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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="sps-1.9" xml:lang="pt">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">8BrMM7hm6MDLhb9QjffwQLM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005015202</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401126</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200657</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200657</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Rigidez Arterial e Fun&#231;&#245;es Mioc&#225;rdicas do Ventr&#237;culo Esquerdo em Crian&#231;as com V&#225;lvula A&#243;rtica Bic&#250;spide Funcional</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3926-9002</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kosger</surname>
            <given-names>Pelin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akin</surname>
            <given-names>Tugcem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiztanir</surname>
            <given-names>Hikmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ucar</surname>
            <given-names>Birsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir Osmangazi University</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculty of Medicine</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Department of Pediatric Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Eskisehir State Hospital</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Pediatric Cardiology Clinic</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir State Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Eskisehir - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Pelin Kosger &#8226;</bold> Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turquia. E-mail: <email>pelinkosger@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa, Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Kosger P, Akin T, Kiztanir H, Ucar B; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Kosger P; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Kosger P, Ucar B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>20</day>
        <month>09</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1126</fpage>
      <lpage>1133</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>14</day>
          <month>06</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>02</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A rigidez arterial &#233; um importante preditor de aortopatia e remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, podendo estar aumentada na inf&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo:</title>
          <p>Avaliar a rigidez arterial e a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide funcional.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Quarenta e quatro crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide e 41 pares saud&#225;veis com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica tric&#250;spide foram inclu&#237;dos neste estudo caso-controle. Foram obtidos os di&#226;metros e os escores-z relacionados da raiz a&#243;rtica e da aorta ascendente. Quanto &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, juntamente com as velocidades de fluxo mitral e par&#226;metros do Modo M, as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas e os intervalos de tempo foram avaliados com Doppler tecidual. A an&#225;lise da onda de pulso foi realizada por aparelho oscilom&#233;trico (Mobil-o-Graph). Um valor de p&lt;0,05 foi considerado significativo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>O &#237;ndice da massa ventricular esquerda, a velocidade A do fluxo mitral, o di&#226;metro e o escore z da aorta ascendente e o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico estavam significativamente maiores nos pacientes (p = 0,04, p = 0,02, p = 0,04, p &lt;0,001 e p &lt;0,001 respectivamente). O &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico correlacionou-se positivamente com o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente e a velocidade A (r=0,272; p=0,01, r=356; p=0,001, respectivamente). A an&#225;lise multivariada revelou que o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico estava relacionado ao di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente (p = 0,01). O &#237;ndice de aumento e a velocidade da onda de pulso foram semelhantes entre os grupos (p&gt; 0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>De acordo com a an&#225;lise da onda de pulso oscilom&#233;trico, as crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide funcional apresentam rigidez arterial semelhante a seus pares saud&#225;veis. O di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi estabelecido como preditor independente da fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. A rigidez arterial pode n&#227;o ser um fator de risco grave em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos sem dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da aorta ascendente.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Aorta</kwd>
        <kwd>Rigidez A&#243;rtica</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilata&#231;&#227;o Patol&#243;gica</kwd>
        <kwd>Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>An&#225;lise da Onda de Pulso</kwd>
        <kwd>Mioc&#225;rdio; Crian&#231;a</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="8"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide &#233; a malforma&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca cong&#234;nita mais comum e ocorre em 1-2% da popula&#231;&#227;o geral. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> Al&#233;m da fun&#231;&#227;o valvar diminu&#237;da, os indiv&#237;duos tamb&#233;m est&#227;o sob risco de aortopatia, que pode resultar em dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e forma&#231;&#227;o de aneurisma. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> N&#227;o h&#225; associa&#231;&#227;o direta entre disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar e aortopatia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> A presen&#231;a de dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta, mesmo em pacientes com fun&#231;&#227;o valvar normal, pode estar relacionada a uma fisiopatologia diferente da aortopatia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis, pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide sem disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar aparente t&#234;m mostrado elasticidade a&#243;rtica diminu&#237;da e rigidez a&#243;rtica central aumentada. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, nesses indiv&#237;duos, a rigidez a&#243;rtica central, medida com o m&#233;todo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o ambulatorial da velocidade da onda de pulso, est&#225; positivamente correlacionada com o grau de dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Portanto, o remodelamento vascular tem sido identificada como a principal causa de rigidez arterial que afeta o processo de monitoriza&#231;&#227;o em pacientes. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> O n&#237;vel de rigidez arterial, um preditor do curso de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, tende a aumentar com a idade. Entretanto, o exame de amostras de bi&#243;psia intraoperat&#243;ria e necropsia mostraram que em muitas doen&#231;as card&#237;acas cong&#234;nitas, a rigidez arterial aumenta desde a inf&#226;ncia. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide t&#234;m dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica progressiva durante a inf&#226;ncia, e os dados sobre elasticidade a&#243;rtica e rigidez arterial s&#227;o baseados em m&#233;todos ultrassonogr&#225;ficos, com n&#250;mero bastante limitados. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> O m&#233;todo padr&#227;o ouro para medir a rigidez arterial &#233; a an&#225;lise da onda de pulso, e a t&#233;cnica de an&#225;lise de onda de pulso mais comumente utilizada &#233; a tonometria; entretanto, essa t&#233;cnica pode ser demorada e desafiadora, especialmente quando utilizada em crian&#231;as mais jovens. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Os dispositivos oscilom&#233;tricos s&#227;o f&#225;ceis de usar, pr&#225;ticos para uso em ambiente cl&#237;nico e um m&#233;todo confi&#225;vel para avaliar a press&#227;o arterial central e os par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial, mesmo em crian&#231;as. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
      <p>Os pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide tamb&#233;m sofrem de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico, independentemente das fun&#231;&#245;es valvares e da aortopatia. Entretanto, para confirmar que o remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico n&#227;o est&#225; associado apenas &#224;s fun&#231;&#245;es valvares, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios estudos que incluam casos com fun&#231;&#245;es valvares intactas sem fatores de risco adicionais. Os casos pedi&#225;tricos constituem um grupo ideal de pacientes para esse fim, e atualmente existem poucos estudos na literatura relatando fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo afetadas em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Nosso objetivo foi avaliar a rigidez arterial utilizando o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico e determinar sua compatibilidade com o n&#237;vel de elasticidade arterial ultrassonogr&#225;fica em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide funcional. Al&#233;m disso, objetivamos avaliar a fun&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica global atrav&#233;s do &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico, derivado da imagem de Doppler tecidual em nosso estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Popula&#231;&#227;o de estudo</title>
        <p>Um total de 44 pacientes (7 a 18 anos de idade) com diagn&#243;stico de v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, acompanhados na cl&#237;nica de cardiologia pedi&#225;trica foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Esses pacientes n&#227;o apresentavam disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar a&#243;rtica aparente, nem recebiam medica&#231;&#227;o preventiva para aortopatia. Quarenta e uma crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvulas a&#243;rticas tric&#250;spides saud&#225;veis e com caracter&#237;sticas demogr&#225;ficas e antropom&#233;tricas semelhantes foram inclu&#237;das como grupo controle. Foram exclu&#237;dos do estudo pacientes com insufici&#234;ncia valvar moderada a grave, apresentando velocidade valvar &gt; 2m/s, pacientes submetidos a cirurgia anterior ou interven&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea e com doen&#231;a card&#237;aca adicional submetida a reparo ou n&#227;o (por exemplo, coarcta&#231;&#227;o da aorta), bem como aqueles com &#237;ndice de massa corporal e press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &gt; percentil 95. Al&#233;m disso, pacientes que receberam medica&#231;&#227;o preventiva n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos para evitar os efeitos confundidores dos medicamentos sobre a mec&#226;nica mioc&#225;rdica e a rigidez arterial. Conforme demonstrado por testes laboratoriais, nenhuma das crian&#231;as da popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo apresentavam hipercolesterolemia. Os pacientes deram consentimento informado por escrito para o estudo e o estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica local da Eskisehir Osmangazi University em 04 de abril de 2018.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ecocardiografia</title>
