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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">YwNRkXGdYsfPRVq7gpSGP4K</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="previous-pid" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021005013201</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401073</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20200180</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20200180</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Artigo Original</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Treinamento de N&#227;o-Cardiologistas pode Melhorar os Resultados do Tratamento de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supra de ST</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3051-1090</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Naide Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Amaury Zatorre</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5">
            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C&#233;lio Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6">
            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1">
        <label>1</label>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgdiv2">Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas</institution>
        <institution content-type="orgname">FMUSP</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2">
        <label>2</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3">
        <label>3</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Universidade Nove de Julho</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4">
        <label>4</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5">
        <label>5</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6">
        <label>6</label>
        <institution content-type="orgname">Secretaria de Gest&#227;o P&#250;blica</institution>
        <addr-line>
          <named-content content-type="city">S&#227;o Paulo</named-content>
          <named-content content-type="state">SP</named-content>
        </addr-line>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Gest&#227;o P&#250;blica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01"> Correspond&#234;ncia: Luiz Antonio Machado Cesar &#8226; InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44. CEP 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP &#8211; Brasil E-mail: <email>dcllucesar@incor.usp.br</email> </corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Contribui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
          <p>Concep&#231;&#227;o e desenho da pesquisa: Cesar LAM, Ramos RF, Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA, Amaral AZ, Moreno ACC; Obten&#231;&#227;o de dados: Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA, Amaral AZ, Moreno ACC; An&#225;lise e interpreta&#231;&#227;o dos dados e An&#225;lise estat&#237;stica: Cesar LAM, Mansur AP; Reda&#231;&#227;o do manuscrito: Cesar LAM; Revis&#227;o cr&#237;tica do manuscrito quanto ao conte&#250;do intelectual importante: Cesar LAM, Mansur AP, Ramos RF, Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA.</p>
          <p>Verificar a listagem de autores, pois est&#225; diferente no sistema e na declara&#231;&#227;o de contRibui&#231;&#227;o dos autores</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potencial conflito de interesse</p>
          <p>N&#227;o h&#225; conflito com o presente artigo</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>13</day>
        <month>08</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1073</fpage>
      <lpage>1078</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received">
          <day>07</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="rev-recd">
          <day>17</day>
          <month>11</month>
          <year>2020</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2021</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p> This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. </license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <abstract>
        <title>Resumo</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Fundamento</title>
          <p> De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, pa&#237;ses emergentes ter&#227;o um crescimento consider&#225;vel no n&#250;mero de ataques card&#237;acos e mortes relacionadas. Um dos principais problemas m&#233;dicos no Brasil &#233; a mortalidade causada por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST). A Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo nunca treinou n&#227;o-cardiologistas para atendimentos de emerg&#234;ncia. Os pacientes normalmente buscam ajuda em prontos-socorros, em vez de chamar a ambul&#226;ncia.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objetivo</title>
          <p> Nosso objetivo foi reduzir as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar causada por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio ao treinar profissionais da emerg&#234;ncia na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>M&#233;todos</title>
