<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.1 20151215//EN" "https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/JATS-journalpublishing1.dtd">
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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">Y7Qhc8wDQQ5qLPSjsznstMn</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401093</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200055</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200055</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>O Efeito Anti-Hipertensivo de <italic>Sauromatum Guttatum</italic> Mediado por Efeitos Vasorrelaxante e Depressivos Mioc&#225;rdicos</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabia</surname>
            <given-names>Bibi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salma</surname>
            <given-names>Umme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bashir</surname>
            <given-names>Kashif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khan</surname>
            <given-names>Taous</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6032-3915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shah</surname>
            <given-names>Abdul Jabbar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">COMSATS University Islamabad</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Department of Pharmacy</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Abbottabad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PK">Paquist&#227;o</country>
          <institution content-type="original">COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus - Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa &#8211; Paquist&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Ibadat International University Islamabad</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Islamabad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PK">Paquist&#227;o</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ibadat International University Islamabad, Islamabad - Paquist&#227;o</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Abdul Jabbar Shah &#8226;</bold> COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus - Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Paquist&#227;o. E-mail: <email>jabbarshah@cuiatd.edu.pk</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa e Obten&#231;&#227;o de financiamento: Bibi R, Shah AJ; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados, An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Bibi R, Salma U, Bashir K, Khan T, Shah AJ; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Bibi R, Salma U, Shah AJ; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Bibi R, Salma U, Shah AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potencial conflito de interesse</bold>
          </p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="pub">
        <day>00</day>
        <month>00</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date publication-format="electronic" date-type="collection">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1093</fpage>
      <lpage>1103</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>28</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xml:lang="en" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento:</title>
          <p>A <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> ( <italic>S. guttatum</italic> ) &#233; utilizado no tratamento de doen&#231;as do sangue e supostamente tem atividade espasmol&#237;tica atrav&#233;s da inibi&#231;&#227;o dos canais de Ca<sup>2+</sup>.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos:</title>
          <p>O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o potencial anti-hipertensivo de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> em modelo de rato Sprague-Dawley (SD) com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal (HIDATS).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos:</title>
          <p>Ratos SD foram divididos em normotensos, hipertensos e grupos tratados com verapamil e <italic>S. guttatum</italic> . Extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> (Sg.B) (100, 150 e 300 mg/kg/dia) e verapamil (5, 10 e 15 mg/kg/dia) foram administrados por via oral junto com NaCl. An&#233;is a&#243;rticos e faixas do &#225;trio direito de ratos normotensos foram utilizados para investigar os mecanismos subjacentes. O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica adotado foi de 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados:</title>
          <p>A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia diminuiu nos grupos hipertensos tratados com Sg.B e verapamil de forma dose-dependente (p &lt;0,001). No estudo de reatividade vascular, a acetilcolina induziu relaxamentos com valor CE<sub>50</sub> de 0,6 &#181;g/mL (0,3&#8211;1,0) em ratos hipertensos tratados com Sg.B (300 mg/kg), sugerindo preserva&#231;&#227;o endotelial. Em aorta isolada de rato normotenso, o Sg.B exibiu vasorrelaxamento com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 0,15 mg/mL (0,10-0,20), ap&#243;s abla&#231;&#227;o por desnudamento endotelial ou pr&#233;-tratamento com L-NAME e atropina. O tratamento com Sg.B causou relaxamento contra contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por K<sup>+</sup> alto, como o verapamil. O Sg.B mostrou efeitos inotr&#243;picos (82%) e cronotr&#243;picos (56%) negativos em prepara&#231;&#245;es isoladas atriais de ratos reduzidas com atropina. A avalia&#231;&#227;o fitoqu&#237;mica indicou a presen&#231;a de alcaloides, flavonoides e taninos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o:</title>
          <p>O <italic>S. guttatum</italic> possui efeito vasodilatador atrav&#233;s da preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, libera&#231;&#227;o de NO mediada pelo receptor muscar&#237;nico e inibi&#231;&#227;o do movimento de Ca<sup>2+</sup>, enquanto o efeito depressor do mioc&#225;rdio atrial pode estar ligado ao receptor muscar&#237;nico. Esses achados fornecem a base farmacol&#243;gica para o uso do extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> como um medicamento anti-hipertensivo.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave:</title>
        <kwd>Ratos</kwd>
        <kwd>Anti-Hipertensivos</kwd>
        <kwd>
          <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic>
        </kwd>
        <kwd>Press&#227;o Arterial</kwd>
        <kwd>Hipertens&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilata&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Bloqueio do canal de Ca<sup>2+</sup></kwd>
        <kwd>Desempenho card&#237;aco</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="12"/>
        <table-count count="2"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="42"/>
        <page-count count="11"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A hipertens&#227;o &#233; um fator de risco importante para doen&#231;as cardiovasculares e mortalidade devido aos danos em &#243;rg&#227;osalvo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Existem muitos fatores ambientais que contribuem para a etiologia da hipertens&#227;o, incluindo ingest&#227;o elevada de sal. A alta ingest&#227;o de sal continua sendo o fator mais importante na etiologia da hipertens&#227;o em humanos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Em ratos, a alta ingest&#227;o de sal tamb&#233;m promove a hipertens&#227;o, fornecendo um modelo conveniente para estudar a hipertens&#227;o humana.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O consumo cont&#237;nuo de uma dieta rica em sal leva &#224; disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, o que pode representar um fator de risco particularmente significativo no desenvolvimento da hipertens&#227;o,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> afetando negativamente a qualidade de vida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> As medidas para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o incluem ajuste no estilo de vida, modifica&#231;&#227;o da dieta, exerc&#237;cios f&#237;sicos, bem como terapias convencionais e alternativas, incluindo rem&#233;dios fitoter&#225;picos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> </sup> A <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> ( <italic>S. guttatum</italic> ) pertence &#224; fam&#237;lia Araceae, e &#233; comumente conhecida como &#8220;l&#237;rio vodu&#8221; e &#8220;monarca do Oriente&#8221;. A <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> &#233; conhecida como &#8220; <italic>Sanp ki Booti</italic> &#8221; no Paquist&#227;o e na &#205;ndia, onde &#233; onipresente. A <italic>S. guttatum</italic> &#233; tradicionalmente utilizada para tratar inflama&#231;&#227;o, dificuldades respirat&#243;rias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> problemas g&#225;stricos,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> tuberculose, doen&#231;as do sangue, picadas de cobra e infec&#231;&#245;es de pele.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> A <italic>S. guttatum</italic> cont&#233;m lectinas, dimetilsulfetos, cariofileno, indol, escatol, am&#244;nia, trimetilamina e aminas prim&#225;rias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup> Os cormos ou bulbos cont&#234;m carbono, magn&#233;sio, enxofre, oxig&#234;nio, f&#243;sforo, pot&#225;ssio e cloro. Estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> revelaram atividades mitog&#234;nica,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> antiproliferativa,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> herbicida,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> inibidora da lipoxigenase,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> antioxidante, antibacteriana,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> espasmol&#237;tica<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup> e inseticida da <italic>S. guttatum</italic> .<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup> &#201; tradicionalmente utilizada para o tratamento de doen&#231;as do sangue. Foi relatado anteriormente que seu efeito espasmol&#237;tico &#233; mediado pelo bloqueio de entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> na musculatura lisa do intestino.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup> Os bloqueadores de entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> tamb&#233;m t&#234;m papel terap&#234;utico importante no tratamento da hipertens&#227;o. Todas essas observa&#231;&#245;es fornecem uma base s&#243;lida para nossa hip&#243;tese de que o extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> pode ter propriedades anti-hipertensivas. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o potencial anti-hipertensivo da <italic>S. guttatum</italic> e revelar os mecanismos subjacentes utilizando m&#233;todos <italic>in vivo</italic> e <italic>in vitro</italic> .</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
