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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">6ds8P8sq7FRwKpgtvTxC7Md</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401115</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200763</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200763</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Enxerto de Bypass de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria Guiado por Angiografia ou Fisiologia: Uma Metan&#225;lise</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7198-771X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afreixo</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Baixo Vouga Hospital Centre</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aveiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Baixo Vouga Hospital Centre, Aveiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of Aveiro</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">CIDMA/IBIMED/Department of Mathematics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aveiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CIDMA/IBIMED/Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>3</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">University of York</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Centre for Health Economics</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">York</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">Reino Unido</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York - Reino Unido</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Jos&#233; Martins</bold> &#8226; Baixo Vouga Hospital Centre - Avenida Ravara, <postal-code>3814-501</postal-code>, Aveiro - Portugal. E-mail: <email>zeluismartins@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Martins J, Santos L; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Martins J; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Martins J, Afreixo V; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Martins J, Santos L, Fernandes L, Briosa A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1115</fpage>
      <lpage>1123</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>07</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>11</day>
          <month>10</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>04</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>Enquanto a angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva &#233; considerada padr&#227;o outro para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC), envolvendo os vasos coron&#225;rios epic&#225;rdicos, a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coronariana guiada por fisiologia representa uma pr&#225;tica padr&#227;o ouro contempor&#226;nea para a administra&#231;&#227;o invasiva de pacientes com DAC intermedi&#225;ria. Por&#233;m, os resultados de longo prazo da avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose por meio da fisiologia, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; angiografia como guia para a cirurgia de bypass &#8211; enxerto de bypass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria (CABG), ainda s&#227;o incertos. Esta metan&#225;lise visa avaliar os resultados cl&#237;nicos de um CABG guiado por fisiologia em compara&#231;&#227;o a um CABG guiado pela angiografia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>Buscamos determinar se os resultados entre um CABG guiado por fisiologia e os de um CABG guiado por angiografia s&#227;o diferentes entre si.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Pesquisamos nas bases Medline, EMBASE e Cochrane Library. A &#250;ltima data de busca foi junho de 2020, e todos os estudos anteriores foram inclu&#237;dos. Realizamos uma metan&#225;lise de raz&#227;o de risco agrupado para quatro principais resultados: morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (TVR) e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE). Valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. A heterogeneidade foi avaliada com o teste Q de Cochran, e quantificada pelo &#237;ndice I2.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>Identificamos cinco estudos incluindo um total de 1.114 pacientes. Uma metan&#225;lise agrupada n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre a estrat&#233;gia da fisiologia e da angiografia para IM (raz&#227;o de risco [RR] = 0,72; IC95%, 0,39&#8211;1,33; I2 = 0%; p = 0,65), TVR (RR = 1,25; IC95% = 0,73&#8211;2,13; I2 = 0%; p = 0,52), ou MACE (RR = 0,81; IC95% = 0,62&#8211;1,07; I2 = 0%; p = 1). A estrat&#233;gia da fisiologia apresentou 0,63 vezes o risco de morte por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia da angiografia (RR = 0,63; IC95% = 0,42&#8211;0,96; I2 = 0%; p = 0,55).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>Esta metan&#225;lise demonstrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas mortes por todas as causas quando usada a estrat&#233;gia do CABG guiado por fisiologia. Por&#233;m, o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, o tamanho da amostra pequeno dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e a n&#227;o-discrimina&#231;&#227;o das causas de morte podem justificar essas conclus&#245;es. Estudos com per&#237;odos mais longos de acompanhamento s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para tirar conclus&#245;es mais robustas e definitivas.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia</kwd>
        <kwd>Metan&#225;lise</kwd>
        <kwd>Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria/fisiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
        <kwd>Ponte de Art&#233;ria Coron&#225;ria</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="8"/>
        <table-count count="4"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="41"/>
        <page-count count="9"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A angiografia coron&#225;ria invasiva &#233; considerada padr&#227;o ouro para o diagn&#243;stico da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) envolvendo os vasos coron&#225;rios epic&#225;rdicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, a avalia&#231;&#227;o visual por meio da angiografia coron&#225;ria tradicional n&#227;o &#233; capaz de distinguir se uma estenose coron&#225;ria &#233; hemodinamicamente significativa, principalmente na DAC intermedi&#225;ria; ent&#227;o, h&#225; discord&#226;ncias constantes entre a gravidade angiogr&#225;fica e a signific&#226;ncia da fisiologia na DAC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> As discrep&#226;ncias ocorrem porque, diferentemente da angiografia, a fisiologia incorpora os efeitos combinados e inter-relacionados do fluxo coron&#225;rio e da resist&#234;ncia microvascular.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; crescentes evid&#234;ncias que apoiam os benef&#237;cios cl&#237;nicos e a custo-efetividade da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea guiada pela fisiologia, seja pelos &#237;ndices baseados na hiperemia ou pelos &#237;ndices baseados na diferen&#231;a de press&#227;o durante um per&#237;odo espec&#237;fico da di&#225;stole, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; revasculariza&#231;&#227;o percut&#226;nea baseada na angiografia coron&#225;ria.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Por&#233;m, os resultados de longo prazo da avalia&#231;&#227;o da gravidade da estenose por meio da fisiologia, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; angiografia como guia para a cirurgia de bypass, ainda s&#227;o incertos.</p>
      <p>Considerando esses resultados, cirurgi&#245;es card&#237;acos est&#227;o progressivamente guiando a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos (MVD) com base na fisiologia coron&#225;ria. Por&#233;m, ainda n&#227;o est&#225; claro se esta decis&#227;o traz melhores resultados cl&#237;nicos de longo prazo. As recomenda&#231;&#245;es sobre o uso do CABG em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia m&#233;dica ou &#224; interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) s&#227;o inteiramente baseadas em estudos que utilizam crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos e n&#227;o-funcionais para guiar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Por conta desses dados, muitos autores j&#225; avaliaram o potencial benef&#237;cio cl&#237;nico da cirurgia de bypass da art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria guiada pela fisiologia, al&#233;m dos detalhes anat&#244;micos para decis&#245;es cir&#250;rgicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Neste artigo, estendemos o trabalho de Spadaccio et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> ao agrupar todos os resultados de estudos randomizados e n&#227;o-randomizados para avaliar o efeito nos resultados cl&#237;nicos entre o CABG guiado por fisiologia em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CABG guiado pela angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Fontes de dados e buscas</title>
