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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">r6w3qS86pqjkg3xrmdnMhms</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005018201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401081</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200597</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200597</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Fibrose Card&#237;aca e Mudan&#231;as Evolutivas na Fun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda em Pacientes com Cardiopatia Chag&#225;sica Cr&#244;nica</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9711-6808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8466-5322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Faculdade de Medicina</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">Rio de Janeiro</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">RJ</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho/Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Roberto Magalh&#227;es Saraiva Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Av. Brasil, 4365. CEP 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: <email>roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Santos JBF, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Santos JBF, Gottlieb I, Tassi EM, Camargo GC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados: Santos JBF, Ati&#233; J, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Santos JBF, Saraiva RM; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Santos JBF, Tassi EM, Camargo GC, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Santos JBF, Gottlieb I, Tassi EM, Camargo GC, Ati&#233; J, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>08</day>
        <month>10</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1081</fpage>
      <lpage>1090</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>12</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>18</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> A cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) &#233; uma condi&#231;&#227;o de progress&#227;o lenta, cujo principal achado histopatol&#243;gico &#233; fibrose.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivos</title>
          <p> Avaliar se a fibrose card&#237;aca aumenta ao longo do tempo e se correlaciona com aumento no tamanho do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (CE) e redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o (FE) na CC cr&#244;nica.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu 20 indiv&#237;duos (50% homens; 60&#177;10 anos) com CC cr&#244;nica que se submeteram a dois exames de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) com realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio em um intervalo m&#237;nimo de quatro anos entre os exames. Volume, FE e massa de fibrose do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) foram determinados por RMC. Associa&#231;&#245;es da massa de fibrose na primeira RMC com altera&#231;&#245;es no volume do VE e FE ventricular esquerda na segunda RMC foram testadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Valores p&lt;0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Os pacientes foram classificados em: A (n=13; altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas de CC no eletrocardiograma e fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica global e segmentar do VE normal) e B1 (n=7; altera&#231;&#227;o na motilidade da parede do VE e FE &#8805;45%). O tempo m&#233;dio entre os dois estudos de RMC foi de 5,4&#177;0,5 anos. Fibrose do VE (em % massa do VE) aumentou de 12,6&#177;7.9% para 18,0&#177;14,1% entre os exames de RMC (p=0,02). A massa de fibrose card&#237;aca no basal associou-se com uma diminui&#231;&#227;o &gt; cinco unidades absolutas na FE ventricular esquerda da primeira para a segunda RMC (OR 1,48; IC95% 1,03-2,13; p=0,03). A massa de fibrose do VE foi maior e aumentou entre os dois estudos de RMC no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o na FE entre os testes.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
          <p> Mesmo pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais da CC apresentam um aumento na fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio ao longo do tempo, e a presen&#231;a de fibrose do VE no basal est&#225; associada a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>Cardiomiopatia Chag&#225;sica</kwd>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a de Chagas</kwd>
        <kwd>Fibrose Endomioc&#225;rdica</kwd>
        <kwd>Disfun&#231;&#227;o Ventricular Esquerda</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagn&#243;stico por Imagem</kwd>
        <kwd>Imagem de Resson&#226;ncia Magn&#233;tica/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Eletrocardiografia /m&#233;todos</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="6"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="24"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>A doen&#231;a de Chagas &#233; causada pelo protozo&#225;rio <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> , que infecta cerca de 10 milh&#245;es de pessoas em todo o mundo<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e de 1 a 3 milh&#245;es de pessoas no Brasil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Entre os pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, 20 a 40% apresentam a forma card&#237;aca da doen&#231;a &#8211; cardiopatia chag&#225;sica (CC) &#8211;<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> e cerca de 2% dos pacientes, a cada ano, ir&#227;o evoluir da forma indeterminada para a forma card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Estudos histopatol&#243;gicos de amostras de mioc&#225;rdio obtidas de pacientes com CC revelaram uma cardiomiopatia fibrosante cr&#244;nica leve, com cont&#237;nua substitui&#231;&#227;o de fibras mioc&#225;rdicas por &#225;reas de fibrose e hipertrofia compensat&#243;ria de mi&#243;citos remanescentes, o que poderia estar correlacionado com progress&#227;o da CC, remodelamento card&#237;aco e disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
      <p>O exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) permite a identifica&#231;&#227;o e a quantifica&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o invasiva de fibrose card&#237;aca e de anormalidades da motilidade da parede card&#237;aca, e a avalia&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE em pacientes com CC.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> A massa de fibrose correlaciona-se diretamente com a classe funcional e inversamente com a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Ainda, fibrose identificada por RMC associa-se com arritmias ventriculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> especialmente na presen&#231;a de duas ou mais &#225;reas cont&#237;guas de fibrose transmural.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estudos longitudinais relataram que a massa de fibrose foi um preditor independente do desfecho combinado de morte cardiovascular, taquicardia ventricular sustentada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> e mortalidade por todas as causas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Ainda, a RMC pode identificar &#225;reas de fibrose em aproximadamente 20% dos pacientes com a forma indeterminada de doen&#231;a de Chagas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> e em 43,7% dos pacientes no est&#225;gio A da CC,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> com fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica de VE normal (segmentar ou global) na ecocardiografia bidimensional. Por outro lado, em pacientes com est&#225;gios mais avan&#231;ados da forma card&#237;aca, fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; detectada em 89%-100% dos pacientes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Assim, a RMC pode identificar o envolvimento card&#237;aco precoce na doen&#231;a de Chagas e a preval&#234;ncia de pacientes com fibrose card&#237;aca aumenta com a gravidade das doen&#231;as.</p>
      <p>Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar se a fibrose card&#237;aca aumenta ao longo do tempo, e se correlaciona com piora da fun&#231;&#227;o e geometria do VE. N&#243;s avaliamos retrospectivamente um grupo de pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais da CC que se submeteram a dois exames de RMC com um intervalo m&#237;nimo de quatro anos entre os testes.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Amostra do estudo</title>
        <p>Este foi um estudo retrospectivo que incluiu uma amostra de conveni&#234;ncia composta de pacientes adultos com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica acompanhados regularmente no ambulat&#243;rio de doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
        <p>Os crit&#233;rios para a classifica&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas seguiram o consenso brasileiro de doen&#231;a de Chagas:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> forma indeterminada (sem evid&#234;ncia de envolvimento card&#237;aco), forma card&#237;aca [evid&#234;ncia de altera&#231;&#245;es t&#237;picas de CC no eletrocardiograma (ECG)], forma digestiva (evid&#234;ncia de megac&#243;lon ou megaes&#244;fago), ou forma cardiodigestiva. A forma card&#237;aca foi classificada em est&#225;gio A [sem sintomas de insufici&#234;ncia card&#237;aca (IC), com altera&#231;&#245;es isoladas no ECG], est&#225;gio B (sem sintomas de IC com disfun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica segmentar e global do VE; B1: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &#8805;45%; B2: fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE &lt;45%), est&#225;gio C (IC sintom&#225;tica), ou est&#225;gio D (IC terminal).</p>
        <p>Foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo todos os pacientes com CC em est&#225;gio A ou B1 submetidos a dois exames de RMC pela t&#233;cnica do realce tardio com gadol&#237;nio, com fibrose card&#237;aca detectada na primeira RMC, e teste negativo para doen&#231;a arterial coronariana no teste ergom&#233;trico com esteira no momento basal. A maioria dos pacientes inclu&#237;dos haviam participado de um estudo anterior.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Dados epidemiol&#243;gicos e cl&#237;nicos, incluindo comorbidades, sintomas, ecocardiograma, ECG, Holter 24 horas, e exames de sangue, foram obtidos por an&#225;lise de prontu&#225;rios m&#233;dicos.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC)</title>