        <p>A ecocardiografia transtor&#225;cica foi realizada por um &#250;nico cardiologista pedi&#225;trico experiente utilizando o equipamento dispon&#237;vel comercialmente Affinity 70 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, EUA) com sondas de banda larga de 2&#8211;4 e 4&#8211;8 MHz. O exame vascular foi realizado atrav&#233;s de ultrassonografia com Doppler colorido utilizando o equipamento VIVID I (General Electric Ultrasound Systems, Mountain View, CA, EUA), com uma sonda linear de 12 MHz.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da morfologia e fun&#231;&#245;es da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>A morfologia da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica foi avaliada nos cortes paraesternais de eixo longo e curto. A frequ&#234;ncia da sonda foi selecionada de acordo com o tamanho do paciente. A v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide definitiva foi diagnosticada quando apenas dois folhetos valvares foram inequivocamente identificados na s&#237;stole e na di&#225;stole, com uma apar&#234;ncia n&#237;tida de &#8220;boca de peixe&#8221; na s&#237;stole. O fen&#243;tipo do folheto foi definido como anteroposterior (fus&#227;o das c&#250;spides esquerda e direita) ou direita-esquerda (fus&#227;o das c&#250;spides direita e n&#227;o coron&#225;ria). Para avalia&#231;&#227;o da estenose da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, o pico de velocidade a&#243;rtica foi medido utilizando Doppler de ondas cont&#237;nuas enquanto o cursor era mantido no n&#237;vel do seio de Valsalva no corte de cinco c&#226;maras, sendo um valor &gt; 2,5 m/s considerado indicativo de estenose a&#243;rtica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> Para determinar o grau de insufici&#234;ncia valvar a&#243;rtica, foi utilizada a propor&#231;&#227;o do di&#226;metro da insufici&#234;ncia a&#243;rtica medido nas imagens do Doppler colorido, obtidas no corte de eixo longo, em rela&#231;&#227;o ao di&#226;metro da via de sa&#237;da do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. Propor&#231;&#245;es &lt;25%, de 25 a 64% e &#8805;65% geralmente indicam regurgita&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica leve, moderada e grave, respectivamente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Medida da raiz a&#243;rtica e di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente</title>
          <p>As medidas dos quatro segmentos a&#243;rticos, incluindo o anel a&#243;rtico, seio de Valsalva, jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular e aorta ascendente proximal 2 cm acima da jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular, foram obtidas no corte paraesternal de eixo longo no final da di&#225;stole, na interface das bordas e perpendicular ao eixo longo da aorta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> As dimens&#245;es da aorta foram normalizadas para a &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal. Um escore-z &gt;2 foi considerado anormal.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Ecocardiografia com Doppler tecidual e no Modo M do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo</title>
          <p>As dimens&#245;es internas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, a espessura do septo interventricular e a espessura da parede posterior foram medidas no final da di&#225;stole utilizando ecocardiografia bidimensional no modo M de acordo com as diretrizes pedi&#225;tricas da <italic>American Society of Echocardiography</italic> . <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> A massa ventricular esquerda foi calculada de acordo com a F&#243;rmula de Devereux <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> e indexada &#224; estatura. A fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo foi calculada pela f&#243;rmula de Teichholz. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> O volume da amostra do Doppler foi posicionado nas pontas dos folhetos mitrais para obter os formatos de onda de fluxo do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo no corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. A velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do fluxo mitral (E) e a velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia (A) tamb&#233;m foram medidas. Para medir as velocidades mioc&#225;rdicas longitudinais, o volume da amostra foi colocado no segmento septal do anel mitral para obter os formatos de onda do corte apical de quatro c&#226;maras. A velocidade diast&#243;lica inicial do anel mitral (Ea) e a velocidade diast&#243;lica tardia do anel mitral (Aa) foram medidas e sua raz&#227;o (Ea/Aa) foi calculada para estimar a press&#227;o de enchimento ventricular esquerdo. Os intervalos de tempo card&#237;aco, incluindo o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o, foram obtidos por imagens de Doppler tecidual e o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico foi calculado de acordo com a f&#243;rmula de Tei: &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico = (tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica + tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico)/tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> Para cada par&#226;metro quantitativo, foi calculada a m&#233;dia de tr&#234;s batimentos consecutivos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade a&#243;rtica</title>
          <p>A elasticidade a&#243;rtica foi avaliada utilizando o modo M guiado pelo ecocardiograma bidimensional dos di&#226;metros a&#243;rticos sist&#243;lico e diast&#243;lico 2 cm acima da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica; o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico foi obtido no pico da onda R no eletrocardiograma registrado simultaneamente, enquanto o di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico foi medido no movimento anterior m&#225;ximo da parede a&#243;rtica.</p>
          <p>A deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (strain), a distensibilidade a&#243;rtica e o &#237;ndice de rigidez a&#243;rtica foram calculados utilizando as f&#243;rmulas abaixo:</p>
          <p><italic>Deforma&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica</italic> = 100 (Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico-Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico)/Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico</p>
          <p><italic>&#205;ndice de rigidez a&#243;rtica</italic> = Logaritmo natural (Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica/ Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) / [(Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico-Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico/Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico]</p>
          <p><italic>Distensibilidade a&#243;rtica</italic> (cm<sup>2</sup>/dyn/10<sup>-6</sup>) = 2x (Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico-Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico) / [(Press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica &#8211; Press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica) X Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico] <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Medida da rigidez arterial</title>
        <p>Para an&#225;lise da onda de pulso e monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial, foram utilizados o dispositivo Mobil-O-Graph (IEM, Industrielle Entwicklung Medizintechnik und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, Stolberg, Alemanha) e o <italic>software</italic> de an&#225;lise de onda de pulso ARCSolver (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Viena, &#193;ustria). A monitoriza&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial de 24 horas foi realizada conectando-se um manguito de tamanho apropriado para a circunfer&#234;ncia do bra&#231;o. Durante o teste, foram medidos a press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica perif&#233;rica e central, press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica perif&#233;rica e central, pulso, velocidade da onda de pulso e &#237;ndice de aumento.</p>
        <p>O Mobil-O-Graph &#233; um aparelho oscilom&#233;trico utilizado na medida ambulatorial da press&#227;o arterial, apropriado para uso em crian&#231;as. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> Ap&#243;s medir a press&#227;o arterial, o manguito &#233; inflado at&#233; o n&#237;vel da press&#227;o diast&#243;lica braquial e as oscila&#231;&#245;es (ondas de pulso) s&#227;o registradas por 10 segundos. Ap&#243;s o tempo de medi&#231;&#227;o de 24 horas, todas as medidas s&#227;o transferidas para o <italic>software</italic> HMS Client e analisadas com o <italic>software</italic> ARCSolver, j&#225; aplicado em crian&#231;as. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>A velocidade da onda de pulso a&#243;rtica e o &#237;ndice de aumento na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (FC) de 75 batimentos/minuto (AIx @ 75) s&#227;o marcadores de rigidez arterial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> A velocidade da onda de pulso a&#243;rtica &#233; a velocidade na qual as ondas de pulso viajam na parede a&#243;rtica e constitui uma medida da rigidez arterial central. O AIx @ 75 &#233; derivado da press&#227;o de aumento e da press&#227;o de pulso de uma onda de pulso. A onda de pulso &#233; uma soma das ondas diretas (produzindo o primeiro pico sist&#243;lico) e refletidas (produzindo o segundo pico). O aumento na amplitude da onda de pulso devido ao reflexo da onda de pulso &#233; conhecido como aumento de pulso e sua contribui&#231;&#227;o para a amplitude da onda de pulso &#233; conhecida como press&#227;o de aumento. Al&#233;m disso, a porcentagem da amplitude da onda de pulso devido &#224; press&#227;o de aumento &#233; conhecida como &#237;ndice de aumento, que depende da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. O Mobil-o-Graph fornece o &#237;ndice na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75bpm, uma medida de rigidez arterial perif&#233;rica. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada utilizando-se o programa <italic>Statistical Package for Social Sciences</italic> 18 (SPSS, Chicago, EUA). O tamanho da amostra foi determinado pelo <italic>software</italic> de an&#225;lise G-power, com um poder estat&#237;stico de 85%. O teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov foi utilizado para avaliar a distribui&#231;&#227;o normal. Os resultados das vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressos em m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) ou mediana (percentil 25 e 75, intervalo interquartil, IIQ). Os grupos foram comparados com o teste T de amostras independentes para vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas, e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para vari&#225;veis com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para a compara&#231;&#227;o de g&#234;nero entre os grupos. O teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Spearman foi utilizado para correla&#231;&#245;es. Foi realizada a an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla pelo m&#233;todo <italic>Backward</italic> para avaliar o preditor independente do &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica foi estabelecido com p &lt;0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>A mediana de idade de toda a popula&#231;&#227;o do estudo (n = 85) foi de 12 (IQR = 8,5&#8211;14) e variou de 7 a 18 anos. Doze pacientes no grupo com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide (12/44) e 18 casos do grupo controle (18/41) eram do sexo feminino (p = 0,084). N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as significativas em rela&#231;&#227;o a idade, peso, altura, &#225;rea de superf&#237;cie corporal, &#237;ndice de massa corporal, perfil lip&#237;dico s&#233;rico e n&#237;veis de glicose entre os grupos ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