      <title>Materiais e m&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Prepara&#231;&#227;o do extrato bruto e an&#225;lise fitoqu&#237;mica</title>
        <p>Cormos de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> foram adquiridos em Nathia Gali, Paquist&#227;o (junho-julho de 2018), identificados e validados pelo Dr. Abdul Nazir, Professor Assistente do Departamento de Biotecnologia, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Paquist&#227;o. CHUA-112 &#233; o c&#243;digo de voucher para o esp&#233;cime no herb&#225;rio do Departamento de Farm&#225;cia, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Paquist&#227;o. Cormos frescos foram picados e submetidos &#224; secagem na sombra em temperatura ambiente. Em seguida, o material seco foi pulverizado, mergulhado em metanol aquoso (70%) com agita&#231;&#227;o ocasional durante quinze, sete e tr&#234;s dias. O macerado foi filtrado em um tecido de musselina e, em seguida, com um papel filtro qualitativo (Whatman, Grau 1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Esse processo foi repetido tr&#234;s vezes. Em seguida, um evaporador rotativo (-760 mmHg a 37&#176;C) foi utilizado para concentrar o extrato l&#237;quido. O extrato bruto foi analisado fitoquimicamente para todos os constituintes importantes, como flavonoides, alcaloides, saponinas, fen&#243;is e taninos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Animais</title>
        <p>Todos os experimentos foram realizados em conformidade com as orienta&#231;&#245;es da <italic>Commission on Life Sciences, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council</italic> <sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> e aprovadas pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica. Os ratos Sprague-Dawley (SD) foram mantidos no Biot&#233;rio com comida e &#225;gua dispon&#237;veis <italic>ad libitum</italic> .</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Investiga&#231;&#245;es farmacol&#243;gicas</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Medicamentos e padr&#245;es</title>
          <p>Os medicamentos e padr&#245;es foram adquiridos das seguintes fontes: cloreto de acetilcolina, cloridrato de fenilefrina, sulfato de atropina e o pentotal s&#243;dico dos Laborat&#243;rios Abbott, Paquist&#227;o; o cloridrato de isoprenalina, cloreto de pot&#225;ssio, cloridrato de &#233;ster met&#237;lico de N&#969;-Nitro-L-arginina (L-NAME) e cloridrato de verapamil da empresa Sigma Chemicals, EUA.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>Modelo e grupos de ratos com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal (HIDATS)</title>
            <p>Ratos SD (200-250 g) (n = 60) foram divididos aleatoriamente em oito grupos (n = 5-7 em cada grupo). A amostragem foi feita por conveni&#234;ncia. O Grupo 1 (grupo controle normal) recebeu dieta normal. O Grupo 2 (grupo de hipertensos) recebeu NaCl (8% na dieta + 1% na &#225;gua de beber) por 8 semanas. Os grupos 3-5 (grupo tratado com <italic>S. guttatum</italic> ) receberam Na Cl (8% na dieta + 1% na &#225;gua pot&#225;vel) e diferentes doses orais de extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> (100 mg/kg/dia, 150 mg/kg/dia e 300 mg/kg/dia) uma vez por dia durante 8 semanas. Os grupos 6 a 8 (grupo com tratamento padr&#227;o) receberam por via oral doses di&#225;rias de verapamil (5 mg/kg/dia, 10 mg/kg e 15 mg/kg/dia) junto com dieta de NaCl contendo 8% NaCl + 1% NaCl na &#225;gua de beber por 8 semanas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Registro invasivo de press&#227;o arterial em ratos com HIDATS</title>
            <p>A intuba&#231;&#227;o traqueal de ratos SD anestesiados (pentotal, 40&#8211;100 mg/kg, IP) foi realizada com tubo de polietileno (PE-20). Para monitorar a press&#227;o arterial, a art&#233;ria car&#243;tida direita foi canulada com tubo de polietileno (PE-50) e afixada no <italic>PowerLab Data Acquisition System</italic> (ADInstrument, Austr&#225;lia), atrav&#233;s de um transdutor de press&#227;o (MLT 0699). Uma l&#226;mpada suspensa foi utilizada para manter a temperatura corporal do animal. A press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia foi monitorada por 30 minutos em cada grupo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Perfil de peso corporal</title>
            <p>O peso corporal de todos os grupos foi determinado no in&#237;cio do experimento e posteriormente monitorado semanalmente. Ap&#243;s 8 semanas de tratamento, a mudan&#231;a no peso corporal foi calculada.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudos de reatividade vascular</title>
            <p>Para investigar o efeito da preserva&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio induzido pelo extrato bruto em ratos com HIDATS, isolamos a aorta dos grupos normotenso, hipertenso e tratados. Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram suspensos em banhos teciduais (10 mL), contendo carbog&#234;nio (5% CO<sub>2</sub> e 95% O<sub>2</sub>) solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs normal aerada, composta por NaCl, 118,2 mM; KCl, 4,7 mM; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1,2 mM; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1,3 mM; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 25,0 mM; Glicose, 11,7 mM; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2,5 mM, mantido a 37&#186;C. A for&#231;a foi monitorada pelo <italic>PowerLab Data Acquisition System</italic> (ADInstrument, Austr&#225;lia) e um amplificador em ponte (N12128) atrav&#233;s de um transdutor de deslocamento de for&#231;a (MLT 0201). Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram estabilizados em tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica a 2 g por 60-90 minutos, com troca da solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs a cada 15 minutos. Para determinar a integridade do endot&#233;lio, diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es de acetilcolina foram utilizadas em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-constritos com fenilefrina (1 &#181;M).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Prepara&#231;&#245;es isoladas de aorta de rato SD</title>
            <p>Os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram suspensos em banhos teciduais contendo 10 mL de carbog&#234;nio (5% CO<sub>2</sub> e 95% O<sub>2</sub>) e solu&#231;&#227;o de Krebs normal aerada mantida a 37&#176;C, fixada no <italic>PowerLab Data Acquisition System</italic> (ADInstrument, Austr&#225;lia) e um amplificador em ponte (N12128) atrav&#233;s de um transdutor de deslocamento de for&#231;a (MLT 0201). Os an&#233;is foram equilibrados por 60-90 minutos a uma tens&#227;o isom&#233;trica de 2 g, enquanto a solu&#231;&#227;o foi trocada a cada 15 minutos. Diferentes concentra&#231;&#245;es (0,1&#8211;10 mg/mL) de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> foram adicionadas aos an&#233;is pr&#233;-constritos com fenilefrina (FE). Para determinar o mecanismo subjacente, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-tratados com atropina 1 &#181;M ou L-NAME 10 &#181;M por 30 minutos. Em alguns experimentos, an&#233;is desnudados de endot&#233;lio de ratos normotensos foram utilizados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Prepara&#231;&#245;es isoladas do &#225;trio direito</title>
            <p>Os &#225;trios direitos de ratos SD normotensos foram dissecados. As prepara&#231;&#245;es atriais foram suspensas em banhos teciduais contendo 10 mL de solu&#231;&#227;o aerada de Krebs, mantida a 32&#176;C, ligada ao <italic>PowerLab (ML 846) Data Acquisition System</italic> (ADInstrument, Austr&#225;lia) e amplificador em ponte (N12128), atrav&#233;s de um transdutor de for&#231;a (MLT 0201). Os tecidos foram estabilizados em uma tens&#227;o de repouso de 1 g por 30 minutos. O envolvimento do receptor muscar&#237;nico foi estudado em prepara&#231;&#245;es atriais pr&#233;-tratadas com atropina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
            <p>Os dados tinham distribui&#231;&#227;o normal, como determinado pelo teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados foram expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; desvio padr&#227;o (DP) e as medianas das concentra&#231;&#245;es efetivas (valores de CE<sub>50</sub>) com intervalo de confian&#231;a (IC) de 95%. A porcentagem de mudan&#231;a nos perfis de press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) ou peso corporal foram calculados por an&#225;lise de vari&#226;ncia (ANOVA) de uma via (seguida por teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Tukey HSD). A porcentagem de vasorrelaxamento em ratos normotensos e hipertensos foi calculada por ANOVA de duas vias (seguida pelo teste <italic>post-hoc</italic> de Bonferroni) utilizando o software SPSS 21 (EUA). O n&#237;vel de signific&#226;ncia estat&#237;stica aceito foi de 5%.</p>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Constituintes fitoqu&#237;micos</title>
        <p>A an&#225;lise fitoqu&#237;mica preliminar realizada no extrato de cormos de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> identificou alcaloides, flavonoides, fen&#243;is, fitoster&#243;is, saponinas e taninos.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Investiga&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica</title>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos <italic>in vivo</italic> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>Monitoramento invasivo de press&#227;o arterial</title>
            <p>Os valores da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia (PAM) medidos nos diferentes grupos experimentais s&#227;o mostrados nas <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f1">Figuras 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f2">2</xref> . A PAM do grupo de ratos com HIDATS apresentou eleva&#231;&#227;o de 67,7% da press&#227;o arterial em compara&#231;&#227;o ao grupo controle normotenso. Esta eleva&#231;&#227;o na PAM foi revertida pelo tratamento com Sg.B de maneira dose-dependente (p &lt;0,01) at&#233; a concentra&#231;&#227;o de 300 mg/kg, onde atingiu seu efeito m&#225;ximo de redu&#231;&#227;o da PAM (p&lt;0,001). A PAM em ratos tratados com verapamil (5 mg/kg e 10 mg/kg) tamb&#233;m diminuiu de maneira dose-dependente (p&lt;0,01 e p&lt;0,001 respectivamente) atingindo o efeito m&#225;ximo na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 15 mg/kg (p&lt;0,001).</p>
            <fig id="f1">