        <p>O primeiro exame de RMC foi realizado em um aparelho GE HDxt de 1,5 Tesla (T) (Wakeusha, Wisconsin, EUA), e analisado utilizando o programa ReportCard<sup>&#174;</sup> GE, vers&#227;o 3.6, como descrito anteriormente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> O segundo exame foi realizado em um aparelho Siemens Avanto de 1,5 T (Siemens Healthcare, Alemanha), ou um aparelho Siemens Verio 3,0 T (Siemens Healthcare, Alemanha). As imagens do VE foram obtidas durante pausa respirat&#243;ria de 15 segundos, a fim de minimizar artefatos causados por movimentos respirat&#243;rios. Imagens do eixo longo e do eixo curto do VE foram obtidas por sequ&#234;ncias desencadeadas por ECG nos mesmos locais. An&#225;lises da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e do ventr&#237;culo direito foram realizadas por cine-RMC, usando o protocolo de imagens de precess&#227;o livre em estado estacion&#225;rio e o di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, volume diast&#243;lico e sist&#243;lico do VE, massa ventricular esquerda, fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE. Volume diast&#243;lico do ventr&#237;culo direito, e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o foram determinados. Os m&#250;sculos papilares foram considerados como parte da cavidade do VE para o c&#225;lculo do volume e da massa do VE. As imagens foram adquiridas a partir de cortes de 8mm e espa&#231;amento de 2mm at&#233; o &#225;pice do VE. Utilizou-se uma sequ&#234;ncia de pulso gradiente eco com invers&#227;o-recupera&#231;&#227;o para avalia&#231;&#227;o de realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio (RTM) em eixos longo e curto do VE. A presen&#231;a, local, e padr&#227;o da fibrose foram determinados qualitativamente. A massa da fibrose foi calculada usando o programa ReportCard&#174;GE vers&#227;o 3.6 na primeira RMC, e o programa CVI42 (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Canad&#225;) na segunda RMC. O c&#225;lculo da massa de fibrose baseou-se na detec&#231;&#227;o semiautom&#225;tica de &#225;reas hiperintensas compat&#237;veis com fibrose no eixo curto nas sequ&#234;ncias de RTM. O pesquisador tinha liberdade em delimitar a &#225;rea de fibrose. Foi adotado um limiar de sinal &#8805;3 desvios padr&#245;es (DPs) acima do sinal m&#233;dio do mioc&#225;rdio de refer&#234;ncia para se determinar o volume de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o para os dois programas utilizados para o c&#225;lculo da massa de fibrose. RTM segmentar foi analisado utilizando-se o modelo de divis&#227;o do VE em 17 segmentos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> O padr&#227;o de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o foi classificado como: 1) transmural, se houvesse qualquer &#225;rea de cicatriz com ocupa&#231;&#227;o &gt;50% da espessura da parede, em menos de oito segmentos; 2) focal, se a &#225;rea de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o n&#227;o fosse transmural e fosse identificada em menos de oito segmentos; e 3) difusa, se as &#225;reas de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o estivessem presentes em mais de oito segmentos, independentemente da presen&#231;a de &#225;reas transmurais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Fibrose em segmentos individuais foi classificada como subendoc&#225;rdica, medial, subepic&#225;rdica, ou transmural.</p>
        <p>As an&#225;lises da primeira RMC foi realizada por dois observadores, e as an&#225;lises da segunda RMC por dois observadores diferentes, que desconheciam os resultados do primeiro exame.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Os c&#225;lculos foram realizados utilizando o programa estat&#237;stico MedCalc 12.5.0.0. As vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas foram expressas em m&#233;dia &#177; DP, e as vari&#225;veis categ&#243;ricas em valores absolutos e porcentagens. Todas as vari&#225;veis cont&#237;nuas passaram o teste de normalidade (teste de KolmogorovSmirnov), permitindo o uso de testes param&#233;tricos. Os dados entre a primeira e a segunda RMC foram comparados pelo teste t de Student pareado. A associa&#231;&#227;o entre a massa de fibrose na primeira RMC e altera&#231;&#245;es na estrutura e fun&#231;&#227;o do VE da primeira para a segunda RMC foram testadas por an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica. Uma diminui&#231;&#227;o superior a cinco unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, um aumento &gt; 10mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume diast&#243;lico do VE, e um aumento &gt; 10mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume sist&#243;lico do VE foram considerados eventos nessa an&#225;lise. Valores p menores que 0,05 foram considerados significativos.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <sec>
        <title>Caracter&#237;sticas dos pacientes</title>
        <p>Vinte pacientes foram inclu&#237;dos no estudo. Todos apresentavam CC; 65% no est&#225;gio A e 35% no est&#225;gio B1 da doen&#231;a na primeira RMC. Doen&#231;a digestiva associada esteve presente em 35% dos participantes. Observou-se uma igual distribui&#231;&#227;o de sexos, a maioria dos pacientes nasceu na regi&#227;o nordeste do pa&#237;s, era de etnia branca, apresentava ensino fundamental completo, e era hipertensa ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Nenhum paciente apresentava hist&#243;ria de parada card&#237;aca s&#250;bita, sintomas de IC, uso de marcapasso, ou diabetes mellitus. O sintoma mais comum foi palpita&#231;&#245;es, seguido de pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope, e s&#237;ncope ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Um paciente teve hist&#243;ria de acidente vascular cerebral e outro de ataque isqu&#234;mico transit&#243;rio.</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1">
            <label>Tabela 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Caracter&#237;sticas cl&#237;nicas e epidemiol&#243;gicas dos participantes do estudo (n=20)</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Idade, anos</th>
                  <th>60,5 &#177; 10,4</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sexo masculino</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>10 (50%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Regi&#227;o de origem</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Nordeste</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sudeste</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Centro-oeste</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Etnia</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Caucasiana</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Mista/Parda</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Afro-brasileira</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Escolaridade</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Analfabeto</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino fundamental</td>
                  <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ensino m&#233;dio</td>
                  <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Par&#226;metros cl&#237;nicos</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Forma cl&#237;nica da DC</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Card&#237;aca &#8211; Est&#225;gio A</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Card&#237;aca &#8211; Est&#225;gio B1</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiodigestiva A</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Cardiodigestiva B1</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Sintomas</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Pr&#233;-s&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>S&#237;ncope</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Palpita&#231;&#245;es</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Hipertens&#227;o</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">
                    <bold>13 (65%)</bold>
                  </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Eletrocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Bloqueio de ramo direito</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo</td>
                  <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Altera&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias da onda T</td>
                  <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Holter 24h Contra&#231;&#227;o ventricular prematura</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&gt; 30/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">7 (36,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>10-30/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">3 (15,8%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>&lt; 10/hora</td>
                  <td align="center">5 (26,3%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Ausente</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada</td>
                  <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Ecocardiograma</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro atrial esquerdo, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3,5 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">5,1 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE, cm</td>
                  <td align="center">3,3 &#177; 0,5</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">64,9 &#177; 7,9</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Aneurisma do VE</td>
                  <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Normal</td>
                  <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Relaxamento tardio</td>
                  <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>N&#227;o determinada</td>
                  <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN1">
                <p>
                  <italic>DC: Doen&#231;a de Chagas; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; Valores em m&#233;dia &#177; DP ou n (%).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao ECG, todos os pacientes estavam em ritmo sinusal, e as principais altera&#231;&#245;es no ECG foram bloqueio de ramo direito, hemibloqueio anterior esquerdo, e altera&#231;&#245;es prim&#225;rias da onda T ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Nenhum participante apresentou bloqueio de ramo esquerdo, baixa voltagem do QRS, ou per&#237;odos de inatividade el&#233;trica. Com exce&#231;&#227;o de um participante, todos os pacientes apresentavam resultados de Holter de 24 horas registrados nos prontu&#225;rios. Nenhum paciente apresentou taquicardia ventricular sustentada, e somente tr&#234;s apresentaram pausa sinusal maior que dois segundos. Quase 40% apresentaram uma elevada incid&#234;ncia de contra&#231;&#245;es ventriculares prematuras, e um quinto apresentou taquicardia ventricular n&#227;o sustentada nos exames de Holter ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ). Com exce&#231;&#227;o de dois pacientes que apresentavam di&#226;metro sist&#243;lico do VE aumentado, e um paciente com di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE aumentado, todos os participantes apresentaram di&#226;metros do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o normais. Metade dos pacientes tamb&#233;m apresentaram fun&#231;&#227;o diast&#243;lica do VE normal ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> ).</p>
        <p>Na ocasi&#227;o da segunda RMC, tr&#234;s pacientes evolu&#237;ram do est&#225;gio A para o est&#225;gio B1; um paciente progrediu do est&#225;gio B1 para B2, e um paciente progrediu do est&#225;gio B1 para C. Nenhum paciente apresentou algum evento cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com s&#237;ndrome coron&#225;ria aguda durante o acompanhamento.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec>
        <title>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
        <p>O tempo m&#233;dio entre os exames de RMC foi de 5,4 &#177; 0,5 anos. A propor&#231;&#227;o de segmentos do VE com &#225;reas de cicatriza&#231;&#227;o no primeiro e no segundo exames de RMC est&#225; apresentada na <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> .</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01">