      <table-wrap id="t1">
        <label>Tabela 1</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas basais demogr&#225;ficas, antropom&#233;tricas e cl&#237;nicas dos grupos</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes <break/> (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles <break/> (n = 41)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Idade (anos)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (9 - 15)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (8 -14)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,609</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sexo (feminino,%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27,27)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (43,90)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,084</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Altura (cm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">147,8 &#177; 20,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">146,8 &#177; 15,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,798</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Peso (kg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42,3 &#177; 16,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">38,6 &#177; 14</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,268</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMC (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18 &#177; 0,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">17 &#177; 0,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,088</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">CT (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">141,1 &#177; 23,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">148,3 &#177; 28,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,308</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dl)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">91,6 &#177; 38,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">86,6 &#177; 31,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,113</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN1">
            <p><italic>IMC: &#237;ndice de massa corporal; CT: colesterol total; TG, triglic&#233;rides totais. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, e aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil)</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>Os par&#226;metros ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e de elasticidade a&#243;rtica est&#227;o resumidos nas <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabelas 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">3</xref> . A velocidade A do fluxo mitral, o tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico, o tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes (p = 0,03, &lt;0,001, &lt;0,001, &lt;0,001, respectivamente). A fus&#227;o das c&#250;spides coron&#225;rias esquerda e direita, definida como fen&#243;tipo anteroposterior, foi o fen&#243;tipo predominante (63,6%). Junto com a velocidade a&#243;rtica, o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente e o escore-z foram maiores nos pacientes (p &lt;0,001, p = 0,04, p &lt;0,001, respectivamente). Todos os par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica foram semelhantes entre os grupos. As vari&#225;veis hemodin&#226;micas centrais e perif&#233;ricas, Alx@75 e valores de velocidade da onda de pulso, que n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;a significativa entre os grupos, s&#227;o apresentadas na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">Tabela 4</xref> </p>
      <table-wrap id="t2">
        <label>Tabela 2</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Medidas ecocardiogr&#225;ficas em pacientes e controles</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes <break/> (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles <break/> (n = 41)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DSIV (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,9 &#177; 1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,7 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,429</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">DDFVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (41 &#8211; 48)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (39,5 &#8211; 45)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,114</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">EDFPPVE (mm)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,4 &#177; 1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,3 &#177; 1,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,674</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IMVE (gr/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,9 &#177; 13,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,9 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,039</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">FE (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">68,9 &#177; 13,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">62,9 &#177; 12</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,171</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">E (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98,95 (88,8 &#8211; 114)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (80,75 &#8211; 100)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,166</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">A (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,35 (43,92 &#8211; 72,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (40,85 &#8211; 57,3)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,027</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Ea (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">12,1 &#177; 2,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">11,8 &#177; 1,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,627</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aa (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">5,8 &#177; 1,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">6,1 &#177; 1,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,383</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Sa (cm/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,5 &#177; 1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,2 &#177; 1,0</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,210</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">E/Eas</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">8,32 (6,49 &#8211; 10,56)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">7,91 (6,93 &#8211; 8,89)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,261</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TCIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">54,1 &#177; 7,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">47,6 &#177; 7,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TRIV</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">55,9 &#177; 9,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">46,9 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">TE</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">282,5 &#177; 23,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">283,2 &#177; 22,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,889</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IDM</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,38 &#177; 0,05</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,33 &#177; 0,04</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN2">
            <p><italic>DSIV: di&#226;metro do septo interventricular; DDFVE: di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico final do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; EDFPPVE: espessura diast&#243;lica final da parede posterior do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; IMVE: &#237;ndice de massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; TCIV: tempo de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica; TRIV: tempo de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o; IDM: &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil)</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t3">
        <label>Tabela 3</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Caracter&#237;sticas da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica, tamanho da aorta e par&#226;metros de elasticidade</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes <break/> (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles <break/> (n = 41)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Anel (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,03 (12,75 &#8211; 16,87)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">14,28 (12,51 &#8211; 17,02)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,363</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore-z do anel</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,06 &#177; 1,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,24 &#177; 0,96</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,185</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Seio da Valsalva (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,4 &#177; 4,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,5 &#177; 3,7</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,939</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore-z do Seio da Valsalva</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,19 &#177; 1,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,23 &#177; 0,83</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,08</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,87 (14,19 &#8211; 20,07)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">15,80 (14,33 &#8211; 18,42)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,239</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore-z da Jun&#231;&#227;o sinotubular</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,03 &#177; 1,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">-0,03 &#177; 0,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,76</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Aorta ascendente (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,1 &#177; 5,1</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,2 &#177; 3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,04</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Escore-z da aorta ascendente</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,37 &#177; 1,24</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,4 &#177; 0,9</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Velocidade a&#243;rtica (m/s)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,6 (1,4 &#8211; 1,9)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">1,1 (0,95 &#8211; 1,25)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0,001</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">IR</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,69 (1,81 &#8211; 3,35)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">2,5 (2,09 &#8211; 3,92)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,529</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">ID</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,01&#177; 0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,009 &#177; 0,004</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,736</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Distens&#227;o</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,7 &#177; 8,6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">21,4 &#177; 10,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,883</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN3">
