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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">7bWP9MCdwMcZvPj4GcfLvcM</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401079</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210907</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210907</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Otimizando o Tratamento para o Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio, um Esfor&#231;o Cont&#237;nuo</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4675-6191</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corbal&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Ram&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Pontificia Universidad Catolica</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiovascular Division</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CH">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Catolica - Cardiovascular Division, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Universidad Catolica de Chile</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Divisi&#243;n Cardiovascular</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CH">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divisi&#243;n Cardiovascular, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Ram&#243;n Corbal&#225;n</bold> &#8226; Pontificia Univ Catolica - Cardiovascular Division - Marcoleta 367, Piso 8, Appt 301, Santiago, <postal-code>8330024</postal-code> - Chile. E-mail: <email>corbalan@med.puc.cl</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1079</fpage>
      <lpage>1080</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio</kwd>
        <kwd>Reperfus&#227;o Precoce</kwd>
        <kwd>Educa&#231;&#227;o e Treinamento</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="14"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>A reperfus&#227;o precoce com interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea prim&#225;ria (ICPP) ou tromb&#243;lise (TL) diminuiu a morbimortalidade por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) na Am&#233;rica Latina e no mundo. Diretrizes nacionais e internacionais recomendam a reperfus&#227;o, por qualquer um dos m&#233;todos, de acordo com a disponibilidade no centro m&#233;dico, para pacientes internados em at&#233; 12 horas desde o in&#237;cio dos sintomas de IAM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A ICPP tem se mostrado superior &#224; TL, principalmente quando realizada em um centro de atendimento especializado com infraestrutura, equipe e experi&#234;ncia necess&#225;rias para garantir bons resultados e minimizar complica&#231;&#245;es.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Entretanto, devido aos altos custos associados &#224; implementa&#231;&#227;o e desenvolvimento de programas de interven&#231;&#227;o cardiovascular, a disponibilidade de centros com a capacidade de realizar essa interven&#231;&#227;o varia por pa&#237;s e at&#233; mesmo por regi&#227;o dentro de um determinado pa&#237;s.</p>
    <p>Evid&#234;ncias internacionais tamb&#233;m indicam que a TL pr&#233;-hospitalar seguida de transfer&#234;ncia em tempo h&#225;bil para um hospital de maior complexidade para um estudo invasivo pode igualar ou at&#233; mesmo exceder os resultados obtidos com a ICPP.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Diante dos achados acima mencionados, alguns autores recomendam um estudo invasivo de rotina em pacientes trombolisados nas primeiras 24 horas ap&#243;s a reperfus&#227;o.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> A TL tem se mostrado particularmente eficaz se um trombol&#237;tico de &#250;ltima gera&#231;&#227;o for administrado em tempo h&#225;bil, ou seja, nas primeiras 2-4 horas ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio dos sintomas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Estudos recentes t&#234;m demonstrado os benef&#237;cios da implementa&#231;&#227;o de uma estrat&#233;gia f&#225;rmaco-invasiva, que &#233; a TL com Tenecteplase em doses ajustadas ao peso e idade, seguida da transfer&#234;ncia para um centro de ICP para realiza&#231;&#227;o de ICP de resgate ou eletiva, dependendo dos sinais de reperfus&#227;o positiva ou negativa.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> M&#233;dicos n&#227;o-especializados costumam preferir a transfer&#234;ncia para um centro de ICP, com grande demora, e consequente subutiliza&#231;&#227;o de trombol&#237;ticos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
    <p>A implementa&#231;&#227;o dessas estrat&#233;gias tem sido realizada com sucesso na Europa e nos EUA e, sempre que poss&#237;vel, na Am&#233;rica Latina, mas existem desigualdades persistentes em diferentes regi&#245;es. Grandes cidades, como S&#227;o Paulo, representam um desafio, principalmente nos hospitais p&#250;blicos, uma vez que a melhora no atendimento ao IM necessita de pol&#237;ticas p&#250;blicas adequadas. Em primeiro lugar, as pessoas devem ser educadas sobre como reconhecer os sintomas e a necessidade de atendimento imediato nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia. Deve ser seguido um diagn&#243;stico precoce feito pela equipe de sa&#250;de (m&#233;dicos e enfermeiros), apoio do tele-eletrocardiograma para acelerar o diagn&#243;stico e a implementa&#231;&#227;o da melhor terapia de reperfus&#227;o dispon&#237;vel em cada centro. Isso implica usar TL quando as chances de transfer&#234;ncia para um centro terci&#225;rio ir&#227;o atrasar o tempo para a reperfus&#227;o ideal.</p>
    <p>No estudo realizado por Machado et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> e publicado nesta edi&#231;&#227;o dos Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, os autores relatam sua experi&#234;ncia com o treinamento de m&#233;dicos e enfermeiros de servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia em cinco hospitais p&#250;blicos que apresentam altas taxas de mortalidade por IAM no in&#237;cio do estudo e comparam resultados com dados de hospitais com pessoal n&#227;o-treinado no seguimento de longo prazo. Os resultados obtidos s&#227;o bastante impressionantes, pois alcan&#231;am uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa da mortalidade nos centros treinados.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Certamente, essa &#233; uma iniciativa que deve continuar com o passar do tempo e estendida a outros hospitais. A rotatividade do pessoal de sa&#250;de nos servi&#231;os de emerg&#234;ncia representa um desafio adicional e, por isso, o treinamento deve ser continuado ao longo do tempo.</p>