            <label>Figura 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Propor&#231;&#227;o de segmentos do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo com fibrose na primeira e na segunda resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca segundo modelo de divis&#227;o do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo em 17 segmentos.12 Note o aumento na frequ&#234;ncia em quase todos os segmentos; VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf01.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>O padr&#227;o de fibrose foi classificado como focal em 13 pacientes (65%) e transmural em sete pacientes (35%) na primeira RMC. Sessenta e dois das 340 paredes (18,2%) do VE apresentaram fibrose card&#237;aca com a distribui&#231;&#227;o: &#237;nfero-lateral basal (55%), apical (30%), apical lateral (30%), apical inferior (25%), apical anterior (25%), &#237;nfero-lateral medial (25%), &#237;nfero-basal (20%), apical septal (20%), &#226;ntero-lateral medial (20%), &#226;ntero-lateral basal (15%), &#226;ntero-septal basal (10%), &#237;nfero-septal medial (10%), anterior basal (5%), &#237;nfero-septal (5%), anterior medial (5%), inferior medial (5%), e &#226;ntero-septal medial (5%). O padr&#227;o de fibrose foi classificado como parede medial em 37 segmentos, transmural em 23 segmentos, subepicardial e parede medial em um segmento, e subendocardial e parede medial em um segmento.</p>
        <p>Na segunda RMC, o padr&#227;o de fibrose apresentado pelos pacientes foi classificado como focal em 13 pacientes (65%), transmural em tr&#234;s pacientes (15%), e difuso em quatro pacientes (20%). O n&#250;mero de paredes com &#225;reas de fibrose aumentou para 102 de 340 paredes (30%) e a frequ&#234;ncia de paredes com &#225;reas de fibrose foi: &#237;nfero-lateral basal (75%), inferior basal (50%), &#237;nfero-lateral medial (45%), apical lateral (40%), &#226;ntero-lateral basal (35%), &#226;ntero-lateral medial (35%), &#226;ntero-septal basal (30%), apical (30%), apical inferior (25%), apical anterior (25%), apical septal (25%), &#237;nfero-septal medial (20%), inferior medial (20%), &#237;nfero-septal basal (15%), anterior medial (15%), &#226;ntero-septal medial (15%), e anterior basal (10%). O padr&#227;o de fibrose foi classificado como mesoc&#225;rdico em 74 segmentos, transmural em 25 segmentos, mesoc&#225;rdico e subepic&#225;rdico em um segmento, e mesoc&#225;rdico e subendoc&#225;rdico em dois segmentos.</p>
        <p>Em rela&#231;&#227;o &#224; fun&#231;&#227;o e tamanho do VE, os valores m&#233;dios do volume sist&#243;lico do VE e da massa do VE foram maiores, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE foi menor no segundo exame de RMC em compara&#231;&#227;o &#224; primeira RMC. O di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE m&#233;dio, o volume m&#233;dio do ventr&#237;culo direito, e a fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE m&#233;dia n&#227;o mudaram significativamente da primeira para a segunda RMC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2">
            <label>Tabela 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Compara&#231;&#227;o da fibrose no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, tamanho e fun&#231;&#227;o dos ventr&#237;culos direito e esquerdo entre a primeira e a segunda resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>1<sup><underline>st</underline></sup> MRI</th>
                  <th>2<sup><underline>nd</underline></sup> MRI</th>
                  <th>Valor p<sup>a</sup></th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de fibrose (g)</td>
                  <td align="center">12,4 &#177; 9,1</td>
                  <td align="center">17,9 &#177; 16,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Massa de fibrose (% da massa do VE)</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">12,6 &#177; 7,9</td>
                  <td align="center">18,0 &#177; 14,1</td>
                  <td align="center">0,02</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Di&#226;metro diast&#243;lico do VE, mm</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 4</td>
                  <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,90</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico do VE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">76,6 &#177; 19,1</td>
                  <td align="center">76,8 &#177; 21,7</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume sist&#243;lico do VE, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">30,5 &#177; 13,1</td>
                  <td align="center">37,9 &#177; 17,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,004</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">61,1 &#177;9,5</td>
                  <td align="center">52,5 &#177; 11,7</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt;0,0001</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Massa do VE, g/m</bold>
                    <sup>
                      <bold>2</bold>
                    </sup>
                  </td>
                  <td align="center">53,9 &#177; 11,8</td>
                  <td align="center">56,5 &#177; 12,6</td>
                  <td align="center">0,008</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Volume diast&#243;lico do VD, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                  <td align="center">58,9 &#177; 14,6</td>
                  <td align="center">62,0 &#177; 15,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,11</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VD, %</td>
                  <td align="center">56,7 &#177; 3,2</td>
                  <td align="center">56,1 &#177; 10,2</td>
                  <td align="center">0,79</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN2">
                <p>
                  <italic>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; RMC: resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca; VD: ventr&#237;culo direito. aTeste t de Student pareado.</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>A massa de fibrose m&#233;dia em porcentagem da massa do VE aumentou 43% da primeira RMC para a segunda RMC ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> ). Em rela&#231;&#227;o ao padr&#227;o de distribui&#231;&#227;o da fibrose, os pacientes com um padr&#227;o transmural apresentaram aumento na massa de fibrose de 19,3&#177;6.1% a 31,4&#177;14,2%, p=0,02, e aqueles com padr&#227;o focal n&#227;o mostraram aumento significativo na massa de fibrose de 9,0&#177;6,3% a 10,8&#177;7,1%, p=0,36. O n&#250;mero de segmentos do VE com cicatriz aumentou em ambos os grupos: de 38 a 65 (aumento de 71%) no grupo com padr&#227;o transmural, e de 24 a 37 (aumento de 54,2%) no grupo com padr&#227;o focal de distribui&#231;&#227;o de fibrose. A massa de fibrose card&#237;aca aumentou em 11 dos 20 pacientes estudados ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02">
            <label>Figura 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca de um paciente com altera&#231;&#245;es progressivas na massa de fibrose. A) Realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio nos cortes do eixo horizontal e vertical mostra &#225;reas de fibrose na parede m&#233;dia (&#225;reas brilhantes) nos segmentos mediais do septo, e fibrose transmural em todas as paredes apicais e no &#225;pice. A massa de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio foi estimada em 33 gramas. B) Imagens do realce tardio do mioc&#225;rdio obtidas do mesmo paciente 4,5 anos depois mostram &#225;reas de fibrose a parede medial nos segmentos basais das paredes &#237;nfero-septal, &#237;nfero-lateral, e &#226;ntero-lateral, segmentos mediais das paredes anteriores, e fibrose transmural nos segmentos mediais das paredes &#237;nfero-lateral e &#226;ntero-lateral, todas as paredes apicais e &#225;pice. A massa de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio foi estimada em 58 gramas.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf02.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f03">
            <label>Figura 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; <italic>Mudan&#231;as individuais da massa de fibrose, em porcentagem da massa do ventr&#237;culo esquerdo (VE) do primeiro exame de resson&#226;ncia magn&#233;tica card&#237;aca (RMC) ao segundo exame de RMC em pacientes que apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE ao longo do tempo (A) e pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (B). Note que a massa de fibrose do VE &#233; maior no basal e aumentou da primeira para a segunda RMC somente no grupo de pacientes que apresentaram redu&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE ao longo do tempo.</italic></title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf03.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>Da primeira para a segunda RMC, 14 pacientes apresentaram uma redu&#231;&#227;o superior a cinco unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE, cinco apresentaram um aumento superior a 10mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume diast&#243;lico do VE e sete apresentaram aumento superior a 10 mL/m2 no volume sist&#243;lico final do VE. A massa de fibrose card&#237;aca em porcentagem da massa ventricular esquerda detectada na primeira RMC mostrou uma associa&#231;&#227;o univariada significativa com uma redu&#231;&#227;o maior que cinco unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (OR 1,48, IC95% 1,03 a 2,13, p=0,03) da primeira para a segunda RMC. N&#227;o houve associa&#231;&#227;o significativa univariada ou multivariada entre sexo, idade, massa de fibrose do VE na primeira RMC e mudan&#231;as maiores que 10mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume diast&#243;lico ou sist&#243;lico do VE da primeira para a segunda RMC ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3">
            <label>Tabela 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Associa&#231;&#245;es univariada e multivariada dos eventos estudados com massa de fibrose no ventr&#237;culo esquerdo, idade e sexo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" rowspan="3" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="3">Associa&#231;&#227;o univariada</th>
                  <th colspan="3">Associa&#231;&#227;o multivariada</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                    <hr/>
                  </th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                  <th>OR</th>
                  <th>IC95%</th>
                  <th>Valor p</th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Redu&#231;&#227;o &gt; 5 unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,05-2,77-</td>
                  <td align="center">0,34</td>
                  <td align="center">0,14</td>
                  <td align="center">0,00-15,9</td>
                  <td align="center">0,42</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94-1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,47</td>
                  <td align="center">1,37</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89-2,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de fibrose do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">1,48</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03-2,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,03</td>
