pelo teste de exclus&#227;o com azul de tripan (TB) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ), que evidenciou a morte celular dependente da concentra&#231;&#227;o de DOX. Entretanto, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o protegeu c&#233;lulas de neonatos da morte induzida ap&#243;s 48 h do tratamento com 1,0 ou 0,5 &#181;M DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2B</xref> ), em rela&#231;&#227;o aos cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos de ratas n&#227;o suplementadas.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Viabilidade de cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos expostos a DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) por 24 h (A) ou 48 h (B), pelo teste de exclus&#227;o azul de tripano (TB). Cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos de ninhadas de ratas suplementadas com resveratrol (2,5 mg/Kg) (RV-G) ou grupo de controle (C-G). Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). O s&#237;mbolo * indica p &lt;0,001, # p&lt;0,01, e p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001, $ p &lt;0,01, e &#916; p &lt;0,05 de c&#233;lulas de controle (n&#227;o expostas ao DOX), pelos testes de ANOVA de uma via, e teste post hoc de Tukey</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Na sequ&#234;ncia, o principal mecanismo de morte de cardiomi&#243;citos foi explorado por citometria de fluxo ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). Os resultados confirmam os obtidos pelo ensaio TB, demonstrando um aumento na morte de cardiomi&#243;citos relacionada ao tratamento com DOX, exibindo a fra&#231;&#227;o mais alta da morte celular por apoptose na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 1 &#181;M DOX (p &lt;0,001). Esses resultados tamb&#233;m demonstram que a apoptose &#233; o principal mecanismo de morte induzida por DOX em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ), corroborando resultados pr&#233;vios de nosso grupo de pesquisa. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, o resveratrol protegeu cardiomi&#243;citos contra a morte induzida por DOX 48 h ap&#243;s o tratamento, com um aumento de c&#233;lulas vi&#225;veis (p &lt;0,001) e redu&#231;&#227;o de c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas e necr&#243;ticas (p &lt;0,001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos de ninhadas de ratas suplementadas com resveratrol (2,5 mg/Kg) (RV-G) ou grupo de controle (C-G) foi analisada por citometria de fluxo. Depois de 24 h (A) ou 48 h (B) de tratamento com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) foram analisadas a viabilidade, a apoptose, ou a necrose de cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos. O grupo de controle indica c&#233;lulas sem DOX. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). O s&#237;mbolo * indica p &lt;0,001, # p&lt;0,01, e p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001, $ p &lt;0,01, e &#916; p &lt;0,05 de c&#233;lulas de controle (n&#227;o expostas ao DOX), pelos testes ANOVA de uma via, e seguido por post hoc Tukey</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O stress oxidativo &#233; atenuado em c&#233;lulas neonatais pela suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o</title>
        <p>O mecanismo mais aceito para a toxicidade induzida por DOX &#233; a forma&#231;&#227;o de ERO, que, por sua vez, leva &#224; forma&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figuras 4A</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">B</xref> demonstram que os cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos expostos &#224; DOX apresentaram um aumento (p &lt;0,001) na produ&#231;&#227;o de oxidantes intracelulares, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao grupo de controle (c&#233;lulas n&#227;o expostas &#224; DOX). &#201; importante observar que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o atenuou (p &lt;0,05) o stress oxidativo em c&#233;lulas neonatais ap&#243;s o tratamento com 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4B</xref> ), em rela&#231;&#227;o grupo de controle (C-G). Al&#233;m disso, a viabilidade celular e a produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo, tamb&#233;m medidos pela oxida&#231;&#227;o de DCF, apresentaram-se inversamente proporcionais em 24 e 48 h (r=-0,8, p&lt;0,0001 e r=-0,789, p &lt;0,001), respectivamente. Notadamente, uma correla&#231;&#227;o direta entre a produ&#231;&#227;o de stress oxidativo intracelular e a apoptose (r=0,836, p&lt;0,0001, r=0,817, p&lt;0,0001) observou-se ap&#243;s o tratamento com o DOX, 24 h e 48 h, respectivamente.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f04">
            <label>Figura 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Stress oxidativo em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos tratados com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) por 24 h (A) ou 48 h (B). Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). O s&#237;mbolo &amp; indica p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001, $ p &lt;0,01, e &#916; p &lt;0,05 de c&#233;lulas controle (n&#227;o expostas &#224; DOX), pelos testes ANOVA de uma via, seguido por post hoc Tukey</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf04.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>O resveratrol reduz danos oxidativos ao DNA induzidos por DOX em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos</title>
        <p>O stress genot&#243;xico induzido por DOX foi avaliado pelo ensaio cometa alcalino, que detecta os s&#237;tios alcali-l&#225;beis e quebra de h&#233;lices no DNA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Os resultados demonstram um aumento nos danos ao DNA induzidos por DOX em c&#233;lulas neonatais de todos os grupos de m&#227;es ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figuras 5A-B</xref> ), que era dependente de concentra&#231;&#227;o. Entretanto, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o gestacional com resveratrol protegeu cardiomi&#243;citos de danos ao DNA induzidos por DOX.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f05">
            <label>Figura 5</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Danos ao DNA em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos tratados com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) por 24 h (A) ou 48 h (B). Os danos oxidativos ao DNA foram analisados pelas enzimas endonuclease III (EndoIII) e formamidopirimidina glicosilase (FPG) nas c&#233;lulas tratadas com DOX por 24 h (C e E) ou 48 h (D e F). Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). O s&#237;mbolo * indica p &lt;0,001, # p&lt;0,01, e p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001, $ p &lt;0,01, e &#916; p &lt;0,05 de c&#233;lulas controle (n&#227;o expostas &#224; DOX), pelos testes ANOVA de uma via, seguido do teste post hoc Tukey</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf05.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Considerando que a produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo induzido por DOX foi reduzido (p &lt;0,05) pelo resveratrol ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04">Figura 4</xref> ), a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos danos ao DNA relacionados ao stress oxidativo gerado por DOX se torna uma quest&#227;o importante. Dessa forma, foi examinada a atividade das enzimas reparadoras do DNA endonuclease III (EndoIII) e formamidopirimidina glicosilase (FPG) ampliando a especificidade do ensaio de cometa, reconhecendo bases danificadas por stress oxidativo e convertendo em quebras de fita simples. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup> A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05">Figura 5 (C-F)</xref> demonstra que a magnitude dos danos oxidativos ao DNA causado pelo tratamento com DOX que foi reconhecido pelas enzimas reparadoras. Notadamente, os cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais de m&#227;es suplementadas apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o (p &lt;0,001) em danos oxidativos observados no DNA. Al&#233;m disso, a suplementa&#231;&#227;o com resveratrol conseguiu diminuir os danos oxidativos ao DNA de cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais n&#227;o expostos a DOX, 24 e 48 h ap&#243;s o tratamento com DOX.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Os cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos de m&#227;es suplementadas com resveratrol apresentaram um sistema de defesa antioxidante mais eficiente</title>
