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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">xxh55SJsJY4JFGfy4cKKWbf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401124</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210921</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210921</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do Mioc&#225;rdio Guiada pela Fisiologia: Est&#225; na Hora do Cirurgi&#227;o Card&#237;aco Incorporar a Reserva de Fluxo Fracionada na Pr&#225;tica?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2245-2131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Tannas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Ribeiro Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Lobo de Andrade Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Daher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto de Almeida Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Anis Rassi</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Anis Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brasil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Tannas Jatene</bold> &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Anis Rassi, Av. A, 453. CEP <postal-code>74110-020</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brasil. E-mail: <email>tjatene@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1124</fpage>
      <lpage>1125</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coronariana/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana/fisiopatologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Reserva Fraccionada de Fluxo Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>De acordo com as diretrizes mais recentes de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio, a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea guiada pela reserva de fluxo fracionada (RFF) deve ser considerada em pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos. Tal medida inclui a avalia&#231;&#227;o de todas as les&#245;es com estenose de 40 a 90% de di&#226;metro antes do implante de <italic>stent</italic>.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> As mesmas diretrizes sugerem priorizar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa, ou seja, em que todos os vasos com estenose superior a 50% de di&#226;metro devem ser tratados, quando se decide pela cirurgia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica (CRM) (<italic>bypass</italic>).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Martins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> abordaram esse paradoxo com uma metan&#225;lise de cinco estudos, incluindo um total de 1114 pacientes, comparando a CRM guiada pela fisiologia com a CRM convencional guiada por angiografia. Embora a an&#225;lise dos dados agrupados mostrou que n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a nas taxas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo, observou-se uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 37% no risco relativo de mortes por todas as causas com a CRM guiada pela fisiologia.</p>
    <p>V&#225;rios estudos realizados nas duas &#250;ltimas d&#233;cadas revelaram desfechos favor&#225;veis e menor custo com o uso de angioplastia guiada pela RFF, com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de somente les&#245;es funcionalmente significativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Al&#233;m disso, a reclassifica&#231;&#227;o dos pacientes adicionando-se as informa&#231;&#245;es da RFF ao escore SYNTAX melhora sua correla&#231;&#227;o com eventos ap&#243;s a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, o que &#233; conhecido como escore SYNTAX funcional.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Todos esses dados foram traduzidos na incorpora&#231;&#227;o da fisiologia invasiva &#224; conduta na maioria dos laborat&#243;rios de cateterismo.</p>
    <p>Nos centros cir&#250;rgicos, no entanto, o <italic>bypass</italic> de les&#245;es angiogr&#225;ficas acima de 50% de di&#226;metro &#233; ainda o procedimento padr&#227;o. O estudo FAME (do ingl&#234;s <italic>Fractional Flow Reserve versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation</italic> ou RFF versus angiografia para avalia&#231;&#227;o de m&#250;ltiplos vasos) mostrou que somente 35% das les&#245;es com 50-70% de di&#226;metro de estenose eram hemodinamicamente significativas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> mas os cirurgi&#245;es ainda optam pelo <italic>bypass</italic> dessas les&#245;es com a justificativa de prevenir contra poss&#237;vel progress&#227;o da aterosclerose. No entanto, estudos demonstraram que a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de les&#245;es sem relev&#226;ncia hemodin&#226;mica resulta n&#227;o s&#243; na fal&#234;ncia precoce do enxerto, como na progress&#227;o mais r&#225;pida da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana na art&#233;ria nativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Ainda, um estudo pr&#233;vio<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> mostrou que a CRM guiada por RFF em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; guiada por angiografia levou a um menor n&#250;mero de anastomoses de enxertos e de cirurgias com circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea. Todos esses argumentos n&#227;o t&#234;m sido suficientes para convencer os cirurgi&#245;es.</p>
    <p>A presente metan&#225;lise contribui para essa controv&#233;rsia. Tr&#234;s ensaios controlados randomizados e dois estudos retrospectivos foram avaliados em conjunto. A redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade poderia convencer os cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos a utilizar a RFF na tomada de decis&#227;o, mas algumas limita&#231;&#245;es importantes do estudo impossibilitam tal reviravolta: 1) o tamanho pequeno das amostras e consequente baixo n&#250;mero de eventos nos ensaios controlados randomizados; 2) o estudo com o maior n&#250;mero de pacientes tem delineamento retrospectivo, e assim, &#233; sujeito a vieses; 3) a aus&#234;ncia de um seguimento em longo prazo, quando os poss&#237;veis benef&#237;cios da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa seriam mais evidentes; 4) a redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade relatada por Martins et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> &#233; dif&#237;cil de ser explicada sem uma redu&#231;&#227;o no infarto do mioc&#225;rdio e na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de vaso-alvo, e seria mais convincente se uma redu&#231;&#227;o na mortalidade card&#237;aca tamb&#233;m fosse revelada.</p>
    <p>Embora o ensaio DEFER<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> tenha mostrado uma incid&#234;ncia de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio de apenas 2,2% em um grupo de pacientes com les&#245;es n&#227;o significativas com base da RFF ap&#243;s um seguimento de 15 anos, e o estudo recente ISCHEMIA tenha levantado quest&#245;es sobre os benef&#237;cios de qualquer procedimento de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, &#8220;colateraliza&#231;&#227;o cir&#250;rgica&#8221; e &#8220;revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completa&#8221; ainda ser&#227;o as justificativas de cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos at&#233; o desenvolvimento de um grande ensaio randomizado com um seguimento em longo prazo, comparando a CRM guiada por RFF com a CRM guiada por angiografia.</p>