                  <td align="center">2,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,87-5,91</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aumento &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume diast&#243;lico do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,58</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07-4,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,61</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">0,04-7,65</td>
                  <td align="center">0,66</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96-1,27</td>
                  <td align="center">0,17</td>
                  <td align="center">1,12</td>
                  <td align="center">0,96-1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,15</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de fibrose do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">1,04</td>
                  <td align="center">0,91-1,18</td>
                  <td align="center">0,56</td>
                  <td align="center">1,05</td>
                  <td align="center">0,89-1,24</td>
                  <td align="center">0,57</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>
                    <bold>Aumento &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup> no volume sist&#243;lico do VE</bold>
                  </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Sexo masculino</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10-4,10</td>
                  <td align="center">0,64</td>
                  <td align="center">1,03</td>
                  <td align="center">0,07-14,8</td>
                  <td align="center">0,98</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Idade (anos)</td>
                  <td align="center">1,13</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97-1,31</td>
                  <td align="center">0,10</td>
                  <td align="center">1,17</td>
                  <td align="center">0,97-1,40</td>
                  <td align="center">0,09</td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Massa de fibrose do VE, %</td>
                  <td align="center">1,06</td>
                  <td align="center">0,94-1,20</td>
                  <td align="center">0,33</td>
                  <td align="center">1,11</td>
                  <td align="center">0,93-1,33</td>
                  <td align="center">0,24</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
            <table-wrap-foot>
              <fn id="TFN3">
                <p>
                  <italic>VE: ventr&#237;culo esquerdo; an&#225;lise de regress&#227;o log&#237;stica (m&#233;todo Enter).</italic>
                </p>
              </fn>
            </table-wrap-foot>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>N&#243;s estratificamos os pacientes entre aqueles que apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o superior a cinco unidades na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e aqueles que n&#227;o apresentaram ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3</xref> ). A massa de fibrose do VE, em porcentagem da massa do VE na primeira RMC foi maior entre os pacientes com diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE que nos pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram (15,8&#177;7,3% vs. 5,1&#177;2,2%; p=0,017). Ainda, a massa de fibrose do VE em porcentagem da massa do VE aumentou da primeira para a segunda RMC somente nos pacientes que apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE (15,8&#177;7,3% vs. 22,9&#177;14,2%; p=0,013; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3A</xref> ). Entre os pacientes que n&#227;o apresentaram decr&#233;scimo na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE a massa de fibrose card&#237;aca em porcentagem da massa do VE, n&#227;o se alterou da primeira para a segunda RMC (5,1&#177;2,2% vs. 6,7&#177;2,2%; p=0,25; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03">Figura 3B</xref> ).</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>A CC &#233; uma doen&#231;a lenta, implac&#225;vel, silenciosa caracterizada por uma miocardite fibrosante cr&#244;nica que culmina em uma mir&#237;ade de eventos cardiovasculares tais como IC, acidente vascular cerebral, e arritmias fatais.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Levanta-se a hip&#243;tese de que, ap&#243;s um insulto inicial, a les&#227;o card&#237;aca evolui continuamente at&#233; a ocorr&#234;ncia de IC sintom&#225;tica.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Neste artigo, mostramos, em um grupo de pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais de CC, que a inj&#250;ria card&#237;aca causada pela infe&#231;&#227;o por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , estimada pela medida massa de fibrose card&#237;aca, aumenta ao longo do tempo. Al&#233;m disso, o grau do dano card&#237;aco, <italic>i.e</italic> ., da massa de fibrose card&#237;aca, est&#225; associado com diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
      <p>A fibrose card&#237;aca &#233; uma marca da CC e um &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico promissor. At&#233; nosso conhecimento, este &#233; o primeiro estudo a abordar mudan&#231;as na massa de fibrose card&#237;aca e estrutura do VE por meio de RMC em pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais da CC. N&#243;s encontramos um aumento n&#227;o s&#243; na massa de fibrose, como no n&#250;mero de segmentos com fibrose, al&#233;m de uma piora da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE e um aumento no volume sist&#243;lico do VE da primeira para a segunda RMC ap&#243;s um per&#237;odo m&#233;dio de acompanhamento de cinco anos. O aumento na fibrose do VE ocorreu principalmente no grupo de pacientes com fibrose transmural. Em nosso estudo, fibrose do VE foi associada com diminui&#231;&#227;o da fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE ao longo do tempo. A massa de fibrose do VE foi maior na primeira RMC e aumentou da primeira para a segunda RMC somente nos pacientes que apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.</p>
      <p>Pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas com fibrose card&#237;aca apresentam menor fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE e maior volume e massa do VE, e maior dimens&#227;o do &#225;trio esquerdo que pacientes sem fibrose card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> De fato, h&#225; uma forte correla&#231;&#227;o negativa entre massa de fibrose do VE e fra&#231;&#227;o de eje&#231;&#227;o do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Em um estudo anterior de nosso grupo, somente pacientes com fibrose card&#237;aca apresentaram progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas e piora da fun&#231;&#227;o do VE medida pela deforma&#231;&#227;o ( <italic>strain</italic> ) longitudinal e circunferencial do VE.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio associou-se independentemente com mortalidade por todas as causas em um estudo retrospectivo,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> e com a ocorr&#234;ncia do desfecho combinado de morte cardiovascular e taquicardia ventricular sustentada em um estudo prospectivo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Na primeira RMC, fibrose foi mais comumente observada nos segmentos &#237;nfero-lateral e apical, como mostrado anteriormente na doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Ap&#243;s um acompanhamento m&#233;dio de 5,4 anos, a preval&#234;ncia de fibrose card&#237;aca aumentou em quase todos os segmentos, mais pronunciadamente nos segmentos basais. Houve uma piora no padr&#227;o de fibrose card&#237;aca, uma vez que, em quatro pacientes, o padr&#227;o de fibrose mudou de transmural para difusa. Isso refor&#231;a a natureza progressiva do dano card&#237;aco causado pela doen&#231;a de Chagas.</p>
      <p>Nossos dados mostraram que a massa de fibrose do mioc&#225;rdio aumenta ao longo do tempo, o que pode estar relacionado com uma miocardite fibrosante de progress&#227;o lenta, com altera&#231;&#245;es na matriz extracelular que leva &#224; remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca e IC. De fato, as enzimas envolvidas na modula&#231;&#227;o da matriz extracelular [metaloproteinases (MMP) 2 e 9], presentes na patog&#234;nese de v&#225;rias doen&#231;as cardiovasculares,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> podem ter um importante papel na patog&#234;nese da doen&#231;a de Chagas. Mudan&#231;as no equil&#237;brio entre MMP e suas atividades inibit&#243;rias podem ser importantes para remodela&#231;&#227;o card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> Em camundongos infectados por <italic>T. cruzi</italic> , tratamento com inibidores de MMP-2/MMP-9 induziu uma redu&#231;&#227;o na inflama&#231;&#227;o do mioc&#225;rdio e aumento na sobrevida.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> Em pacientes com doen&#231;a de Chagas cr&#244;nica, n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MMP-2 e MMP-9 s&#227;o maiores nos pacientes com as formas indeterminada e card&#237;aca em compara&#231;&#227;o a controles.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> Contudo, os n&#237;veis s&#233;ricos de MMP-2 foram mais altos em pacientes com a forma card&#237;aca que a forma indeterminada,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> ao passo que os n&#237;veis de MMP-9 foram maiores nos pacientes com a forma indeterminada que a forma card&#237;aca.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Portanto, um equil&#237;brio entre MMP-2 e MMP-9 parece ser importante na progress&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es</title>
        <p>Limita&#231;&#245;es deste estudo incluem seu delineamento retrospectivo, pequena amostra de conveni&#234;ncia, e o fato de os exames de RMC terem sido realizados em equipamentos de diferentes fabricantes, e analisados por diferentes especialistas, sem uma avalia&#231;&#227;o da variabilidade interobservador. No entanto, a concord&#226;ncia entre os observadores para massa de fibrose card&#237;aca do grupo que realizou a primeira RMC foi excelente, como j&#225; demonstrado previamente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> Em um estudo pr&#233;vio,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> a variabilidade interobservador para a t&#233;cnica de quantifica&#231;&#227;o de fibrose baseada no limiar de sinal versus mioc&#225;rdio de refer&#234;ncia (do ingl&#234;s <italic>signal threshold versus reference myocardium</italic> , STRM), que n&#243;s usamos para avaliar fibrose do VE, foi -1,2% (IC95% -8,8 a 9,2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> Em nosso estudo, seis pacientes apresentaram uma diminui&#231;&#227;o na massa de fibrose no VE em porcentagem da massa do VE, que variou de 1,56 a 7,48%, todos dentro dos limites do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% para a variabilidade interobservador. Por outro lado, dos 11 pacientes que apresentaram um aumento na massa de fibrose do VE, em porcentagem da massa do VE, sete apresentaram um aumento acima do limite do intervalo de confian&#231;a de 95% descrito para a variabilidade interobservador. Tr&#234;s outros pacientes apresentaram uma diferen&#231;a inferior a um porcento entre os exames. Assim, todos os pacientes com uma diferen&#231;a entre exames maior que a variabilidade do teste mostraram um aumento na massa de fibrose do VE e corresponderam a 35% da popula&#231;&#227;o estudada. Assim, acreditamos que a variabilidade intraobservador e entre observadores n&#227;o causou vi&#233;s em nossos resultados.</p>