        <p>Com o objetivo de avaliar se os efeitos do resveratrol sobre a gera&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo danos ao DNA est&#227;o associados com um aumento no sistema de defesa antioxidante, foram examinadas as atividades das enzimas CAT e SOD ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ), bem como o teor total de grupos sulfidrila ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ). As atividades das enzimas CAT e SOD foram reduzidas por DOX em cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais das m&#227;es do grupo controle em compara&#231;&#227;o com as c&#233;lulas neonatais de m&#227;es que receberam o suplemento resveratrol ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Efeitos da suplementa&#231;&#227;o gestacional com resveratrol nas atividades das enzimas SOD e CAT de cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos expostos &#224; DOX.</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th scope="col"> </th>
                  <th scope="col">Controle</th>
                  <th scope="col">Resveratrol</th>
                  <th scope="col">Controle</th>
                  <th scope="col">Resveratrol</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                    <bold>SOD (U/mg prote&#237;na)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>24 horas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>48 horas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">4,61 &#177; 0,31</td>
                  <td align="center">6,26 &#177; 0,61*</td>
                  <td align="center">4,46 &#177; 0,15</td>
                  <td align="center">6,00 &#177; 0,73</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0,1 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">3,90 &#177; 0,39</td>
                  <td align="center">5,31 &#177; 0,19*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,98 &#177; 0,05 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">6,06 &#177; 0,50*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0,5 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">3,22 &#177; 0,42 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,22 &#177; 0,37*</td>
                  <td align="center">3,03 &#177; 0,37 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,12 &#177; 0,42*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1,0 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">2,83 &#177; 0,20 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,56 &#177; 0,32*</td>
                  <td align="center">2,53 &#177; 0,54 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,19 &#177; 0,69*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="4">
                    <bold>CAT (U/mg prote&#237;na)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>24 horas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center" colspan="2">
                    <bold>48 horas</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Controle</td>
                  <td align="center">12,15 &#177; 1,25</td>
                  <td align="center">24,08 &#177; 1,31*</td>
                  <td align="center">12,30 &#177; 0,54</td>
                  <td align="center">27,11 &#177; 1,28*</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0,1 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">6,16 &#177; 0,41 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13,00 &#177; 2,15* <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">7,85 &#177; 0,59 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">13,56 &#177; 1,31* <sup>#</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>0,5 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">4,04 &#177; 0,28 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">9,47 &#177; 1,26* <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">5,35 &#177; 0,36 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">12,24 &#177; 1,94* <sup>#</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>1,0 &#181;M DOX</td>
                  <td align="center">2,62 &#177; 0,11 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,78 &#177; 1,86* <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">2,68 &#177; 0,75 <sup>#</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">8,36 &#177; 0,80* <sup>#</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>As c&#233;lulas foram tratadas com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) durante 24 ou 48 h. Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). * indica p &lt;0,05 entre resveratrol e grupo de controle, e # indica p &lt;0,05 do grupo controle (c&#233;lulas sem DOX), pelo teste ANOVA de uma via e seguido do teste post hoc Tukey..</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f06">
            <label>Figura 6</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Total de grupos sulfidr&#237;licos de cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais tratados com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) por 24 h (A) ou 48 h (B). Os valores s&#227;o m&#233;dia &#177; EPM (n=8). O s&#237;mbolo * indica p &lt;0,001, # p&lt;0,01, e p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001, $ p &lt;0,01, e &#916; p &lt;0,05 de c&#233;lulas controle (n&#227;o expostas &#224; DOX), pelos testes de ANOVA de uma via, seguido do teste post hoc Tukey</italic> .</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf06.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o demonstrou que a atividade da CAT apresenta uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com a produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo (r=-0,763, p &lt;0,0001 e r=-0,808, p &lt;0,0001) 24 e 48 horas ap&#243;s ao tratamento com DOX, respectivamente. O mesmo efeito foi verificado para a SOD, com uma correla&#231;&#227;o inversa com o stress oxidativo (r=-0,527, p &lt;0,004 e r=-0,671, p &lt;0,0001) 24 e 48 horas ap&#243;s ao tratamento com DOX, respectivamente. Particularmente, o resveratrol bloqueou a redu&#231;&#227;o do teor total de grupos sulfidrila em c&#233;lulas neonatais, nos dois momentos do tratamento com DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6</xref> ), sem efeito protetor em 1,0 &#181;M de DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06">Figura 6B</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>A express&#227;o da Sirt6 e resposta aos danos ao DNA s&#227;o aumentadas nos cardiomi&#243;citos de m&#227;es suplementadas</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise de <italic>immunoblotting</italic> demonstrou que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o de ratas com resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o induziram um aumento (p &lt;0.01) na express&#227;o da prote&#237;na Sirt6 de cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s c&#233;lulas neonatais do grupo de controle. &#201; importante notar que esse aumento da express&#227;o de Sirt6 dependeu da concentra&#231;&#227;o de DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07">Figura 7</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f07">
            <label>Figura 7</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Express&#227;o proteica de Sirt6 de cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais tratados com DOX (0,1, 0,5 ou 1,0 &#181;M) por 48 h (A) ou 48 h (B). O gr&#225;fico de barras corresponde &#224; m&#233;dia &#177; EPM dos valores de quantifica&#231;&#227;o da rela&#231;&#227;o Sirt1/actina de todas as amostras. O s&#237;mbolo * indica p &lt;0,001, # p&lt;0,01, e p&lt;0,05 entre o grupo RV-G e o grupo C-G. O s&#237;mbolo &#934; indica p &lt;0,001 de c&#233;lulas controle (n&#227;o expostas ao DOX), pelos testes ANOVA de uma via, e post hoc Tukey.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf07.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Neste estudo, confirmou-se a hip&#243;tese de que o resveratrol, presente na dieta materna durante o per&#237;odo gestacional, tem um efeito cardioprotetor na toxicidade induzida por DOX na cultura de cardiomi&#243;citos da ninhada, por meio do aumento no sistema de defesa antioxidante e na resposta ao dano de DNA.</p>
      <p>A cardiotoxicidade relacionada &#224; concentra&#231;&#227;o de DOX foi observada em cardiomi&#243;citos de neonatos de m&#227;es que n&#227;o receberam resveratrol, com um aumento da morte celular. Confirmando os mecanismos de toxicidade celular induzida por DOX elucidados previamente, neste estudo a apoptose tamb&#233;m foi o principal mecanismo da morte dos cardiomi&#243;citos. A suplementa&#231;&#227;o materna com 2,5 mg/kg de resveratrol por dia, durante o per&#237;odo gestacional, protegeu o cora&#231;&#227;o neonatal contra a cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX, com um aumento na viabilidade celular, tamb&#233;m diminuindo as c&#233;lulas apopt&#243;ticas, o que correlacionou-se com a redu&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo &#224;s 24 e 48 horas. Al&#233;m disso, o resveratrol evitou a redu&#231;&#227;o da atividade de SOD induzida por DOX e levou ao aumento da atividade do CAT, em c&#233;lulas neonatais de m&#227;es que receberam o suplemento. Al&#233;m das enzimas antioxidantes, os cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais de m&#227;es que receberam resveratrol apresentaram um aumento no teor total de grupos sulfidrila, protegendo contra os efeitos oxidativos induzidos por DOX. Esses resultados s&#227;o favor&#225;veis &#224; hip&#243;tese de que a suplementa&#231;&#227;o materna com resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o pode modular respostas a agentes estressantes da prole.</p>