              <label>Figura 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia em ratos normotensos, hipertensos e ratos tratados com extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum (Sg.Cr) para hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto tear de sal, em doses de 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg e 300 mg/kg (n = 5- 7; m&#233;dia &#177; EPM). Comparado com os valores do grupo controle hipertensivo, **p &lt;0,01 e ***p &lt;0,001</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf01.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f2">
              <label>Figura 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia em ratos normotensos, hipertensos e com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal tratados com verapamil nas doses de 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg e 15 mg/kg) (n = 5-7; m&#233;dia &#177; EPM). Comparado com os valores do grupo controle hipertenso, **p&lt;0,01 e ***p&lt;0,001</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf02.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Perfil de peso corporal</title>
            <p>A alta ingest&#227;o de sal por 8 semanas causou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa (p &lt; 0,001) no peso corporal no grupo controle hipertenso ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). O tratamento de ratos hipertensos com extrato bruto de <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> (Sg.B) evitou altera&#231;&#227;o significativa no peso corporal em todas as doses, enquanto os animais tratados com verapamil na dose de 5 mg/kg apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no peso corporal (p &lt; 0,05). Os animais nos grupos tratados com verapamil (ambos, 10 mg/kg e 15 mg/kg) n&#227;o apresentaram altera&#231;&#227;o significativa no peso corporal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
            <table-wrap id="t1">
              <label>Tabela 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Efeito no peso corporal dos grupos controle normal, controle hipertenso e ratos tratados com diferentes doses do extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum (Sg.B) e verapamil. Os valores sao expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 5-7).</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                <colgroup width="33%">
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" valign="middle">Grupos</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Peso (g)</th>
                    <th align="center" valign="middle">Peso (g) ap&#243;s 8 semanas</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Controle normal</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">244,66 &#177; 6,36</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">267,61 &#177; 3,08</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Grupo hipertenso</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">249,28 &#177; 3,25</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">182,10 &#177;5,09 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN4">***</xref></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Sg.B 100 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">241,66 &#177;3,81</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">245,01 &#177; 4,66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Sg.B 150 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">245,93 &#177; 6,43</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">250,90 &#177; 3,53</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Sg.B 300 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">239,43 &#177; 1,48</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">248,63 &#177; 4,52</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Verapamil 5 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">240,50 &#177; 1,41</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">214,23 &#177; 3,53 <xref ref-type="table-fn" rid="TFN2">*</xref></td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Verapamil 10 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">242,25 &#177; 5,65</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">247,68 &#177; 2,96</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td align="left" valign="top">Tratado com Verapamil 15 mg/kg</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">245,83 &#177; 6,36</td>
                    <td align="center" valign="top">254,48 &#177; 3,32</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1">
                  <p>Sg.B: Extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum. Os valores s&#227;o expressos como m&#233;dia &#177; DP (n = 5-7).</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN2">
                  <label>*</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,05,</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN3">
                  <label>**</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,01 e</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN4">
                  <label>***</label>
                  <p>p&lt;0,001</p>
                </fn>
                <fn id="TFN5">
                  <p>vs. valores de pr&#233;-tratamento (an&#225;lisc ANOVA de uma via seguida de teste post-hoc de Tukcy HSD)</p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </sec>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Estudos i <italic>n vitro</italic> </title>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudos de reatividade vascular <italic>in vitro</italic> </title>
            <p>Em aortas isoladas do grupo normotenso, a acetilcolina causou relaxamento completo com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 0,2 &#181;M (0,1&#8211;0,3) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> ). Por outro lado, as aortas de ratos do grupo controle hipertenso exibiram apenas 5,5% de relaxamento dependente de acetilcolina, como mostrado na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> . O tratamento com extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> de 100 mg/kg e 150 mg/kg restaurou parcialmente o relaxamento induzido por acetilcolina para 38,5 % e 45,5%, respectivamente. Entretanto, os an&#233;is de ratos SD tratados com 300 mg/kg de extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> mostraram 100% de relaxamento dependente de acetilcolina, com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 0,6 &#181;M (0,3-1,0) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> ). O tratamento com verapamil 5 mg/kg causou apenas um relaxamento insignificante, enquanto o tratamento com 10 mg/kg induziu relaxamento de at&#233; 16%. Curiosamente, o aumento da concentra&#231;&#227;o de verapamil para 15 mg/kg n&#227;o aumentou ainda mais o relaxamento induzido pela acetilcolina ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f3">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f3">
              <label>Figura 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>Tra&#231;ados e gr&#225;ficos t&#237;picos mostram o efeito da acetilcolina (ACh) contra as contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por fenilefrina nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos isolados de ratos normotensos, grupo controle hipertenso (A) e de ratos tratados com extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum (Sg.Cr) com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal, em doses de 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg e 300 mg/kg (B) e em ratos tratados com verapamil com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal em doses de 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg e 15 mg/kg (C) (n = 5-7; m&#233;dia &#177; DP). Em compara&#231;&#227;o com os valores do grupo controle hipertenso, *p &lt;0,05, **p &lt;0,01 e ***p &lt;0,001</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf03.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> da aorta de rato</title>
            <p>Estudos farmacol&#243;gicos foram realizados na aorta de ratos normotensos para investigar o efeito anti-hipertensivo do extrato bruto <italic>S. guttatum</italic> . Relaxamentos induzidos pela adi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa de extrato bruto em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-constritos com FE apresentaram um valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 0,15 mg/mL (0,10-0,20) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> ). Os an&#233;is pr&#233;-tratados com L-NAME (10 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) mostraram relaxamento com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 5,1 mg/mL (3,0-7,1) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> ). O extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> n&#227;o foi capaz de induzir relaxamento em an&#233;is pr&#233;-tratados com atropina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) e an&#233;is desnudados de endot&#233;lio. O pr&#233;-tratamento com atropina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) e a remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio diminu&#237;ram o relaxamento induzido pelo extrato bruto em 26% e 14%, respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f4">Figura 4</xref> ). O extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> tamb&#233;m produziu vasorrelaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-constritos com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de K<sup>+</sup> com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 9,03 mg/mL (8,06-10,00). Em compara&#231;&#227;o, o verapamil relaxou as aortas pr&#233;-constritas com n&#237;veis altos de K<sup>+</sup> com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 2,02 <italic>&#181;</italic> M (1,02-3,02) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f5">Figura 5</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f4">
              <label>Figura 4</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O tra&#231;ado (A) e o gr&#225;fico (B) mostram o efeito do extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum em aorta intacta, pr&#233;-tratada com L-NAME (10 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) e atropina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) e em aorta de rato normotenso com endot&#233;lio desnudado versus contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por fenilefrina (n = 5-7; m&#233;dia &#177; DP). *p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,01 e ***p&lt;0,001 vs. Controle (valores pr&#233;-tratados). An&#225;lise ANOVA de duas vias seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf04.tif"/></fig>
            <fig id="f5">