        <p>N&#243;s fizemos buscas sistem&#225;ticas nas bases Medline, Embase e Cochrane Library, pesquisando artigos publicados relevantes. A &#250;ltima data da busca foi em junho de 2020, e todos os estudos anteriores foram inclu&#237;dos na busca. Revis&#245;es sistem&#225;ticas e qualitativas pr&#233;vias, se dispon&#237;veis, foram consideradas para estudos adicionais. Os seguintes termos de busca foram utilizados: &#8220;Fisiologia coron&#225;ria&#8221; ou &#8220;Fluxo Fracionado de Reserva&#8221; ou &#8220;FFR&#8221; ou &#8220;Instant Wave-Free Ratio&#8221; ou &#8220;iFR&#8221; ou &#8220;Enxerto de bypass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria&#8221; ou &#8220;CABG&#8221;. Outros estudos foram buscados por pesquisa manual ou em fontes secund&#225;rias, incluindo refer&#234;ncias de artigos prim&#225;rios. N&#227;o houve restri&#231;&#245;es de l&#237;ngua na busca.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Sele&#231;&#227;o dos estudos</title>
        <p>As cita&#231;&#245;es foram primeiramente selecionadas pelo t&#237;tulo/resumo por dois revisores independentes (JM e LS), e os manuscritos completos foram avaliados se fossem potencialmente pertinentes. Discord&#226;ncias foram resolvidas ap&#243;s chegarem a um consenso. Os artigos identificados foram avaliados pelos mesmos revisores, de acordo com os seguintes crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o: artigos com resultados cl&#237;nicos comparando as duas estrat&#233;gias para a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no CABG (fisiologia <italic>versus</italic> angiografia). As disputas relacionadas aos crit&#233;rios de inclus&#227;o foram resolvidas at&#233; chegarem a um consenso. Estudos comparando ambas as estrat&#233;gias que n&#227;o reportaram os resultados cl&#237;nicos foram exclu&#237;dos. Os estudos que n&#227;o reportaram a estrat&#233;gia usada em detalhe, embora tivessem a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos resultados cl&#237;nicos, tamb&#233;m foram exclu&#237;dos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figura 1</xref>).</p>
        <fig id="f1">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Fluxo dos estudos inclu&#237;dos na metan&#225;lise.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Desfechos</title>
        <p>Os desfechos estudados foram: morte por todas as causas, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (IM), revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo (TVR) e eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (MACE) durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.</p>
        <p>MACE foi definido como um composto de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio ou qualquer revasculariza&#231;&#227;o de Moscona et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Fournier et al;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> e como um composto de morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, derrame ou qualquer revasculariza&#231;&#227;o dos estudos FARGO, FUTURE e GRAFFITI durante o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para calcular as estimativas do efeito agrupado, utilizamos a vari&#226;ncia inversa assumindo um modelo de efeito fixo, e o m&#233;todo de DerSimonian e Lard<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> assumindo o modelo do efeito rand&#244;mico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> A homogeneidade entre os estudos foi avaliada com o teste Q de Cochrane e o &#237;ndice I2 (os valores de 0,25, 0,50 e 0,75 indicaram n&#237;veis baixos, moderados e altos de heterogeneidade, respectivamente). O valor de p &lt;0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o foi avaliado utilizando o gr&#225;fico em funil. Realizamos uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade para mostrar o impacto de cada estudo nos resultados. O MetaXL 2.0 (EpiGear International Pty Ltd, Wilston, Queensland, Australia) foi usado para calcular o tamanho do efeito da diferen&#231;a do risco agrupado (diferen&#231;a entre o risco dos grupos com revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e com gerenciamento conservador).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Identifica&#231;&#227;o do Estudo</title>
        <p>As buscas nas bases de dados inicialmente encontraram 372 cita&#231;&#245;es. Dessas, seis estudos duplicados e 321 artigos foram exclu&#237;dos ap&#243;s a revis&#227;o do t&#237;tulo ou resumo. Depois de uma avalia&#231;&#227;o aprofundada de acordo com os crit&#233;rios de sele&#231;&#227;o, exclu&#237;mos mais 40 estudos. Um final total de cinco estudos foi inclu&#237;do na an&#225;lise. Esses cinco estudos inclu&#237;am 1.114 pacientes: 403 no grupo guiado pela fisiologia, e 711 no grupo guiado pela angiografia.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
        <p>Dos cinco estudos inclu&#237;dos, tr&#234;s eram randomizados e dois eram n&#227;o-randomizados, observacionais e retrospectivos (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabelas 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">2</xref>)</p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="11%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Autor</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ano</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N total</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N - estrat&#233;gia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Acompanhamento</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Desenho do estudo</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Vias</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Oclus&#227;o do enxerto - acompanhamento</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Principais conclus&#245;es cl&#237;nicas</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Moscona et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR/iFR-: 14 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">18 meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Via arterial: 92,9% (grupo FFR; 90,5% Grupo angiografia) <break/>EVS: 85,7% (grupo FFR;76,8%; grupo angiografia)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Uma tend&#234;ncia de redu&#231;&#227;o da MACE (7,1% <italic>vs.</italic> 11,6%, P=0,369) e angina (0,0% <italic>vs.</italic> 6,3%, P=0,429) no grupo FFR/iFR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo da angiografia.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Thuesen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 49 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Seis meses</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo controlado randomizado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Via arterial: 37%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Fal&#234;ncia de enxerto de todos os enxertos foi similar em ambos os grupos (16% vs. 12%; p = 0,97).</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Taxas de morte, IM, e derrame foram similares nos grupos do estudo. <break/>A mortalidade por todas as causas ap&#243;s seis meses foi de 0% no grupo FFR, e 4,1% no grupo angiografia; um paciente morreu por conta de embolia pulmonar, e um morreu de mediastinite.</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rioufol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 55 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Um ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo randomizado controlado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR em pacientes com doen&#231;a de m&#250;ltiplos vasos n&#227;o demonstrou melhora no desfecho do composto prim&#225;rio de mortalidade por todas as causas, IM, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o repetida ou derrame por um ano (14,6% vs 14,4%; HR 0,97; IC95% 0,69-1,36) <break/>Risco de morte foi significativamente maior no grupo FFR (3,7% vs 1,5%; <italic>P</italic> = 0,036)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">627</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 198 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 429</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Seis anos</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospectivo</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Via arterial: 64% <break/>EVS: 36%</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">A taxa de oclus&#227;o foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo FFR em compara&#231;&#227;o ao da angiografia</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">CABG guiado por FFR est&#225; associado &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o significative na taxa de morte geral ou infarto do mioc&#225;rdio (HR 0,59 [IC95%, 0,38&#8211;0,93]; <italic>P</italic>=0,020)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Toth et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">172</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 88 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Um ano</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Estudo randomizado controlado</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR <break/>Taxa da Via arterial-para-EVS: 1:1</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a na oclus&#227;o geral dos enxertos (80% vs 81%) p=0,885)</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a no composto morte, infarto do mioc&#225;rdio, vaso algo, revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e derrame (HR 1,275; IC95%: 0,391 a 4,160, <italic>p</italic>=0,674)</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN1">