      <p>A DOX &#233; uma droga quimioter&#225;pica frequentemente utilizada na cl&#237;nica, apesar de seus efeitos cardiot&#243;xicos cumulativos dependentes da dose. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> O desenvolvimento de estrat&#233;gias terap&#234;uticas adicionais para reduzir os efeitos colaterais do tratamento &#233; essencial, tendo em vista o aumento da expectativa de vida por d&#233;cadas ap&#243;s a terapia antic&#226;ncer. Pesquisas experimentais e cl&#237;nicas, bem como a medicina preventiva destacam os benef&#237;cios do resveratrol em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e metab&#243;licas, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e, mais recentemente, nas ninhadas de animais que receberam o resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estruturalmente, o resveratrol pode ser apresentado em isoformas <italic>cis</italic> ou <italic>trans</italic> , com uma atividade biol&#243;gica relacionada principalmente ao is&#244;mero <italic>trans.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Devido aos an&#233;is arom&#225;ticos presentes em sua estrutura, o resveratrol age como antioxidante, neutralizando radicais de hidroxila e a gera&#231;&#227;o de stress oxidativo. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, outros efeitos protetores no sistema cardiovascular podem estar relacionados a sua a&#231;&#227;o de neutraliza&#231;&#227;o do H <sub>2</sub> O <sub>2</sub> , retardando o stress oxidativo e evitando a morte celular endotelial induzida por ERO. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Como o resveratrol consegue cruzar a membrana placent&#225;ria, afetando o feto diretamente, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> &#233; poss&#237;vel que os efeitos cardioprotetores observados no estudo sejam uma a&#231;&#227;o direta do resveratrol na neutraliza&#231;&#227;o de ERO induzido por DOX. Al&#233;m disso, a redu&#231;&#227;o na produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo tamb&#233;m pode se dever a uma regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de defesa antioxidante enzim&#225;tico e n&#227;o enzim&#225;tico, que, por sua vez, neutraliza o ciclo f&#250;til da produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO durante a metaboliza&#231;&#227;o mitocondrial de DOX. Alinhado a isso, dados recentes publicados por nosso grupo demonstraram que uma regula&#231;&#227;o do sistema de defesa antioxidante nos cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais &#233; induzida pelo exerc&#237;cio durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o, e protege c&#233;lulas neonatais contra a toxicidade induzida por DOX. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A DOX forma adutos com o DNA, que pode ativar respostas aos danos ao DNA e induzir a morte celular independentemente da topoisomerase II. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> A DOX tamb&#233;m age como um veneno da topoisomerase II, gerando quebras de dupla h&#233;lice no DNA e morte celular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> A a&#231;&#227;o celular da DOX tamb&#233;m envolve danos &#224; cromatina, mediada pela expuls&#227;o de histonas em s&#237;tios espec&#237;ficos do genoma. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Por outro lado, a DOX pode mediar a morte celular pela gera&#231;&#227;o de stress oxidativo que pode resultar no dano ao DNA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> Recentemente, foi proposto por Qiao et al., <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> que a cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX exige a combina&#231;&#227;o de ambas atividades celulares, particularmente a combina&#231;&#227;o de danos ao DNA e &#224; cromatina induzidos pela cardiotoxicidade. Al&#233;m disso, o dano &#224; cromatina causado pela expuls&#227;o de histonas no genoma &#233; apontada como a&#231;&#227;o essencial para a efic&#225;cia quimioter&#225;pica do f&#225;rmaco, que deve ser desatrelada das quebras de dupla h&#233;lice e danos ao DNA nas c&#233;lulas, que, em conjunto, s&#227;o respons&#225;veis pela cardiotoxicidade da DOX. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Nesta pesquisa, c&#233;lulas neonatais tratadas com DOX apresentaram um aumento de danos oxidativos ao DNA, avaliadas pelas atividades das enzimas FPG e EndoIII, que estavam correlacionadas ao aumento da produ&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo gerado pela DOX. Entretanto, c&#233;lulas neonatais de m&#227;es que receberam resveratrol apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o das quebras de DNA, atrav&#233;s da avalia&#231;&#227;o por EndoIII ou FPG. Essa cardioprote&#231;&#227;o oferecida pelo resveratrol pode ser devida a seu perfil antioxidante, conforme mencionado anteriormente, j&#225; que consegue atravessar a barreira placent&#225;ria. Entretanto, mecanismos adicionais podem estar envolvidos, tais como a regula&#231;&#227;o das enzimas reparadoras dos danos ao DNA.</p>
      <p>Alinhado a isso, a Sirt6 &#233; uma desacetilase de histonas (HDAC) com um papel central no reparo do DNA. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Nossos resultados demonstraram que os cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais, de ratos que receberam resveratrol, expostos &#224; DOX, demonstraram um aumento na express&#227;o da Sirt6, que pode ser justificado pela a&#231;&#227;o protetora do resveratrol no dano ao DNA induzido em nosso modelo. A Sirt6 &#233; uma prote&#237;na scaffold que, ap&#243;s os danos ao DNA, &#233; atra&#237;da a quebras de h&#233;lices, ativando agentes de reparo de danos ao DNA para um reparo eficiente. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a Sirt6 liga-se &#224; PARP-1, uma enzima com fun&#231;&#227;o importante na regula&#231;&#227;o de processos celulares e subcelulares, incluindo reparo ao DNA, ciclo celular, express&#227;o gen&#233;tica, e morte celular. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De forma semelhante a outras HDACs, classe III, a atividade da Sirt6 &#233; dependente da NAD <sup>+</sup> - uma coenzima com papel central nas rea&#231;&#245;es metab&#243;licas de oxi-redu&#231;&#227;o. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> Essa rela&#231;&#227;o entre NAD <sup>+</sup> e Sirt6 no cora&#231;&#227;o &#233; confirmada durante uma situa&#231;&#227;o de hipertrofia card&#237;aca, em que os n&#237;veis de NAD <sup>+</sup> diminuem e a Sirt6 &#233; inativada. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> A cardioprote&#231;&#227;o oferecida pelo resveratrol nesse modelo pode se dever ao aumento dos n&#237;veis de NAD <sup>+</sup> , j&#225; que o resveratrol inibe a atividade de s&#237;ntese de ATP na mitoc&#244;ndria ligando-se &#224; subunidade G e prejudicando a fosforila&#231;&#227;o de ATP na mitoc&#244;ndria. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Consequentemente, o resveratrol aumenta a propor&#231;&#227;o AMP/ATP, ativando a AMPK (prote&#237;na quinase ativada por AMP), <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> aumentando a NAD <sup>+</sup> , que agem como sensor metab&#243;lico da ativa&#231;&#227;o da Sirt6. Demonstrou-se tamb&#233;m que o resveratrol protege fibroblastos embrion&#225;rios contra a cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX pela ativa&#231;&#227;o da AMPK, por meio de uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO. <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Entretanto, a express&#227;o da Sirt6 n&#227;o foi alterada em cardiomi&#243;citos neonatais de ratas do grupo controle, que exibiram um aumento nos danos oxidativos ao DNA induzidos pela DOX e produ&#231;&#227;o de stress oxidativo, sugerindo que a falta de cardioprote&#231;&#227;o &#233; dependente da express&#227;o da Sirt6. Notadamente, a express&#227;o da Sirt6 n&#227;o foi alterada em cardiomi&#243;citos n&#227;o expostos a DOX, independentemente da suplementa&#231;&#227;o materna com resveratrol. Como a Sirt6 &#233; vista como uma prote&#237;na de defesa, que ativa vias de defesa para sobreviv&#234;ncia em situa&#231;&#245;es estressantes, tais como o dano hip&#243;xico ou hipertrofia card&#237;aca, <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> &#233; poss&#237;vel que a toxicidade induzida por DOX sobre cardiomi&#243;citos foi o gatilho para sua atividade.</p>