          <p> Utilizamos um programa de treinamento para as equipes de cinco hospitais com &gt; 100 pacientes internados com IAMCSST por ano, e pelo menos 15% de mortes hospitalares relacionadas ao IAMCSST. Realizamos treinamentos online, organizamos de dois a quatro eventos para at&#233; 400 participantes, fizemos folders e panfletos informativos. A an&#225;lise estat&#237;stica utilizou o teste para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas propor&#231;&#245;es, com p &lt;0,05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Resultados</title>
          <p> Quase 200 m&#233;dicos e 350 enfermeiros participaram de pelo menos um treinamento de maio de 2010 at&#233; dezembro de 2013. Inicialmente, muitos m&#233;dicos da emerg&#234;ncia n&#227;o reconheciam um infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio no eletrocardiograma, mas a tele-ecocardiografia &#233; usada em alguns departamentos da emerg&#234;ncia para determinar o diagn&#243;stico. A taxa de mortalidade nos cinco hospitais caiu de 25,6%, em 2009, para 18,2%, em 2010 (p=0,005). Depois da conclus&#227;o do per&#237;odo de treinamento, as mortes relacionadas ao IAMCSST em todos os hospitais p&#250;blicos de S&#227;o Paulo diminu&#237;ram de 14,31%, em 2009, para 11,25%, em 2014 (p&lt;0,0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
          <p> Mesmo programas simplificados de treinamento de pessoal da emerg&#234;ncia pode reduzir muito as taxas de morte por infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio em pa&#237;ses em desenvolvimento.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <kwd>S&#237;ndrome Coron&#225;ria Aguda</kwd>
        <kwd>Infarto do Mioc&#225;rdio/tratamento medicamentoso</kwd>
        <kwd>Capacita&#231;&#227;o</kwd>
        <kwd>Ensino</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiologia</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortalidade</kwd>
        <kwd>Servi&#231;os de Emerg&#234;ncia</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="4"/>
        <table-count count="6"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="18"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <sec sec-type="intro">
      <title>Introdu&#231;&#227;o</title>
      <p>Doen&#231;as cardiovasculares continuam sendo a principal causa de morte em muitos pa&#237;ses. De acordo com a Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de, pa&#237;ses emergentes apresentar&#227;o um grande crescimento no n&#250;mero de ataques card&#237;acos e, consequentemente, no n&#250;mero de mortes.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Em 2010, havia 200 milh&#245;es de habitantes no Brasil, e uma incid&#234;ncia estimada de 116 ataques card&#237;acos por 100.000 pessoas,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> em compara&#231;&#227;o a 294 por 100.000 nos Estados Unidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> O principal problema m&#233;dico no Brasil &#233; a mortalidade causada pelo infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST), o que j&#225; n&#227;o &#233; o caso em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> A maior cidade do Brasil, a regi&#227;o metropolitana de S&#227;o Paulo, tem aproximadamente 18 milh&#245;es de habitantes, a maioria dos quais depende do sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de da cidade. As autoridades p&#250;blicas estimam que &#8805; 70% da popula&#231;&#227;o utiliza esses servi&#231;os, desde a aten&#231;&#227;o prim&#225;ria at&#233; tratamentos especializados. A taxa de mortalidade hospitalar da cidade causada pelo IAMCSST em 2009 foi de 14,1%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> quase duas vezes a porcentagem encontrada em pa&#237;ses desenvolvidos. Naquela &#233;poca, o tratamento dispon&#237;vel para IAMCSST na maioria dos hospitais de S&#227;o Paulo era a terapia trombol&#237;tica com uso da estreptoquinase. Hoje, o sistema p&#250;blico de sa&#250;de tem 46 hospitais gerais, 139 unidades de emerg&#234;ncia para aten&#231;&#227;o b&#225;sica e 400 ambulat&#243;rios. Dos 46 hospitais gerais, somente seis podem realizar a interven&#231;&#227;o coron&#225;ria percut&#226;nea (ICP) prim&#225;ria, e n&#227;o h&#225; um sistema organizado para transferir pacientes para esses hospitais para realizar a ICP, nem para submeter os pacientes &#224; angiografia coron&#225;ria imediatamente ap&#243;s a tromb&#243;lise. A Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, que faz parte da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, pensou em aprimorar o cuidado dirigido a esses pacientes. A Sociedade tem treinado cardiologistas h&#225; muitos anos, mas os cardiologistas n&#227;o s&#227;o os profissionais que est&#227;o nos prontos-socorros; l&#225; ficam os m&#233;dicos internos e especialistas como ginecologistas e ortopedistas.</p>