              <p>FFR: Fluxo fracionado de reserva; iFR: propor&#231;&#227;o instant&#226;nea de ondas livres; N: pacientes inclu&#237;dos no estudo; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TVR: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo; NR: n&#227;o reportado; EVS: enxerto de veia safena; CABG: enxerto de bypass de art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria. Valor de p &lt; 0,05 foi considerado significativo em todos os estudos inclu&#237;dos.</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos estudos inclu&#237;dos</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
            <colgroup width="12%">
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <th align="left" valign="middle">Autor</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Ano</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N total</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">N - estrat&#233;gia</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">Morte</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">IM</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">TVR</th>
                <th align="center" valign="middle">MACE</th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Moscona et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR/iFR: 14 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 95</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 1 <break/>Angiografia: 5</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 0 <break/>Angiografia: 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 0 <break/>Angiografia: 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 1 <break/>Angiografia: 11</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Thuesen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 49 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 48</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 0 <break/>Angiografia: 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 1 <break/>Angiografia: 0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 2 <break/>Angiografia: 0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 6 <break/>Angiografia: 6</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Rioufol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 55 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 54</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 1 <break/>Angiografia: 0</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 0.,45 (0,108-6,612)</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">627</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 198 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 429</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 21 <break/>Angiografia: 79</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 11 <break/>Angiografia: 34</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 17 <break/>Angiografia: 27</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 42 <break/>Angiografia: 113</td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td align="left" valign="middle">Toth et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">172</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">Guiado por FFR: 88 <break/>Guiado por angiografia: 84</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 3 <break/>Angiografia: 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 0 <break/>Angiografia: 2</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 2 <break/>Angiografia: 4</td>
                <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 5 <break/>Angiografia: 6</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
          <table-wrap-foot>
            <fn id="TFN2">
              <p>IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TVR: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo</p>
            </fn>
          </table-wrap-foot>
        </table-wrap>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>S&#237;ntese quantitativa dos desfechos</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Morte por todas as causas.</title>
          <p>A morte por todas as causas foi reportada nos cinco estudos, o que foi considerado para a an&#225;lise agrupada, para um total de 1.114 pacientes. A estrat&#233;gia da fisiologia apresentou 0,63 vezes o risco de morte por todas as causas em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; estrat&#233;gia da angiografia (RR = 0,63; IC95% = 0,42&#8211;0,96). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">Figura 2</xref> descreve a metan&#225;lise ponderada para a morte por todas as causas. A an&#225;lise agrupada demonstrou heterogeneidade insignificante entre os estudos (I2 = 0%; p = 0,55). Em uma an&#225;lise de sensibilidade, ao recalcular os resultados agrupados da an&#225;lise prim&#225;ria ao excluir cada estudo por vez, no estudo de Fournier et al. esta diferen&#231;a de risco desaparece. Este efeito tamb&#233;m desapareceu quando limitamos a an&#225;lise a estudos randomizados controlados (RR = 1,09; IC95% = 0,28&#8211;4,3). A <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> descreve a metan&#225;lise ponderada para a morte por todas as causas quando s&#243; os estudos randomizados controlados foram inclu&#237;dos.</p>
          <fig id="f2">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico em Floresta da raz&#227;o de risco agrupada pelos desfechos: (A) morte por todas as causas; (B) IM; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. O tamanho dos marcadores de dados indica o peso do estudo. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TVR: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          <fig id="f3">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Gr&#225;fico em Floresta da raz&#227;o de risco agrupada para os desfechos quando somente os estudos randomizados controlados foram inclu&#237;dos: (A) morte por todas as causas; (B) IM; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. O tamanho dos marcadores de dados indica o peso do estudo. IC: intervalo de confian&#231;a; IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TVR: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Infarto do mioc&#225;rdio.</title>
          <p>Para analisar a ocorr&#234;ncia de IM, quatro estudos que inclu&#237;am um total de 1.093 pacientes foram agrupados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas estrat&#233;gias (RR = 0,72; IC95% = 0,39&#8211;1,33), nem heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos (I2 = 0%; p = 0,65). A exclus&#227;o de qualquer estudo &#250;nico e dos n&#227;o-randomizados n&#227;o alterou o resultado combinado final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo.</title>
          <p>Para avaliar a TVR, quatro estudos incluindo um total de 1.093 pacientes foram agrupados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas estrat&#233;gias (RR = 1,25; IC95% = 0,73&#8211;2,13), nem heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos (I2 = 0%; p = 0,55). A exclus&#227;o de qualquer estudo &#250;nico e dos n&#227;o-randomizados n&#227;o alterou o resultado combinado final.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>MACE.</title>
          <p>Para avaliar os MACE, cinco estudos incluindo 1.114 pacientes foram agrupados. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre as duas estrat&#233;gias (RR = 0,81; IC95% = 0,62&#8211;1,07), nem heterogeneidade significativa entre os estudos (I2 = 0%; p = 1). A exclus&#227;o de qualquer estudo &#250;nico e dos n&#227;o-randomizados n&#227;o alterou o resultado combinado final.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Vi&#233;s do estudo</title>
        <p>A inspe&#231;&#227;o visual do gr&#225;fico de funil para os desfechos n&#227;o revelou nenhuma assimetria entre os estudos (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref>). Al&#233;m disso, o teste de correla&#231;&#227;o de Begg n&#227;o foi estatisticamente significante.</p>
        <fig id="f4">
          <label>Figura 4</label>
          <caption>
            <title>Vi&#233;s de publica&#231;&#227;o para: (A) morte por todas as causas; (B) IM; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. C&#237;rculos representam estudos individuais da metan&#225;lise, e a linha vertical representa a estimativa agrupada da Raz&#227;o de Risco para morte por todas as causas, IM, TVR e MACE. IM: infarto do mioc&#225;rdio; TVR: revasculariza&#231;&#227;o do vaso alvo.</title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf04.tif"/></fig>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A sobreviv&#234;ncia tem uma correla&#231;&#227;o significativamente negativa com a carga obstrutiva da DAC angiogr&#225;fica. O escore SYNTAX estratifica a complexidade angiogr&#225;fica da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana e estabelece o progn&#243;stico de pacientes com MVD, sendo uma ferramenta importante para decidir sobre a melhor estrat&#233;gia de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <p>H&#225; discord&#226;ncias entre a gravidade da signific&#226;ncia da angiografia e da fisiologia da DAC, ent&#227;o, o escore SYNTAX, que &#233; obtido ao considerar somente as les&#245;es provocadas por isquemia, pode superar esta limita&#231;&#227;o. Em compara&#231;&#227;o com o cl&#225;ssico escore SYNTAX, o escore SYNTAX funcional tem melhor reprodutibilidade e valor progn&#243;stico, reclassificando at&#233; 32% dos candidatos ao CABG e gerando implica&#231;&#245;es em termos de direcionamento terap&#234;utico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Se os impactos favor&#225;veis da fisiologia coronariana nos desfechos da ICP podem ou n&#227;o ser traduzidos em pr&#225;tica cir&#250;rgica tornou-se o tema de nossa investiga&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      <p>Nossa metan&#225;lise mostrou uma redu&#231;&#227;o de 37% das mortes por todas as causas no grupo guiado pela fisiologia, com redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o estatisticamente significativa em IM e MACE; esses desfechos n&#227;o estiveram associados ao aumento do TVR. Esses resultados devem ser interpretados considerando os limites intr&#237;nsecos a cada um dos estudos, incluindo vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o, j&#225; que esta redu&#231;&#227;o desaparece quando somente os estudos randomizados controlados s&#227;o agrupados para an&#225;lise.</p>