      <p>Portanto, nesse estudo, o efeito ben&#233;fico do resveratrol na toxicidade induzida por DOX no cora&#231;&#227;o de filhotes de ratos foi demonstrado, pela primeira vez, por meio da suplementa&#231;&#227;o das m&#227;es durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o. Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;s propriedades antioxidantes do resveratrol observadas nesta pesquisa, a maioria de seus efeitos cardioprotetores foi mediada pela superexpress&#227;o da Sirt6 e aumento da resposta aos danos ao DNA, preservando a integridade do DNA. Esses efeitos, juntamente com a modula&#231;&#227;o de enzimas antioxidantes e redu&#231;&#227;o de stress oxidativo celular, contribuem para a sobreviv&#234;ncia de cardiomi&#243;citos sob toxicidade induzida por DOX. Entretanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos adicionais para definir o papel dos alvos de desacetila&#231;&#227;o da Sirt6, e epigen&#233;tica no fen&#243;tipo cardioprotetor gerado pelo resveratrol na ninhada nesse modelo de cardiotoxicidade induzida por DOX.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As principais limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo foram a impossibilidade de se utilizar m&#233;todos para quantificar a dosagem de resveratrol no sangue dos filhotes, o que poderia evidenciar ou excluir a possibilidade de efeito direto do resveratrol. Al&#233;m disso, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos alvos de desacetila&#231;&#227;o da Sirt6 poderia esclarecer o papel da modula&#231;&#227;o epigen&#233;tica neste modelo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Nossa pesquisa demonstra, pela primeira vez, que a administra&#231;&#227;o de baixas doses de resveratrol durante a gesta&#231;&#227;o pode proteger cardiomi&#243;citos de filhotes contra a toxicidade induzida por DOX. Essa prote&#231;&#227;o ocorreu pela regula&#231;&#227;o do stress oxidativo pelo sistema de defesa antioxidante e o aumento da resposta ao reparo dos danos ao DNA, mediada pela superexpress&#227;o da Sirt6. Tomados em conjunto, esses resultados denotam um envolvimento importante do ambiente materno nas respostas a agentes estressantes da prole durante toda a vida.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>Agradecemos &#224; FAPERGS (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) e &#224; CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior) pelas bolsas concedidas a VBB e LVMN.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto Brito pela Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pelas ag&#234;ncias FAPERGS e CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardioprotective Effect of Maternal Supplementation with Resveratrol on Toxicity Induced by Doxorubicin in Offspring Cardiomyocytes</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6970-612X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Brito</surname>
            <given-names>Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Nascimento</surname>
            <given-names>Leopoldo Vinicius Martins</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moura</surname>
            <given-names>Dinara Jaqueline</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Saffi</surname>
            <given-names>Jenifer</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Faculdades Integradas de Taquara, Taquara, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto Brito &#8226; Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre - Rua Sarmento Leite, 245. Postal Code 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil E-mail: veronicab@ufcspa.edu.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Brito VB, Moura DJ, Saffi J; Acquisition of data: Brito VB, Nascimento LVM; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Brito VB, Nascimento LVM, Moura DJ, Saffi J; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Brito VB; Obtaining financing: Saffi J.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Doxorubicin (DOX) is frequently used to treat many types of cancers, despite its dose-dependent cardiotoxicity. Alternatively, resveratrol is a polyphenol that has shown useful cardioprotective effects in many heart dysfunction models.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective</title>
          <p>This study investigated whether resveratrol treatment in pregnant rats protects against doxorubicin-induced toxicity in offspring cardiomyocytes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Wistar rats (n=8) were supplemented with dietary resveratrol during pregnancy. Upon the offspring&#8217;s birth, hearts (9-11) were used to obtain the primary culture of cardiomyocytes. DOX-induced cardiotoxicity and the effects of resveratrol supplementation were evaluated by oxidative stress markers, such as dichlorofluorescein diacetate oxidation, decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, and oxidation of total sulfhydryl content, in addition to cell viability evaluation, DNA damage generation, and DNA damage repair response. A value of p&lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Neonatal cardiomyocytes from resveratrol supplemented rats exhibiting an increase (p&lt;0.01) in cell viability and lower (p&lt;0.0001) apoptotic/necrotic cells after DOX treatment, which correlates with the activities of antioxidant enzymes and dichlorofluorescein production. Moreover, resveratrol protected cardiomyocytes from DOX-induced DNA damage, showing a decrease (p&lt;0.05) in DNA breaks induced by oxidative stress, evaluated by the activity of DNA-repair enzymes endonuclease III and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase. Supplementation with resveratrol increased (p&lt;0.05) the expression of the repair protein Sirt6 in the cardiomyocytes of the pups.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>This research indicates that supplementation with resveratrol during the gestational period has a notable cardioprotective effect on the offspring&#8217;s heart against DOX-induced toxicity, which may well be due to its antioxidant function, and the increase in the DNA damage repair response.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Resveratrol</kwd>
        <kwd>Doxorubicin</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiomyocytes</kwd>
        <kwd>DNA Repair Enzymes</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent generally used to treat leukemia and a wide range of solid tumors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Its cytotoxic action in tumor cells is related to topoisomerase II inhibition; DNA intercalation and damage, producing double-strand breaks; and an increase in the generation of free radicals, which compromises the replication and transcription process.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Recently, DOX has been proven to evict histones from specific regions in the genome, causing chromatin damage with consequent epigenomic and transcriptional alterations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The treatment with DOX can cause severe side effects, showing a limited therapeutic action due its strong cardiotoxicity, which can lead to dose-dependent cardiomyopathy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> At the intracellular level, many pathways may be involved in DOX-induced toxicity. In many of these, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by DOX metabolism play an important role in the outcome of myocardial dysfunction due to oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>It is currently unclear whether the adverse effects of treatment with DOX are necessary for its anti-tumor efficacy. With a look at its cardiotoxicity, some strategies to reduce toxicity have been investigated, but to date the iron chelating agent dexrazoxane is clinically an alternative method for preventing DOX-induced cardiotoxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Therefore, the present challenge is to design a cardioprotective protocol for short or long treatments with DOX, without hampering its antitumor activity. Many therapeutic strategies, such as supplementation with antioxidants or an increase in antioxidant capacity by exercise, have already been proposed to restrain DOX toxicity.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Remarkably, recently published data by our research group have demonstrated that maternal exercise during pregnancy is able to reduce the DOX-induced cardiotoxic effects on cardiomyocytes of rat pups.