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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YMWRmgpkHxBkjsmsJhY66Qm</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005017204</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401106</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200929</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200929</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Efeitos do &#211;leo de Copa&#237;ba em Marcadores Perif&#233;ricos de Estresse Oxidativo em um Modelo de <italic>Cor Pulmonale</italic> em Ratos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corssac</surname>
            <given-names>Giana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Llesuy</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Porto Alegre</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RS</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Buenos Aires</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Adriane Bello Klein &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Sarmento Leite, 500. CEP 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS - BrasilE-mail: <email>belklein@ufrgs.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Campos C, Llesuy S, Klein AB; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados e An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Campos C, Turck P, Tavares AMV, Corssac G, Lacerda D; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Campos C, Araujo A; Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Klein AB; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Campos C, Klein AB; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Araujo A, Llesuy S, Klein AB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1106</fpage>
      <lpage>1112</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>20</day>
          <month>08</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>12</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> At&#233; o presente momento, os efeitos sist&#234;micos do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba jamais foram documentados no <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> induzido por monocrotalina.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Investigar os efeitos do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba nos marcadores perif&#233;ricos de stress oxidativo em ratos com <italic>Cor pulmonale.</italic></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Ratos Wistar machos (170&#177;20g, n=7/grupo) foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle (CO), monocrotalina (MCT), &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (O), e monocrotalina + &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (MCT-O). Foi administrada a MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) e, depois de uma semana, foi iniciado o tratamento com &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (400 mg/kg/day-gavagem-14 dias). Foi realizado o ecocardiograma e, depois disso, foi coletado sangue do tronco para a realiza&#231;&#227;o de avalia&#231;&#245;es de stress oxidativo. An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: ANOVA de duas vias com teste Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc. P-valores &lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> O &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba reduziu a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar e a hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) hipertrofia (&#205;ndice de Fulton (mg/mg)): MCT-O= 0,39&#177;0,03; MCT= 0,49&#177;0,01), e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica melhorada (fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VD, %) no grupo MCT-O (17,8&#177;8,2) em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo de MCT (9,4&#177;3,1; p&lt;0,05). Al&#233;m disso, no grupo MCT-O, esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio e os n&#237;veis de carbonila foram reduzidos, e os par&#226;metros antioxidantes aumentaram no sangue perif&#233;rico (p &lt;0,05).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba tem um efeito antioxidante sist&#234;mico interessante, que se reflete na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o e na morfometria do VD nesse modelo de <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> . A atenua&#231;&#227;o do <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> promovida pelo &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba coincidiu com uma redu&#231;&#227;o no stress oxidativo sist&#234;mico.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a Cardiopulmonar</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotalina</kwd>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Estresse Oxidativo</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabaceae</kwd>
        <kwd>Fitoterapia</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertrofia Ventricular Direita</kwd>
        <kwd>&#211;leo de Copaiba</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="33"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A Floresta Amaz&#244;nica poderia ser considerada um laborat&#243;rio natural, por tem uma ampla diversidade de plantas com propriedades medicinais. A maioria dessas plantas ainda n&#227;o foram estudadas, como &#233; o caso da copa&#237;ba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> A copa&#237;ba &#233; uma &#225;rvore grande que cresce abundantemente na regi&#227;o norte do Brasil. Desde o s&#233;culo XVI, o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba tem sido usado pelos ind&#237;genas nativos do pa&#237;s para tratar v&#225;rias doen&#231;as. Esses usos tradicionais motivaram alguns pesquisadores a estudarem esse &#243;leo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>De acordo com alguns relatos, o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba apresenta propriedades antioxidantes e antilipoperoxidativas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> As propriedades antioxidantes do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba poderiam ser muito &#250;teis no tratamento de algumas doen&#231;as cardiovasculares associadas ao stress oxidativo. Entretanto, h&#225; apenas dois estudos na literatura demonstrando os efeitos ben&#233;ficos do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares, como a hipertens&#227;o arterial pulmonar (HAP).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>A HAP &#233; uma doen&#231;a cr&#244;nica e fatal que est&#225; associada a aumentos progressivos da press&#227;o e da resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar. Essas altera&#231;&#245;es prejudicam o desempenho do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD) e resultam em insufici&#234;ncia do VD, e, em &#250;ltima inst&#226;ncia, em morte.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Para se estudar os mecanismos fisiopatol&#243;gicos envolvidos da disfun&#231;&#227;o do VD e no desenvolvimento da HAP, foi utilizado o modelo de monocrotalina (MCT).