              <label>Figura 5</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O tra&#231;ado (A) e os gr&#225;ficos (B, C) mostram o efeito do extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum nas contra&#231;&#245;es induzidas por pot&#225;ssio elevado (K<sup>+</sup>) (80 mM) na prepara&#231;&#227;o da aorta intacta de rato (n = 5-7; m&#233;dia &#177; DP). *p&lt;0,05, **p&lt;0,01 e ***p&lt;0,001 vs. Controle (valores pr&#233;-tratados). An&#225;lise ANOVA de duas vias seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni.</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf05.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title>Estudo <italic>in vitro</italic> do &#225;trio direito em ratos</title>
            <p>Tiras do &#225;trio direito de ratos normotensos foram utilizadas para investigar os efeitos cronotr&#243;picos e inotr&#243;picos de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> . O extrato bruto mostrou uma diminui&#231;&#227;o dose-dependente na for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o e na frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca com valor de CE<sub>50</sub> de 2,99 mg/mL (1,08-4,90) e 1,83 (1,02-2,64), respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref> ). Em tecidos pr&#233;-tratados com atropina, a diminui&#231;&#227;o da for&#231;a de contra&#231;&#227;o e da frequ&#234;ncia card&#237;aca foi de 29% e 44%, respectivamente ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f6">Figura 6</xref> ).</p>
            <fig id="f6">
              <label>Figura 6</label>
              <caption>
                <title>O tra&#231;ado (A) e os gr&#225;ficos (B, C) mostram os efeitos inotr&#243;pico e cronotr&#243;pico do extrato bruto de Sauromatum guttatum sem e com atropina (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) no &#225;trio direito de ratos normotensos pr&#233;-tratados (n = 5-7; m&#233;dia &#177; DP) *p &lt;0,05, ** p &lt;0,01 e ***p &lt;0,001 vs. controle (valores pr&#233;-tratados). An&#225;lise ANOVA de duas vias seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Bonferroni</title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf06.tif"/></fig>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A <italic>S. guttatum</italic> tem sido tradicionalmente utilizada no tratamento de doen&#231;as do sangue. Ela cont&#233;m uma grande quantidade de magn&#233;sio e pot&#225;ssio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup> Al&#233;m disso, seu efeito antioxidante, espasmol&#237;tico e como bloqueador de entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> j&#225; foi relatado.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup></p>
      <p>Plantas com propriedades antioxidantes, a dieta DASH ( <italic>Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</italic> .) rica em pot&#225;ssio e magn&#233;sio e bloqueadores de entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> s&#227;o recomendados para o manejo da hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> </sup> O presente estudo, utilizando o modelo de rato SD hipertenso, foi realizado para explorar o extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> como um potencial medicamento anti-hipertensivo. Diferentes doses de extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> foram administradas por via oral a ratos SD com hipertens&#227;o induzida por dieta com alto teor de sal. Esse tratamento resultou em diminui&#231;&#227;o significativa na press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia, com efeito m&#225;ximo observado com uma dose de 300 mg/kg. Este efeito do extrato bruto foi compar&#225;vel ao do verapamil, que &#233; um f&#225;rmaco anti-hipertensivo padr&#227;o e bloqueador dos canais de c&#225;lcio.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup> Esse achado revelou que o extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> &#233; eficaz contra o desenvolvimento de hipertens&#227;o experimental induzida por dieta rica em sal. No entanto, s&#227;o necess&#225;rios mais estudos para identificar o poss&#237;vel mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o subjacente.</p>
      <p>Uma vez que a press&#227;o arterial &#233; o produto de elevada resist&#234;ncia vascular perif&#233;rica e alto d&#233;bito card&#237;aco,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup> outros experimentos foram realizados utilizando prepara&#231;&#245;es vasculares e card&#237;acas isoladas. Primeiro, foi feita uma tentativa de estabelecer como a alta ingest&#227;o de sal induz a disfun&#231;&#227;o endotelial. A integridade do endot&#233;lio foi confirmada pela aplica&#231;&#227;o de concentra&#231;&#245;es subm&#225;ximas de acetilcolina em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-constritos com fenilefrina em ratos com HIDATS. A acetilcolina n&#227;o foi capaz de induzir relaxamento nos an&#233;is a&#243;rticos do grupo de ratos com HIDATS, indicando que o endot&#233;lio foi danificado. Esse achado &#233; corroborado por estudos anteriores.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> </sup> Em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos normotensos, por outro lado, as mesmas concentra&#231;&#245;es de acetilcolina induzem relaxamento, indicando a presen&#231;a de endot&#233;lio funcional. Nos grupos tratados com extrato, a resposta &#224; acetilcolina foi restaurada. Esses resultados indicam que o tratamento com extrato bruto pode reverter o dano endotelial e tamb&#233;m evitar a eleva&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial m&#233;dia observada <italic>in vivo</italic> . Em compara&#231;&#227;o, o verapamil falhou em induzir vasorrelaxamento em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos de ratos com HIDATS do grupo controle ou ratos tratados, indicando que seu mecanismo de a&#231;&#227;o &#233; diferente do extrato bruto. O extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> exerce sua fun&#231;&#227;o anti-hipertensiva na hipertens&#227;o experimental atrav&#233;s da preserva&#231;&#227;o parcial da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial.</p>
      <p>Outros estudos <italic>in vitro</italic> foram realizados na aorta para investigar o(s) mecanismo(s) de a&#231;&#227;o(&#245;es) subjacente(s). Em an&#233;is a&#243;rticos pr&#233;-constritos com acetilcolina de ratos normotensos, a adi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa de concentra&#231;&#245;es de extrato bruto induziu vasorrelaxamento. A remo&#231;&#227;o do endot&#233;lio reverteu completamente esse efeito, sugerindo que fatores derivados do endot&#233;lio vascular podem desempenhar um papel. No entanto, a alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de acetilcolina ainda induziu relaxamento, sugerindo envolvimento de diferentes mecanismos. Para estudar o envolvimento do &#243;xido n&#237;trico, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram pr&#233;-tratados com L-NAME, um inibidor de &#243;xido n&#237;trico sintase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup> Curiosamente, o efeito vasorrelaxante do extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> foi reduzido em cerca de 75% na concentra&#231;&#227;o de 1 mg/mL, embora em concentra&#231;&#245;es mais altas ele tenha desviado a curva de resposta para a direita. Esses achados sugerem que o extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> induz vasorrelaxamento atrav&#233;s tanto da via dependente do endot&#233;lio (em concentra&#231;&#227;o mais baixa) como da via independente do endot&#233;lio (em concentra&#231;&#227;o mais alta). O componente dependente do endot&#233;lio pode ser atribu&#237;do ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico. Em c&#233;lulas endoteliais vasculares, a libera&#231;&#227;o de &#243;xido n&#237;trico &#233; acoplada a receptores muscar&#237;nicos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Para verificar se o efeito do extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> est&#225; ligado a receptores muscar&#237;nicos e ao &#243;xido n&#237;trico, os an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram contra&#237;dos com atropina, um antagonista do receptor muscar&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup> Este pr&#233;-tratamento aboliu o vasorrelaxamento associado ao extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> , indicando assim uma a&#231;&#227;o atrav&#233;s da via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico (NO) ligada ao receptor muscar&#237;nico. A Atropina ou o L-NAME n&#227;o foram capazes de inibir o relaxamento em concentra&#231;&#245;es mais elevadas do extrato bruto, sugerindo ainda que o extrato tamb&#233;m pode atuar nos m&#250;sculos lisos vasculares. Para testar essa hip&#243;tese, an&#233;is a&#243;rticos foram contra&#237;dos com alta concentra&#231;&#227;o de K<sup>+</sup>. Curiosamente, a adi&#231;&#227;o cumulativa do extrato bruto induziu um efeito vasorrelaxante 10 vezes menos potente do que contra a FE. O K<sup>+</sup> elevado foi utilizado para induzir contra&#231;&#245;es, pois ativa os canais de c&#225;lcio dependentes de voltagem (Cav) e a libera&#231;&#227;o de Ca<sup>2+</sup> atrav&#233;s da despolariza&#231;&#227;o, resultando em vasoconstri&#231;&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> </sup> Esses achados indicam que o extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> tamb&#233;m inibe a entrada de Ca<sup>2+</sup> pelos canais dependentes da voltagem. Tamb&#233;m sugere que o NO vascular desempenha um papel dominante no efeito vasorrelaxante e anti-hipertensivo de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> , al&#233;m do efeito nos m&#250;sculos lisos vasculares.</p>
      <p>Para investigar o efeito do extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> nos par&#226;metros card&#237;acos, foram utilizadas tiras atriais isoladas de ratos. O extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> mostrou efeitos negativos inotr&#243;picos (82%) e cronotr&#243;picos (56%) quando adicionado cumulativamente &#224;s tiras do &#225;trio direito que se contraem espontaneamente. Para testar o poss&#237;vel papel dos receptores muscar&#237;nicos card&#237;acos, as tiras atriais foram pr&#233;-tratadas com atropina. Este pr&#233;-tratamento inibiu parcialmente o efeito do extrato bruto de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> , indicando assim a possibilidade de que o efeito negativo inotr&#243;pico ou cronotr&#243;pico observado seja devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos card&#237;acos. Entretanto, nossos achados revelaram que o extrato &#233; mais seletivo para os receptores muscar&#237;nicos vasculares do que para os receptores card&#237;acos.</p>