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In line with this, resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that has received attention due to its potential protection against cardiovascular diseases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Its cardiovascular benefits are related to the effects on biological systems - preventing platelet aggregation,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> decreasing the expression of nitric oxide synthase,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> exerting antioxidant effects, and scavenging free radicals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The global demand for more reasonable therapeutics has identified important features for human health in resveratrol associated with cost-effectiveness: low toxicity and high availability.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Moreover, the interest in this bioactive compound recently increased after the identification of its protective action against skin cancer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Bioactive molecules present in the rats&#8217; maternal diet have received recent importance due their participation in the offspring&#8217;s metabolism reprograming.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> As resveratrol crosses the placental membrane, supplementation by the mother during pregnancy has already been associated with beneficial effects in experimental models, such as preventing embryo death in the course of gestational diabetes<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and controlling hypertension in the progeny of spontaneously hypertensive animals.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> However, the cardioprotective effect on the offspring of resveratrol present in the maternal diet has not yet been investigated.</p>
        <p>Therefore, considering the bioactive effects of resveratrol on cardiovascular diseases, this study tested the hypothesis that resveratrol, present in the maternal diet during the gestational period, has a cardioprotective effect on DOX-induced toxicity in an offspring cardiomyocyte culture through its possible effects on the antioxidant defense system and the response to DNA damage.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>Adult female and male Wistar rats (Center of Animals Reproduction of the UFCSPA), weighing 70-100 g were housed under controlled light, temperature, and humidity conditions (12h light/dark period, at 22&#186;C &#177; 2, and 55% &#177; 5 relative humidity), with water and standard diet <italic>ad libitum</italic> . This research was conducted according to national and institutional guidelines on the use of animals for science, approved by the UFCSPA Ethics Committee, and logged under protocol number 183/13.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Experimental protocol</title>
          <p>The mating procedure was conducted after the first estrous period. On the subsequent morning after the mating procedure, vaginal smears were analyzed to detect spermatozoon, which was the confirmation of the gestational day zero. Subsequently, the females were assigned to the following groups:</p>
          <p>Control group (C-G, n=8): without supplementation with resveratrol. These received saline solution with 0.05% of Tween 80 by gavage, and were manipulated once a day, 5 days/week, during 21 gestational days, totaling 15 days of gavage.</p>
          <p>Resveratrol group (RV-G, n=8): supplemented with resveratrol 2.5 mg/Kg body weight<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> (dispersed in saline with 0.05% of Tween 80)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> by gavage (once a day, 5 days/week, during 21 gestational days, totaling 15 days of supplementation).</p>
          <p>For the estimation of sample size, the research of Singh et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> was used as the reference. For this, a two tailed-test was applied, with a significance level at 5% and a power of 95%. A minimal difference between groups of 12 &#331;mol/mg protein was estimated, with a 0.096 standard deviation, to result in a significant evaluation of a sulfhydryl test, used for sample estimation. The sample size estimation resulted in eight animals per group.</p>
          <p>At the end of the gestational period, pups up to 3 days old were euthanized and their hearts<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> were used to obtain a pool of cardiomyocytes used for the primary culture, as demonstrated in a simplified time line in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Simplified time line of the experimental protocol.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiomyocyte culture</title>
          <p>The primary culture from hearts of neonatal rats was obtained as previously described by our research group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Briefly, the hearts were submitted to repeated cycles of an enzymatic digestion in a buffer containing pancreatin and BSA, at 37&#176;C. At the end of the cycles, the pool of cells was plated in a 75 cm<sup>2</sup>bottle culture for fibroblast adhesion. The cell suspension was aspirated, centrifuged, and plated in culture plates treated with gelatin (0.1% in PBS) for cardiomyocyte adhesion. When the cells had acquired confluence, the culture was treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 24 or 48 h for the analysis described below. All experiments were conducted in triplicates to ensure the accuracy of the results.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Assay of cell viability and mechanisms of death</title>
          <p>The trypan blue (TB) test was used to evaluate the viability of cells.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> The number of viable and dead cells was counted in an Automated Cell Counter (Countess&#174;), which enables the estimation of the percentage of viable cells (ratio of viable cells/total cells). Thereafter, the mechanism of death was evaluated by the flow cytometric analysis. After DOX treatment, the cardiomyocyte culture was washed, centrifuged, and resuspended in binding buffer (100 &#181;L) with Annexin V-PE (3 &#956;L) and 7-AAD (3 &#956;L), and then incubated in the dark for 15 min. Analyses by flow cytometry, considering 5,000 events/sample, were used to access the viable, apoptotic, or necrotic cells (FACS Calibur with CellQuest software).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>DNA damage detection</title>
          <p>The DOX-induced genotoxicity was assessed by the DNA damage index, through the previously described alkaline comet assay.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> After treatment, the cardiomyocyte culture was washed, trypsinized, centrifuged, and resuspended in PBS. Thirty &#956;L of cell suspension was dissolved in 0.75% agarose (low melting) which was distributed on a slide pre-covered with 1% agarose (normal melting point). Microscope slides were then incubated in a lysis solution during 24 hours at 4&#176;C. To evaluate the presence of oxidative damage in DNA, slides were withdrawn from the lysis solution, washed, and incubated with repair enzymes - endonuclease III (EndoIII) or formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) - (300 mU/gel; 45 min 37&#176;C). After lysis and/or incubation with EndoIII or FPG, DNA was unwound for 20 min in a horizontal electrophoresis system containing fresh alkaline buffer (300 mM NaOH/1 mM EDTA at pH 13.0). The DNA expression alkali-labile sites occurred by migration of DNA damage under an electric current (25 V; 300 mA; 0.9 V/cm). Slides were neutralized and stained beforehand as previously described;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> 100 cells/slide were visualized by optical microscopy and scored according to the method previously described above.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiomyocyte protein extracts</title>
          <p>After 24 or 48 hours of treatment with DOX, the cell medium was removed and protein extracts of cardiomyocytes were prepared as previously described,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> which were used for all additional analyses described below.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantification of oxidative stress</title>
          <p>Dichlorofluorescein diacetate (H<sub>2</sub>DCF-DA) is a probe that is hydrolyzed by esterases of intracellular medium to form a non-fluorescent H<sub>2</sub>DCF that is oxidized by intracellular oxidants into a fluorescent dichlorofluorescein (DCF).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> Briefly, H<sub>2</sub>DCF-DA was incubated with cardiomyocyte protein extract as previously described,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> and the intensity of fluorescence was measured in a microplate reader (SpectraMax M2&#8494;, Molecular Devices, California) at 480 &#951;m (EX) and 535 &#951;m (EM).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antioxidant defense system</title>