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O metab&#243;lito ativo da MCT causa danos ao endot&#233;lio pulmonar, levando &#224; HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O modelo MCT mimetiza aspectos da HAP humana, incluindo o <italic>Cor pulmonale,</italic> que &#233; um termo usado para descrever a hipertrofia patol&#243;gica do VD induzida por disfun&#231;&#227;o pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na verdade, v&#225;rios estudos em modelos animais e pacientes implicam o stress oxidativo no desenvolvimento do <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> e da HAP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O stress oxidativo pode causar danos &#224;s c&#233;lulas endoteliais<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> al&#233;m de contribuir para a disfun&#231;&#227;o e insufici&#234;ncia do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> Entretanto, nenhum estudo explorou o impacto da HAP nos marcadores de stress oxidativo no sangue perif&#233;rico, ao analisar os efeitos do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba. Relatou-se que o stress oxidativo medido no sangue de pacientes com doen&#231;a neurodegenerativa poderia representar um reflexo do dano oxidativo cerebral nesses pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Dessa forma, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores perif&#233;ricos de stress oxidativo poderia ter uma aplicabilidade cl&#237;nica, j&#225; que a obten&#231;&#227;o de uma amostra de sangue representa um procedimento minimamente invasivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Essa abordagem poderia ser &#250;til em caso de doen&#231;as cardiopulmonares, tais como a HAP, para monitorar o avan&#231;o da doen&#231;a, al&#233;m da necessidade e da efic&#225;cia da terapia antioxidante, como o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba.</p>
      <p>Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se os marcadores perif&#233;ricos de stress oxidativo refletem as altera&#231;&#245;es estruturais e funcionais promovidas no VD pela HAP e os efeitos do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba sobre esses marcadores.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais, indu&#231;&#227;o do Cor pulmonale e grupos:</title>
        <p>Todos os procedimentos foram aprovados pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica Animal institucional (n&#250;mero de protocolo: 31765). No total, foram estudados 28 ratos Wistar machos (pesando 170&#177;20g) do Centro de Reprodu&#231;&#227;o e Experimenta&#231;&#227;o de Animais de Laborat&#243;rio (CREAL) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Eles foram mantidos em uma temperatura de 20-22&#176;C, com um fotoper&#237;odo de 12:12h escuro/claro. Todos os animais tinham acesso ad libitum a ra&#231;&#227;o para ratos comum e &#225;gua, e os experimentos foram realizados de acordo com o Guia para o cuidado e uso de animais de laborat&#243;rio) (Departamento de Servi&#231;os de Sa&#250;de e Humanos, Publica&#231;&#227;o NIH n&#186; 86-23), e com diretrizes institucionais.</p>
        <p>O n&#250;mero de animais por grupo foi estimado com base em estudos anteriores de nosso grupo de pequisa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> considerando a diferen&#231;a m&#237;nima entre os grupos de dois desvios padr&#227;o, uma probabilidade m&#237;nima de erro tipo I de 5% (a = 0,05) e uma probabilidade de erro tipo II de 20% (b = 0,2). Esse c&#225;lculo foi realizado utilizando-se o software Computer Programs for Epidemiologists (PEPI - Vers&#227;o 4.04x)</p>
        <p>Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (N=7/grupo): controle (CO), monocrotalina (MCT), &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (O), e monocrotalina + &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (MCT-O). No primeiro dia, a HAP foi induzida por uma inje&#231;&#227;o &#250;nica de MCT <italic>in bolus</italic> (60mg/kg i.p.), conforme descrito em outro local.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Uma semana depois da indu&#231;&#227;o de HAP, os animais no grupo O e MCT-O receberam &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba (400mg/kg) por gavagem, uma vez ao dia, durante 14 dias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Essa dose corresponde a um volume de 0,63 mL/kg de &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba. Durante esse per&#237;odo, os animais dos grupos CO e MCT receberam o mesmo volume de &#225;gua por gavagem.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>O fluxo pela art&#233;ria pulmonar e a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VD foram avaliados por ecocardiografia ap&#243;s o final do tratamento para estimar o efeito do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba na fun&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular. Os animais foram anestesiados (cetamina, 90 mg/kg; xilazina, 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) e colocados na posi&#231;&#227;o dec&#250;bito lateral esquerdo para se obter as imagens card&#237;acas. Foi utilizado um sistema EnVisor Philips (Andover, MA, EUA), com um transdutor de 12&#8211;13MHz, por um operador treinado e com experi&#234;ncia em ecocardiografia de pequenos animais. Foram medidos a fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VD (FEVD), que estima a fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VD, e o tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o (TA) e o tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o (TE) dos tra&#231;os da velocidade do fluxo da art&#233;ria pulmonar, que estimam a resist&#234;ncia vascular pulmonar.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise morfom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>Depois do final do tratamento, os ratos foram sacrificados por decapita&#231;&#227;o. O VD e o VE foram retirados para medi&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica, e foi coletado sangue do tronco venoso para an&#225;lise de stress oxidativo. VD e VE + septo (S) foram pesados para determinar a hipertrofia card&#237;aca pelo &#205;ndice de Fulton (peso do VD/peso de VE+S).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o da amostra de sangue:</title>
        <p>Defesas antioxidantes sist&#234;micas e esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio (ERO) totais foram avaliadas nas hem&#225;cias e as carbonilas forma medidas no plasma. Amostras de sangue heparinizadas foram lavadas tr&#234;s vezes em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de cloreto de s&#243;dio (9g/L) e centrifugadas a 3.000 g por 10 minutos em temperatura ambiente. Eritr&#243;citos lavados foram dilu&#237;dos na propor&#231;&#227;o de 1/10 em uma solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido ac&#233;tico (1mmol/L) e sulfato de magn&#233;sio (4mmol/L). A solu&#231;&#227;o final foi centrifugada a 4.200 g por 20 minutos. O sobrenadante foi armazenado em freezer a -80 &#176;C para medi&#231;&#245;es de stress oxidativo futuras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na</title>
        <p>A concentra&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na foi quantificada pelo m&#233;todo estabelecido por Lowry et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> utilizando albumina bovina como solu&#231;&#227;o padr&#227;o na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 1mg/mL. Todos os resultados de stress oxidativo foram normalizados pela quantidade de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o dos n&#237;veis totais de ERO</title>