    <p>Por hora, o &#8220;heart team&#8221; deve seguir as diretrizes e utilizar a fisiologia coron&#225;ria antes de se decidir sobre a necessidade de algum tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o mioc&#225;rdica. Se a decis&#227;o for pela interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea, a RFF ou &#237;ndices n&#227;o-hiper&#234;micos devem ser utilizados para guiar o procedimento. Se a decis&#227;o for pela CRM, o benef&#237;cio da RFF ainda precisa ser comprovado.</p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Enxerto de Bypass de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Guiado por Angiografia ou Fisiologia: Uma Metan&#225;lise</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physiology-guided CABG: Is it Time for Cardiac Surgeons to Incorporate FFR Into Their Practice?</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-2245-2131</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Jatene</surname>
            <given-names>Tannas</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Fabr&#237;cio Ribeiro Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Rogerio Lobo de Andrade Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Vaz</surname>
            <given-names>Vinicius Daher</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Casas</surname>
            <given-names>Alberto de Almeida Las</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Anis Rassi, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Goi&#226;nia</named-content>
            <named-content content-type="state">GO</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Goi&#226;nia, GO &#8211; Brazil</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Tannas Jatene</bold> &#8226; Hospital do Cora&#231;&#227;o Anis Rassi, Av. A, 453. Postal Code <postal-code>74110-020</postal-code>, Goi&#226;nia, GO - Brazil. E-mail: <email>tjatene@hotmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Arteryry Bypass</kwd>
        <kwd>Factional Flow Reserve Myocardial</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>According to most recent international guidelines on myocardial revascularization, fractional flow reserve (FFR)-guided percutaneous coronary intervention should be considered in patients with multivessel disease. That would include evaluation of all lesions between 40 to 90% diameter stenosis before implanting a stent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The same guidelines suggest prioritizing completeness of revascularization when the decision is made for coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), which means bypassing all lesions &gt;50% diameter stenosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>In this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, Martins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> approached this paradox with a meta-analysis of five studies and 1,114 patients, comparing physiology-guided CABG and conventional angiography-guided CABG. Although the pooled meta-analysis showed no difference in myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization rates, a 37% relative risk reduction in all-cause death was associated with physiology-guided CABG.</p>
      <p>Multiple studies over the last two decades revealed improved outcomes and lower cost with the use of FFR-guided angioplasty, with revascularization of only functionally significant lesions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> In addition, reclassifying patients by adding FFR information to the SYNTAX score improve its correlation with events after revascularization, the so-called functional SYNTAX score.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> All these robust data have been translated into incorporation of invasive physiology to the toolbox of most cath-labs.</p>
      <p>In the operating rooms, however, bypassing angiographic stenosis above 50% diameter is still the standard. The FAME (FFR versus Angiography for Multivessel Evaluation) trial showed that only 35% of the 50-70% diameter stenosis lesions were hemodynamically significant,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> but surgeons still bypass those lesions with the rationale of preventing possible progression of atherosclerosis. However, it has been demonstrated that bypassing lesions not hemodynamically relevant not only results in early graft failure but also accelerate progression of coronary artery disease in the native vessel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Moreover, previous studies revealed the reduction in the number of graft anastomoses and lower rate of on-pump surgery with FFR-guided versus angiography-guided CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> All these arguments have not been enough to convince surgeons.</p>
      <p>The present meta-analysis adds to this controversy. Three randomized controlled trials and two retrospective studies were evaluated together. The reduction in mortality could possibly persuade cardiac surgeons to use FFR in their decision-making process. However, major weakness of the study prevents this turnaround: 1) the small sample sizes and the consequent low number of events in the randomized controlled trials; 2) the study with the highest number of patients had a retrospective design, hence subject to inherent biases; 3) absence of long-term follow-up, when possible benefits of complete revascularization would be more evident; 4) the reduced mortality reported by Martins et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> is difficult to explain without reduction in myocardial infarction and target vessel revascularization, and would be more convincing if a cardiovascular mortality reduction was revealed.</p>
      <p>Although the DEFER trial<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> showed a myocardial infarction incidence of only 2.2% in a group of patients with non-significant lesions on the basis of FFR after a 15-year follow-up and the recent ISCHEMIA trial raised questions about the benefits of any revascularization procedure, &#8220;surgical collateralization&#8221; and &#8220;completeness of revascularization&#8221; will be the arguments of cardiac surgeons until we have a large randomized trial with long-term follow-up comparing FFR- versus angiography-guided CABG.</p>
      <p>For the time being, the heart team should follow the guidelines and use intracoronary physiology as much as possible before deciding about the necessity of any myocardial revascularization. If the decision is for percutaneous coronary intervention, then FFR or non-hyperemic indices should be used to guide the procedure. If the decision is for CABG, FFR benefit is still to be proved.</p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Physiology or Angiography-Guided Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Meta-Analysis</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