      <p>Ao avaliar os desfechos cl&#237;nicos na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, h&#225; importantes considera&#231;&#245;es a serem feitas. A primeira &#233; relacionada aos desfechos (peri) procedimento. O tipo de IM deve estar claramente estabelecido ao comparar as estrat&#233;gias, j&#225; que hoje &#233; universalmente aceito que o progn&#243;stico do IM espont&#226;neo n&#227;o &#233; similar ao IM periprocedimento ou o IM tipo 2.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A hist&#243;ria natural da doen&#231;a &#233; outro ponto importante a ser considerado como novo paradigma, com o foco na doen&#231;a em si (aterosclerose) e n&#227;o no sintoma (isquemia).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> A composi&#231;&#227;o da placa, avaliada por algumas caracter&#237;sticas da imagem, aparentemente &#233; o principal determinante do progn&#243;stico, at&#233; mais do que o n&#237;vel da estenose coron&#225;ria ou sua localiza&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> Isso pode explicar o melhor progn&#243;stico associado &#224; completa revasculariza&#231;&#227;o no contexto da s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda, na qual as placas em les&#245;es n&#227;o culpadas aparentemente possuem caracter&#237;sticas inst&#225;veis, contrastando com os achados na doen&#231;a coronariana est&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A terceira considera&#231;&#227;o importante &#233; o tipo de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Os benef&#237;cios bem definidos do CABG em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; ICP guiada pela angiografia, como reportado nos estudos ASCERT, SYNTAX, FREEDOM e BEST, usam crit&#233;rios anat&#244;micos e n&#227;o-funcionais para guiar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o e v&#234;m antes da tecnologia de stent farmacol&#243;gico da nova gera&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Uma diferen&#231;a consider&#225;vel entre o CABG e a ICP depende dos efeitos protetivos da progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a ateroscler&#243;tica. Sabe-se que a maioria das estenoses relacionadas ao IM est&#225; localizada no ter&#231;o proximal da &#225;rvore coron&#225;ria. Tamb&#233;m sabe-se que a maioria dos IMs adv&#233;m de placas n&#227;o-significantes. Enxertos cir&#250;rgicos de bypass normalmente s&#227;o implantados distalmente na circula&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria, promovendo &#8220;um efeito de colateraliza&#231;&#227;o&#8221; na revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, e parece conceb&#237;vel que o benef&#237;cio progn&#243;stico do CABG possa ser explicado pela prote&#231;&#227;o contra eventos coron&#225;rios, independentemente da gravidade da estenose do vaso enxertado. O conceito de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o baseado na fisiologia, e n&#227;o no tipo de placa, elimina o efeito protetor do bypass cir&#250;rgico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O conceito da completa revasculariza&#231;&#227;o surgiu de estudos pr&#233;vios sobre o CABG, enquanto algumas publica&#231;&#245;es demonstravam que pacientes que estavam completamente revascularizados tinham um benef&#237;cio em termos de mortalidade em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224;queles que estavam revascularizados de forma incompleta, o que estabeleceu um padr&#227;o para o campo do CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A revasculariza&#231;&#227;o baseada na fisiologia tamb&#233;m traz o conceito da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o completamente anat&#244;mica <italic>versus</italic> funcional. Se, por um lado, o uso da fisiologia coron&#225;ria reduz o n&#250;mero de vasos enxertados, ou at&#233; de cirurgias, sem a circula&#231;&#227;o extracorp&#243;rea, por outro aumenta a taxa de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o incompleta anatomicamente definida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O uso da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o guiada pela fisiologia demonstrou reduzir a taxa de MACE nos pacientes com MVD, com ponto de corte de FFR de 0,78, mostrando associa&#231;&#227;o significativa entre a medida de FFR pr&#233;-operat&#243;rio do vaso alvo e a funcionalidade da anastomose ap&#243;s seis meses. Essas conclus&#245;es tamb&#233;m s&#227;o apoiadas por Botman et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> para quem as les&#245;es com FFR &gt; 0,75 est&#227;o associadas ao aumento significativo do risco de oclus&#227;o do enxerto (p &lt;0,0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Considerando as diferen&#231;as descritas na suscetibilidade &#224; competitividade de fluxo, parece prov&#225;vel que o tipo de conduta usada nos estudos FARGO e GRAFFITI (nos quais uma grande propor&#231;&#227;o dos enxertos eram enxerto de veia safena &#8211; EVS) <italic>versus</italic> o estudo IMPAG (no qual somente enxertos arteriais eram utilizados) possa explicar os resultados contradit&#243;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O estudo FAME 3 vai comparar, de forma multic&#234;ntrica e randomizada, a ICP guiada por FFR com stents farmacol&#243;gicos contempor&#226;neos com o CABG em pacientes com a doen&#231;a de 3 vasos. Por&#233;m, n&#227;o vai responder sobre a compara&#231;&#227;o entre o CABG guiado por fisiologia e o CABG guiado pela angiografia.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Finalmente, o papel do acompanhamento neste contexto tamb&#233;m deve ser considerado. Quanto mais grave a estenose coron&#225;ria, maior o risco de IM, mas s&#227;o as placas n&#227;o-significativas as respons&#225;veis pela maioria dos IMs. Tamb&#233;m sabemos que a principal causa de morte nesses pacientes com DAC &#233; relacionada ao cora&#231;&#227;o, e que o IM &#233; uma causa de morte card&#237;aca; ent&#227;o, as terapias para reduzir o IM ou a morte cardiovascular v&#227;o, consequentemente, reduzir a mortalidade.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Podemos considerar o estudo STICH como exemplo, comparando o tratamento com terapia cl&#237;nica somado ao CABG e somente a terapia cl&#237;nica em pacientes com DAC e insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca, com fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o reduzida. Ap&#243;s cinco anos de acompanhamento, a an&#225;lise da inten&#231;&#227;o de tratamento n&#227;o demonstrou diferen&#231;as significativas entre as duas estrat&#233;gias com rela&#231;&#227;o ao desfecho prim&#225;rio de morte por todas as causas. Por&#233;m, ap&#243;s o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento ter sido estendido para dez anos, uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade foi encontrada para o CABG somado &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica, em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; terapia cl&#237;nica somente (HR, 0,84; IC95%: 0,73-0,97; p=0,02). Outro exemplo &#233; o estudo FAME 2, no qual os dados publicados ap&#243;s cinco anos mostram uma forte tend&#234;ncia a baixas taxas de infarto do mioc&#225;rdio no grupo ICP (HR 0,66; IC95% 0,43-1,00; p = 0,049), uma diferen&#231;a que s&#243; foi significativa para o IM espont&#226;neo (HR 0,62; IC95%; p = 0,04), e n&#227;o para o IM periprocedimento. Recentemente, o estudo ISCHEMIA mostrou que, em um acompanhamento pr&#233;vio, o desfecho composto prim&#225;rio (morte cardiovascular, IM ou hospitaliza&#231;&#227;o devido &#224; angina inst&#225;vel ou insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca) foi mais frequente no grupo com a estrat&#233;gia invasiva do que no grupo da estrat&#233;gia conservadora (5,3% vs. 3,4% ap&#243;s seis meses), devido aos IMs relacionados ao procedimento. Por&#233;m, em um acompanhamento posterior, depois de aproximadamente dois anos, as curvas dos eventos se cruzaram e, ap&#243;s cinco anos, a incid&#234;ncia do desfecho prim&#225;rio foi um pouco maior no grupo da estrat&#233;gia conservadora (18,2% e 16,4%). Ent&#227;o, parece que para se ter um impacto nos desfechos duros, como morte por todas as causas, temos que estender a dura&#231;&#227;o do per&#237;odo de observa&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Em nosso estudo, a redu&#231;&#227;o da morte por todas as causas em um contexto de redu&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o significativa do IM e MACE deve ser interpretada com cautela, j&#225; que esta situa&#231;&#227;o pode estar relacionada a mortes causadas por motivos relacionados ao cora&#231;&#227;o. Seria interessante n&#227;o s&#243; avaliar se essas mortes t&#234;m rela&#231;&#227;o com o cora&#231;&#227;o, mas tamb&#233;m estender o acompanhamento dos estudos para observar se as curvas dos desfechos duros divergem em per&#237;odos mais longos, possibilitando chegar a conclus&#245;es definitivas. &#201; importante observar que somente o estudo de Fournier et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> tem um per&#237;odo de acompanhamento mais longo do que cinco anos, o que pode explicar os resultados, j&#225; que a redu&#231;&#227;o no desfecho composto morte por todas as causas e IM, apoiando a estrat&#233;gia da fisiologia, s&#243; foi encontrada quando o per&#237;odo de acompanhamento foi estendido.