        <p>A gera&#231;&#227;o de ERO foi medida por emiss&#227;o de fluoresc&#234;ncia DCFH-DA (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). O diacetato de diclorofluoresce&#237;na &#233; uma membrana perme&#225;vel e &#233; rapidamente oxidada para a altamente fluorescente 2&#8217;, 7&#8217;-diclorofluoresce&#237;na (DCF) na presen&#231;a de ERO. A amostra foi excitada a 488 nm, e a emiss&#227;o foi coletada com um filtro de passagem longa de 525 nm. As ERO foram expressas como nmol por miligrama de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Ensaio de carbonila</title>
        <p>Essa t&#233;cnica se baseia na rea&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;nas oxidadas com 2,4-dinitrofenil-hidrazina (DNPH). Em resumo, estas prote&#237;nas foram adicionadas a DNPH 10mmol/L em 2,5mol/L solu&#231;&#227;o de HCl, por 1 h, no escuro em temperatura ambiente, com agita&#231;&#227;o a cada 15 minutos. Em seguida, uma solu&#231;&#227;o de &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico a 20% (p/v) foi adicionada &#224;s amostras de plasma, que foram centrifugadas (1.000 por 5 minutos) para coletar precipitados de prote&#237;na. Da&#237; em diante, a pelota foi dissolvida com etanol:acetato de etila (1:1) (v/v) e incubada por 10 minutos a 37 &#176;C com 6mol/L de solu&#231;&#227;o de cloreto de guanidina. A absorb&#226;ncia foi medida em um espectrofot&#244;metro a 360nm e os resultados foram expressos em nmol de DNPH derivativos/mg de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Determina&#231;&#227;o de atividades de enzimas antioxidantes:</title>
        <p>A atividade de super&#243;xido dismutase (SOD) foi determinada pela medi&#231;&#227;o da velocidade da forma&#231;&#227;o de pirogalol oxidado, e expressa em unidades por miligrama de prote&#237;na, conforme Marklund.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> A atividade de catalase (CAT) foi determinada acompanhando a diminui&#231;&#227;o na absor&#231;&#227;o de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio de 240 nm. Ela foi expressa em nmol de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio reduzido por minuto por miligrama de prote&#237;na.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <p>A atividade de glutationa peroxidase (GPx), expressa em nmol de per&#243;xido de hidrog&#234;nio por minuto por mg de prote&#237;na, foi medida ap&#243;s a oxida&#231;&#227;o de NADPH a 340 nm em um meio de rea&#231;&#227;o contendo 0,17 mmol/L de glutationa reduzida, 0,2 U/mL de glutationa redutase, e 0,5 mmol/L de hidroper&#243;xido de terc-butil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>N&#237;veis totais de glutationa</title>
        <p>Os n&#237;veis totais de glutationa (GSH) foram determinados conforme descrito por Akerboom e Sies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> com modifica&#231;&#245;es. O GSH foi medido nos eritr&#243;citos ap&#243;s a precipita&#231;&#227;o de prote&#237;na com 10% de &#225;cido tricloroac&#233;tico. Uma al&#237;quota da amostra foi adicionada ao tamp&#227;o de fosfato com 500 &#956;mol/L DTNB. O desenvolvimento de cor, resultante da rea&#231;&#227;o entre DTNB e os ti&#243;is, atingiu o m&#225;ximo em 5 minutos e ficou est&#225;vel por mais 30 minutos. A absorb&#226;ncia foi medida a 412 nm ap&#243;s 10 minutos. Uma curva padr&#227;o de glutationa reduzida foi utilizada para calcular os n&#237;veis de GSH nas amostras.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Para a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica, foi usado o software SigmaPlot. Os dados s&#227;o mostrados como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o. O teste de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilks) foi conduzido para determinar a distribui&#231;&#227;o de dados. Como nossos resultados apresentaram distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, a an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica foi realizada usando ANOVA de duas vias, seguida do teste Student-Newman-Keuls post hoc. A correla&#231;&#227;o de Pearson foi utilizada para estudar a associa&#231;&#227;o entre vari&#225;veis. P-valores menores que 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#245;es ecocardiogr&#225;fica</title>
        <p>Observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa no TA no grupo MCT, ao mesmo tempo em que houve um aumento no grupo O, em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CO. Entretanto, o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba recuperou esse par&#226;metro para controlar os n&#237;veis no grupo MCT-O. Por outro lado, n&#227;o houve diferen&#231;as entre os grupos no par&#226;metro TE. A FEVD, que estima a fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VD, diminuiu no grupo MCT, e o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba evitou essa altera&#231;&#227;o nos animais do grupo MCT-O ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Resultados ecocardiogr&#225;ficos e morfom&#233;tricos</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>CO</th>
                  <th>MCT</th>
                  <th>O</th>
                  <th>MCT-O</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>TA (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,029&#177;0,005</td>
                  <td align="center">0,018&#177;0,001<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,034&#177;0,001<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,025&#177;0,003<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>TE (s)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,099&#177;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,106&#177;0,007</td>
                  <td align="center">0,098&#177;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11&#177;0,001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>FEVD (%)</td>
                  <td align="center">21,2&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">9,4&#177;3,1<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">18,8&#177;2,4</td>
                  <td align="center">17,8&#177;8,2<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&#205;ndice de Fulton (mg/mg)</td>
                  <td align="center">0,29&#177;0,02</td>
                  <td align="center">0,49&#177;0,01<sup>a</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">0,29&#177;0,01</td>
                  <td align="center">0,39&#177;0,03<sup>b</sup></td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. a p &lt;0,05 vs. CO; b p &lt;0,05 vs. MCT. CO: controle; O: &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba; MCT: monocrotalina; MCT-O: monocrotalina + &#243;leo; TA: tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o; TE: tempo de eje&#231;&#227;o; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito; FEVD: fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do ventr&#237;culo direito. &#205;ndice de Fulton = peso do VD/peso do VE + septo; N= 7 animais por grupo.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Avalia&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica</title>
        <p>O &#237;ndice de hipertrofia do ventr&#237;culo direito (VD/VE + peso de S), mostrado na <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> , foi significativamente aumentado no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo CO. Esse par&#226;metro diminuiu significativamente nos animais do grupo MCT-O.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de stress oxidativo</title>