      <p>Treinamentos, refor&#231;o dos treinamentos e revis&#227;o s&#227;o ferramentas importantes para qualquer atualiza&#231;&#227;o na &#225;rea m&#233;dica, mas talvez n&#227;o sejam necess&#225;rios para conte&#250;dos muito b&#225;sicos. Outras iniciativas semelhantes trouxeram resultados esclarecedores em outros pa&#237;ses.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Considerando a relativa simplicidade do diagn&#243;stico e do tratamento do IAMCSST, n&#227;o est&#225; claro se o treinamento b&#225;sico pode, de fato, reduzir as taxas de mortalidade. Dentre os hospitais p&#250;blicos de S&#227;o Paulo, somente aqueles com unidades especializadas de cardiologia podem realizar a ICP, e a mortalidade por IAMCSST &#233; aceit&#225;vel (6 a 7%) nesses hospitais. Alguns dos 24 hospitais que n&#227;o oferecem tratamentos na &#225;rea da cardiologia intervencionista tinham uma taxa de morte relacionada ao IAMCSST &gt;15% em 2009, de acordo com dados da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> A Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo treina cardiologistas, inclusive para o diagn&#243;stico e tratamento da IAMCSST, desde 1976, mas nunca treinou profissionais n&#227;o-cardiologistas que atuam na emerg&#234;ncia. Os moradores de S&#227;o Paulo n&#227;o costumam ligar para o 193 (similar ao 911, nos Estados Unidos) quando sentem dor aguda no peito; preferem ir ao pronto-socorro, unidades b&#225;sicas de sa&#250;de e hospitais gerais da cidade. Assim, nosso objetivo foi o de reduzir a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar relacionada ao IAMCSST oferecendo um programa de treinamento para os profissionais da emerg&#234;ncia (m&#233;dicos, enfermeiros e outros) na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="methods">
      <title>M&#233;todos</title>
      <p>Depois de tr&#234;s reuni&#245;es com os chefes de unidades de emerg&#234;ncia e departamentos de pronto-atendimento de hospitais, a Sociedade de Cardiologia, juntamente com a Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo e a Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, desenvolveram um programa de treinamento.</p>
      <p>N&#243;s pr&#233;-estabelecemos um primeiro objetivo: ensinar os profissionais dos cinco hospitais que tiveram mais de 100 pacientes com IAMCSST em um ano e taxa de mortalidade hospitalar relacionada ao IAMCSST &#8805;15%. Para esses cinco hospitais, realizamos treinamentos presenciais aos s&#225;bados. Durante os encontros, observamos que muitos participantes tinham medo de iniciar a terapia trombol&#237;tica.</p>
      <p>Al&#233;m do treinamento presencial, usamos ferramentas virtuais para os treinamentos online, fizemos reuni&#245;es de atualiza&#231;&#227;o, como os simp&#243;sios para at&#233; 400 participantes de duas a quatro vezes por ano, criamos informativos virtuais e panfletos. As reuni&#245;es presenciais e os simp&#243;sios inclu&#237;ram um programa de treinamento de quatro horas, com tr&#234;s semin&#225;rios abordando o diagn&#243;stico diferencial de dor no peito, dor tor&#225;cica e diagn&#243;stico e tratamento do infarto agudo do mioc&#225;rdio (IAM) no departamento de emerg&#234;ncia. Depois de cada treinamento, havia uma sess&#227;o de perguntas e respostas. M&#233;dicos, enfermeiros e outros profissionais da emerg&#234;ncia foram convidados a participar.</p>
      <p>O principal objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento nas taxas de mortalidade hospitalar relacionadas ao IAMCSST. Durante os tr&#234;s anos, a estreptoquinase foi substitu&#237;da pela tenecteplase em alguns hospitais. Depois do tratamento com trombol&#237;ticos, aspirina, clopidogrel e enoxaparina, os pacientes foram transferidos para um hospital terci&#225;rio capaz de fornecer tratamentos de cardiologia intervencionista e cirurgia. A incid&#234;ncia de IAM e sua taxa de mortalidade associada foi atualizada a cada semestre pela Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo. Esta informa&#231;&#227;o veio de hospitais p&#250;blicos, que preencheram formul&#225;rios sobre interna&#231;&#227;o, alta e taxas de mortalidade hospitalar.</p>
      <p>Para avaliar a influ&#234;ncia tanto do programa de treinamento como da estrat&#233;gia da tecnecteplase seguida de transfer&#234;ncia para um hospital de refer&#234;ncia nas taxas de mortalidade, monitoramos especificamente um hospital que introduziu a tecnecteplase e avaliou as taxas de mortalidade quatro meses ap&#243;s o treinamento; depois, avaliou o in&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia da tecnecteplase ao longo dos anos, depois de 2013 at&#233; 2015. Al&#233;m disso, avaliamos os mesmos dados de outros cinco hospitais com taxa de mortalidade associada ao IAMCSST &#8805;15% como controle. Um Conselho de &#201;tica Institucional aprovou o estudo, cujos dados foram coletados da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, Brasil.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>An&#225;lise Estat&#237;stica</title>
        <p>Obtivemos os dados para este estudo da Secretaria de Sa&#250;de da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo. A base de dados continha informa&#231;&#245;es de cada unidade de sa&#250;de onde um paciente tenha sido admitido, gerando uma autoriza&#231;&#227;o para interna&#231;&#227;o. Utilizamos o n&#250;mero de mortes (N) e as taxas de mortalidade (%) para realizar o teste para compara&#231;&#227;o de duas propor&#231;&#245;es, usando o software Primer of Biostatistics <sup>&#174;</sup>, vers&#227;o 4.02.9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> Valor de p foi considerado significativo quando &lt; 0,05.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="results">