      <p>O extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> tamb&#233;m foi testado quanto &#224; presen&#231;a de constituintes fitoqu&#237;micos. Foi verificado que ele cont&#233;m flavonoides, fen&#243;is e taninos. Estudos anteriores revelaram o efeito terap&#234;utico de flavonoides, fen&#243;is e taninos na hipertens&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> </sup> Portanto, esses constituintes podem ser os agentes ativos respons&#225;veis pela redu&#231;&#227;o da press&#227;o arterial e efeitos vasculares na hipertens&#227;o induzida por alto teor de sal. Os estudos fitoqu&#237;micos futuros ser&#227;o concentrados no isolamento dos componentes ativos e na explora&#231;&#227;o dos mecanismos subjacentes, como o bloqueio do c&#225;lcio e a via do &#243;xido n&#237;trico a n&#237;vel molecular.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Esses achados indicam que <italic>S. guttatum</italic> possui atividade anti-hipertensiva, resultando em efeitos vasodilatadores e depressores do mioc&#225;rdio atrial ligados a receptores muscar&#237;nicos. A preserva&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o endotelial, a libera&#231;&#227;o de NO dependente do receptor muscar&#237;nico e a inibi&#231;&#227;o do movimento de Ca<sup>+2</sup> s&#227;o os mecanismos subjacentes de vasodilata&#231;&#227;o. O extrato de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> tamb&#233;m exerce efeitos negativos inotr&#243;pico e cronotr&#243;pico, possivelmente devido &#224; ativa&#231;&#227;o de receptores muscar&#237;nicos card&#237;acos. Nossos resultados, observados no modelo de rato SD, fornecem uma explica&#231;&#227;o farmacol&#243;gica para o potencial anti-hipertensivo de <italic>S. guttatum</italic> .</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn1">
        <p>
          <bold>Fontes de financiamento</bold>
        </p>
        <p>O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
        <p>
          <bold>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de disserta&#231;&#227;o de mestrado de Bibi Rabia pelo COMSATS Institute of Information Technology - Abbottabad Campus.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn3">
        <p>
          <bold>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan sob o n&#250;mero de protocol EC/PHM/07-2013/CIIT/ATD. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 2013.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <ack>
      <title>Agradecimentos</title>
      <p>O manuscrito foi revisado para o ingl&#234;s por Tamas Kriska, PhD, Departamento de Farmacologia e Toxicologia, Medical College of Wisconsin, Watertown Plank Road 8701, WI, EUA. Os autores gostariam de agradecer a Tamas Kriska, PhD ( <email>tkriska@mcw.edu</email> ) por sua assist&#234;ncia.</p>
    </ack>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>
          <bold>Errata</bold>
        </p>
        <p>
          <bold>Edi&#231;&#227;o de Dezembro de 2021, vol. 117(6), p&#225;gs. 1093-1103</bold>
        </p>
        <p>Na Carta Cient&#237;fica &#8220;O Efeito Anti-Hipertensivo de Sauromatum Guttatum Mediado por Efeitos Vasorrelaxante e Depressivos Mioc&#225;rdicos&#8220;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200055, publicado no peri&#243;dico Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 117(6):1093-1103, na p&#225;gina 1093, corrigir o nome da autora Rabia Bibi para Bibi Rabia.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Antihypertensive Activity of Sauromatum guttatum Mediated by Vasorelaxation and Myocardial Depressant Effects</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Rabia</surname>
            <given-names>Bibi</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Salma</surname>
            <given-names>Umme</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Bashir</surname>
            <given-names>Kashif</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Khan</surname>
            <given-names>Taous</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-6032-3915</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Shah</surname>
            <given-names>Abdul Jabbar</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Abbottabad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PK">Pakistan</country>
          <institution content-type="original">COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus - Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa &#8211; Pakistan</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Islamabad</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="PK">Pakistan</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Ibadat International University Islamabad, Islamabad - Pakistan</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Abdul Jabbar Shah &#8226;</bold> COMSATS University Islamabad - Abbottabad Campus - Department of Pharmacy, Abbottabad, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa - Pakistan. E-mail: <email>jabbarshah@cuiatd.edu.pk</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>
            <bold>Author Contributions</bold>
          </p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research and Obtaining financing: Bibi R, Shah AJ; Acquisition of data, Analysis and interpretation of the data and Writing of the manuscript: Bibi R, Salma U, Bashir K, Khan T, Shah AJ; Statistical analysis: Bibi R, Salma U, Shah AJ; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Bibi R, Salma U, Shah AJ.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>
            <bold>Potential Conflict of Interest</bold>
          </p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background:</title>
          <p>Sauromatum guttatum (S. guttatum) is used in the treatment of blood disorders and reportedly has a spasmolytic activity through Ca<sup>2+</sup>channel inhibition.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives:</title>
          <p>The aim of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive potential of S. guttatum in high salt-induced hypertensive Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model (HSHRs).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods:</title>
          <p>SD rats were divided into normotensive, hypertensive, S. guttatum and verapamil treated groups. S. guttatum crude extract (Sg.Cr) (100, 150 and 300 mg/kg/day) and verapamil (5, 10 and 15 mg/kg/day) were administered orally along with NaCl. Aortic rings and right atrial strips from normotensive rats were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. The level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results:</title>
          <p>Mean arterial pressure decreased in the Sg.Cr and verapamil-treated hypertensive groups in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.001). In the vascular reactivity study, acetylcholine induced relaxations with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 0.6 <italic>&#181;</italic> g/mL (0.3&#8211;1.0) in Sg.Cr-treated hypertensive rats (300 mg/kg), suggesting endothelial preservation. In isolated normotensive rat aorta, Sg.Cr-treated rats showed vasorelaxation with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 0.15 mg/mL (0.10-0.20), ablated by endothelial denudation or pretreatment with<sub>L</sub>-NAME and atropine. Sg.Cr treatment caused relaxation against high K<sup>+</sup>-induced contractions, like verapamil. Sg.Cr showed negative inotropic (82%) and chronotropic effects (56%) in isolated rat atrial preparations reduced with atropine. The phytochemical investigation indicated presence of alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion:</title>
          <p>S. guttatum has a vasodilatory effect through endothelial function preservation, muscarinic receptor-mediated NO release and Ca<sup>2+</sup>movement inhibition, while atrial myocardial depressant effect can be linked to the muscarinic receptor. These findings provide pharmacological base for using S. guttatum extract as an antihypertensive medication.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords:</title>
        <kwd>Rats</kwd>
        <kwd>Antihypertensive</kwd>
        <kwd>Sauromatum guttatum</kwd>
        <kwd>Blood Pressure</kwd>
        <kwd>Hypertension</kwd>
        <kwd>Vasodilatation</kwd>
        <kwd>Calcium Channel Blockers</kwd>
        <kwd>Cardiac Performance</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Hypertension is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality due to target-organ damage.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup>There are many environmental factors that contribute to the etiology of hypertension, including high salt intake. High salt intake has remained the most important factor in the etiology of hypertension in humans.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup>In rats, high salt intake also promotes hypertension, providing a convenient model to study human hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup>Sustained consumption of a high-salt diet leads to endothelial dysfunction, which may pose a particularly significant risk factor in the development of hypertension,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup>negatively affecting the quality of life.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup>Hypertension management measures include lifestyle adjustments, diet modification, exercise, as well as conventional and alternative therapies, including herbal remedies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> </sup> <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> ( <italic>S. guttatum</italic> ) belongs to the Araceae family, and is commonly known as &#8220;Voodoo Lilly&#8221;. <italic>Sauromatum guttatum</italic> is known as &#8220;Sanp ki Booti&#8221; in Pakistan and India, where it is ubiquitous. <italic>S. guttatum</italic> is traditionally used for treating inflammation, breathing difficulties,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup>gastric troubles,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup>tuberculosis, blood disorders, snakebites and skin infections.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> <italic>S. guttatum</italic> contains lectins, dimethyl sulphides, caryophyllene, indole, skatole, ammonia, trimethylamine and primary amines.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref> </sup>The corms contain carbon, magnesium, sulfur, oxygen, phosphorus, potassium and chlorine. <italic>In vitro</italic> studies revealed <italic>S. guttatum's</italic> mitogenic,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup>antiproliferative,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup>herbicidal,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup>lipoxygenase inhibitor,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup>antioxidant, antibacterial,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup>spasmolytic<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> </sup>and insecticidal activities.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> </sup>It is traditionally used to manage blood disorders. It has been previously reported that its spasmolytic effect is mediated through Ca<sup>2+</sup>entry blockade in the smooth muscles of the intestine.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Ca<sup>2+</sup>entry blockers also have an important therapeutic role in the management of hypertension. All these observations provide a solid foundation for our hypothesis that <italic>S. guttatum</italic> extract might have antihypertensive properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the antihypertensive potential of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> and to reveal the underlying mechanisms by using <italic>in vivo</italic> and <italic>in vitro</italic> methods.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="materials|methods">