        <p>Houve um aumento significativo nas ERO e nos n&#237;veis de carbonila ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1A e 1B</xref> , respectivamente) no grupo MCT em compara&#231;&#227;o ao CO. N&#227;o houve diferen&#231;a significativa entre o grupo MCT e o MCT-O, ou entre o MCT-O e o O, em rela&#231;&#227;o aos n&#237;veis de ERO. Entretanto, os n&#237;veis de carbonila, que aumentaram no grupo MCT, foram reduzidos no grupo MCT-O.</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Stress oxidativo A) Concentra&#231;&#227;o total de esp&#233;cies reativas do oxig&#234;nio; B) N&#237;veis de carbonila. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. a p &lt;0,05 vs. CO; b p &lt;0,05 vs. MCT. Grupo de controle: CO; grupo monocrotalina: MCT, grupo &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba: O, grupo monocrotalina + &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba: MCT-O.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise de antioxidantes</title>
        <p>As atividades de enzimas antioxidantes (SOD, CAT e GPx), e concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH foram significativamente mais baixas no grupo MCT, em compara&#231;&#227;o com o grupo CO. O tratamento com &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba recuperou esses par&#226;metros significativamente nos animais do grupo MCT-O. ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D</xref> , respectivamente).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Medi&#231;&#245;es de antioxidantes. A) Atividade de super&#243;xido dismutase; B) Atividade de catalase; C) Atividade de glutationa peroxidase; D) N&#237;veis totais de glutationa. Os dados s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP. a p &lt;0,05 vs. CO; b p &lt;0,05 vs. MCT. Grupo de controle: CO; grupo monocrotalina: MCT, grupo &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba: O, grupo monocrotalina + &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba: MCT-O</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Correla&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Observou-se uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva (R=0,688; p&lt;0,05) entre ERO total e a rela&#231;&#227;o peso de VD/ peso de VE + S ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ), em compara&#231;&#227;o com uma correla&#231;&#227;o negativa (R=0,614; p&lt;0,05) entre a concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH e a rela&#231;&#227;o entre peso de VD/peso de VE + S ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Correla&#231;&#245;es entre peso do VD/peso do VE + S e (A) ERO (P &lt;0,05); e (B) GSH (P&lt;0,05). VD: ventr&#237;culo direito, VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, ERO: esp&#233;cies reativas de oxig&#234;nio, GSH: n&#237;veis totais de glutationa.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Os principais achados do presente estudo foram que o MCT modulado por &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba induziu o <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> , uma vez que promoveu a redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia arterial pulmonar, al&#233;m de resultar em disfun&#231;&#227;o e hipertrofia do VD. Paralelamente a essas altera&#231;&#245;es, identificou-se que o tratamento com o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba reverteu o stress oxidativo sist&#234;mico aumentado pelo MCT, que foi observado pela melhoria dos n&#237;veis de ERO e carbonila, e pela redu&#231;&#227;o das defesas antioxidantes.</p>
      <p>De acordo com a literatura, a eleva&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia pulmonar arterial &#233; acompanhada de hipertrofia do VD, o que caracteriza o <italic>Cor pulmonale.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Na verdade, neste estudo observou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o do tempo de acelera&#231;&#227;o pela art&#233;ria pulmonar (TA), o que indica um aumento da resist&#234;ncia da art&#233;ria pulmonar, e um aumento da hipertrofia do VD em animais do grupo MCT. Por outro lado, o tratamento com &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba conseguiu mitigar esses efeitos. A redu&#231;&#227;o da resist&#234;ncia na art&#233;ria pulmonar que contribuiu para o aumento na remodelagem do VD poderia contribuir para melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD. Investiga&#231;&#245;es anteriores em pacientes com HAP indicam que uma defici&#234;ncia na fun&#231;&#227;o do VD est&#225; relacionada a resultados cl&#237;nicos adversos e sobrevida reduzida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> o que destaca a import&#226;ncia de um tratamento, tais como o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba, que ameniza o dano ao VD. Al&#233;m disso, detectou-se uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de encurtamento do VD (FEVD) no grupo MCT, o que indica defici&#234;ncia da fun&#231;&#227;o contr&#225;til do VD. Esse resultado est&#225; em conformidade com outros,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> que estudaram essa doen&#231;a. Em contrapartida, conforme descrito no trabalho anterior, o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba conseguiu aumentar esse par&#226;metro, o que indica que este &#243;leo poderia melhorar a fun&#231;&#227;o do VD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Conforme Jim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> h&#225; um aumento na produ&#231;&#227;o de ERO sist&#234;micas em um modelo de ratos de hipertens&#227;o pulmonar. Al&#233;m disso, Mohammadi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> tamb&#233;m observou uma redu&#231;&#227;o nas atividades de CAT, SOD, GPx, e na concentra&#231;&#227;o de GSH medida no sangue em HAP induzida por MCT. Esses dados estimularam a investiga&#231;&#227;o dos efeitos antioxidantes do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba sobre a HAP. Os dados deste estudo mostraram que o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba reverteu os danos oxidativos elevando as defesas antioxidantes sist&#234;micas e reduzindo a carbonila a n&#237;veis pr&#243;ximos dos observados nos ratos do grupo de controle, sugerindo que esse &#243;leo tenha aumentado a reserva de antioxidante.</p>
      <p>Em um estudo pr&#233;vio deste grupo, foi avaliada a composi&#231;&#227;o do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> A an&#225;lise qu&#237;mica desse &#243;leo foi realizada utilizando cromatografia gasosa com espectrometria de massa. Detectou-se que o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba &#233; composto de terpenos com a predomin&#226;ncia do &#946;-cariofileno. Esse composto tem atividade antioxidante, levando &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o das ERO devido a seu efeito de sequestro de radicais livres contra &#226;nions super&#243;xidos, &#226;nions hidroxila, e per&#243;xidos lip&#237;dicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Portanto, &#233; razo&#225;vel acreditar que os efeitos antioxidantes observados ap&#243;s o tratamento com &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba se devem ao &#946;-cariofileno presente nesse &#243;leo. Por outro lado, os efeitos antioxidantes do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba tamb&#233;m podem se dever a uma intera&#231;&#227;o entre seus v&#225;rios componentes. Conforme relatado em um estudo anterior, o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba &#233; composto de uma grande variedade e outros sesquiterpenos e diterpenos, que tamb&#233;m t&#234;m propriedades antioxidantes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O stress oxidativo est&#225; envolvido no desenvolvimento da hipertrofia card&#237;aca patol&#243;gica e em um progn&#243;stico ruim.