        <p>Quanto &#224; exclus&#227;o de pacientes com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana pr&#233;via, um resultado negativo no teste ergom&#233;trico com esteira n&#227;o exclui a possibilidade de uma oclus&#227;o total de um ramo coronariano. No entanto, os pacientes negaram a exist&#234;ncia de eventos cl&#237;nicos pr&#233;vios compat&#237;veis com s&#237;ndrome coronariana aguda. Ainda, os pacientes n&#227;o foram submetidos a um segundo teste ergom&#233;trico ou &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria antes da segunda RMC para excluir poss&#237;vel doen&#231;a arterial coronariana. Contudo, nenhum paciente apresentou qualquer evento cl&#237;nico compat&#237;vel com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana durante o acompanhamento do estudo.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#245;es</title>
      <p>Neste estudo retrospectivo que incluiu pacientes em est&#225;gios iniciais da CC, a fibrose mioc&#225;rdica aumentou ao longo do tempo, e a fibrose do VE no basal associou-se a uma diminui&#231;&#227;o da fun&#231;&#227;o sist&#243;lica do VE. Esse importante achado deve ser confirmado em estudos prospectivos. A fibrose card&#237;aca deve ainda ser mais estudada como um &#237;ndice progn&#243;stico para a evolu&#231;&#227;o da doen&#231;a de Chagas e eventos cardiovasculares.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
        <p>Este artigo &#233; parte de tese de Doutorado de Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos pelo Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz.</p>
      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
        <p>Este estudo foi aprovado pelo Comit&#234; de &#201;tica do CEP lNl Fiocruz; CEP HUCFF UFRJ sob os n&#250;meros de protocolo 3.146.237 e 11.186.956. Todos os procedimentos envolvidos nesse estudo est&#227;o de acordo com a Declara&#231;&#227;o de Helsinki de 1975, atualizada em 20</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo foi parcialmente financiado pela CAPES.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Cardiac Fibrosis and Changes in Left Ventricle Function in Patients with Chronic Chagas Heart Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-9711-6808</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Santos</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Gottlieb</surname>
            <given-names>Ilan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-8466-5322</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Tassi</surname>
            <given-names>Eduardo Marinho</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-5203-6097</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Camargo</surname>
            <given-names>Gabriel Cordeiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ati&#233;</surname>
            <given-names>Jacob</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Xavier</surname>
            <given-names>S&#233;rgio Salles</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-3270-1595</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Pedrosa</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Coury</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-2263-4261</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Saraiva</surname>
            <given-names>Roberto Magalh&#227;es</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Casa de Sa&#250;de S&#227;o Jos&#233;, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brazil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Hospital Universit&#225;rio Clementino Fraga Filho/Faculdade de Medicina/Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brazil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Roberto Magalh&#227;es Saraiva Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas - Funda&#231;&#227;o Oswaldo Cruz - Av. Brasil, 4365. Postal Code 21040-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ - Brasil E-mail: roberto.saraiva@ini.fiocruz.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Santos JBF, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; Acquisition of data: Santos JBF, Gottlieb I, Tassi EM, Camargo GC; Analysis and interpretation of the data: Santos JBF, Ati&#233; J, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; Statistical analysis: Santos JBF, Saraiva RM; Writing of the manuscript: Santos JBF, Tassi EM, Camargo GC, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Santos JBF, Gottlieb I, Tassi EM, Camargo GC, Ati&#233; J, Xavier SS, Pedrosa RC, Saraiva RM.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>Chagas heart disease (CHD) is a slow progressing condition with fibrosis as the main histopathological finding.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>To study if cardiac fibrosis increases over time and correlates with increase in left ventricular (LV) size and reduction of ejection fraction (EF) in chronic CHD.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>Retrospective study that included 20 individuals (50% men; 60&#177;10 years) with chronic CHD who underwent two cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with late gadolinium enhancement with a minimum interval of four years between tests. LV volume, EF, and fibrosis mass were determined by cardiac MRI. Associations of fibrosis mass at the first cardiac MRI and changes in LV volume and EF at the second cardiac MRI were tested using logistic regression analysis. P values &lt;0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Patients were classified as follows: A (n=13; changes typical of CHD in the electrocardiogram and normal global and segmental LV systolic function) and B1 (n=7; LV wall motion abnormality and EF&#8805;45%). Mean time between cardiac MRI studies was 5.4&#177;0.5 years. LV fibrosis (in %LV mass) increased from 12.6&#177;7.9% to 18.0&#177;14.1% between MRI studies (p=0.02). Cardiac fibrosis mass at baseline was associated with decrease in &gt;5 absolute units in LV EF from the first to the second MRI (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.03-2.13, p=0.03). LV fibrosis mass was larger and increased between MRI studies in the group that presented decrease in LV EF between the tests.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusions</title>
          <p>Even patients at an initial stage of CHD show an increase in myocardial fibrosis over time, and the presence of LV fibrosis at baseline is associated with a decrease in LV systolic function.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Chagas Cardiomyopathy</kwd>
        <kwd>Chagas Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Endomyocardial Fibrosis</kwd>
        <kwd>Ventricular Dysfunction, Left</kwd>
        <kwd>Diagnostic, Imaging</kwd>
        <kwd>Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Electrocardiography/methods</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan <italic>Trypanosoma cruzi</italic> that infects around 10 million people worldwide<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and 1 to 3 million people in Brazil.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> Among those patients with chronic Chagas disease, 20 to 40% have the cardiac form or Chagas heart disease (CHD)<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> and around 2% of patients will progress each year from the indeterminate to the cardiac form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Histopathological studies of myocardial specimens obtained from patients with CHD revealed a low-grade chronic fibrosing cardiomyopathy with a continuous replacement of myocardial fibers by areas of fibrosis and compensatory hypertrophy of remnant myocytes, which would be correlated to CHD progression, cardiac remodeling and left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows the non-invasive recognition and quantification of cardiac fibrosis, the identification of global and segmental wall motion abnormalities, and aneurysm and intracardiac thrombi, as well as evaluation of LV systolic function in patients with CHD.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Fibrosis mass correlates directly to functional class and inversely to the LV ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> Moreover, fibrosis identified by cardiac MRI is associated to ventricular arrhythmias,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> especially in the presence of two or more contiguous areas of transmural fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Longitudinal studies found that fibrosis mass was an independent predictor of the combined end-point of cardiovascular death, sustained ventricular tachycardia,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> and all-cause mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
        <p>Furthermore, cardiac MRI can identify areas of fibrosis in around 20% of the patients with the indeterminate form of Chagas disease<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> and in 43.7% of patients at the stage A of CHD,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> who have normal global and segmental LV systolic function on two-dimensional echocardiography. On the other hand, in patients with more advanced stages of the cardiac form, cardiac fibrosis is detected in 89-100% of the patients.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Therefore, cardiac MRI can identify early cardiac involvement in Chagas disease and the prevalence of patients with cardiac fibrosis increases with the severity of the disease.</p>
        <p>Therefore, we aimed to evaluate if cardiac fibrosis progresses over time and if it correlates with worsening of LV function and LV geometry. For that, we retrospectively evaluated a group of patients at early stages of CHD, who underwent two cardiac MRI tests with a minimum interval of four years between them.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Study subjects</title>
          <p>This is a retrospective study that included a convenience sample composed of adult patients with chronic Chagas disease regularly followed at the institutional outpatient Chagas disease clinic.</p>
          <p>The criteria of Chagas disease classification followed the Brazilian consensus on Chagas disease:<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> indeterminate form (no evidence of cardiac involvement), cardiac form (evidence of typical CHD changes in the electrocardiogram [ECG]), digestive form (evidence of megacolon or megaesophagus), or cardiodigestive form. Cardiac form was classified into stage A (no symptoms of heart failure [HF] with isolated changes in the ECG), stage B (no HF symptoms with segmental or global LV systolic dysfunction; B1: LV ejection fraction &#8805; 45%; B2: LV ejection fraction &lt; 45%), stage C (symptomatic HF), or stage D (end-stage HF).</p>
          <p>All patients with CHD at stages A or B1 who underwent two cardiac MRI tests with late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) protocol within a minimum interval of four years, with cardiac fibrosis detected at the first MRI, and negative test for coronary artery disease on treadmill exercise testing at baseline were included in this study. Most patients included in this study were part of a previous study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
          <p>Epidemiological and clinical data, including comorbidities, symptoms, echocardiogram, ECG, 24-hour Holter monitoring, and blood tests, were obtained by analysis of medical records.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)</title>