            <p><italic>IR: &#237;ndice de rigidez; ID: &#237;ndice de distensibilidade. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil)</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <table-wrap id="t4">
        <label>Tabela 4</label>
        <caption>
          <title>Hemodin&#226;mica perif&#233;rica e central</title>
        </caption>
        <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
          <colgroup width="25%">
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
            <col/>
          </colgroup>
          <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <th align="left" valign="middle">Vari&#225;vel</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Pacientes <break/> (n = 44)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">Controles <break/> (n = 41)</th>
              <th align="center" valign="middle">p-valor</th>
            </tr>
          </thead>
          <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,2 &#177; 7,2</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">109,2 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,996</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD perif&#233;rica (mmHg)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,7 &#177; 5,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">64,2 &#177; 5,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,675</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (b/dk)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">79,5 &#177; 11,5</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">80,9 &#177; 12,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,578</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PP perif&#233;rica</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,4 &#177; 6</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">44,8 &#177; 5,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,759</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAS central</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (94,25-102)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (91 &#8211; 101)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,437</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">PAD central</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">66,5 &#177; 5,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">65,8 &#177; 5,4</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,588</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">Alx@75 (%)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">18,5 &#177; 8,3</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">20,6 &#177; 8,8</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,256</td>
            </tr>
            <tr>
              <td align="left" valign="middle">VOP (m/sec)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5 (4,4 &#8211; 4,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">4,5 (4,4 &#8211; 4,6)</td>
              <td align="center" valign="middle">0,528</td>
            </tr>
          </tbody>
        </table>
        <table-wrap-foot>
          <fn id="TFN4">
            <p><italic>PAS: press&#227;o arterial sist&#243;lica; PAD: press&#227;o arterial diast&#243;lica; PP: press&#227;o de pulso; Alx @ 75: &#237;ndice de aumento normalizado para uma frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca de 75 batimentos/min; VOP: velocidade da onda de pulso. Vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas com distribui&#231;&#227;o normal s&#227;o expressas como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o, aquelas com distribui&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o normal como mediana (intervalo interquartil)</italic> .</p>
          </fn>
        </table-wrap-foot>
      </table-wrap>
      <p>A an&#225;lise de correla&#231;&#227;o revelou que o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico foi positivamente correlacionado com o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente (r = 0,275; p = 0,01), velocidade a&#243;rtica (r = 0,501; p &lt;0,001) e velocidade A (r = 0,351, p = 0,001). Al&#233;m disso, o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente foi positivamente correlacionado com o &#237;ndice de massa ventricular esquerda (r = 0,273, p = 0,02). A an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o linear m&#250;ltipla revelou uma associa&#231;&#227;o independente entre o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico e o di&#226;metro da aorta ascendente (p = 0,01) e a velocidade a&#243;rtica (p &lt;0,001). A an&#225;lise de multicolinearidade tamb&#233;m foi realizada, e os valores do fator de influ&#234;ncia da vari&#226;ncia (FIV) das vari&#225;veis independentes foram menores que 5 (FIV = 1,349, 1,467, respectivamente).</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A rigidez arterial de crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide com fun&#231;&#227;o valvar preservada n&#227;o mostrou estar aumentada quando utilizamos o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico em nosso estudo. No entanto, di&#226;metros aumentados de aorta ascendente e fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas globais diminu&#237;das foram detectados nessas crian&#231;as, em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>Como observado em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, a aortopatia caracterizada por dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta ascendente e aumento da rigidez arterial constitui um risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica que ocorre frequentemente durante a idade adulta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Utilizando a an&#225;lise da onda de pulso baseada na tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o, Shim et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> revelaram que a aorta central &#233; mais r&#237;gida em pacientes adultos com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> De maneira similar, Wang et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> relataram menor vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo relacionada ao tamanho aumentado e propriedades el&#225;sticas diminu&#237;das da aorta ascendente em adultos com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide sem disfun&#231;&#227;o valvar significativa. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> Em estudos que investigaram as propriedades da elasticidade a&#243;rtica em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos, as medidas ultrassonogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o utilizadas de maneira prevalente para identificar as caracter&#237;sticas de elasticidade da aorta ascendente. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Erroz et al. relataram maior &#237;ndice de rigidez a&#243;rtica e menor <italic>strain</italic> e distensibilidade a&#243;rtica em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide isolada de maneira consistente com aumento da rigidez arterial e diminui&#231;&#227;o da elasticidade. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Da mesma forma, Ekici et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> e Weisman et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> relataram propriedades el&#225;sticas diminu&#237;das da aorta ascendente em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide funcional. Em contraste com esses estudos, que se concentraram apenas na aorta ascendente, o estudo de Ero&#287;lu et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> avaliou tamb&#233;m a aorta tor&#225;cica descendente e relatou que a aorta ascendente em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide &#233; mais distens&#237;vel e menos r&#237;gida em compara&#231;&#227;o com seus pares saud&#225;veis. Eles tamb&#233;m relataram que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos em termos de elasticidade em idades mais avan&#231;adas. No mesmo estudo, o n&#237;vel de rigidez arterial medido por vasodilata&#231;&#227;o mediada por fluxo foi relatado como sendo similar entre pacientes e pares saud&#225;veis em todas as faixas et&#225;rias. No presente estudo, em concord&#226;ncia com a literatura, as crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide apresentaram aortas ascendentes mais largas do que seus pares saud&#225;veis. Esse achado confirma que a aortopatia come&#231;a na inf&#226;ncia, independentemente das fun&#231;&#245;es valvares. Entretanto, similar aos achados de Ero&#287;lu et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> os pacientes pedi&#225;tricos tinham caracter&#237;sticas semelhantes aos seus pares saud&#225;veis em termos de elasticidade da aorta ascendente, e n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a entre os grupos quanto ao n&#237;vel de rigidez arterial com base nos resultados da an&#225;lise oscilom&#233;trica da onda de pulso, que &#233; descrito como o m&#233;todo mais objetivo e confi&#225;vel em nosso estudo. O motivo da aus&#234;ncia de diferen&#231;a significativa em termos de elasticidade e rigidez arterial pode estar relacionado &#224; aus&#234;ncia de pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica significativa. No entanto, observou-se que a dilata&#231;&#227;o da aorta apresentava-se em n&#237;vel moderado, pois n&#227;o havia nenhum paciente com escore-z da aorta ascendente &gt;4. Por outro lado, a maioria dos cardiologistas pedi&#225;tricos inicia o uso de medicamentos para retardar a dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica e diminuir o risco de dissec&#231;&#227;o. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> Esses medicamentos que t&#234;m efeitos positivos no remodelamento vascular e mioc&#225;rdica, diminuem a rigidez arterial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> O presente estudo n&#227;o incluiu pacientes com medica&#231;&#227;o preventiva; portanto, nossos resultados s&#227;o mais confi&#225;veis.</p>