      <title>Resultados</title>
      <p>Oferecemos treinamento presencial para profissionais da emerg&#234;ncia de cinco hospitais, e estendemos o treinamento a tr&#234;s outros hospitais em 2010. Os mesmos participantes passaram por treinamento de reciclagem virtuais e simp&#243;sios de atualiza&#231;&#227;o. Doze unidades de emerg&#234;ncia tamb&#233;m treinaram suas equipes. Muitos outros hospitais treinaram seu pessoal de emerg&#234;ncia e terapia intensiva de 2011 a 2013. No total, aproximadamente 200 m&#233;dicos e 350 enfermeiros participaram de pelo menos uma sess&#227;o de treinamento de maio de 2010 at&#233; dezembro de 2013. Observamos que muitos m&#233;dicos da emerg&#234;ncia n&#227;o conseguiram identificar um IAM no eletrocardiograma. Quase 50 departamentos de emerg&#234;ncia usaram a tele-eletrocardiografia, que causa um atraso de cinco minutos no diagn&#243;stico. Mesmo naqueles departamentos, a equipe de emerg&#234;ncia costumava ter medo de iniciar a terapia trombol&#237;tica. As taxas de mortalidade associadas ao IAMCSST nos cinco hospitais pr&#233;-determinados (numerados de 1.a 5), com treinamento presencial, reduziram suas taxas de 25,9%, em 2009, para 18,3%, em 2010, com diferen&#231;a significativa (p &lt; 0,001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1">Tabela 1</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ). Os cinco hospitais que n&#227;o passaram por treinamento (numerados de 1 a 6) n&#227;o mostraram diferen&#231;as nas taxas de mortalidade associadas ao IAMCSST: de 17,8%, em 2009, a 21,2%, em 2010 (p=0,138) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2">Tabela 2</xref> e <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02">Figura 2</xref> ). Ap&#243;s a conclus&#227;o do per&#237;odo de treinamento, as taxas de mortalidade associadas ao IAMCSST em todos os hospitais p&#250;blicos de S&#227;o Paulo ca&#237;ram de 14,31%, em 2009 (julho a dezembro), para 11,25% em 2013 (janeiro a julho) (p &lt; 0,0001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3">Tabela 3</xref> ).</p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t1">
          <label>Tabela 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia, n&#250;mero de mortes e taxa de mortalidade de 2008-09 a 2010 em cinco hospitais com treinamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#250;mero de Mortes (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa de mortalidade (%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Hospital</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">127</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">17</td>
                <td align="center">23,2</td>
                <td align="center">13,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">121</td>
                <td align="center">138</td>
                <td align="center">26</td>
                <td align="center">25</td>
                <td align="center">21,5</td>
                <td align="center">18,1</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">142</td>
                <td align="center">157</td>
                <td align="center">42</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">29,6</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">185</td>
                <td align="center">189</td>
                <td align="center">50</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">27,0</td>
                <td align="center">14,8</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">165</td>
                <td align="center">174</td>
                <td align="center">44</td>
                <td align="center">46</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
                <td align="center">26,4</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">725</td>
                <td align="center">785</td>
                <td align="center">188</td>
                <td align="center">144</td>
                <td align="center">25,9</td>
                <td align="center">18,3</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f01">
          <label>Figura 1</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Taxa de mortalidade (%) nos primeiros cinco hospitais que participaram do programa de treinamento. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre 2008-2009 e 2010 (valor de p para compara&#231;&#227;o). Colunas: cinza escuro=antes; e cinza claro: p&#243;s-treinamento. Os n&#250;meros acima das colunas mostram a exata porcentagem da taxa de morte em cada hospital.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1073-00180-gf01.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t2">