        <title>Materials and methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Preparation of crude extract and phytochemical screening</title>
          <p><italic>S. guttatum</italic> corms were procured in Nathia Gali, Pakistan (June-July, 2018), identified and validated by Dr. Abdul Nazir, Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan. CHUA-112 is voucher code for the specimen in the herbarium, Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan. Fresh corms were chopped and dried under the shade at room temperature. Then the dry material was powdered, soaked in a (70%) aqueous methanol solution, with occasional shaking for fifteen, seven and three days. The macerate was filtered through a muslin cloth and then through a qualitative filter paper (Whatman, Grade 1).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup>This process was repeated thrice. Then, a rotary evaporator (-760 mmHg at 37&#176;C) was used to concentrate the liquid extract. The crude extract was analyzed phytochemically for all important constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, phenols and tannins.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Animals</title>
          <p>All the experiments were performed in conformity with the guidelines from the Commission on Life Sciences, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources, National Research Council<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup>and approved by the Ethical Committee. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were kept in the Animal House with food and water available <italic>ad libitum</italic> .</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Pharmacological investigations</title>
          <sec>
            <title>Drugs and standards</title>
            <p>Drugs and standards were purchased from the following sources: acetylcholine chloride, phenylephrine hydrochloride, atropine sulfate, pentothal sodium from Abbott Laboratories, Pakistan; while isoprenaline hydrochloride, potassium chloride, N&#969;-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (<sub>L</sub>-NAME) and verapamil hydrochloride were obtained from Sigma chemicals company, USA.</p>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title><italic>In vivo</italic> studies</title>
            <sec>
              <title>High salt-induced hypertensive rat (HSHR) model and grouping</title>
              <p>SD rats (200-250 g) (n=60) were divided randomly into eight groups (n=5-7 in each group). The sampling was done by convenience sampling. Group 1 (normal control group) was given a normal diet. Group 2 (hypertensive group) was given NaCl (8% in diet + 1% in drinking water) for 8 weeks. Groups 3-5 ( <italic>S. guttatum-</italic> treated group) were given NaCl (8% in diet + 1% in drinking water) and different oral doses of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract (100 mg/kg/day, 150 mg/kg/day and 300 mg/kg/day) once daily for 8 weeks. Groups 6-8 (standard treated group) were given oral daily doses of verapamil (5 mg/kg/day, 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg/day) along with a NaCl diet containing 8% NaCl + 1% NaCl in drinking water for 8 weeks.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B27">27</xref> </sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Invasive blood pressure recording in HSHR</title>
              <p>The tracheal intubation of anesthetized (pentothal, 40&#8211;100 mg/kg, i.p) SD rats were performed using polyethylene tubing (PE-20). To monitor blood pressure, the right carotid artery was canulated using polyethylene tubing (PE-50) and affixed to a PowerLab Data Acquisition System (ADInstrument, Australia), through a pressure transducer (MLT 0699). An overhead lamp was used to maintain the animal's body temperature. Mean arterial pressure was monitored for 30 minutes in each group.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Body weight profile</title>
              <p>Body weight was determined at the beginning of the experiment in all groups and subsequently monitored weekly. After 8 weeks of treatment, the change in body weight was calculated.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title><italic>In vitro</italic> studies	</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Vascular reactivity studies</title>
              <p>To investigate the crude extract-induced endothelium preservation effect in HSHR, we isolated aortae from the normotensive, hypertensive and treated groups. Aortic rings were hanged in tissue baths (10 mL), containing carbogen (5% CO<sub>2</sub>and 95% O<sub>2</sub>) aerated normal Kreb's solution consisting of NaCl, 118.2 mM; KCl, 4.7 mM; MgSO<sub>4</sub>, 1.2 mM; KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 1.3 mM; NaHCO<sub>3</sub>, 25.0 mM; Glucose, 11.7 mM; CaCl<sub>2</sub>, 2.5 mM, and kept at 37&#176;C. The force was monitored by the PowerLab Data Acquisition System (ADInstrument, Australia) and a bridge amplifier (N12128) using a force displacement transducer (MLT 0201). Aortic rings were stabilized at 2 g isometric tension for 60-90 minutes by changing the Kreb's solution every 15 minutes. To determine the endothelial integrity, different concentrations of acetylcholine were used on phenylephrine (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) pre-constricted aortic rings.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Isolated SD rat aortic preparations</title>
              <p>Aortic rings were hanged in tissue baths filled with 10 mL of carbogen (5% CO<sub>2</sub>and 95% O<sub>2</sub>) aerated normal Kreb's solution maintained at 37&#176;C, affixed to a PowerLab Data Acquisition System (ADInstrument, Australia) and a bridge amplifier (N12128) using a force displacement transducer (MLT 0201). The rings were equilibrated for 60-90 minutes at an isometric tension of 2 g, while the solution was changed after every 15 minutes. Different concentrations (0.1&#8211;10 mg/mL) of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> were added to PE preconstricted rings. To determine the underlying mechanism, aortic rings were pre-treated with 1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M atropine or 10 <italic>&#181;</italic> M<sub>L</sub>-NAME for 30 minutes. In some experiments, endothelium-denuded rings from normotensive rats were used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B29">29</xref> </sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Isolated right atrial preparations</title>
              <p>The right atria from normotensive SD rats were dissected. The atrial preparations were hanged in tissue baths containing 10 mL of aerated Kreb's solution, maintained at 32&#176;C, linked to PowerLab (ML 846) Data Acquisition System (ADInstrument, Australia) and bridge amplifier (N12128) via force transducer (MLT 0201). The tissues were stabilized at the resting tension of 1 g for 30 minutes. The muscarinic receptor involvement was studied in atropine (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) pre-treated atrial preparations.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B25">25</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B28">28</xref> </sup></p>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Statistical analysis</title>
              <p>Data were normally distributed, as determined by the Shapiro-Wilk's test of normality. Data were expressed as mean &#177; standard deviation (SD) and the median effective concentrations (EC<sub>50</sub>values) with the 95% confidence interval (CI). The % of change in MAP or body weight profiles were calculated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (followed by <italic>post-hoc</italic> Tukey HSD test). The % of vasorelaxation in normotensive and hypertensive rats were calculated by two-way ANOVA (followed by <italic>post-hoc</italic> Bonferroni test) using SPSS software, v. 21 (USA). The accepted level of statistical significance was set at 5%.</p>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Phytochemical constituents</title>
          <p>Preliminary phytochemical analysis performed on <italic>S. guttatum</italic> corms extract indicated presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, phytosterols, saponins and tannins.</p>
          <sec>
            <title>Pharmacological investigation</title>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title><italic>In vivo</italic> studies</title>
            <sec>
              <title>Invasive blood pressure monitoring</title>
              <p>The mean arterial pressure (MAP) values measured in different experimental groups are shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f7">Figures 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f8">2</xref> . The MAP of the HSHR group showed a 67.7% elevation in blood pressure as compared to the normotensive control group. This elevation in MAP was reversed by Sg.Cr treatment in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.01) with up to 300 mg/kg concentration, where it reached its maximal MAP lowering effect (p &lt; 0.001). The MAP in verapamil-treated rats (5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) also decreased in a dose-dependent manner (p &lt; 0.01 and p &lt; 0.001 respectively) reaching the maximal effect at a 15 mg/kg concentration (p &lt; 0.001).</p>
              <fig id="f7">
                <label>Figure 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Mean arterial pressure in the normotensive, hypertensive and Sauromatum guttatum crude extract (Sg.Cr)-treated high salt-induced hypertensive rats at doses of 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg (n=5-7; mean &#177; SEM). Compared with hypertensive control values, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