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> A redu&#231;&#227;o da hipertrofia do VD encontrada pelo presente estudo poderia estar associada ao efeito antioxidante do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba. Na verdade, foi encontrada uma correla&#231;&#227;o positiva entre os n&#237;veis de ERO e a hipertrofia card&#237;aca neste estudo. Por outro lado, n&#237;veis aumentados de GSH, um antioxidante n&#227;o enzim&#225;tico end&#243;geno, foram correlacionados a &#237;ndices mais baixos de hipertrofia card&#237;aca. Portanto, sugere-se que o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba possa proteger o VD contra a hipertrofia card&#237;aca por suas propriedades antioxidantes. Esse achado tem enorme import&#226;ncia, pois, de acordo com Rosca et al., a hipertrofia do VD est&#225; correlacionada a um risco mais alto de morte s&#250;bita card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Como essa era uma associa&#231;&#227;o entre stress oxidativo sist&#234;mico e altera&#231;&#227;o morfom&#233;trica card&#237;aca, esses marcadores podem ser um reflexo das altera&#231;&#245;es no VD promovidas pela HAP.</p>
      <p>O presente estudo foi o primeiro a testar o efeito sist&#234;mico do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba em um modelo de <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> . Alguns marcadores perif&#233;ricos de stress oxidativo foram avaliados para se detectar mudan&#231;as no estado redox sist&#234;mico. Avalia&#231;&#245;es do sangue perif&#233;rico s&#227;o importantes e &#250;teis, pois refletem o estado de sa&#250;de geral do organismo. Amostras de sangue s&#227;o facilmente acess&#237;veis, dispon&#237;veis em grande quantidade, e sua coleta &#233; menos invasiva que uma bi&#243;psia de tecido, por exemplo. Portanto, a avalia&#231;&#227;o dos marcadores de stress oxidativo no sangue de pacientes com HAP poderia ser &#250;til para se monitorar o desenvolvimento do <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> e o tratamento utilizado, como foi realizado com os animais usados no presente estudo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba tem um efeito antioxidante sist&#234;mico interessante, que se reflete na melhoria da fun&#231;&#227;o e na morfometria do VD nesse modelo de <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> . Esses resultados destacam a import&#226;ncia do &#243;leo de copa&#237;ba como poss&#237;vel tratamento adjuvante da HAP.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de p&#243;s-doutorado de Cristina Campos pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul sob o n&#250;mero de protocolo 3176. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi financiado pela bolsa de pesquisa oferecida pela Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) e pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Effects of Copaiba Oil in Peripheral Markers of Oxidative Stress in a Model of Cor Pulmonale in Rats</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-6054-4243</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Campos</surname>
            <given-names>Cristina</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Turck</surname>
            <given-names>Patrick</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Tavares</surname>
            <given-names>Angela Maria Vicente</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Corssac</surname>
            <given-names>Giana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Lacerda</surname>
            <given-names>Denise</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Araujo</surname>
            <given-names>Alex</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Llesuy</surname>
            <given-names>Susana</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Klein</surname>
            <given-names>Adriane Bello</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS &#8211; Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="AR">Argentina</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires &#8211; Argentina</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Adriane Bello Klein &#8226; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - Sarmento Leite, 500. Postal Code 90040-060, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil E-mail: belklein@ufrgs.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Campos C, Llesuy S, Klein AB; Acquisition of data and Analysis and interpretation of the data: Campos C, Turck P, Tavares AMV, Corssac G, Lacerda D; Statistical analysis: Campos C, Araujo A; Obtaining financing: Klein AB; Writing of the manuscript: Campos C, Klein AB; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Araujo A, Llesuy S, Klein AB.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>To date, copaiba oil&#8217;s systemic effects have never documented in Cor pulmonale induced by monocrotaline.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To investigate copaiba oil&#8217;s effects in peripheral markers of oxidative stress in rats with Cor pulmonale.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Male Wistar rats (170&#177;20g, n=7/group) were divided into four groups: control (CO), monocrotaline (MCT), copaiba oil (O), and monocrotaline+copaiba oil (MCT-O). MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) was administered, and after one week, treatment with copaiba oil (400 mg/kg/day-gavage-14 days) was begun. Echocardiography was performed and, later, trunk blood collection was performed for oxidative stress evaluations. Statistical analysis: two-way ANOVA with Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. P values&lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Copaiba oil reduced pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricle (RV) hypertrophy (Fulton index (mg/mg): MCT-O=0.39&#177;0.03; MCT=0.49&#177;0.01), and improved RV systolic function (RV shortening fraction, %) in the MCT-O group (17.8&#177;8.2) as compared to the MCT group (9.4&#177;3.1; p&lt;0.05). Moreover, in the MCT-O group, reactive oxygen species and carbonyl levels were reduced, and antioxidant parameters were increased in the peripheral blood (p&lt;0.05). Conclusions: Our results suggest that copaiba oil has an interesting systemic antioxidant effect, which is reflected in the improvements in function and RV morphometry in this Cor pulmonale model. Cor pulmonale attenuation promoted by copaiba oil coincided with a reduction in systemic oxidative stress.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Cor Pulmonale</kwd>
        <kwd>Monocrotaline,Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Oxidative Stress</kwd>
        <kwd>Fabaceae</kwd>
        <kwd>Phytotherapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular</kwd>