      <p>No presente estudo, como indicador global das fun&#231;&#245;es mioc&#225;rdicas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, n&#237;veis elevados de &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico foram causados por tempos de contra&#231;&#227;o isovolum&#233;trica e de relaxamento isovolum&#233;trico significativamente prolongados. Isso sugeriu que as fun&#231;&#245;es sist&#243;lica e diast&#243;lica foram afetadas subclinicamente em crian&#231;as com uma v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide funcional. Al&#233;m disso, os n&#237;veis significativamente elevados da velocidade A indicaram altera&#231;&#227;o nas fun&#231;&#245;es diast&#243;licas do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo. As causas potenciais de remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico identificadas em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide t&#234;m sido explicadas como carga aumentada causada por estenose e/ou disfun&#231;&#227;o da v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e carga sist&#243;lica mioc&#225;rdica concomitante, causada por rigidez arterial, a qual estava aumentada em compara&#231;&#227;o com controles saud&#225;veis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> O presente estudo n&#227;o incluiu casos com anormalidades valvares funcionais hemodinamicamente significativas, presentes em um n&#237;vel que possa afetar a estrutura mioc&#225;rdica, o di&#226;metro a&#243;rtico ou as fun&#231;&#245;es arteriais, bem como o fato de que os n&#237;veis de rigidez arterial dos pacientes foram determinados para serem semelhantes aos de seus pares saud&#225;veis. Portanto, independentemente das fun&#231;&#245;es valvares a&#243;rticas e da rigidez arterial, as caracter&#237;sticas comuns na etiologia da aortopatia tamb&#233;m podem desempenhar um papel no remodelamento ventricular esquerda. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre os tamanhos da aorta ascendente e o &#237;ndice de desempenho mioc&#225;rdico apoia a presen&#231;a de altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas comuns. Assim, a dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide tem sido associada a n&#237;veis mais baixos de &#243;xido n&#237;trico endotelial, degenera&#231;&#227;o das fibras el&#225;sticas, apoptose de c&#233;lulas musculares lisas, remodelamento extracelular anormal e necrose c&#237;stica medial a&#243;rtica, ao inv&#233;s de fatores hemodin&#226;micos. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> Em estudos anteriores, em concord&#226;ncia com os achados do presente estudo, as altera&#231;&#245;es histopatol&#243;gicas que afetam a ocorr&#234;ncia de dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica tamb&#233;m podem ter desempenhado um papel no remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico identificado em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide com as fun&#231;&#245;es valvares preservadas. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es e pontos fortes</title>
        <p>A tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o &#233; o m&#233;todo mais comumente utilizado para medir a rigidez arterial. N&#227;o realizamos a tonometria de aplana&#231;&#227;o devido &#224;s suas limita&#231;&#245;es de uso em crian&#231;as, como manter um sinal suficientemente forte, coopera&#231;&#227;o e variabilidade da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca. Os estudos sobre a valida&#231;&#227;o do m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico para crian&#231;as s&#227;o limitados na literatura; entretanto, foi relatado que &#233; um m&#233;todo de f&#225;cil utiliza&#231;&#227;o e confi&#225;vel para avalia&#231;&#227;o dos par&#226;metros de rigidez arterial. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> Al&#233;m disso, os par&#226;metros de elasticidade a&#243;rtica amplamente utilizados em outros estudos para avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide tamb&#233;m foram utilizados em nosso estudo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o do nosso estudo &#233; que pacientes com dilata&#231;&#227;o a&#243;rtica acentuada n&#227;o foram inclu&#237;dos, em decorr&#234;ncia da exclus&#227;o de pacientes com medica&#231;&#227;o preventiva. Assim, o efeito confundidor da medica&#231;&#227;o foi exclu&#237;do.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>A v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide &#233; uma doen&#231;a que n&#227;o se limita apenas &#224; v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica e onde se inicia o remodelamento da aorta ascendente e do mioc&#225;rdio do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo na inf&#226;ncia. O tamanho da aorta ascendente pode ser mais preditivo do que as fun&#231;&#245;es valvares no remodelamento mioc&#225;rdico. A rigidez arterial, que desempenha um papel importante no surgimento de complica&#231;&#245;es a&#243;rticas em pacientes com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide, pode n&#227;o ser um fator de risco grave em pacientes pedi&#225;tricos sem dilata&#231;&#227;o acentuada da aorta ascendente. Embora o m&#233;todo oscilom&#233;trico pare&#231;a ser confi&#225;vel na avalia&#231;&#227;o da rigidez arterial em crian&#231;as com v&#225;lvula a&#243;rtica bic&#250;spide isolada, mais estudos abrangentes sobre esse assunto s&#227;o necess&#225;rios.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Eskisehir Osmangazi University sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 80558721-050.99-E43242. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013. O consentimento informado foi obtido de todos os participantes inclu&#237;dos no estudo.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Arterial Stiffness and Left Ventricular Myocardial Function in Children with a Well-Functioning Bicuspid Aortic Valve</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3926-9002</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Kosger</surname>
            <given-names>Pelin</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Akin</surname>
            <given-names>Tugcem</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Kiztanir</surname>
            <given-names>Hikmet</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ucar</surname>
            <given-names>Birsen</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Eskisehir</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Eskisehir State Hospital, Pediatric Cardiology Clinic, Eskisehir - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Pelin Kosger &#8226;</bold> Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Eskisehir - Turkey. E-mail: <email>pelinkosger@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research, Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Kosger P, Akin T, Kiztanir H, Ucar B; Statistical analysis and Writing of the manuscript: Kosger P; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Kosger P, Ucar B.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Arterial stiffness is an important predictor factor of aortopathy and myocardial remodeling in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve and it might be increased in childhood.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objective:</title>
          <p>To assess the arterial stiffness and left ventricular myocardial function in children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>Forty-four children with a bicuspid aortic valve and 41 healthy peers with a tricuspid aortic valve were included in this case-control study. Diameters and the related z-scores of the aortic root and ascending aorta were obtained. As for the left ventricular myocardial function, along with the mitral inflow velocities and M-Mode parameters, myocardial velocities and time intervals were assessed with tissue Doppler imaging. A pulse wave analysis was performed by oscillometric device (Mobil-o-Graph). A p value &lt;0.05 was considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>The left ventricular mass index, mitral inflow A velocity, diameter and z-score of the ascending aorta, and myocardial performance index were significantly higher in patients (p=0.04, p=0.02,p=0.04, p&lt;0.001,and p&lt;0.001 respectively). The myocardial performance index was positively correlated with the diameter of the ascending aorta and A velocity (r=0.272;p=0.01, r=356;p=0.001, respectively). The multivariate analysis revealed that the myocardial performance index was related to the ascending aorta diameter (p=0.01). The augmentation index and pulse wave velocity were similar between the groups (p&gt;0.05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>According to the oscillometric pulse wave analysis, the children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve had similar arterial stiffness to that of the healthy peers. The ascending aorta diameter was established as an independent predictor of left ventricular myocardial function. Arterial stiffness may not be a severe risk factor in pediatric patients without marked ascending aorta dilation.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Aortic Stiffness</kwd>
        <kwd>Dilatation Pathologic</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Function, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Pulse Wave Analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial</kwd>
        <kwd>Child</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>A bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital cardiac malformation and occurs in 1-2% of the general population. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1"><sup>1</sup></xref> In addition to impaired valvular function, individuals are also at risk of aortopathy, which may result in aortic dissection and aneurysm formation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2"><sup>2</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3"><sup>3</sup></xref> There is no direct association between valvular dysfunction and aortopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4"><sup>4</sup></xref> The presence of aorta dilation, even in patients with normal valvular function, may be related to a different pathophysiology of aortopathy. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In comparison with healthy controls, patients with bicuspid aortic valve without apparent valvular dysfunction have shown decreased aortic elasticity and increased central aortic stiffness. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> Furthermore, in these individuals, central aortic stiffness measured using the ambulatory pulse wave velocity monitoring method is positively correlated with the degree of aortic dilation. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Therefore, vascular remodeling has been identified as the primary cause of arterial stiffness that impacts the monitoring process in these patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref> The level of arterial stiffness, a predictor of the course of cardiovascular diseases, tends to increase with age. However, examination of intraoperative biopsy and necropsy samples have shown that in many cases of congenital heart diseases, arterial stiffness increases as from childhood. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9"><sup>9</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10"><sup>10</sup></xref> Patients with a bicuspid aortic valve show progressive aortic dilation during their childhood, and data regarding aortic elasticity and arterial stiffness are based on ultrasonographic methods, which are highly limited in number. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> The gold standard method of arterial stiffness measurement is pulse wave analysis and the most commonly pulse wave analysis technique is tonometry; however, this technique can be time-consuming and challenging, especially when used in young children. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13"><sup>13</sup></xref> Oscillometric devices are user-friendly, practical for use in the clinical setting, and a reliable method for evaluating central blood pressure and arterial stiffness parameters, even in children. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15"><sup>15</sup></xref> </p>
        <p>The patients with a bicuspid aortic valve also suffer from myocardial remodeling, regardless of valvular functions and aortopathy. However, to confirm that myocardial remodeling is not only associated with valvular functions, studies including cases with intact valve function without additional risk factors are required. Pediatric cases comprise an ideal group of patients for this purpose, and currently there are only a few studies in the literature reporting that the left ventricular diastolic functions are affected in pediatric patients. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> We aimed to evaluate arterial stiffness using the oscillometric method and to determine whether it is compatible with the level of ultrasonographic arterial elasticity in children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve. Furthermore, it is aimed to assess the global myocardial function via tissue Doppler imaging-derived myocardial performance index in our study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study population</title>