              <fig id="f8">
                <label>Figure 2</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Mean arterial pressure in the normotensive, hypertensive and verapamil-treated high salt-induced hypertensive rats at doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) (n=5-7; mean &#177; SEM). Compared with hypertensive control values, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title>Body weight profile</title>
              <p>High salt intake for 8 weeks caused a significant (p &lt; 0.001) decrease in body weight in the hypertensive control group ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table.1</xref> ). The treatment of hypertensive rats with Sauromatum guttatum crude extract (Sg.Cr) prevented significant changes in body weight at all doses, while verapamil-treated animals at 5 mg/kg showed a significant decrease in body weight (p &lt; 0.05). Animals in the verapamil-treated groups (both 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) did not show any significant changes in body weight ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Table.1</xref> ).</p>
              <table-wrap id="t2">
                <label>Table 1</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Effect on body weight in normal control, hypertensive control and rats treated with different doses of the crude extract of Sauromatum guttatum (Sg.Cr) and verapamil. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD (n=5-7)</title>
                </caption>
                <table frame="hsides" rules="rows">
                  <colgroup width="33%">
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                    <col/>
                  </colgroup>
                  <thead style="border-top: thin solid; border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <th align="left" valign="middle">Groups</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">Weight (g)</th>
                      <th align="center" valign="middle">Weight (g) after 8 weeks</th>
                    </tr>
                  </thead>
                  <tbody style="border-bottom: thin solid; border-color: #000000">
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Normal control</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">244.66 &#177; 6.36</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">267.61 &#177; 3.08</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Hypertensive group</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">249.28 &#177; 3.25</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">182.10 &#177; 5.09 <xref rid="TFN9" ref-type="table-fn">***</xref></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Sg.Cr 100 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">241.66 &#177; 3.81</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">245.01 &#177; 4.66</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Sg.Cr 150 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">245.93 &#177; 6.43</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">250.90 &#177; 3.53</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Sg.Cr 300 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">239.43 &#177; 1.48</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">248.63 &#177; 4.52</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Verapamil 5 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">240.50 &#177; 1.41</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">214.23 &#177; 3.53 <xref rid="TFN7" ref-type="table-fn">*</xref></td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Verapamil 10 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">242.25 &#177; 5.65</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">247.68 &#177; 2.96</td>
                    </tr>
                    <tr>
                      <td align="left" valign="top">Verapamil 15 mg/kg treated</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">245.83 &#177; 6.36</td>
                      <td align="center" valign="top">254.48 &#177; 3.32</td>
                    </tr>
                  </tbody>
                </table>
                <table-wrap-foot>
                  <fn id="TFN6">
                    <p>Sg.Cr: Crude extract of Sauromatum guttatum. Values are expressed as mean &#177; SD (n=5-7).</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN7">
                    <label>*</label>
                    <p>p &lt; 0.05,</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN8">
                    <label>**</label>
                    <p>p &lt; 0.01 and</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN9">
                    <label>***</label>
                    <p>p &lt; 0.001</p>
                  </fn>
                  <fn id="TFN10">
                    <p>vs. pretreatment values (One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey HSD post-hoc test).</p>
                  </fn>
                </table-wrap-foot>
              </table-wrap>
            </sec>
          </sec>
          <sec>
            <title><italic>In vitro</italic> studies</title>
            <sec>
              <title><italic>In vitro</italic> vascular reactivity studies</title>
              <p>In aortas isolated from the normotensive group, acetylcholine caused complete relaxation with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 0.2 <italic>&#181;</italic> M (0.1&#8211;0.3) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> ). Aortas from hypertensive control rats, on the other hand, displayed only 5.5% acetylcholine-dependent relaxation as shown in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> . <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract treatment at doses of 100 mg/kg and 150 mg/kg partially restored the acetylcholine-induced relaxation to 38.5%, and 45.5%, respectively. However, rings from SD rats treated with 300 mg/kg <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract showed 100% acetylcholine-dependent relaxation with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 0.6 <italic>&#181;</italic> M (0.3&#8211;1.0) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> ). Treatment with 5 mg/kg verapamil caused only a negligible relaxation, while treatment with 10 mg/kg induced relaxation up to 16%. Interestingly, the increase in verapamil concentration up to 15 mg/kg did not further increase the acetylcholine-induced relaxation ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f9">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
              <fig id="f9">
                <label>Figure 3</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Typical tracings and graphs show the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) against phenylephrine-induced contractions in isolated rat aortic rings in normotensive, hypertensive control (A) and Sauromatum guttatum crude extract (Sg.Cr) treated high salt-induced hypertensive rats at doses of 100 mg/kg, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg (B) and verapamil treated high salt-induced hypertensive rats at doses of 5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg (C) (n=5-7; mean &#177; SD). Compared with hypertensive control values, *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title><italic>In vitro</italic> rat aorta studies</title>
              <p>Pharmacological studies were performed in normotensive rat aortae to investigate the antihypertensive effect of the <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract. Relaxation induced by the cumulative addition of the crude extract on PE-preconstricted aortic rings showed an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 0.15 mg/mL (0.10-0.20) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> ).<sub>L</sub>-NAME (10 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) pre-treated rings showed relaxation with EC<sub>50</sub>value of 5.1 mg/mL (3.0-7.1) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> ). <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract failed to induce relaxation in atropine (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) pretreated and endothelial denuded rings. Both atropine pretreatment (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) and endothelium removal decreased the crude extract-induced relaxation by 26% and 14%, respectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f10">Figure 4</xref> ). <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract also produced vasorelaxation in aortic rings preconstricted with high K<sup>+</sup>concentration, with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 9.03 mg/mL (8.06-10.00). In comparison, verapamil relaxed the high K<sup>+</sup>preconstricted aortas with EC<sub>50</sub>value of 2.02 <italic>&#181;</italic> M (1.02-3.02) ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f11">Figure 5</xref> ).</p>
              <fig id="f10">
                <label>Figure 4</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Tracing (A) and graph (B) show the effect of Sauromatum guttatum crude extract on intact, L-NAME (10 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) and atropine (1 <italic>&#181;</italic> M) pretreated and endothelium denuded normotensive rat aorta against phenylephrine-induced contractions (n=5-7; mean &#177; SD). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001 vs Control (pretreated values). Two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf04-en.tif"/></fig>
              <fig id="f11">
                <label>Figure 5</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Tracing (A) and graph (B, C) show the effect of Sauromatum guttatum crude extract on high potassium (K+) (80 mM)-induced contractions in intact rat aortic preparation (n=5-7; mean &#177; SD). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001 vs. Control (pretreated values). Two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf05-en.tif"/></fig>
            </sec>
            <sec>
              <title><italic>In vitro</italic> rat right atrial study</title>
              <p>Right atrial strips from normotensive rats were used to investigate chronotropic and inotropic effects of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> . The crude extract showed a dose-dependent decrease in force of contraction and heart rate with an EC<sub>50</sub>value of 2.99 mg/mL (1.08-4.90) and 1.83 (1.02-2.64), respectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref> ). In atropine pre-treated tissues, the decrease in force of contraction and heart rate was shown to be 29% and 44%, respectively ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f12">Figure 6</xref> ).</p>
              <fig id="f12">
                <label>Figure 6</label>
                <caption>