          <label>Tabela 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia, n&#250;mero de mortes e taxa de mortalidade de 2008-09 a 2010 em cinco hospitais com treinamento</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#250;mero de Mortes (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa de Mortalidade (%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Hospital</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2008-09</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>1</td>
                <td align="center">112</td>
                <td align="center">151</td>
                <td align="center">19</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">13,9</td>
                <td align="center">19,9</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>2</td>
                <td align="center">214</td>
                <td align="center">172</td>
                <td align="center">34</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">15,9</td>
                <td align="center">16,3</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>3</td>
                <td align="center">107</td>
                <td align="center">147</td>
                <td align="center">28</td>
                <td align="center">48</td>
                <td align="center">26,2</td>
                <td align="center">32,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>4</td>
                <td align="center">73</td>
                <td align="center">86</td>
                <td align="center">16</td>
                <td align="center">23</td>
                <td align="center">21,9</td>
                <td align="center">26,7</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>5</td>
                <td align="center">198</td>
                <td align="center">194</td>
                <td align="center">33</td>
                <td align="center">30</td>
                <td align="center">16,7</td>
                <td align="center">15,5</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">729</td>
                <td align="center">750</td>
                <td align="center">130</td>
                <td align="center">159</td>
                <td align="center">17,8</td>
                <td align="center">21,2</td>
                <td align="center">0,138</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>
        <fig id="f02">
          <label>Figura 2</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; <italic>Taxa de mortalidade (%) nos cinco hospitais que n&#227;o receberam o treinamento. Compara&#231;&#227;o entre 2008-2009 e 2010 (valor de p para compara&#231;&#227;o). Colunas: cinza escuro=antes; e cinza claro: p&#243;s. Os n&#250;meros acima das colunas mostram a exata porcentagem da taxa de morte em cada hospital.</italic></title>
          </caption>
          <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1073-00180-gf02.tif"/></fig>
      </p>
      <p>
        <table-wrap id="t3">
          <label>Tabela 3</label>
          <caption>
            <title>&#8211; Frequ&#234;ncia, n&#250;mero de mortes e taxa de mortalidade de 2010 a 2013 em todas as unidades de sa&#250;de da cidade de S&#227;o Paulo</title>
          </caption>
          <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
            <colgroup>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
              <col/>
            </colgroup>
            <thead>
              <tr>
                <th align="left">Faixa et&#225;ria (anos)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Frequ&#234;ncia (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">N&#250;mero de Mortes (N)</th>
                <th colspan="2">Taxa de Mortalidade (%)</th>
                <th>Valor de p</th>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2013</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2013</th>
                <th>2010</th>
                <th>2013</th>
                <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
              </tr>
            </thead>
            <tbody>
              <tr>
                <td>at&#233; 39</td>
                <td align="center">290</td>
                <td align="center">275</td>
                <td align="center">20</td>
                <td align="center">21</td>
                <td align="center">6,9</td>
                <td align="center">7,64</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>40-49</td>
                <td align="center">909</td>
                <td align="center">1.046</td>
                <td align="center">70</td>
                <td align="center">56</td>
                <td align="center">7,70</td>
                <td align="center">5,35</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>50-59</td>
                <td align="center">1.955</td>
                <td align="center">2.252</td>
                <td align="center">183</td>
                <td align="center">141</td>
                <td align="center">9,36</td>
                <td align="center">6,26</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>60-69</td>
                <td align="center">1.900</td>
                <td align="center">2.297</td>
                <td align="center">229</td>
                <td align="center">231</td>
                <td align="center">12,05</td>
                <td align="center">10,06</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>70-79</td>