          <p>The first cardiac MRI was performed in a GE HDxt 1.5 Tesla (T) MRI scanner (Wakeusha, Wisconsin, USA) and analyzed using the ReportCard<sup>&#174;</sup>GE software, version 3.6, as previously described.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> The second cardiac MRI was performed using a Siemens Avanto 1.5 T scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Germany) or a Siemens Verio 3.0 T scanner (Siemens Healthcare, Germany). LV images were obtained during a 15-s breath hold to minimize artefacts due to breathing movements. LV long-axis and short-axis images were obtained by two ECG-triggered pulse sequences at the same locations. LV and right ventricular (RV) systolic function were analyzed by cine-CMR using steady-state free precession protocol. End-diastolic LV diameter, end-diastolic and end-systolic LV volumes, LV mass, LV ejection fraction, end-diastolic RV volume and ejection fraction were determined by the Simpson&#8217;s method. Papillary muscles were regarded as part of the LV cavity for calculation of LV volume and mass. Images were acquired with 8-mm slice thickness and 2-mm slice spacing up to the LV apex.</p>
          <p>In order to evaluate myocardial fibrosis, images were acquired 10 to 20 min after intravenous bolus of 0.1mmol/kg of gadolinium-based contrast (Dotarem<sup>&#174;</sup>, Guerbet, Aulnay Sous Bois, France) using an inversion-recovery prepared gradient-echo sequence for myocardial delayed enhancement (MDE) protocol in the long- and short-axis projections. The presence, location and pattern of fibrosis were qualitatively determined. Fibrosis mass was calculated using the ReportCard<sup>&#174;</sup>GE software version 3.6 in the first cardiac MRI and using the CVI42 software (Circle Cardiovascular Imaging, Canada) in the second cardiac MRI). Calculation of fibrosis mass was based on semi-automatic detection of hyperintense areas compatible with fibrosis on short-axis MDE sequences. The researcher was free to edit the limits of the area of fibrosis. Signal threshold of &#8805; 3 standard deviations (SDs) above the mean signal of the reference myocardium was applied to determine the scar volume for both software programs used for fibrosis mass calculation. LV fibrosis mass was defined in absolute values and as percentage of the LV mass. Segmental MDE was analyzed using LV 17-segment model.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Scar distribution patterns were classified as follows: 1) transmural, if there was any area of scar that occupied &gt;50% of the wall thickness but in no more than eight segments; 2) focal, if the scar area was not transmural and identified in no more than eight segments; and 3) diffuse, if the scar areas were present in more than eight segments, regardless of the presence of transmural areas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Fibrosis in individual segments was classified as subendocardial, midwall, subepicardial, or transmural.</p>
          <p>The analyses of the first cardiac MRI were done by two observers, while the analyses of the second cardiac MRI were done by two other different observers who were unaware of the results of the first cardiac MRI.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical analysis</title>
          <p>Calculations were done using statistical software MedCalc 12.5.0.0. Continuous variables were expressed as mean &#177; SD, and categorical variables as absolute values and percentages. All continuous variables passed the normality test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov test) allowing the use of parametric tests. Data between first and second cardiac MRI were compared using paired Student&#8217;s t-test. Associations between fibrosis mass at the first cardiac MRI and changes on LV structure and function between first and second cardiac MRI were tested using logistic regression analysis. A decrease &gt;5 units in LV ejection fraction, an increase &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-diastolic LV volume, and an increase &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-systolic LV volume were considered events for this analysis. P values below 0.05 were considered significant.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Patients&#8217; characteristics</title>
          <p>A total of 20 patients were included in this study. All patients had CHD and 65% were at stage A and 35% at stage B1 of the disease at the time of the first cardiac MRI. Associated digestive disease was present in 35% of the participants. There was an equal gender distribution, most patients were born in the northeast region of Brazil, were white, had elementary schooling, and had hypertension ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). No participant had history of sudden cardiac arrest, HF symptoms, pacemaker, or diabetes mellitus. Most common symptom was palpitations, followed by near-syncope, and syncope ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). One patient had a history of previous stroke and another of transient ischemic attack.</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t1001">
              <label>Table 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of study participants (n=20)</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left">Age, years</th>
                    <th>60.5 &#177; 10.4</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Male gender</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">
                      <bold>10 (50%)</bold>
                    </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Place of origin</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Northeast</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Southeast</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Central-West</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Ethnicity</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Caucasian</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Mixed/Pardo</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Afro-Brazilian</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Schooling</td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Illiterate</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Elementary School</td>
                    <td align="center">12 (60%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>High school</td>
                    <td align="center">6 (30%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Clinical parameters</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>ChD clinical form</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac &#8211; Stage A</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiac &#8211; Stage B1</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiodigestive A</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (20%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Cardiodigestive B1</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Symptoms</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Near-syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Syncope</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Palpitations</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (35%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Hypertension</td>
                    <td align="center">13 (65%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Electrocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RBBB</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LAHB</td>
                    <td align="center">14 (70%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Primary T wave changes</td>
                    <td align="center">18 (90%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Premature ventricular contraction</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (25%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>24 h Holter Premature ventricular contraction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&gt; 30/hour</td>
                    <td align="center">7 (36.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>10-30/hour</td>
                    <td align="center">3 (15.8%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>&lt; 10/hour</td>
                    <td align="center">5 (26.3%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>None</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia</td>
                    <td align="center">4 (21%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Echocardiogram</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Left atrial diameter, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">3.5 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end-diastolic diameter, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">5.1 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV end-systolic diameter, cm</td>
                    <td align="center">3.3 &#177; 0.5</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">64.9 &#177; 7.9</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV aneurysm</td>
                    <td align="center">2 (10%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV diastolic function</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Normal</td>
                    <td align="center">10 (50%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Delayed relaxation</td>
                    <td align="center">9 (45%)</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Not determined</td>
                    <td align="center">1 (5%)</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN1001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>ChD: Chagas disease; LAHB: left anterior hemiblock; LV: left ventricular; RBBB: right bundle branch block; values are mean &#177; SD or n (%).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>Regarding ECG, all patients at baseline were in sinus rhythm, and the most common ECG changes were right bundle branch block, left-anterior hemiblock, and primary T wave changes ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). No participant had left bundle branch block, low QRS voltage, or periods of electrical inactivity. Except for one participant, all had 24-hour Holter monitor exams recorded on medical records. No participant had sustained ventricular tachycardia and only three had sinus pause longer than two seconds. Almost 40% had a high incidence of premature ventricular contractions and one fifth had non-sustained ventricular tachycardia on Holter exams ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ). Except for two patients with enlarged end-systolic LV diameter and one patient with enlarged LV diastolic diameter, all participants had normal LV diameters and ejection fraction. Half of the patients also presented normal LV diastolic function ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> ).</p>
          <p>At the time of the second cardiac MRI, three patients progressed from stage A to B1, one patient progressed from stage B1 to B2, and one patient progressed from stage B1 to C. No patient presented any clinical event compatible with acute coronary syndrome during the study follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Cardiac MRI</title>
          <p>The mean time between the cardiac MRI studies was 5.4 &#177; 0.5 years. The proportion of the LV segments with areas of scar at the first and second cardiac MRI is depicted in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> .</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f01001">