          <p>A total of 44 patients (7-18 years of age) followed in a pediatric cardiology clinic with a diagnosis of bicuspid aortic valve were enrolled in the study. These patients had no apparent aortic valvular dysfunction, neither had they received preventive medication for aortopathy. Forty-one children who had healthy tricuspid aortic valves and with similar demographic and anthropometric characteristics were included as the control group. Patients with moderate to severe valve insufficiency, with a valve velocity &gt;2m/s, who had undergone prior surgery or percutaneous intervention, and had an additional repaired or unrepaired heart disease (e.g., coarctation of the aorta), as well as those with a body mass index and systolic blood pressure of &gt;95<sup>th</sup>percentile were excluded from the study. Moreover, patients who had received preventive medication were not included, aiming to avoid the confounding effects of medications on myocardial mechanics and arterial stiffness. As demonstrated by laboratory tests, none of the children in the study population had hypercholesterolemia. Patients gave a written informed consent to participate in the study and the study was approved by the local Ethics Committee of Eskisehir Osmangazi University on April 04, 2018.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiography</title>
          <p>Transthoracic echocardiography was performed by a single experienced pediatric cardiologist using the commercially available equipment Affinity 70 (Philips Medical Systems, Bothell, WA, USA) with 2&#8211;4 and 4&#8211;8 MHz broadband probes. The vascular examination was performed using VIVID I color Doppler ultrasonography (General Electric Ultrasound Systems, Mountain View, CA, USA) equipment with a 12-MHz linear probe.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Assessment of aortic valve morphology and functions</title>
            <p>Aortic valve morphology was evaluated on the parasternal long and short axis sections. Probe frequency was selected according to patient size. A definitive bicuspid aortic valve was diagnosed when only two valve leaflets were unequivocally identified at systole and diastole, with a clear fish-mouth appearance in systole. Leaflet phenotype was defined as anteroposterior (left and right cusp fusion) or right&#8211;left (right and noncoronary cusp fusion). For aortic valve stenosis evaluation, peak aortic velocity was measured using continuous wave Doppler while the cursor was maintained at the level of the Valsalva sinus in the five-chamber view, and a value of &gt;2.5 m/s was considered indicative of aortic stenosis. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17"><sup>17</sup></xref> To determine the degree of aortic valve insufficiency, we used the proportion of the aorta insufficiency diameter measured on the color Doppler images, which were obtained from the long-axis section, in relation to the left ventricular outflow tract diameter. Ratios &lt;25%, 25-64%, and &#8805;65% generally indicate mild, moderate, and severe aortic regurgitation, respectively. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18"><sup>18</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Measurement of aortic root and ascending aorta diameter</title>
            <p>Measurements of the four aortic segments, including the aortic annulus, Valsalva sinus, sinotubular junction, and proximal ascending aorta 2 cm above the sinotubular junction, were obtained in the parasternal long-axis view at the end diastole, leading-edge-to-leading-edge, and perpendicular to the long axis of the aorta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19"><sup>19</sup></xref> Aortic dimensions were normalized to the body surface area. A z-score of &gt;2 was considered abnormal.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Left ventricular M-mode and tissue Doppler echocardiography</title>
            <p>Left ventricular internal dimensions, interventricular septum thickness, and posterior wall thickness were measured at the end diastole using two-dimensional M-mode echocardiography according to the pediatric guidelines of the American Society of Echocardiography. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20"><sup>20</sup></xref> Left ventricular mass was calculated according to the Devereux Formula <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21"><sup>21</sup></xref> and indexed to the height. Left ventricular ejection fraction was calculated using the Teichholz formula. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22"><sup>22</sup></xref> The Doppler sample volume was placed at the tips of mitral leaflets to obtain the left ventricular inflow waveforms from the apical four-chamber view. The mitral inflow early diastolic velocity (E) and the late diastolic velocity (A) were also measured. To measure the longitudinal myocardial velocities, the sample volume was placed on the septal corner of the mitral annulus to obtain waveforms from the apical four-chamber view. Early diastolic mitral annular velocity (Ea) and late diastolic mitral annular velocity (Aa) were measured, and their ratio (Ea/Aa) was calculated to estimate left ventricular filling pressure. Cardiac time intervals, including the isovolumic relaxation time, isovolumic contraction time, and ejection time, were obtained by tissue Doppler imaging, and the myocardial performance index calculated according to Tei&#8217;s formula: myocardial performance index = (isovolumic contraction time + isovolumic relaxation time)/ejection time. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23"><sup>23</sup></xref> For each quantitative parameter, three consecutive beats were averaged.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Assessment of aortic elasticity</title>
            <p>Aortic elasticity was assessed using the two-dimensional guided M-mode evaluation of systolic and diastolic aortic diameters, 2 cm above the aortic valve; diastolic diameter was obtained at the R wave peak at the simultaneously recorded electrocardiogram, whereas systolic diameter was measured at the maximal anterior motion of the aortic wall.</p>
            <p>Aortic strain, aortic distensibility, and aortic stiffness index were calculated using the formulas below:</p>
            <p><italic>Aortic strain</italic> = 100 (Systolic diameter-Diastolic diameter) / Diastolic diameter</p>
            <p><italic>Aortic stiffness index</italic> = natural logarithm (Systolic blood pressure/Diastolic blood pressure) / [(Systolic diameter-Diastolic diameter/Diastolic diameter]</p>
            <p><italic>Aortic distensibility</italic> (cm<sup>2</sup>/dyn/10<sup>-6</sup>) = 2x (Systolic diameter-Diastolic diameter) / [(Systolic blood pressure &#8211; Diastolic blood pressure) X Diastolic diameter] <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24"><sup>24</sup></xref> </p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Arterial stiffness measurement</title>
          <p>For pulse wave analysis and blood pressure monitoring, the Mobil-O-Graph (IEM, Industrielle Entwicklung Medizintechnik und Vertriebsgesellschaft mbH, Stolberg, Germany) device and the ARCSolver pulse wave analysis software (AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria) were used. 24-hour blood pressure monitoring was performed by connecting a cuff of an appropriate size for upper arm circumference. During the test, the peripheral and central systolic blood pressure, peripheral and central diastolic blood pressure, pulse, pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were measured.</p>
          <p>The Mobil-O-Graph is an oscillometric ambulatory blood pressure measurement device that is appropriate for use in children. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25"><sup>25</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26"><sup>26</sup></xref> After blood pressure measurement, the cuff is inflated to the brachial diastolic pressure level and the oscillations (pulse waves) are recorded for 10 seconds. After the 24-hour measurement circle, all measurements are transferred to the HMS client software and analyzed using the ARCSolver software, which has been applied to children. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27"><sup>27</sup></xref> </p>
          <p>Aortic pulse wave velocity and augmentation index at a heart rate (HR) of 75 beats/minute (AIx@75) are markers of arterial stiffness. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28"><sup>28</sup></xref> Aortic pulse wave velocity is the speed at which pulse waves travel in the aortic wall and is a central arterial stiffness measure. AIx@75 is derived from the augmentation pressure and pulse pressure of a pulse wave. Pulse wave is a summation of forward (producing first systolic peak) and reflected (producing second peak) waves. Increase in the pulse wave amplitude due to pulse wave reflection is known as pulse augmentation, and its contribution to pulse wave amplitude is known as augmentation pressure. Moreover, the percentage of pulse wave amplitude due to augmentation pressure is known as augmentation index, which is dependent on heart rate. Mobil-o-Graph provides it at heart rate 75, a measure of peripheral arterial stiffness. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29"><sup>29</sup></xref> </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 18 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). The sample size was determined by the G-power analysis software with a statistical power of 85%. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for the assessment of normal distribution. The results of continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) or median (percentile 25 and 75, interquartile range, IQR). The groups were compared using independent samples&#8217; T test for continuous variables, and the Mann&#8211;Whitney U test was used for non-normally distributed variables. The Chi-square test was used for the gender comparison between the groups. Spearman&#8217;s correlation test was used for correlations. Multiple linear regression analysis using the Backward method was performed to assess the independent predictor of the myocardial performance index in patients with bicuspid aortic valve. The statistical significance level was set at p &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>The median age of the entire study population (n = 85) was 12 (IQR=8.5&#8211;14) and ranged from 7 to 18 years. Twelve patients in the bicuspid aortic valve group (12/44) and 18 cases in the control group (18/41) were females (p=0.084). There was no significant difference in terms of age, weight, height, body surface area, body mass index, serum lipid profile, and glucose levels between the groups ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t5">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
        <table-wrap id="t5">