          <p>The activity of the antioxidant defense system of neonatal cardiomyocytes was evaluated by means of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymatic activity, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> Total sulfhydryl content, which inversely correlated with the oxidative damage in proteins, was estimated by the method previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>DNA damage response</title>
          <p>The response of cardiomyocytes to DNA damage DOX-induced was assessed by immunoblotting analysis of Sirt6 (sirtuin6), a histone deacetylase that acts as a scaffold protein in DNA damage repair. For this assay, 25 &#956;g of a cardiomyocyte protein were separated by a 12% SDS-PAGE in a previously described method.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Membranes were incubated with anti-sirt6 and actin (C-2), at 1:500. Blot was revealed using a chemiluminescence kit (ECL, Thermo Scientific). Optical densities of immunoblots were determined with the ImageJ 1.48v software (Wayne Rasband, National Institutes of Health, USA).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protein quantification</title>
          <p>Protein concentration of the protein extracts was determined as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0 (IBM Company, Armonk, NY, USA). Normal distribution and homogeneity of variances were evaluated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Levene&#8217;s tests, respectively. One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Tukey post-hoc test were used by comparison between groups. Correlations were performed by Pearson&#8217;s correlation coefficient. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard error of mean (S.E.M) and a p&lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Resveratrol attenuated DOX-induced apoptosis and necrosis in neonatal cardiomyocytes</title>
          <p>The effects of maternal supplementation with resveratrol during pregnancy were initially evaluated by the trypan blue (TB) exclusion test ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ), which demonstrated a concentration-dependent DOX-induced cell death. However, supplementation with resveratrol during pregnancy protected neonatal cells from death induced after 48 h of DOX treatment with 1.0 or 0.5 &#181;M DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2B</xref> ), in relation to neonatal cardiomyocytes from non-supplemented rats.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Viability of neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B), by trypan blue (TB) exclusion test. Cardiomyocyte culture of the offspring from rats supplemented (2.5 mg/Kg) with resveratrol (RV-G) or the control group (C-G). Values are mean&#177;S.E.M (n=8). Symbol * indicates p&lt;0.001, # p&lt;0.01, and &amp; p&lt;0.05 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001, $ p&lt;0.01, and &#916; p&lt;0.05 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Subsequently, the main mechanism of cardiomyocyte death was explored by flow cytometry ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). The results confirmed those obtained by TB assay, showing an increase in cardiomyocyte death related to DOX treatment, exhibiting the highest fraction of cell death by apoptosis at a concentration of 1 &#181;M DOX (p&lt;0.001). These results also demonstrate that apoptosis is the main mechanism of death induced by DOX in neonatal cardiomyocytes ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ), corroborating previous results from our research group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Moreover, the resveratrol protected neonatal cardiomyocytes against DOX-induced death 48 h after treatment, with an increase in viable cells (p&lt;0.001) and decrease in apoptotic and necrotic cells (p&lt;0.001) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Cardiomyocyte culture of the offspring from rats supplemented (2.5 mg/Kg) with resveratrol (RV-G) or the control group (C-G) were analyzed by flow cytometry analysis. After 24 h (A) or 48 h (B) of DOX treatment (DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M), viability, apoptosis, or necrosis of neonatal cardiomyocytes were analyzed. Control indicates cells without DOX. Values are mean&#177;S.E.M, n=8. Symbol * indicates p&lt;0.001, # p&lt;0.01, and &amp; p&lt;0.05 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001, $ p&lt;0.01, and &#916; p&lt;0.05 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative stress is attenuated in neonatal cells by gestational resveratrol supplementation</title>
          <p>The most accepted mechanism for DOX-induced toxicity is the formation of ROS, which in turns leads to the formation of oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4A</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">B</xref> show that neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to DOX showed an increase (p&lt;0.001) in intracellular oxidant production, in relation to the Control (cells not exposed to DOX). Importantly, supplementation of mothers with resveratrol during pregnancy attenuated (p&lt;0.05) oxidative stress in neonatal cells after treatment with 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4B</xref> ) in relation to the control group (C-G). Moreover, cell viability and oxidative stress production, also measured by DCF oxidation, are inversely correlated, both at 24 and 48 h (r=-0.8, p&lt;0.0001 and r=-0.789, p&lt;0.001), respectively. Notably, a direct correlation between intracellular oxidative stress production and apoptosis (r=0.836, p&lt;0.0001, r=0.817, p&lt;0.0001) was observed after DOX treatment, 24 h and 48 h respectively.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f04001">
              <label>Figure 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Oxidative stress in neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). Values are mean&#177;S.E.M, n=8. Symbol &amp; indicates p&lt;0.05 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001, $ p&lt;0.01, and &#916; p&lt;0.05 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resveratrol reduces oxidative DNA damage DOX-induced in neonatal cardiomyocytes</title>
          <p>The DOX-induced genotoxic stress was evaluated by the alkaline Comet assay, which detects alkali-labile sites and strand breaks in the DNA.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> The results show an increase in DNA damage induced by DOX in neonatal cells from all groups of mothers ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5A-B</xref> ), which was concentration-dependent. However, gestational supplementation with resveratrol protected cardiomyocytes from DNA damage induced by DOX.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f05001">
              <label>Figure 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>DNA damage in cardiomyocytes treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). Oxidative DNA damage was analyzed by endonuclease III (EndoIII) and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) enzymes in cells treated with DOX for 24 h (C and E) or 48 h (D and F). Values are mean&#177;S.E.M, n=8. Symbol * indicates p&lt;0.001, # p&lt;0.01, and &amp; p&lt;0.05 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001, $ p&lt;0.01, and &#916; p&lt;0.05 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Considering that DOX-induced oxidative stress production was reduced (p&lt;0.05) by resveratrol ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f04001">Figure 4</xref> ), the evaluation of the DNA damage related to the DOX-generated oxidative stress becomes an important question. Thus, the activity of DNA-repair enzymes of endonuclease III (EndoIII) and formamidopyrimidine glycosylase (FPG) were examined, which improve the Comet test specificity, recognizing damaged bases by oxidative stress and converting them into single-strand breaks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B34">34</xref></sup><xref ref-type="fig" rid="f05001">Figure 5 (C-F)</xref> shows the magnitude of oxidative damage in the DNA caused by DOX treatment, which was recognized by the repair enzymes. Notably, neonatal cardiomyocytes from supplemented mothers exhibited a decrease (p&lt;0.001) in oxidative damage observed in DNA. Additionally, resveratrol supplementation was able to decrease oxidative DNA damage of neonatal cardiomyocytes not exposed to DOX, both 24 and 48 h after DOX treatment.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Neonatal cardiomyocytes from resveratrol supplemented mothers showed a more efficient antioxidant defense system</title>