              <label>Figure 1</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Proportion of left ventricular segments with scar at the first and second cardiac magnetic resonance imaging tests according to the 17-segment model.12 Note the increase in the frequency in almost all segments; LV: left ventricular; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>Fibrosis pattern was classified as focal in 13 patients (65%) and transmural in seven patients (35%) at the first cardiac MRI. Sixty-two out of 340 walls (18.2%) showed cardiac fibrosis with the following distribution: basal inferolateral (55%), apex (30%), apical lateral (30%), apical inferior (25%), apical anterior (25%), mid inferolateral (25%), basal inferior (20%), apical septal (20%), mid anterolateral (20%), basal anterolateral (15%), basal anteroseptal (10%), mid inferoseptal (10%), basal anterior (5%), basal inferoseptal (5%), mid anterior (5%), mid inferior (5%), and mid anteroseptal (5%). The fibrosis pattern was classified as midwall in 37 segments, transmural in 23 segments, subepicardial and midwall in one segment, and subendocardial and midwall in one segment.</p>
          <p>At the second cardiac MRI, the fibrosis pattern presented by the patients was classified as focal in 13 patients (65%), transmural in three patients (15%), and diffuse in four patients (20%). The number of walls with areas of fibrosis increased to 102 (30% of 340 walls) and the frequency the walls with areas of fibrosis were: basal inferolateral (75%), basal inferior (50%), mid inferolateral (45%), apical lateral (40%), basal anterolateral (35%), mid anterolateral (35%), basal anteroseptal (30%), apex (30%), apical inferior (25%), apical anterior (25%), apical septal (25%), mid inferoseptal (20%), mid inferior (20%), basal inferoseptal (15%),mid anterior (15%), mid anteroseptal (15%), and basal anterior (10%). The fibrosis pattern was classified as midwall in 74 segments, transmural in 25 segments, subepicardial and midwall in one segment, and subendocardial and midwall in two segments.</p>
          <p>Regarding LV size and function, mean values of end-systolic LV volume and LV mass were greater, and the LV ejection fraction was lower at the second cardiac MRI compared to the first cardiac MRI. Mean end-diastolic LV diameter and volume, and the right ventricular volume and ejection fraction did not change significantly from the first to the second cardiac MRI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t2001">
              <label>Table 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Comparison of left ventricular fibrosis and left and right ventricular chamber size and function between the first and the second cardiac magnetic resonance imaging tests</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>1<sup><underline>st</underline></sup> MRI</th>
                    <th>2<sup><underline>nd</underline></sup> MRI</th>
                    <th>p Value<sup>a</sup></th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Fibrosis mass (grams)</td>
                    <td align="center">12.4 &#177; 9.1</td>
                    <td align="center">17.9 &#177; 16.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Fibrosis mass (% of LV mass)</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">12.6 &#177; 7.9</td>
                    <td align="center">18.0 &#177; 14.1</td>
                    <td align="center">0.02</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>End-diastolic LV diameter, mm</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">53 &#177; 4</td>
                    <td align="center">53 &#177; 7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.90</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>End-diastolic LV volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">76.6 &#177; 19.1</td>
                    <td align="center">76.8 &#177; 21.7</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>End-systolic LV volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">30.5 &#177; 13.1</td>
                    <td align="center">37.9 &#177; 17.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.004</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>LV ejection fraction, %</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td align="center">61.1 &#177;9.5</td>
                    <td align="center">52.5 &#177; 11.7</td>
                    <td align="center">&lt;0.0001</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV mass, g/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">53.9 &#177; 11.8</td>
                    <td align="center">56.5 &#177; 12.6</td>
                    <td align="center">0.008</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>End-diastolic RV volume, mL/m<sup>2</sup></td>
                    <td align="center">58.9 &#177; 14.6</td>
                    <td align="center">62.0 &#177; 15.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.11</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>RV ejection fraction, %</td>
                    <td align="center">56.7 &#177; 3.2</td>
                    <td align="center">56.1 &#177; 10.2</td>
                    <td align="center">0.79</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN2001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LV: left ventricular; MRI: magnet resonance imaging; RV: right ventricular. aPaired Student&#8217;s t-test.</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>The mean fibrosis mass in % of LV mass increased 43% from the first cardiac MRI to the second cardiac MRI ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ; <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> ). Regarding the pattern of fibrosis distribution, patients with a transmural pattern showed an increase in fibrosis mass from 19.3&#177;6.1% to 31.4&#177;14.2%, p=0.02, and those with focal pattern presented a non-significant increase in fibrosis mass from 9.0&#177;6.3% to 10.8&#177;7.1%, p=0.36. The number of LV segments with scar increased in both groups: from 38 to 65 (a 71% increase) in the group classified as transmural pattern and from 24 to 37 (a 54.2% increase) in the group classified as focal pattern of fibrosis distribution. The cardiac fibrosis mass increased in 11 of the 20 patients studied ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f02001">
              <label>Figure 2</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging of a patient with progressive changes in fibrosis mass. A) Myocardial delayed enhancement on horizontal and vertical long-axis slices depicts areas of midwall fibrosis (bright areas) in mid segments of the septum and transmural cardiac fibrosis in all apical walls and apex. Myocardial fibrosis mass was estimated in 33 grams. B) Myocardial delayed enhancement images obtained from the same patient 4.5 years later depict areas of midwall cardiac fibrosis in basal segments of inferoseptal, inferolateral, and anterolateral walls, mid segments of the septum and anterior walls, and transmural cardiac fibrosis in mid segments of inferolateral and anterolateral walls, all apical walls and apex. The estimated cardiac fibrosis mass increased to 58 grams.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>
            <fig id="f03001">
              <label>Figure 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; <italic>Individual changes of cardiac fibrosis mass in % of left ventricular (LV) mass from the first cardiac magnetic resonance imaging test (MRI) to the second cardiac MRI among patients who presented a decrease in LV ejection fraction over time (A) and among those who did not present a decrease in LV ejection fraction (B). Note the LV fibrosis mass is larger at baseline and increased from the first to the second cardiac MRI only in the group who showed a decrease in LV ejection fraction over time.</italic></title>
              </caption>
              <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1081-00597-gf03-en.tif"/></fig>
          </p>
          <p>From the first to the second cardiac MRI, 14 subjects showed a decrease greater than five units in LV ejection fraction, five subjects presented an increase greater than 10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-diastolic LV volume, and seven subjects showed an increase &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-systolic LV volume. Cardiac fibrosis mass in % of LV mass detected at the first cardiac MRI showed a univariate significant association, with a decrease of &gt;5 units in LV ejection fraction (OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.13, p=0.03) from the first to the second MRI. There was no univariate or multivariate significant association between sex, age, LV fibrosis mass at the first cardiac MRI and the changes in end-diastolic or end-systolic LV volume &gt; 10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>from the first to the second cardiac MRI ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
          <p>
            <table-wrap id="t3001">
              <label>Table 3</label>
              <caption>
                <title>&#8211; Univariate and multivariate associations of the studied events with left ventricular fibrosis mass, age and sex</title>
              </caption>
              <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
                <colgroup>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                  <col/>
                </colgroup>
                <thead>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="3">Univariate Association</th>
                    <th colspan="3">Multivariate Association</th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th colspan="6" rowspan="1">
                      <hr/>
                    </th>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p values</th>
                    <th>OR</th>
                    <th>95% CI</th>
                    <th>p values</th>
                  </tr>
                </thead>
                <tbody>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Decrease &gt;5 units in LV ejection fraction</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.05-2.77-</td>
                    <td align="center">0.34</td>
                    <td align="center">0.14</td>
                    <td align="center">0.00-15.9</td>
                    <td align="center">0.42</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94-1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.47</td>
                    <td align="center">1.37</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89-2.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV fibrosis mass, %</td>
                    <td align="center">1.48</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03-2.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.03</td>
                    <td align="center">2.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.87-5.91</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Increase &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-diastolic LV volume</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Male sex</td>
                    <td align="center">0.58</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07-4.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.61</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">0.04-7.65</td>
                    <td align="center">0.66</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96-1.27</td>