        <kwd>Copaiba Oil</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>The Amazon forest could be considered a natural laboratory, since it has a wide diversity of plants with medicinal properties. The great majority of these plants have not yet been fully studied, as it is the case of copaiba.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Copaiba is a large tree that grows abundantly in the northern region of Brazil. Since the 16th century, copaiba oil has been used by the native indigenous people of the country in the treatment of various diseases. These traditional uses have motivated some researchers to study this oil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to some reports, copaiba oil presents antioxidant and anti-lipoperoxidative properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The antioxidant properties of copaiba oil could be very useful in the treatment of some cardiovascular diseases associated with oxidative stress. However, only two studies were found in the literature demonstrating the beneficial effects of copaiba oil on cardiovascular diseases, such as pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>PAH is a chronic and fatal disease that is associated with progressive increases in pulmonary vascular resistance and pressure. These changes impair the performance of the right ventricle (RV) and result in RV failure, and ultimately death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> To study the physiopathological mechanisms involved in RV dysfunction and PAH development, a monocrotaline (MCT) model was used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The active metabolite of MCT causes damage in the pulmonary endothelium, leading to PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup></p>
        <p>The MCT model mimics aspects of human PAH, including <italic>Cor pulmonale,</italic> which is a term used to describe pathological RV hypertrophy induced by lung dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In fact, multiple studies in animal models and patients implicate oxidative stress in the development of <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> and PAH.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Oxidative stress can cause damage to pulmonary endothelial cells,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> as well as contribute to RV dysfunction and failure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> However, no study has explored the impact of PAH on oxidative stress markers in peripheral blood by analyzing copaiba oil&#8217;s effects. It was reported that oxidative stress measured in the blood of patients with a neurodegenerative disease could represent a reflection of the oxidative brain damage in those patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In this sense, evaluating peripheral markers of oxidative stress could have clinical applicability, since obtaining a blood sample represents a minimally invasive procedure.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> This approach could be useful to cardiopulmonary diseases, such as PAH, in order to monitor the disease&#8217;s progression, together with the need and efficacy of antioxidant therapy, such as copaiba oil.</p>
        <p>Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate whether peripheral markers of oxidative stress reflect the structural and functional changes promoted in RV by PAH and the effects of copaiba oil under these markers.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals, induction of cor pulmonale, and groups:</title>
          <p>All procedures were approved by the institutional Animal Ethics Committee (protocol number: 31765). In total, 28 male Wistar rats (weighing 170&#177;20g) from the Center for Reproduction and Experimentation of Laboratory Animals (CREAL) of Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul were studied. These were kept at 20-22&#176;C and with a 12:12h dark/light photoperiod. All animals had <italic>ad libitum</italic> access to regular rodent chow and water, and the experiments were conducted in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NIH Publication No. 86-23) and with institutional guidelines.</p>
          <p>The number of animals per group was estimated based on previous studies from our research group,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> considering the minimum difference between the groups of two standard deviations, a minimum probability of type I error of 5% (a = 0.05), and a probability of type II error of 20% (b = 0.2). This calculation was performed using the Computer Programs for Epidemiologists (PEPI - Version 4.04x) software.</p>
          <p>Animals were divided into four experimental groups (N=7/group): control (CO), copaiba oil (O), monocrotaline (MCT), and monocrotaline+copaiba oil (MCT-O). On the first day, PAH was induced by a single <italic>in bolus</italic> MCT injection (60mg/kg i.p.), as described elsewhere.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> One week after PAH induction, animals in the O and MCT-O groups received copaiba oil (400mg/kg) by gavage, once a day, for 14 days.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This dose corresponds to a volume of 0.63mL/kg of copaiba oil. During this period, animals from the CO and MCT groups received the same volume of water by gavage.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic analysis</title>
          <p>The flow through the pulmonary artery and RV contractile function were evaluated by echocardiography after the end of treatment to estimate the effect of copaiba oil on the cardiovascular function. Animals were anesthetized (ketamine, 90mg/kg; xylazine, 20mg/kg, intraperitoneal) and placed in the left lateral decubitus position to obtain cardiac images. An EnVisor Philips system (Andover, MA) was used, with a 12&#8211;13MHz transducer, by a trained operator with experience in small animal echocardiography. The RV shortening fraction (RVSF), which estimates RV contractile function, as well as the acceleration time (AT) and the ejection time (ET) of pulmonary artery flow velocity tracings were measured, which estimates pulmonary vascular resistance.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric analysis</title>
          <p>After the end of treatment, rats were killed by decapitation. RV and left ventricle (LV) were harvested for morphometric measurement, and blood was collected from the venous trunk for oxidative stress analysis. RV and LV+septum (S) were weighed to determine cardiac hypertrophy through the Fulton index (RV weight/LV+S weight).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Blood sample preparation:</title>
          <p>Systemic antioxidant defenses and total reactive oxygen species (ROS) were evaluated in red blood cells, and carbonyls were measured in plasma. Heparinized blood samples were washed three times in a solution of sodium chloride (9g/L) and centrifuged at 3,000g for 10min. at room temperature. Washed erythrocytes were diluted 1/10 in a solution of acetic acid (1mmol/L) and magnesium sulphate (4mmol/L). The final solution was centrifuged at 4,200g for 20 min. The supernatant was stored in freezers at -80&#186;C for later oxidative stress measurements.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Protein concentration</title>
          <p>Protein concentration was quantified by the method established by Lowry et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> using bovine albumin as a standard solution at a concentration of 1mg/mL. All oxidative stress results were normalized by the amount of protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of total ROS levels</title>