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>As conclus&#245;es tiradas desta metan&#225;lise est&#227;o sujeitas &#224;s limita&#231;&#245;es e diferen&#231;as dos estudos originais inclu&#237;dos na an&#225;lise. A limita&#231;&#227;o desta metan&#225;lise &#233; a presen&#231;a de estudos com amostras menores e abrangentes, e resultados de sobreviv&#234;ncia de longo prazo. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o &#233; representada por um vi&#233;s de sele&#231;&#227;o intr&#237;nseco. Diversas decis&#245;es sobre revasculariza&#231;&#227;o na estrat&#233;gia guiada pela fisiologia foram desviadas da indica&#231;&#227;o funcional nos estudos inclu&#237;dos, e os autores justificaram que isso esteve relacionado a causas t&#233;cnicas e, em alguns casos, &#224; relut&#226;ncia para adiar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Como mencionado, como a causa de morte n&#227;o era conhecida, isso inclui mortes n&#227;o relacionadas ao cora&#231;&#227;o, ou seja, n&#227;o ligadas &#224; escolha da estrat&#233;gia da revasculariza&#231;&#227;o. Outra limita&#231;&#227;o foi que com a inclus&#227;o de dois estudos retrospectivos e observacionais, alguns pacientes inclu&#237;dos neste registro podem ter sido tratados com ICP guiada pela fisiologia, e n&#227;o pelo CABG.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esta metan&#225;lise demonstra uma redu&#231;&#227;o na morte por todas as causas quando a estrat&#233;gia do CABG guiado pela fisiologia foi utilizada. Por&#233;m, o curto per&#237;odo de acompanhamento, a amostra pequena dos estudos inclu&#237;dos e a n&#227;o-discrimina&#231;&#227;o de causas de morte podem justificar essas conclus&#245;es. Estudos com per&#237;odos mais longos de observa&#231;&#227;o s&#227;o necess&#225;rios para se chegar a conclus&#245;es mais robustas e definitivas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>N&#227;o h&#225; vincula&#231;&#227;o deste estudo a programas de p&#243;s-gradua&#231;&#227;o.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo n&#227;o cont&#233;m estudos com humanos ou animais realizados por nenhum dos autores.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Physiology or Angiography-Guided Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Meta-Analysis</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7198-771X</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Martins</surname>
            <given-names>Jos&#233;</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Afreixo</surname>
            <given-names>Vera</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Fernandes</surname>
            <given-names>Lu&#237;s</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Briosa</surname>
            <given-names>Ana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aveiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Baixo Vouga Hospital Centre, Aveiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff5">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Aveiro</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PT">Portugal</country>
          <institution content-type="original">CIDMA/IBIMED/Department of Mathematics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro - Portugal</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff6">
          <label>3</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">York</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="GB">United Kingdom</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Centre for Health Economics, University of York, York - United Kingdom</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Jos&#233; Martins</bold> &#8226; Baixo Vouga Hospital Centre - Avenida Ravara, <postal-code>3814-501</postal-code>, Aveiro - Portugal. E-mail: <email>zeluismartins@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Martins J, Santos L; Acquisition of data and Writing of the manuscript: Martins J; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Martins J, Afreixo V; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Martins J, Santos L, Fernandes L, Briosa A.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>While invasive coronary angiography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) involving the epicardial coronary vessels, coronary physiology-guided revascularization represents a contemporary gold-standard practice for the invasive management of patients with intermediate CAD. Nevertheless, the long-term results of assessing the severity of stenosis through physiology compared to the angiogram as the guide to bypass surgery &#8211; coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) are still uncertain. This meta-analysis aims to assess the clinical outcomes of a physiology guided CABG compared to the angiography-guided CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>We sought to determine if outcomes differ between a physiology guided CABG compared to an angiography-guided CABG.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>We searched Medline, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The last date for this search was June 2020, and all of the previous studies were included. We conducted a pooled risk-ratio meta-analysis for four main outcomes: all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). P-value &lt;0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochran's Q test and quantified by the I<sup>2</sup> index.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>We identified five studies that included a total of 1,114 patients. A pooled meta-analysis showed no significant difference between a physiology guided strategy and an angiography-guided strategy in MI (risk ratio [RR] = 0.72; 95%CI, 0.39&#8211;1.33; I2 = 0%; p = 0.65), TVR (RR = 1.25; 95%CI = 0.73&#8211;2.13; I2 = 0%; p = 0.52), or MACE (RR = 0.81; 95%CI = 0.62&#8211;1.07; I2 = 0%; p = 1). The physiology guided strategy has 0.63 times the risk of all-cause death compared to the angiography-guided strategy (RR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.42&#8211;0.96; I2 = 0%; p = 0.55).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>This meta-analysis demonstrated a reduction in all-cause death when a physiology guided CABG strategy was used. Nevertheless, the short follow-up period, small sample size of the included studies and the non-discrimination of the causes of death can largely justify these conclusions. Studies with an extended follow-up period of observation are required to draw more robust and definitive conclusions.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Metanalysis</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery/physiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Angiography</kwd>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Bypass</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Invasive coronary angiography is considered as the <italic>gold standard</italic> for the diagnosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) involving the epicardial coronary vessels.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Nevertheless, visual assessment by traditional coronary angiography is unable to distinguish if a coronary stenosis is hemodynamically significant, particularly in intermediate CAD, so there are often discordances between the angiographic severity and the physiological significance of CAD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Discrepancies occur because, unlike angiography, physiology incorporates the combined and inter-related effects of coronary flow and microvascular resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There is growing evidence supporting the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of coronary physiology guided percutaneous revascularization, either by indices based on hyperemia or indices based on pressure difference during a specific period in diastole, compared to percutaneous revascularization based on coronary angiography.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> However, the long-term results of assessing the severity of stenosis through physiology compared to the angiogram as the guide to bypass surgery are still uncertain.</p>