                    <td align="center">0.17</td>
                    <td align="center">1.12</td>
                    <td align="center">0.96-1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.15</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV fibrosis mass, %</td>
                    <td align="center">1.04</td>
                    <td align="center">0.91-1.18</td>
                    <td align="center">0.56</td>
                    <td align="center">1.05</td>
                    <td align="center">0.89-1.24</td>
                    <td align="center">0.57</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>
                      <bold>Increase &gt;10 mL/m<sup>2</sup>in end-systolic LV vol</bold>
                    </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                    <td> </td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Sex, male</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10-4.10</td>
                    <td align="center">0.64</td>
                    <td align="center">1.03</td>
                    <td align="center">0.07-14.8</td>
                    <td align="center">0.98</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>Age, years</td>
                    <td align="center">1.13</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97-1.31</td>
                    <td align="center">0.10</td>
                    <td align="center">1.17</td>
                    <td align="center">0.97-1.40</td>
                    <td align="center">0.09</td>
                  </tr>
                  <tr>
                    <td>LV fibrosis mass, %</td>
                    <td align="center">1.06</td>
                    <td align="center">0.94-1.20</td>
                    <td align="center">0.33</td>
                    <td align="center">1.11</td>
                    <td align="center">0.93-1.33</td>
                    <td align="center">0.24</td>
                  </tr>
                </tbody>
              </table>
              <table-wrap-foot>
                <fn id="TFN3001">
                  <p>
                    <italic>LV: left ventricular; Vol: volume logistic regression analysis (enter method).</italic>
                  </p>
                </fn>
              </table-wrap-foot>
            </table-wrap>
          </p>
          <p>We stratified the patients into those who had a decrease&gt;5 units in LV ejection fraction and those who did not ( <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3</xref> ). LV fibrosis mass in % of LV mass in the first cardiac MRI was greater among those who had a decrease in LV ejection fraction than those who did not (15.8&#177;7.3% vs. 5.1&#177;2.2%; p=0.017). Also, the LV fibrosis mass in % of LV mass increased from the first to the second cardiac MRI only among patients who presented a decrease in LV ejection fraction (15.8&#177;7.3% vs. 22.9&#177;14.2%; p=0.013; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3A</xref> ). Among those who did not present a decrease in LV ejection fraction, the cardiac fibrosis mass in % of LV mass did not change from the first to the second cardiac MRI (5.1&#177;2.2% vs. 6.7&#177;2.2%; p=0.25; <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f03001">Figure 3B</xref> ).</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>CHD is a slow, relentless, silent condition characterized by a chronic fibrosing myocarditis that culminates in a myriad of cardiovascular events such as HF, stroke and life threatening arrythmias.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> It is hypothesized that after an initial insult, cardiac damage progresses continuously until symptomatic HF supervenes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> In this paper, we show in a group of patients at the initial stages of CHD that the cardiac insult caused by <italic>T. cruzi</italic> infection, measured by cardiac fibrosis mass, increases over time. Moreover, the degree of cardiac damage, <italic>i.e</italic> . cardiac fibrosis mass, is associated with decrease in LV ejection fraction.</p>
        <p>Cardiac fibrosis is a hallmark of CHD and a promising prognostic index. As far as we know, this is the first study to address changes in cardiac fibrosis mass and LV structure by means of cardiac MRI in patients at an early stage of CHD. We found an increase not only in fibrosis mass, but also in the number of segments with fibrosis, together with a worsening of LV systolic function and an increase in LV end-systolic volume from the first to the second cardiac MRI after a mean follow-up time of five years. The increase in LV fibrosis occurred mainly in the group of patients with transmural fibrosis. In our study, LV fibrosis was associated with decrease in LV ejection fraction over time. LV fibrosis mass was greater in the first cardiac MRI and increased from the first to the second cardiac MRI only in those patients who showed a decrease in LV ejection fraction over time.</p>
        <p>Chagas disease patients with cardiac fibrosis have lower LV ejection fraction and higher LV volume and mass, and larger left atrial size than patients without cardiac fibrosis.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> In fact, there is a negative, strong correlation between LV fibrosis mass and LV ejection fraction.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> In a previous study of our group, only patents with cardiac fibrosis had worsening of Chagas disease and LV function measured by LV longitudinal and circumferential strain.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Myocardial fibrosis was independently associated with all-cause mortality in a retrospective study<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> and with the occurrence of the combined end-point of cardiovascular death and sustained ventricular tachycardia in a prospective study.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup></p>
        <p>At the first cardiac MRI, fibrosis was more commonly seen in the infero-lateral and apical segments, as previously shown in Chagas disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> After a mean follow-up of 5.4 years, the prevalence of cardiac fibrosis increased in almost all segments, more notably in the basal segments. There was an aggravation of cardiac fibrosis, as in four patients, fibrosis pattern changed from transmural to diffuse. This reinforces the progressive nature of the cardiac insult caused by Chagas disease.</p>
        <p>Our data demonstrated that myocardial fibrosis mass increases over time, which may be related to a slowly progressive fibrosing myopathy with changes in extracellular matrix that leads to cardiac remodeling and HF. In fact, enzymes involved in the extracellular matrix modulation (metalloproteinases [MMP] 2 and 9), present in the pathogenesis of several cardiovascular diseases,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> may have an important role in Chagas disease pathogenesis. Changes in the balance between MMP and their inhibitors activity may be important for cardiac remodeling.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> In <italic>T.cruzi</italic> infected mice, MMP-2/MMP-9 inhibitors treatment induced a decrease in myocardial inflammation and a survival increase.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B19">19</xref></sup> In patients with chronic Chagas disease, both MMP-2 and MMP-9 serum levels are higher in patients at the indeterminate and cardiac forms than controls.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B20">20</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref></sup> However, MMP-2 serum levels were higher in patients with the cardiac form than with the indeterminate form,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B21">21</xref> , <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> while MMP-9 serum levels were higher in patients with the indeterminate form than with the cardiac form.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B22">22</xref></sup> Therefore, a MMP-2/MMP-9 balance seems to be important for Chagas disease progression.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B23">23</xref></sup></p>
        <sec>
          <title>Limitations</title>
          <p>This study is limited by its retrospective design, a small convenience sample, and by the fact that the cardiac MRIs were performed in machines of different vendors and analyzed by different experts, without an assessment of interobserver variability. However, the interobserver agreement for cardiac fibrosis mass of the group that performed the first cardiac MRI was previously described as excellent.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup> In a previous study,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> the interobserver variability for the signal threshold versus reference myocardium (STRM)-based scar quantification technique, which we used to evaluate LV fibrosis, was -1.2% (95% CI -8.8 to 9.2%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B24">24</xref></sup> In our study, six patients had a decrease in LV fibrosis mass in % of LV mass, that ranged from 1.56 to 7.48%, all within the 95% CI described for the interobserver variability. On the other hand, from the 11 patients who presented an increase in LV fibrosis mass in % of LV mass, seven showed an increase above the 95% CI described for the interobserver variability. Three other patients had a difference less than one percent between exams. Therefore, all patients with a difference between exams above the test variability showed an increase in LV fibrosis mass and corresponded to 35% of the studied population. Therefore, we believe that our results were not biased by intra or inter-observer variability.</p>
          <p>Regarding exclusion of patients with previous coronary artery disease, a negative treadmill exercise test result does not exclude the possibility of complete occlusion of a coronary branch. However, patients denied previous clinical events compatible with acute coronary syndrome. Patients also did not undergo a second treadmill exercise test or coronary angiography before the second MRI to exclude coronary artery disease. However, no patient presented any clinical event compatible with coronary artery disease during the study follow-up.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusions</title>
        <p>In this retrospective study that included patients at an initial stage of CHD, myocardial fibrosis increased over time and LV fibrosis at baseline was associated with a decrease in LV systolic function. This important finding should be confirmed in prospective designed studies. Cardiac fibrosis must also be further studied as a prognostic index for Chagas disease progression and cardiovascular events.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This article is part of the doctoral thesis submitted by Jo&#227;o Bosco de Figueiredo Santos, from Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/Fiocruz.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the CEP lNl Fiocruz; CEP HUCFF UFRJ under the protocol numbers 3.146.237 and 11.186.956. All the procedures in this study were in accordance with the 1975 Helsinki Declaration, updated in 2013. Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in the study.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: This study was partially funded by CAPES</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