          <label>Table 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Baseline demographic, anthropometric and clinical characteristics of the groups</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients <break/> (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls <break/> (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Age (years)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (9 - 15)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (8 -14)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.609</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Gender (female,%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12 (27.27)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 (43.90)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.084</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Height (cm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">147.8 &#177; 20.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">146.8 &#177; 15.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.798</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Weight (kg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42.3 &#177; 16.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">38.6 &#177; 14</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.268</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">BMI (kg/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">17 &#177; 0.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.088</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TC (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">141.1 &#177; 23.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">148.3 &#177; 28.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.308</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">TG (mg/dl)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">91.6 &#177; 38.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">86.6 &#177; 31.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.113</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN5">
              <p><italic>BMI: Body mass index; TC: total cholesterol; TG: total triglycerides. Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, and those with non-normally distribution as median (interquartile range)</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>Echocardiographic and aortic elasticity parameters are summarized in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t6">Tables 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t7">3</xref> . Mitral inflow A velocity, isovolumetric relaxation time, isovolumetric contraction time, and myocardial performance index were significantly higher in patients than in controls (p = 0.03, &lt;0.001, &lt;0.001, &lt;0.001, respectively). Fusion of the left and right coronary cusps defined as the anteroposterior phenotype was the predominant phenotype (63.6%). Along with the aortic velocity, the ascending aorta diameter and z-score was higher in patients (p &lt; 0.001, p = 0.04, p &lt; 0.001, respectively). All aortic elasticity parameters were similar between the groups. The central and peripheral hemodynamic variables, Alx@75 and pulse wave velocity values, which showed no significant difference between the groups, are shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t8">Table 4</xref> .</p>
        <table-wrap id="t6">
          <label>Table 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Echocardiographic measurements in patients and controls</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients <break/> (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls <break/> (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVSDd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.9 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.7 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.429</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVEDd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">45 (41 &#8211; 48)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">42 (39.5 &#8211; 45)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.114</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVPWDd (mm)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.4 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.3 &#177; 1.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.674</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">LVMI (gr/m<sup>2.7</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.9 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.9 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.039</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">EF (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">68.9 &#177; 13.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">62.9 &#177; 12</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.171</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98.95 (88.8 &#8211; 114)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">95 (80.75 &#8211; 100)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.166</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">A (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.35 (43.92 &#8211; 72.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">48 (40.85 &#8211; 57.3)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.027</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ea (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">12.1 &#177; 2.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">11.8 &#177; 1.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.627</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aa (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">5.8 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">6.1 &#177; 1.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.383</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sa (cm/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.5 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.2 &#177; 1.0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.210</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">E/Ea</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">8.32 (6.49 &#8211; 10.56)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">7.91 (6.93 &#8211; 8.89)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.261</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVCT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">54.1 &#177; 7.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">47.6 &#177; 7.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">IVRT</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">55.9 &#177; 9.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">46.9 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">ET</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">282.5 &#177; 23.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">283.2 &#177; 22.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.889</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">MPI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.38 &#177; 0.05</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.33 &#177; 0.04</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN6">
              <p><italic>IVSDd: Interventricular septum diameter; LVEDd: end-diastolic left ventricular internal diameters; LVPWDd: end-diastolic left ventricular posterior wall thickness; LVMI: left ventricular mass index; IVCT: isovolumetric contraction time; IVRT: isovolumetric relaxation time; ET: ejection time; MPI: myocardial performance index. Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, those with non-normally distribution as median (interquartile range)</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t7">
          <label>Table 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Aortic valve characteristics, aortic size and elasticity parameters</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients <break/> (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls <break/> (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anulus (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.03 (12.75 &#8211; 16.87)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">14.28 (12.51 &#8211; 17.02)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.363</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Anulus z-score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.06 &#177; 1.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.24 &#177; 0.96</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.185</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus of Valsalva (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.4 &#177; 4.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.5 &#177; 3.7</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.939</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinus of Valsalva z-score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.19 &#177; 1.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.23 &#177; 0.83</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.08</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinotubular junction (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.87 (14.19 &#8211; 20.07)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">15.80 (14.33 &#8211; 18.42)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.239</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Sinotubular junction z-score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.03 &#177; 1.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">-0.03 &#177; 0.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.76</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ascending aorta (mm/m<sup>2</sup>)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.1 &#177; 5.1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.2 &#177; 3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.04</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Ascending aorta z- score</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.37 &#177; 1.24</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.4 &#177; 0.9</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Aortic velocity (m/s)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.6 (1.4 &#8211; 1.9)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">1.1 (0.95 &#8211; 1.25)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">&lt;0.001</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">SI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.69 (1.81 &#8211; 3.35)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2.5 (2.09 &#8211; 3.92)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.529</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">DI</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.01&#177; 0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.009 &#177; 0.004</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.736</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Strain</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.7 &#177; 8.6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">21.4 &#177; 10.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.883</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN7">
              <p><italic>SI: Stiffness index; DI: distensibility index. Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, those with non-normally distribution as median (interquartile range)</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t8">