        <p>Cardiac surgeons are, in the light of the results, progressively guiding multivessel disease (MVD) revascularization based on coronary physiology. However, whether this decision entails better long-term clinical outcomes or not is still unclear. Recommendations on the use of CABG compared with medical therapy or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are entirely based on studies that used anatomical and non-functional criteria to guide revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Given this data, several authors have already evaluated the potential clinical benefit of physiology guided coronary bypass surgery in addition to anatomic detail for surgical decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> In this article, we extend the work of Spadaccio et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> by pooling all results from randomized and non-randomized studies to assess the effect on clinical outcomes between a physiology guided CABG compared to angiography-guided CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Data sources and searches</title>
          <p>We systematically searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for relevant published articles. The last date for this search was June 2020, and all of the previous studies were included in the search. Previous qualitative and systematic reviews, if available, were checked for additional studies. The following query term was used: &#8220;Coronary physiology&#8221; or &#8220;Fractional Flow Reserve&#8221; or &#8220;FFR&#8221; or &#8220;Instant Wave-Free Ratio&#8221; or &#8220;iFR&#8221; or &#8220;Coronary Artery Bypass Graft&#8221; or &#8220;CABG&#8221;. Further studies were sought by means of a manual search of secondary sources, including references from primary articles. No language restrictions were enforced.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study selection</title>
          <p>Citations were first screened at the title/abstract level by two independent reviewers (JM and LS), and complete manuscripts were retrieved if potentially pertinent. Disagreements were resolved after consensus. The identified articles were independently appraised by the same reviewers according to the following inclusion criteria: articles with clinical outcomes comparing the two strategies for CABG revascularization (physiology vs angiography). Disputes regarding the inclusion criteria were resolved by consensus. Studies comparing the two strategies that did not report clinical outcomes were excluded. Studies that, despite the evaluation of clinical outcomes, did not report the strategy used in detail, were also excluded (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figure 1</xref>).</p>
          <fig id="f5">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Flow chart of studies included in the meta-analysis.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Endpoints</title>
          <p>The studied endpoints were: all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), target vessel revascularization (TVR) and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) during the follow-up period.</p>
          <p>MACE was defined as a composite of death, myocardial infarction, or any revascularization by Moscona et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> and as composite of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, or any revascularization in the FARGO, FUTURE and GRAFFITI studies during the follow-up period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>To calculate the pooled effect estimates, we used the inverse variance assuming a fixed-effect model and the DerSimonian and Laird method assuming a random-effect model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Homogeneity among the studies was evaluated using the Cochran's Q test and the I2 statistic (the values of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 indicated low, moderate, and high levels of heterogeneity, respectively). <italic>P-</italic>value &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant. Publication bias was evaluated using the funnel plot. We performed a sensitivity analysis to show the impact of each study on the results. MetaXL 2.0 (EpiGear International Pty Ltd, Wilston, Queensland, Australia) was used to calculate the pooled risk difference effect size (difference between the risk between revascularization and conservative management groups).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study identification</title>
          <p>Database searches initially retrieved 372 citations. Of these, 6 duplicate studies and 321 articles were excluded after the review of the title or abstract. After a thorough assessment according to the selection criteria, we further excluded 40 studies. A final total of five studies were included in the analysis. These five studies included 1,114 patients: 403 in the physiology guided group and 711 the angiography-guided group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
          <p>Of the five included studies, three were randomized and two were non-randomized, observational, and retrospective in design (<xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tables 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="table" rid="t4">2</xref>).</p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="11%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Author</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Year</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N total</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N Strategy</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">FU</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Study design</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Conduits</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Graft patency FU</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Major clinical conclusions</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Moscona et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR-guided: 14 <break/>Angiography-guided: 95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">18 months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial conduits: 92.9% (FFR- group; 90.5% Angiography-group) SVG: 85.7% (FFR- group;76.8% Angiography-group)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">A trend toward reduction in MACE (7.1% <italic>vs.</italic> 11.6%, P=0.369) and angina (0.0% <italic>vs.</italic> 6.3%, P=0.429) in the FFR/iFR group compared to the angiography group</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Thuesen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 49 <break/>Angiography-guided: 48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Six months</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial conduits: 37%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Graft failures of all grafts were similar in both groups (16% vs. 12%; p = 0.97).</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Rates of death, MI, and stroke were similar in the study groups. <break/>All-cause mortality at six months was 0% in the FFR-guided group and 4.1% in the angiography-guided group; one patient died because of pulmonary embolism, and one died because of mediastinitis</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rioufol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 55 <break/>Angiography-guided: 54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">One year</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR in all-comer multivessel-disease patients did not demonstrate any improvement in the primary composite endpoint composite of all-cause mortality, MI, repeat revascularization, or stroke through one year (14.6% vs 14.4%; HR 0.97; 95%CI 0.69-1.36) Risk of death was significantly higher in the FFR-guided arm (3.7% vs 1.5%; <italic>P</italic> = 0.036)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">627</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 198 <break/>Angiography-guided: 429</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Six years</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Retrospective</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">Arterial conduits: 64% SVG: 36%</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">The occlusion rate was significantly lower with FFR-guided as compared with angiography-guided grafts</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided CABG is associated with a significant reduction in the rate of overall death or myocardial infarction (HR 0.59 [95% CI, 0.38&#8211;0.93]; <italic>P</italic>=0.020)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Toth et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">172</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 88 <break/>Angiography-guided: 84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">One year</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">RCT</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR <break/>Arterial conduits-to-SVG ratio: 1:1</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No difference in overall graft patency (80% vs 81%) p=0.885)</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">No difference in the composite of death, myocardial infarction, target vessel revascularization and stroke (HR 1.275; 95% CI: 0.391 to 4.160, <italic>p</italic>=0.674)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>FU: follow-up; FFR: Fractional flow reserve; iFR: instant wave-free ratio; N: patients included in the study; MI: myocardial infarction; TVR: target vessel revascularization; NR: not reported; RCT: randomized controlled trial; SVG: saphenous vein graft; CABG: coronary artery bypass grafting. A value of p &lt; 0.05 was considered significant in all included studies.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