          <p>ROS generation was measured by DCFH-DA fluorescence emission (Sigma-Aldrich, USA). Dichlorofluorescein diacetate is a permeable membrane and is rapidly oxidized to the highly fluorescent 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) in the presence of ROS. The samples were excited at 488 nm and emission was collected with a 525nm long pass filter. ROS was expressed as nmol per milligram of protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Carbonyl assay</title>
          <p>This technique is based on the reaction of oxidized proteins with 2,4-dinitro-phenyl hydrazine (DNPH). Briefly, these proteins were added to a DNPH 10mmol/L in 2.5mol/L HCl solution for 1 h in the dark at room temperature, with shaking every 15 min. A 20% trichloroacetic acid (w/v) solution was then added to the plasma samples, which were centrifuged (1,000g for 5 min) to collect protein precipitates. Thereafter, the pellet was dissolved with ethanol:ethyl acetate (1:1) (v/v) and incubated for 10 min at 37&#186;C with 6mol/L guanidine hydrochloride solution. The absorbance was measured in a spectrophotometer at 360nm and results were expressed as nmol DNPH derivatives/mg protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Determination of antioxidant enzyme activities:</title>
          <p>Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was determined by measuring the velocity of oxidized pyrogalol formation, and expressed as units per milligram of protein, according to Marklund.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Catalase (CAT) activity was determined by following the decrease in 240nm absorption of hydrogen peroxide. This was expressed as &#627;mol of hydrogen peroxide reduced per minute per milligram of protein.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, expressed as nmol of hydroperoxide reduced per min per mg protein, was measured following NADPH oxidation at 340nm in a reaction medium containing 0.17mmol/L reduced glutathione, 0.2U/mL glutathione reductase, and 0.5mmol/L tert-butyl hydroperoxide.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Total glutathione levels</title>
          <p>Total glutathione (GSH) levels were determined as described by Akerboom and Sies,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup> with modifications. GSH was measured in erythrocytes after protein precipitation with 10% trichloroacetic acid. An aliquot of the sample was added to phosphate buffer with 500&#956;mol/L DTNB. Color development, resulting from the reaction between DTNB and the thiols, reached a maximum in 5 min and was stable for more than 30 min. Absorbance was read at 412nm after 10 min. A standard curve of reduced glutathione was used to calculate the GSH levels in the samples.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>For statistical analysis, the SigmaPlot software was used. Data are shown as mean&#177;standard deviation. The normality test (Shapiro-Wilks) was performed to determine the data distribution. As our results presented normal distribution, statistical analysis was performed using two-way ANOVA, followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls post-hoc test. Pearson correlation was used to study the association between variables. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Echocardiographic evaluations</title>
          <p>A significant decrease was observed in the AT in the MCT group, while it was increased in the O group, as compared to CO. However, copaiba oil recovered this parameter to control levels in the MCT-O group. By contrast, no difference was found among groups in the ET parameter. RVSF, which estimates RV systolic function, decreased in the MCT group, and copaiba oil prevented this change in the MCT-O animals ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Echocardiographic and morphometric results</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup width="20%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>CO</th>
                    <th>MCT</th>
                    <th>O</th>
                    <th>MCT-O</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>AT (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.029&#177;0.005</td>
                    <td align="center">0.018&#177;0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.034&#177;0.001<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.025&#177;0.003<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>ET (s)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.099&#177;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.106&#177;0.007</td>
                    <td align="center">0.098&#177;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11&#177;0.001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RVSF (%)</td>
                    <td align="center">21.2&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">9.4&#177;3.1<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">18.8&#177;2.4</td>
                    <td align="center">17.8&#177;8.2<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fulton index (mg/mg)</td>
                    <td align="center">0.29&#177;0.02</td>
                    <td align="center">0.49&#177;0.01<sup>a</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">0.29&#177;0.01</td>
                    <td align="center">0.39&#177;0.03<sup>b</sup></td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD. a P&lt;0.05 vs CO; b P&lt;0.05 vs MCT. CO:control; O: Copaiba oil; MCT: Monocrotaline; MCT-O: Monocrotaline+Oil; AT: acceleration time; ET: ejection time; RV: right ventricle; RVSF: right ventricle shortening fraction. Fulton index: RV weight/LV+Septum weight; N: 7 animals per group.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Morphometric evaluation</title>
          <p>The right ventricular hypertrophy index (RV/LV+S weight), shown in <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> , was significantly increased in the MCT group in comparison to the CO group. This parameter decreased significantly in the animals from the MCT-O group.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Oxidative stress analysis</title>
          <p>There was a significant increase in the ROS and carbonyl levels ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1A and 1B</xref> , respectively) in the MCT group in comparison with CO. No significant difference was found between the MCT group and the MCT-O, or between the MCT-O and the O group in ROS levels. However, carbonyl levels, which increased in the MCT group, were reduced in MCT-O.</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Oxidative stress A) Total reactive oxygen species concentration; B) Carbonyl levels. Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD. a P&lt;0.05 vs CO; b P&lt;0.05 vs MCT. Control group: CO; Monocrotaline group: MCT, Copaiba oil group: O, Monocrotaline+Copaiba oil group: MCT-O.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Antioxidant analysis</title>
          <p>Antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, and GPx), and GSH concentration were significantly lower in the MCT group, when compared to the CO group. Treatment with copaiba oil significantly recovered these parameters in the animals from the MCT-O group ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2A, 2B, 2C, 2D</xref> , respectively).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Antioxidant measurements. A) Superoxide dismutase activity; B) Catalase activity; C) Glutathione peroxidase activity; D) Total glutathione levels. Data are expressed as mean&#177;SD. a P&lt;0.05 vs CO; b P&lt;0.05 vs MCT. Control group: CO; Monocrotaline group: MCT; Copaiba oil group: O; Monocrotaline+Copaiba oil group: MCT-O.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Correlations</title>