                  <title>Tracing (A) and graph (B, C) show the inotropic and chronotropic effects of Sauromatum guttatum crude extract without and with atropine (1 &#181;M) pre-treated normotensive rat right atria (n=5-7; mean &#177; SD). *p &lt; 0.05, **p &lt; 0.01 and ***p &lt; 0.001 vs. control (pretreated values). Two-way ANOVA analysis followed by Bonferroni's post-hoc test.</title>
                </caption>
                <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1093-00055-gf06-en.tif"/></fig>
            </sec>
          </sec>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Traditionally, <italic>S. guttatum</italic> has been used in the management of blood disorders. It contains ample amounts of magnesium and potassium.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref> </sup>Additionally, it has been reported as an antioxidant, spasmolytic and Ca<sup>2+</sup>entry blocker agent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup><sup>,</sup><sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref></sup>Plants with antioxidant properties, DASH diet rich in potassium and magnesium and Ca<sup>2+</sup>entry blockers are recommended for hypertension management.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B30">30</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref> </sup>The present study, using the hypertensive SD rat model, was carried out to explore the use of the crude extract from <italic>S. guttatum</italic> as a potential antihypertensive drug. Different doses of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extracts were given orally to high salt diet-induced hypertensive SD rats. This treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the mean arterial pressure, with a maximum effect observed at the dose of 300 mg/kg. This effect of the crude extract was comparable to that of verapamil, which is a standard antihypertensive drug and calcium channel blocker.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B31">31</xref></sup>This finding revealed that <italic>S. guttatum</italic> extract is effective against the development of high salt diet-induced experimental hypertension. However, further studies were needed to identify the possible underlying action mechanism.</p>
        <p>Since blood pressure is the product of elevated peripheral vascular resistance and high cardiac output,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B32">32</xref></sup>further experiments were carried out using isolated vascular and cardiac preparations. First, an attempt was made to establish how high salt intake induces endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial integrity was confirmed by applying sub maximum concentrations of acetylcholine on phenylephrine-preconstricted aortic rings from HSHR. Acetylcholine failed to induce relaxation in aortic rings in the HSHR group, indicating that the endothelium was damaged. This finding is supported by previous studies.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B33">33</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B35">35</xref> </sup>In aortic rings from normotensive rats, on the other hand, same concentrations of acetylcholine induced relaxation, indicating the presence of a functional endothelium. In the extract-treated groups, the response to acetylcholine was restored. These results indicate that the crude extract treatment can reverse the endothelial damage and also prevent the elevation in mean arterial pressure observed in <italic>in-vivo</italic> . In comparison, verapamil failed to induce vasorelaxation in aortic rings in HSHR control or treated rats, indicating that its action mechanism is different from that of the crude extract. <italic>S. guttatum</italic> extract exerts its antihypertensive function on experimental hypertension by partially preserving the endothelial function.</p>
        <p>Further <italic>in vitro</italic> studies were carried out in the aorta to investigate the underlying action mechanism(s). In acetylcholine-preconstricted aortic rings of normotensive rats, the cumulative additions of crude extract concentrations induced vasorelaxation. Endothelial denudation completely reversed this effect, suggesting that vascular endothelial-derived factors might play a role. However, high concentrations of acetylcholine still induced relaxation, suggesting the involvement of different mechanisms. To study the involvement of nitric oxide, aortic rings were pretreated with<sub>L-</sub>NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B36">36</xref></sup>Interestingly, the vasorelaxant effect of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> extract was reduced by about 75% at 1 mg/mL concentration, while higher concentrations shifted the response curve to the right. These findings suggest that <italic>S. guttatum</italic> induces vasorelaxation through both an endothelium-dependent (at a lower concentration) and endothelium-independent (at a higher concentration) pathways. The endothelium-dependent component could be attributed to nitric oxide. In vascular endothelial cells, nitric oxide release is coupled to muscarinic receptors.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>To see if the effect of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> crude extract is linked to muscarinic receptors and nitric oxide, aortic rings were precontracted with atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B37">37</xref></sup>This pretreatment abolished vasorelaxation associated to the crude extract of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> , thus indicating an action through a muscarinic receptor-linked NO pathway. Atropine or<sub>L-</sub>NAME failed to inhibit relaxation at higher concentrations of the crude extract, further suggesting that the extract might also act on vascular smooth muscles. To test this hypothesis, aortic rings were precontracted with high K<sup>+</sup>concentration. Interestingly, the cumulative addition of the crude extract induced a vasorelaxant effect that was 10 times less potent than against PE. High K<sup>+</sup>was used to induce contractions, as it activates voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCs) and Ca<sup>2+</sup>release through depolarization, resulting in vasoconstriction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B38">38</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B39">39</xref> </sup>These findings indicate that the crude extract of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> also inhibit Ca<sup>2+</sup>entry through VDCs. It also suggests that vascular NO plays a dominant role in the vasorelaxant and antihypertensive effects of <italic>S. guttatum,</italic> in addition to the effect on vascular smooth muscles.</p>
        <p>To investigate the effect of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> extract on cardiac parameters, isolated rat atrial strips were used. <italic>S. guttatum</italic> showed negative inotropic (82%) and chronotropic (56%) effects when added cumulatively to spontaneously contracting right atrial strips. To test the possible role of cardiac muscarinic receptors, atrial strips were pretreated with atropine. This pretreatment partially inhibited the effect of the crude extract of <italic>S. guttatum</italic> , thus indicating a possibility that the observed negative inotropic or chronotropic effect is due to cardiac muscarinic receptor activation. However, our findings revealed that the extract is more selective for the vascular than cardiac muscarinic receptors.</p>
        <p><italic>S. guttatum</italic> was also tested for the presence of phytochemical constituents. It was found to contain flavonoids, phenols, and tannins. Previous studies revealed the therapeutic effect of flavonoids, phenols and tannins on hypertension.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B40">40</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B42">42</xref> </sup>So, these constituents might be the active agents responsible for lowering blood pressure and the vascular effects in high salt-induced hypertension. Future phytochemical studies will be focused on isolating the active components and exploring the underlying mechanisms, such as calcium blocking and nitric oxide pathway at the molecular level.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>These findings indicate that <italic>S. guttatum</italic> has antihypertensive activity resulting from the vasodilatory and atrial myocardium depressant effects linked to muscarinic receptors. Endothelial function preservation, muscarinic receptor dependent NO release and Ca<sup>+2</sup>movement inhibition are the underlying mechanisms of vasodilation. <italic>S. guttatum</italic> also exerts negative inotropic and chronotropic effects, possibly due to activation of cardiac muscarinic receptors. Our results observed in the SD rat model provide pharmacological explanation for <italic>S. guttatum</italic> antihypertensive potential.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by" id="fn4">
          <p>
            <bold>Sources of Funding</bold>
          </p>
          <p>There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn5">
          <p>
            <bold>Study Association</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This article is part of the thesis of master submitted by Bibi Rabia, from COMSATS Institute of Information Technology - Abbottabad Campus.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn6">
          <p>
            <bold>Ethics approval and consent to participate</bold>
          </p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Pakistan under the protocol number EC/PHM/07-2013/CIIT/ATD. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>
            <bold>Erratum</bold>
          </p>
          <p>
            <bold>December 2021 Issue, vol. 117(6), pages 1093-1103</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In the Research Letter &#8220;Antihypertensive Activity of Sauromatum guttatum Mediated by Vasorelaxation and Myocardial Depressant Effects&#8221;, with DOI: https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200055, published in the journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, 117(6):1093-1103, in page 1093, correct the author&#8217;s name Rabia Bibi to Bibi Rabia.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <ack>
        <title>Acknowledgements</title>
        <p>The manuscript was reviewed for the English language by Tamas Kriska, PhD, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Watertown Plank Road 8701, WI, USA. The authors would like to thank Tamas Kriska, PhD ( <email>tkriska@mcw.edu</email> ) for his assistance.</p>
      </ack>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