          <table-wrap id="t4">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Characteristics of the included studies</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
              <colgroup width="12%">
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" valign="middle">Author</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Year</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N total</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">N Strategy</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">Death</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MI</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">TVR</th>
                  <th align="center" valign="middle">MACE</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Moscona et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR-guided: 14 <break/>Angiography-guided: 95</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 1 <break/>Angiography: 5</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 0 <break/>Angiography: 2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 0 <break/>Angiography: 4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR/iFR: 1 <break/>Angiography: 11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Thuesen et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">97</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 49 <break/>Angiography-guided: 48</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 0 <break/>Angiography: 2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 1 <break/>Angiography: 0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 2 <break/>Angiography: 0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 6 <break/>Angiography: 6</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Rioufol et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2018</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">109</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 55 <break/>Angiography-guided: 54</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 1 <break/>Angiography: 0</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">NR</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">HR 0.845 (0.108-6.612)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">627</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 198 <break/>Angiography-guided: 429</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 21 <break/>Angiography: 79</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 11 <break/>Angiography: 34</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 17 <break/>Angiography: 27</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 42 <break/>Angiography: 113</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td align="left" valign="middle">Toth et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">2019</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">172</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR-guided: 88 <break/>Angiography-guided: 84</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 3 <break/>Angiography: 2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 0 <break/>Angiography: 2</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 2 <break/>Angiography: 4</td>
                  <td align="center" valign="middle">FFR: 5 <break/>Angiography: 6</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN4">
                <p>MI: myocardial infarction; TVR: target vessel revascularization.</p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Quantitative synthesis of outcomes</title>
          <sec>
            <title>All-cause death.</title>
            <p>All-cause death was reported in five studies, which we considered for pooled analysis, for a total of 1,114 patients. The physiology guided strategy has 0.63 times the risk of all-cause death compared to the angiography-guided strategy (RR = 0.63; 95%CI = 0.42&#8211;0.96). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figure 2</xref> describes the weighted meta-analysis for all-cause death. The pooled analysis showed negligible heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0%; p = 0.55). Under a sensitivity analysis, by recalculating the pooled results of the primary analysis by excluding each single study in turn, in the study by Fournier et al. this risk difference disappears. This effect also disappeared when we limited the analysis to Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) (RR = 1.09; 95%CI = 0.28&#8211;4.3). <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figure 3</xref> describes the weighted meta-analysis for all-cause death when only RCTs were included.</p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Forest plot of the pooled risk ratio for the outcomes: (A) all cause death; (B) MI; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. The sizes of data markers indicate the weight of the study. CI: confidence interval; MI: myocardial infarction; TVR: target vessel revascularization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f7">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Forest plot of the pooled risk ratio for the outcomes when only RCTs were included: (A) all-cause death; (B) MI; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. The sizes of data markers indicate the weight of the study. CI: confidence interval; MI: myocardial infarction; TVR: target vessel revascularization.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Myocardial infarction.</title>
            <p>To analyze the occurrence of MI, four studies that included a total of 1,093 patients were pooled. No significant difference was noted between the two strategies (RR = 0.72; 95%CI = 0.39&#8211;1.33) and there was no significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0%; p = 0.65). The exclusion of any single study and the non-RCTs did not alter the overall combined result.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Target vessel revascularization.</title>
            <p>To analyze TVR, four studies that included a total of 1,093 patients were pooled. No significant difference was noted between the two strategies (RR = 1.25; 95%CI = 0.73&#8211;2.13) and there was no significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0%; p = 0.55). The exclusion of any single study and the non-RCTs did not alter the overall combined result.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>MACE.</title>
            <p>To analyze MACE, five studies that included a total of 1,114 patients were pooled. No significant difference was noted between the two strategies (RR = 0.81; 95%CI = 0.62&#8211;1.07) and there was no significant heterogeneity among the studies (I2 = 0%; p = 1). The exclusion of any single study and the non-RCTs did not alter the overall combined result.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Study Bias</title>
          <p>The visual inspection of the funnel plot for the outcomes did not reveal any asymmetry among the studies (<xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">Figure 4</xref>). Further, the Begg's rank correlation test was not statistically significant.</p>
          <fig id="f8">
            <label>Figure 4</label>
            <caption>
              <title>Publication bias for: (A) all-cause death; (B) MI; (C) TVR; (D) MACE. Circles represent individual studies of the meta-analysis and the vertical line represents the pooled estimate of the Risk Ratio for all cause death, MI, TVR and MACE. MI: myocardial infarction; TVR: target vessel revascularization.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1115-00763-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Survival has a significant negative correlation with the burden of angiographic obstructive CAD. The SYNTAX score stratifies the angiographic complexity of coronary artery disease and establishes the prognosis of patients with MVD, being an important tool to decide on the best revascularization strategy.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>There are often discordances between the severity of angiography and the physiological significance of CAD, so the functional SYNTAX score, which is obtained by counting only ischemia-provoking lesions, can overcome this limitation. Compared with the classic SYNTAX score, the functional SYNTAX score has better reproducibility and prognostic value, reclassifying up to 32% of CABG candidates, with implications in terms of the therapeutic guidance that this entails.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Whether or not the favorable impact of coronary physiology on PCI outcomes could be translated to surgical practice became the subject of our investigation.</p>