          <p>With the purpose of evaluating whether resveratrol effects on oxidative stress generation and DNA damage are associated with an increase in the antioxidant defense system, the activities of CAT and SOD enzymes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ) were examined, as was the total sulfhydryl content ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ). DOX reduced SOD and CAT activities in neonatal cardiomyocytes from control mothers when compared to resveratrol supplemented neonatal cells ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Effects of gestational supplementation with resveratrol on SOD and CAT activities of neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to DOX</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th>Resveratrol</th>
                    <th>Control</th>
                    <th>Resveratrol</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="4" rowspan="1">
                      <bold>SOD (U/mg protein)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>24 hours</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>48 hours</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Control</td>
                    <td align="center">4.61 &#177; 0.31</td>
                    <td align="center">6.26 &#177; 0.61*</td>
                    <td align="center">4.46 &#177; 0.15</td>
                    <td align="center">6.00 &#177; 0.73</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0.1 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">3.90 &#177; 0.39</td>
                    <td align="center">5.31 &#177; 0.19*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.98 &#177; 0.05<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">6.06 &#177; 0.50*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0.5 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">3.22 &#177; 0.42<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.22 &#177; 0.37*</td>
                    <td align="center">3.03 &#177; 0.37<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.12 &#177; 0.42*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1.0 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">2.83 &#177; 0.20<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.56 &#177; 0.32*</td>
                    <td align="center">2.53 &#177; 0.54<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.19 &#177; 0.69*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="4">
                      <bold>CAT (U/mg protein)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>24 hours</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center" colspan="2">
                      <bold>48 hours</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Control</td>
                    <td align="center">12.15 &#177; 1.25</td>
                    <td align="center">24.08 &#177; 1.31*</td>
                    <td align="center">12.30 &#177; 0.54</td>
                    <td align="center">27.11 &#177; 1.28*</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0.1 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">6.16 &#177; 0.41<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">13.00 &#177; 2.15*<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">7.85 &#177; 0.59<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">13.56 &#177; 1.31*<sup>#</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>0.5 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">4.04 &#177; 0.28<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">9.47 &#177; 1.26*<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">5.35 &#177; 0.36<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">12.24 &#177; 1.94*<sup>#</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>1.0 &#181;M DOX</td>
                    <td align="center">2.62 &#177; 0.11<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8.78 &#177; 1.86*<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">2.68 &#177; 0.75<sup>#</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">8.36 &#177; 0.80*<sup>#</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Cells were treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) during 24 or 48 h. Values are mean &#177; S.E.M (n=8). * indicates p &lt; 0.05 between resveratrol and control group, and # indicates p &lt; 0.05 from Control (cells without DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f06001">
              <label>Figure 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Total sulfhydryl groups of neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 24 h (A) or 48 h (B). Values are mean&#177;S.E.M (n=8). Symbol * indicates p&lt;0.001, # p&lt;0.01, and &amp; p&lt;0.05 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001, $ p&lt;0.01, and &#916; p&lt;0.05 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One -Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Correlation analysis demonstrated that CAT activity showed an inverse correlation with oxidative stress production (r=-0.763, p&lt;0.0001 and r=-0.808, p&lt;0.0001) both at 24 and 48 h after DOX treatment, respectively. The same effect was verified for SOD, with an inverse correlation with oxidative stress (r=-0.527, p&lt;0.004 and r=-0.671, p&lt;0.0001) at 24 and 48h of DOX treatment, respectively. Particularly, resveratrol blocked the decrease in total sulfhydryl content in neonatal cells, in both times of DOX treatment ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6</xref> ), without a protective effect at 1.0 &#956;M DOX ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f06001">Figure 6B</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Sirt6 expression and response to DNA damage are increased in cardiomyocytes from supplemented mothers</title>
          <p>Immunoblotting analysis showed that resveratrol supplementation of rats during pregnancy induced an increase (p&lt;0.01) in the expression of the Sirt6 protein of neonatal cardiomyocytes in relation to neonatal cells from the controls. Importantly, this increase in Sirt6 expression was dependent on the DOX concentration ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f07001">Figure 7</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f07001">
              <label>Figure 7</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Sirt6 protein expression of neonatal cardiomyocytes treated with DOX (0.1, 0.5 or 1.0 &#181;M) for 48 h. Bar graph corresponds to mean&#177;SE.M of the quantification values of Sirt1/Actin ratio from all samples. Symbol * indicates p&lt;0.001 and # p&lt;0.01 between RV-G and C-G. Symbol &#934; indicates p&lt;0.001 from control cells (not exposed to DOX), by One-Way ANOVA, Tukey post-hoc test.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1147-00752-gf07-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The present study confirmed the hypothesis that resveratrol, present in the maternal diet during the gestational period, has a cardioprotective effect on DOX-induced toxicity in an offspring cardiomyocyte culture, through an increase in the antioxidant defense system and the response to DNA damage.</p>
        <p>A concentration-related cardiotoxicity induced by DOX was observed in neonatal cardiomyocytes from non-supplemented mothers, with an increase in cell death. In accordance with previously elucidated mechanisms of cell toxicity induced by DOX, in this study, apoptosis was also the main mechanism of cardiomyocyte death. Maternal supplementation with 2.5 mg/Kg resveratrol per day, during the gestational period, protected neonatal heart against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity, with an increase in cell viability, also decreasing the apoptotic cells, which was correlated with the decrease in oxidative stress production both at 24 and 48 hours. Moreover, resveratrol prevented the decrease in DOX-induced SOD activity and led to an increment in CAT activity, in neonatal cells from supplemented mothers. Besides antioxidant enzymes, neonatal cardiomyocytes from resveratrol supplemented mothers exhibited an increase in total sulfhydryl content, thus protecting against the oxidative effects induced by DOX. These results are favorable to the hypothesis that maternal supplementation with resveratrol during pregnancy can modulate the responses to stressful agents of progeny.</p>