          <p>A positive correlation (R=0.688; p&lt;0.05) was observed between total ROS and the RV weight/LV+S weight ratio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ), as compared to a negative correlation (R=0.614; p&lt;0.05) between GSH concentration and the RV weight/LV+S weight ratio ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Correlations between RV weight/LV+S weight and (A) ROS (p &lt; 0.05); and (B) GSH (p&lt;0.05). RV: right ventricle; LV: left ventricle; ROS: reactive oxygen species; GSH:Total glutathione levels.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1106-00929-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>The main findings of the present study where that copaiba oil modulated MCT-induced <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> , since it promoted reduction in the pulmonary artery resistance, as well as in RV hypertrophy and dysfunction. In parallel with these changes, it was found that: copaiba oil treatment reversed the systemic oxidative stress increased by MCT, which was observed by enhanced ROS and carbonyl levels, and a reduction in antioxidant defenses.</p>
        <p>According to the literature, the elevation in the pulmonary artery resistance is accompanied by RV hypertrophy, which characterizes <italic>Cor pulmonale.</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> In fact, in this study, a decrease in the acceleration time through pulmonary artery (AT) was observed, which indicates an increase in pulmonary artery resistance and an increase in RV hypertrophy in animals from the MCT group. On the other hand, copaiba oil treatment was able to mitigate these effects. The reduction of resistance in the pulmonary artery, which contributed to an improvement in RV remodeling, could contribute to improving the RV function. Previous investigations in patients with PAH indicate that a RV function impairment is related to adverse clinical outcomes and reduced survival,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B26">26</xref></sup> which highlights the importance of a treatment, such as copaiba oil, which softens this harmful damage in the RV. Moreover, a decrease was found in the RV shortening fraction (RVSF) in the MCT group, which indicates impairment of the RV contractile function. This result is in accordance with others<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref></sup> that have studied this disease. Conversely, as described in a previous work, copaiba oil was able to increase this parameter, which indicates that this oil could improve the RV function.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup></p>
        <p>According to Jim et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref></sup> there is an increase in systemic ROS production in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, Mohammadi<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref></sup> also observed a decrease in the CAT, SOD, GPx activities, and GSH concentration measured in the blood in an MCT-induced PAH. Those data encouraged us to investigate the antioxidant effects of copaiba oil on PAH. Our data have shown that copaiba oil reversed oxidative damage by elevating the systemic antioxidant defenses and reducing carbonyl to levels close to that observed in control rats, suggesting that this oil has enlarged the antioxidant reserve.</p>
        <p>In a previous study from our group, copaiba oil composition was evaluated.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Chemical analysis of this oil was carried out using gas chromatography &#8211; mass spectroscopy. It was found that copaiba oil is composed of terpenes with the predominance of &#946;-caryophyllene. This compound has antioxidant activity, leading to a reduction in ROS due to its free radical-scavenging effect against superoxide anions, hydroxyl anions, and lipid peroxides.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Thus, it is reasonable to believe that the antioxidant effects observed after treatment with copaiba oil are due to the &#946;-caryophyllene present in this oil. On the other hand, the antioxidant effects of copaiba oil may also be due to an interaction between its various components. As reported in a previous study, copaiba oil is composed of a large variety of other sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, which also have antioxidant properties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Oxidative stress is involved in the development of pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and in a bad prognosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> The reduction in RV hypertrophy found in the present study could be associated with the copaiba oil antioxidant effect. In fact, a positive correlation was found between ROS levels and cardiac hypertrophy in this study. On the other hand, increased levels of GSH, an endogenous non-enzymatic antioxidant, were correlated with lower rates of cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, it is suggested that copaiba oil can protect RV against cardiac hypertrophy through its antioxidant proprieties. This finding is of tremendous importance because, according to Rosca et al., RV hypertrophy is correlated with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref></sup> Since there was an association between systemic oxidative stress and a cardiac morphometric alteration, these markers may be a reflection of the changes in the RV promoted by PAH.</p>
        <p>The present study was the first to test the systemic effect of copaiba oil in a <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> model. Some oxidative stress peripheral markers to detect changes in the systemic redox state were evaluated. Evaluations in the peripheral blood are important and useful because they reflect the organism&#8217;s general state of health. Blood samples are easily accessible, available in large quantity, and its collection is less invasive than a tissue biopsy, for example. Thus, the evaluation of oxidative stress markers in the blood of patients with PAH could be useful to monitor the development of <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> and the applied treatment, as performed in the animals used in the present study.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>The results obtained suggest that copaiba oil has an interesting systemic antioxidant effect, which is reflected in the RV morphometric and function improvement in this <italic>Cor pulmonale</italic> model. These results highlight the importance of copaiba oil as a potential adjuvant treatment for PAH.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of post doctoral submitted by Cristina Campos, from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul under the protocol number 31765. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was funded by Coordena&#231;&#227;o de Aperfei&#231;oamento de Pessoal de N&#237;vel Superior (CAPES) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient&#237;fico e Tecnol&#243;gico (CNPq).</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