    <p>Essa experi&#234;ncia contou com o apoio da Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo e da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Apoio adicional deve ser encontrado para agregar outras pol&#237;ticas, como educa&#231;&#227;o, tele-eletrocardiograma e a constru&#231;&#227;o de redes com centros terci&#225;rios.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Por &#250;ltimo, mas n&#227;o menos importante, seria conveniente que o tratamento do IM recebesse suporte das autoridades governamentais para facilitar a consulta no hospital dispon&#237;vel mais pr&#243;ximo. Essas pol&#237;ticas foram bem-sucedidas em outros pa&#237;ses, onde alcan&#231;aram uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa na mortalidade por IM.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: reinamento de N&#227;o-Cardiologistas pode Melhorar os Resultados do Tratamento de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supra de ST</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Optimizing Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction, a Continuous Effort</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0002-4675-6191</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Corbal&#225;n</surname>
            <given-names>Ram&#243;n</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CH">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Pontificia Universidad Catolica - Cardiovascular Division, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Santiago</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="CH">Chile</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Divisi&#243;n Cardiovascular, Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago &#8211; Chile</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Ram&#243;n Corbal&#225;n</bold> &#8226; Pontificia Univ Catolica - Cardiovascular Division - Marcoleta 367, Piso 8, Appt 301, Santiago, <postal-code>8330024</postal-code> - Chile. E-mail: <email>corbalan@med.puc.cl</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction</kwd>
        <kwd>Early Reperfusion</kwd>
        <kwd>Education and Training</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Early reperfusion with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) or thrombolysis (TL) has decreased the morbimortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Latin America and worldwide. National and international guidelines recommend reperfusion, using either method, according to its availability at the medical center, for patients admitted within 12 hours of AMI symptom onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup></p>
      <p>PPCI has been shown to be superior to TL, especially when performed at a specialized care center with the infrastructure, staff, and experience necessary to ensure good results and minimize complications.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref>-<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> However, because of the high costs associated with implementing and developing cardiovascular intervention programs, the availability of centers with the capacity to perform this intervention varies by country and even by region within a given country.</p>
      <p>International evidence also indicates that pre-hospital TL followed by timely transfer to a higher-complexity hospital for an invasive study can match or even exceed the results obtained with PPCI.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> Given the abovementioned findings, some authors recommend a routine invasive study of thrombolyzed patients within the first 24 hours after reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup> TL has been shown to be particularly effective if a latest-generation thrombolytic is administered in a timely fashion, that is, within the first 2-4 hours after symptom onset.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> Recent studies have shown the benefits of implementing a pharmacoinvasive strategy, that is TL with Tenecteplase at weight and age-adjusted doses, followed by transfer to a PCI center to perform rescue or elective PCI, depending on the signs of positive or negative reperfusion.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref>,<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Nonspecialized doctors usually prefer a transfer to a PCI center, with a long delay, and the consequent underuse of thrombolytics.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup></p>
      <p>The implementation of these strategies has been successfully performed in Europe and USA and whenever possible, in Latin America, but there are persistent inequities in different regions. Large cities, such as Sao Paulo, represent a challenge, particularly at public hospitals, since improving MI care needs adequate public policies. First, the people should be educated about how to recognize symptoms and the need for prompt care at the emergency services. This should be followed by an early diagnosis made by the health team (doctors and nurses), support of tele-electrocardiography to accelerate the diagnosis and the implementation of the best available reperfusion therapy at each center. This implies using TL when the chances for transfer to a tertiary center will delay the time for optimal reperfusion.</p>
      <p>In the study performed by Machado et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> and published in this issue of <italic>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</italic>, the authors report their experience with the training of doctors and nurses from emergency services in five public hospitals that exhibit high MI mortality rates at baseline, and compare results with data from hospitals with non-trained staff in the long-term follow up. The obtained results are quite impressive, since they achieve a significant reduction of mortality at the trained centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Certainly, this is an initiative that should be continued over time and extended to other hospitals. Rotation of health personnel in emergency services represent an additional challenge and, for that reason, the training should be continued over time.</p>
      <p>This experience was supported by the Society of Cardiology from the State of Sao Paulo and the Health Secretariat of Sao Paulo. Additional support should be found to add other policies such as education, tele-electrocardiography, and the building of networks with tertiary centers.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> Last, but not least, it would be convenient that treatment of acute MI could be supported by government authorities to facilitate consultation at the nearest available hospital. These policies have been successful in other countries, where they have achieved a significant reduction in MI mortality.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Training Non-Cardiologists Could Improve the Treatment Results of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