        <p>DOX is a chemotherapeutic drug frequently used in clinics, despite its dose-related cumulative cardiotoxic effects.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Development of additional therapeutic strategies to reduce the treatment outcomes is essential, considering the increase in life expectancy for decades after anti-cancer therapy. Experimental and clinical studies, as well as preventive medicine, have highlighted the benefits of resveratrol on cardiovascular and metabolic diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and more recently on the offspring of animals that received resveratrol during pregnancy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Structurally, resveratrol can be present in <italic>cis</italic> or <italic>trans</italic> isoforms, with a biological activity mainly related to <italic>trans</italic> isomer.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup> Due to the aromatic rings present in its structure, resveratrol acts as an antioxidant, scavenging hydroxyl radicals and the generation of oxidative stress.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Additionally, other protective effects on the cardiovascular system can be related to its scavenging action on H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, delaying the oxidative stress and preventing endothelial ROS-induced cell death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Since resveratrol is able to cross the placental membrane, directly affecting the fetus,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> it is possible that the cardioprotective effects observed in this study might be a direct action of resveratrol in the scavenging of DOX-induced ROS. Moreover, the decrease in oxidative stress production can also be due to an upregulation of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense system, which in turn defuses the futile cycle of ROS production during DOX mitochondrial metabolization. In line with this, recent data published by our group demonstrated that an up-regulation of the antioxidant defense system in neonatal cardiomyocytes is induced by exercise during pregnancy and protects neonatal cells against toxicity induced by DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>DOX forms adducts with DNA, which can activate DNA damage responses and induce cell death regardless of topoisomerase II.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup> DOX also acts as a topoisomerase II poisoning, generating double-strand DNA breaks and cell death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup> Cell action of DOX also involves the chromatin damage, mediated through histone eviction at specific genomic sites.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> By contrast, DOX can mediate cell death through the generation of oxidative stress that results in DNA damage and cell death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref></sup> It was recently proposed by Qiao et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup> that DOX-induced cardiotoxicity requires the combination of both cell activities, particularly the combination of DNA and chromatin damage induced by cardiotoxicity. Moreover, chromatin damage caused by the eviction of histones in the genome is highlighted as the essential action for the drug&#8217;s chemotherapeutic efficacy, which must be uncoupled of double-strand breaks and DNA damage in cells, which together are responsible for the cardiotoxicity of DOX.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our research, neonatal cells treated with DOX exhibited an increase in oxidative DNA damage, evaluated by the activities of FPG and EndoIII enzymes, which was correlated with the increase in oxidative stress production generated by DOX. However, neonatal cells from supplemented mothers showed a reduction in DNA strand-breaks through EndoIII or FPG evaluation. This cardioprotection provided by resveratrol may well be due to its antioxidant profile, as mentioned above, since it is able to cross the placental barrier. However additional mechanisms can be involved, such as a regulation of DNA damage repair enzymes.</p>
        <p>In line with this, Sirt6 is a histone deacetylase (HDAC) with a key role in DNA repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B43">43</xref></sup> Our results demonstrated that neonatal cardiomyocytes, from supplemented rats exposed to DOX, showed an increase in Sirt6 expression, which can justify the protective action of resveratrol on the DNA damage induced in our model. Sirt6 is a scaffold protein that, following DNA damage, is attracted to strand break sites, activating DNA damage repair agents toward an efficient repair.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> Moreover, Sirt6 binds to PARP-1, an enzyme with an important function in the regulation of cellular and subcellular processes, including DNA repair, cell cycle, gene expression, and cell death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B45">45</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B46">46</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Similarly to other class III HDACs, the activity of Sirt6 is dependent of NAD<sup>+</sup>- a coenzyme with a core role in the metabolic redox reactions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B47">47</xref></sup> This relationship between NAD<sup>+</sup>and Sirt6 in the heart is confirmed during a cardiac hypertrophy situation, where NAD<sup>+</sup>levels decrease and Sirt6 is inactivated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref></sup> The cardioprotection given by resveratrol in this model may well be due to the increase in NAD<sup>+</sup>levels, since the resveratrol inhibits mitochondrial ATP synthase activity by binding to its G-subunit, hindering mitochondrial ATP phosphorylation.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B48">48</xref></sup> Consequently, resveratrol raises the ratio AMP/ATP, activating the energy-sensing AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase),<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B49">49</xref></sup> and increases NAD<sup>+</sup>, which act as a metabolic sensor to Sirt6 activation. It was also shown that resveratrol protects mouse embryonic fibroblasts against DOX-induced cardiotoxicity through the activation of AMPK and through a decrease in ROS production.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B50">50</xref></sup></p>
        <p>However, Sirt6 expression was not changed in neonatal cardiomyocytes from the control group, which exhibited an increase in DOX-induced oxidative DNA-damage and oxidative stress production, suggesting that the lack of cardioprotection is dependent on Sirt6 expression. Notably, Sirt6 expression was not changed in the cardiomyocytes that were not exposed to DOX, regardless of maternal supplementation with resveratrol. As Sirt6 is viewed as a defense protein, which activates its defense pathways to survive under stressful situations, such as hypoxic damage to heart or cardiac hypertrophy,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B44">44</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B51">51</xref></sup> it is possible that the DOX-induced toxicity on cardiomyocytes was the missing trigger.</p>
        <p>Therefore, in this study, the beneficial effects of resveratrol on toxicity induced by DOX on the hearts of rat pups was demonstrated, for the first time through the supplementation of mothers during pregnancy. Regarding the antioxidant properties of resveratrol observed in this research, most of its cardioprotective effects were mediated by the overexpression of Sirt6 and the increase in DNA damage response, preserving the DNA integrity. These effects together with the modulation of antioxidant enzymes and the reduction in cellular oxidative stress, contribute to cardiomyocyte survival under DOX toxicity. However, additional studies are necessary to define the role of Sirt6 deacetylation targets, and epigenetics in the cardioprotective phenotype generated by resveratrol in offspring in this model of DOX cardiotoxicity.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The main limitations of this study were the impossibility of using methods to quantify the dosage of resveratrol in the blood of the offspring, which could evidence or rule out the direct effect of resveratrol. In addition, the evaluation of Sirt6 deacetylation targets could clarify the role of epigenetic modulation in this model.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>Our study demonstrates, for the first time, that supplementation of rats with low doses of resveratrol during pregnancy is able to protect the cardiomyocytes of pups against DOX-induced toxicity. This protection occurred through the regulation of oxidative stress by the antioxidant defense system and the increase in the DNA damage repair response, mediated by Sirt6 overexpression. Taken together, these results denote an important involvement of the maternal environment in the responses to stressful agents of progeny throughout life.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>We wish thank to FAPERGS (Funda&#231;&#227;o de Amparo &#224; Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul) and CAPES (Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior) for the fellowships granted to VBB and LVMN.</p>
      </ack>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of Doctoral submitted by Ver&#244;nica Bidinotto Brito, from Universidade Federal de Ci&#234;ncias da Sa&#250;de de Porto Alegre.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by FAPERGS and CAPES.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