        <p>Our meta-analysis showed a 37% reduction in all-cause death in the group guided by physiology, with a non-statistically significant reduction in MI and MACE; these outcomes were not associated with an increase in TVR. These results must be interpreted within the limitations intrinsic to each of the studies, including selection bias, since this reduction disappears when only RCTs have been pooled for analysis.</p>
        <p>When clinical outcomes in revascularization are evaluated, important considerations must be addressed. The first consideration to take into account is related to the (peri) procedural outcomes. The type of MI must be clearly established when comparing strategies, as it is now universally accepted that the prognosis of spontaneous MI is not similar to peri-procedural MI or type 2 MI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The natural history of the disease is another important point to consider as a new paradigm focusing on the disease itself (atherosclerosis), rand not on the symptom (ischemia). <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref></sup> The composition of the plaque, evaluated by certain imaging features, seems to be the main determinant of prognosis, more than the level of coronary stenosis or its location.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> This may explain the better prognosis associated with complete revascularization in the context of acute coronary syndrome, in which plaques in non-culprit lesions appear to have unstable characteristics, in contrast to what is found in stable coronary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The third important consideration is the type of revascularization. The well-defined benefits of CABG compared with angiography-guided PCI as reported in the ASCERT, SYNTAX, FREEDOM and BEST trials used anatomical and non-functional criteria to guide revascularization and are prior to the newer generation drug-eluting stent technology.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
        <p>An important difference between CABG and PCI depends on the protective effects of atherosclerotic disease progression. It is known that most stenoses related to MI are located in the proximal third of the coronary tree. We also know that most MIs arise from non-significant plaques. Surgical bypass grafts are usually implanted distally in the coronary circulation, providing &#8220;a collateralization effect&#8221; on revascularization, and it seems conceivable that the prognostic benefit of CABG can be explained by protection against coronary events, regardless of the severity of the stenosis of the grafted vessel. The concept of revascularization based on physiology, and not on the type of plaque, eliminates the protective effect of the surgical bypass.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The concept of complete revascularization arose from the early studies on CABG, whereas some publications demonstrated that patients who were completely revascularized experienced a mortality benefit over those who were incompletely revascularized, thus setting the standard for the field of CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The revascularization based on physiology also raises the concept of complete anatomical vs. functional revascularization. If, on the one hand, the use of coronary physiology reduces the number of grafted vessels, or even surgery, without extracorporeal circulation, on the other hand, it increases the rate of anatomically defined incomplete revascularization.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The use of physiology guided revascularization has been shown to reduce the MACE rate in patients with MVD, with the FFR 0.78 cut-off point showing a significant association between the preoperative FFR measurement of the target vessel and the anastomotic functionality at six months. These conclusions are also supported by Botman et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> for whom lesions with FFR&gt; 0.75 are associated with a significant increase in the risk of graft occlusion (p &lt;0.0001).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In light of the differences described in susceptibility to competitive flow, it seems likely that the type of conduit used in the FARGO and GRAFFITI trials (in which a large proportion of grafts were SVGs) versus IMPAG (in which only arterial grafts were used) may explain the contradictory results.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The FAME 3 study will compare in a multicenter, randomized fashion FFR-guided PCI with contemporary drug-eluting stents to CABG in patients with 3-vessel coronary artery disease. It will not answer, however, the question of physiology guided CABG compared to angiography-guided CABG.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Finally, the role of follow-up in this context would also be interesting to consider. The more severe the coronary stenosis, the higher the risk of MI, but it is the non-significant plaques that are responsible for most MIs. We also know that the main cause of death in these patients with CAD is cardiac-related, and that MI is a cause of cardiac death, so therapies that reduce the MI or cardiovascular death will subsequently decrease mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup></p>
        <p>We should take the STICH trial as an example, comparing treatment with medical therapy plus CABG and medical therapy alone in patients with CAD and heart failure, with reduced ejection fraction. At five years of follow-up, the intention-to-treat analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the two strategies with respect to the primary outcome of all-cause death. However, after the follow-up period was extended to ten years, a significant reduction in mortality was found for CABG plus medical therapy compared to medical therapy alone (HR, 0.84; 95%CI: 0.73-0.97; p=0.02). Another example is the FAME 2 trial, in which the data published at five years show a strong tendency of lower rates of myocardial infarction in the PCI group (HR 0.66; 95%CI 0.43-1.00; <italic>p</italic> = 0.049), a difference that was only significant for spontaneous MI (HR 0.62; 95%CI; <italic>p</italic> = 0.04), not periprocedural MI. Recently, the ISCHEMIA trial showed that, in early follow-up, the primary composite outcome (cardiovascular death, MI, or hospitalization for unstable angina or heart failure) was more frequent in the invasive strategy group than in the conservative strategy group (5.3% vs. 3.4% at six months), due to procedure-related MI's. However, in a posterior follow-up, after about two years, the event curves crossed, and at five years, the incidence of the primary outcome was slightly higher in the conservative strategy group (18.2% and 16.4%). So, it seems that in order to have an impact on hard outcomes, like all-cause death, we have to extend the duration of the observation period.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B41">41</xref></sup></p>
        <p>In our study, the reduction of all-cause death in a context of non-significant reduction of MI and MACE should be interpreted with caution, since this situation could be owed to deaths from non-cardiac causes. It would be interesting not only to assess if these deaths were cardiac-related, but also to extend the follow-up of the studies to observe if the curves of the hard outcomes diverge on longer follow-up periods, allowing to reach definitive conclusions. It should be noted that only the study by Fournier et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> has a follow-up period longer than five years, which can explain the results, since the reduction in the composite endpoint all-cause death or MI supporting a physiology guided strategy was only found when the follow-up was extended.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>The conclusions drawn from this meta-analysis are subjected to the limitations and differences of the original studies included in the analysis. A limitation of this meta-analysis is the presence of trials with small samples and wide-ranging, long-term survival results. Another limitation is represented by an intrinsic selection bias. Several revascularization decisions in the physiology guided strategy were deviated from the functional indication in the included trials, justified by some authors to be related to technical causes and, in some cases, the reluctance to defer revascularization. As aforementioned, as the cause of death was not known, this includes non-cardiac deaths unrelated to the choice of revascularization strategy. Another limitation was that with the inclusion of two retrospective and observational studies, some patients included in this registry might have been treated with physiology guided PCI instead of CABG.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>This meta-analysis demonstrates a reduction in all-cause death when a physiology guided CABG strategy was used. Nevertheless, the short follow-up period, small sample size of the included studies and the non-discrimination of the causes of death can largely justify these conclusions. Studies with an extended follow-up observation period are required to reach more robust and definitive conclusions.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