          <label>Table 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Peripheral and central hemodynamics</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="25%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Variable</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Patients <break/> (n = 44)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Controls <break/> (n = 41)</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">p-value</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral SBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109.2 &#177; 7.2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109.2 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.996</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral DBP (mmHg)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.7 &#177; 5.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">64.2 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.675</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Heart rate (beats/dk)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">79.5 &#177; 11.5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">80.9 &#177; 12.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.578</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Peripheral PP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.4 &#177; 6</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">44.8 &#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.759</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central SBD</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (94.25-102)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">98 (91 &#8211; 101)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.437</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Central DBP</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">66.5 &#177; 5.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">65.8 &#177; 5.4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.588</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Alx@75 (%)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18.5 &#177; 8.3</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">20.6 &#177; 8.8</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.256</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">PWV (m/sec)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.5 (4.4 &#8211; 4.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">4.5 (4.4 &#8211; 4.6)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">0.528</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN8">
              <p><italic>SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; PP: pulse pressure; Alx@75, augmentation index normalized for a heart rate of 75 beats/min; PWV: pulse wave velocity. Continuous variables with normal distribution are expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation, those with non-normally distribution as median (interquartile range)</italic> .</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <p>The correlation analysis showed that the myocardial performance index was positively correlated with the ascending aorta diameter (r= 0.275; p= 0.01), aortic velocity (r= 0.501; p &lt;0.001) and A velocity (r= 0.351, p = 0.001). Also, the ascending aorta diameter was positively correlated with the left ventricular mass index (r= 0.273, p= 0.02). The multiple linear regression analysis disclosed an independent association between the myocardial performance index and the ascending aorta diameter (p= 0.01) and aortic velocity (p &lt;0.001). A multicollinearity analysis was also performed, and the variance influence factor (VIF) values of independent variables were found to be less than 5 (VIF = 1.349, 1.467, respectively).</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Arterial stiffness in children with a bicuspid aortic valve with preserved valvular function was not found to be increased when using the oscillometric method in our study. However, greater ascending aorta diameters and impaired global myocardial functions were detected in these children, when compared to their healthy peers.</p>
        <p>As observed in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, the aortopathy characterized by ascending aorta dilation and increased arterial stiffness, constitutes a risk for aortic dissection, frequently occurring during adulthood. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30"><sup>30</sup></xref> Using applanation tonometry-based pulse-wave analysis, Shim et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> revealed that the central aorta is stiffer in adult patients with a bicuspid aortic valve. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7"><sup>7</sup></xref> Similarly, Wang et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> reported lower flow-mediated vasodilation related to the enlarged size and impaired elastic properties of the ascending aorta in adults with a bicuspid aortic valve without significant valvular dysfunction. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref> In studies investigating the properties of aortic elasticity in pediatric patients, ultrasonographic measurements are prevalently used to identify the elasticity characteristics of the ascending aorta. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> Erroz et al. reported higher aortic stiffness index and lower aortic strain and distensibility in children with an isolated bicuspid aortic valve in a manner consistent with increased arterial stiffness and decreased elasticity. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11"><sup>11</sup></xref> Similarly, Ekici et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12"><sup>12</sup></xref> and Weisman et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16"><sup>16</sup></xref> reported impaired elastic properties of the ascending aorta in children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve. In contrast to these studies, which focused only on the ascending aorta, the study by Ero&#287;lu et al. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> assessed the descending thoracic aorta as well and reported that the ascending aorta in children with a bicuspid aortic valve is more distensible and less stiff compared with that in their healthy peers. They also reported that there was no difference between the groups in terms of elasticity at older ages. In the same study, the level of arterial stiffness measured by flow-mediated vasodilation was reported to be similar between patients and healthy peers in all age groups. In the present study, in agreement with the literature, the children with a bicuspid aortic valve had wider ascending aortas than the healthy peers. This finding supports the fact that aortopathy begins in childhood, regardless of valve function. However, similar to the findings by Ero&#287;lu et al., <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> the pediatric patients had similar characteristics as their healthy peers in terms of elasticity of the ascending aorta, and there was no difference between the groups regarding arterial stiffness level based on the oscillometric pulse-wave analysis results, which is described as a more objective and reliable method in our study. The reason for the lack of a significant difference in terms of arterial elasticity and stiffness may be related with the absence of patients with significant aortic dilation. However, aortic dilation was observed to be at a moderate level, as there was no patient with an ascending aorta z-score &gt;4. On the other hand, most pediatric cardiologists start medication to slow down aortic dilation and decrease the risk of dissection. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32"><sup>32</sup></xref> These medications that have positive effects on vascular and myocardial remodeling decrease arterial stiffness. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33"><sup>33</sup></xref> The present study did not include patients receiving preventive medication, therefore our results are more reliable.</p>
        <p>In the present study, as the global indicator of left ventricular myocardial function, a high myocardial performance index was caused by the significantly prolonged isovolumetric contraction time and isovolumetric relaxation time. This suggested that both the systolic and diastolic functions were sub-clinically affected in children with a well-functioning bicuspid aortic valve. In addition, the significantly high levels of A velocity indicated the alteration in the left ventricular diastolic function. The potential causes of myocardial remodeling identified in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve has been explained as an increased load caused by concomitant aortic valve stenosis and/or dysfunction, and myocardial systolic load caused by arterial stiffness, which was found to be increased compared with that in healthy controls. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> The present study does not include cases with hemodynamically significant functional valvular abnormality at a level that might affect the myocardial structure, aortic diameter, or arterial functions, as well as the fact that the arterial stiffness levels in the patients were determined to be similar to those in their healthy peers. Hence, independent from aortic valvular functions and arterial stiffness, the common features in the aortopathy etiology may also play a role in left ventricular remodeling. The association between the ascending aorta sizes and myocardial performance index, support the presence of common histopathological changes. Thus, aortic dilation in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve has been associated with lower endothelial nitric oxide levels, elastic fiber degeneration, smooth muscle cell apoptosis, abnormal extracellular remodeling, and aortic cystic medial necrosis rather than hemodynamic factors. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5"><sup>5</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8"><sup>8</sup></xref><sup>,</sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31"><sup>31</sup></xref> In previous studies, in agreement with the present study findings, the histopathological changes that have an effect on the occurrence of aortic dilation might have also played a role in the myocardial remodeling identified in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve in which valvular functions were preserved. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6"><sup>6</sup></xref> </p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations and strengths</title>
          <p>Applanation tonometry is the most commonly used method to measure arterial stiffness. We did not perform applanation tonometry because of its use limitations in children, such as maintaining a sufficiently strong signal, cooperation, and heart rate variability. The studies about the validation of the oscillometric method for children are limited in the literature; however, it was reported that it is a user-friendly and reliable method for evaluating arterial stiffness parameters. <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14"><sup>14</sup></xref> In addition, aortic elasticity parameters, which were widely used for the assessment of arterial stiffness in other studies in children with a bicuspid aortic valve were also performed in our study. Another limitation of our study is the fact that patients with marked aortic dilation were not included, as patients receiving preventive medication were excluded. Thus, the confounding effect of medication was excluded.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>A bicuspid aortic valve is a disease that is not limited to the aortic valve only and where remodeling starts in the ascending aorta and left ventricular myocardium during childhood. The ascending aorta size may be more predictive than valvular functions in myocardial remodeling. Arterial stiffness, which plays an important role in the emergence of aortic complications in patients with a bicuspid aortic valve, may not be a serious risk factor in pediatric patients without marked ascending aorta dilation. Although the oscillometric method seems reliable for the assessment of arterial stiffness in children with an isolated bicuspid aortic valve, further comprehensive studies are needed on this issue.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Eskisehir Osmangazi University under the protocol number 80558721-050.99-E43242. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