                <td align="center">1.384</td>
                <td align="center">1.436</td>
                <td align="center">280</td>
                <td align="center">235</td>
                <td align="center">20,23</td>
                <td align="center">16,36</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>80+</td>
                <td align="center">705</td>
                <td align="center">738</td>
                <td align="center">240</td>
                <td align="center">221</td>
                <td align="center">34,04</td>
                <td align="center">29,95</td>
                <td> </td>
              </tr>
              <tr>
                <td>Total</td>
                <td align="center">7.143</td>
                <td align="center">8.044</td>
                <td align="center">1.022</td>
                <td align="center">905</td>
                <td align="center">14,31</td>
                <td align="center">11,25</td>
                <td align="center">&lt; 0,0001</td>
              </tr>
            </tbody>
          </table>
        </table-wrap>
      </p>
      <p>No per&#237;odo dos tr&#234;s anos, o n&#250;mero de infartos do mioc&#225;rdio diagnosticados aumentou em 12,61%. Por&#233;m, o n&#250;mero de mortes caiu em 177, uma redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 3,06%, e uma redu&#231;&#227;o de risco relativo de 21,39%.</p>
      <p>Dados do hospital monitorado mostram que: este hospital (n&#250;mero 1 da <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">Figura 1</xref> ) tinha taxa de mortalidade de 23,7% antes do treinamento, e at&#233; tinha estreptoquinase n&#227;o utilizada. Quatro meses depois do in&#237;cio do treinamento, as taxas de mortalidade ca&#237;ram para 13,9%. Depois do programa educacional, a administra&#231;&#227;o da tenecteplase foi iniciada nos hospitais treinados, e as taxas de mortalidade passaram a cair progressivamente, atingindo 6,7% neste hospital monitorado em 2015.</p>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="discussion">
      <title>Discuss&#227;o</title>
      <p>Embora as taxas de mortalidade reduzidas observadas ap&#243;s o treinamento possam ter sido influenciadas por outros fatores, como mudan&#231;as clim&#225;ticas ou a vacina&#231;&#227;o contra o v&#237;rus influenza, sentimos que n&#227;o &#233; o caso. A temperatura m&#233;dia foi maior em 2013 do que em 2010, principalmente no inverno (6% maior).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> Anteriormente, t&#237;nhamos encontrado uma influ&#234;ncia da temperatura no n&#250;mero de mortes associadas ao IAM na cidade de S&#227;o Paulo, mostrando maior associa&#231;&#227;o entre temperaturas mais baixas e maiores taxas de mortalidade. Em compara&#231;&#227;o a uma temperatura m&#233;dia em 24 horas de 22,6&#176;C, uma m&#233;dia de 13,7&#176;C aumentou o n&#250;mero de mortes em 32,8%. Por outro lado, observamos um aumento de 11,8% nas taxas de mortalidade quando a temperatura subiu de 21,6-22,6&#176;C a 23,8-27,3&#176;C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> A temperatura em S&#227;o Paulo aumentou 6% em 2013, em compara&#231;&#227;o a 2010, e isso n&#227;o pode explicar a redu&#231;&#227;o nas taxas de mortalidade observadas neste estudo, j&#225; que um aumento ficou mais evidente no ver&#227;o &#8211; o que deveria fazer subir &#8211; e n&#227;o cair &#8211; o n&#250;mero de mortes de acordo com nossos dados. Na verdade, houve um aumento pequeno no n&#250;mero de casos de IAM em 2014,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> mas com menores taxas de mortalidade. Al&#233;m disso, o n&#237;vel de umidade foi muito similar nesses dois per&#237;odos, ent&#227;o as diferen&#231;as relacionadas a este fator podem n&#227;o ter influenciado a redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade. Outro fator que pode ter impactado os resultados &#233; a vacina contra a influenza; por&#233;m, ela est&#225; dispon&#237;vel desde 1998, e as taxas de vacina&#231;&#227;o t&#234;m sido est&#225;veis, &gt;70%, desde 2000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Assim, a redu&#231;&#227;o esperada de casos de IAM devido &#224; vacina&#231;&#227;o j&#225; teria ocorrido de 1996 a 2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> O outro fator de confus&#227;o seria um aumento no n&#250;mero de procedimentos de angioplastia prim&#225;ria realizados em S&#227;o Paulo de 2010 a 2013, mas este n&#227;o &#233; o caso, de acordo com o Registro Nacional de Interven&#231;&#245;es<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> em hospitais p&#250;blicos. Na verdade, o oposto foi verdadeiro, porque o n&#250;mero de procedimentos de angioplastia prim&#225;ria caiu de 503, em 2010, para 185, em 2013. Com base em todos esses dados, acreditamos que a extrema redu&#231;&#227;o das taxas de mortalidade observada neste estudo se deve ao programa de treinamento, que come&#231;ou em maio de 2010.</p>
      <p>A porcentagem de mortes causada por IAM ficou est&#225;vel de 2002 a 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Este n&#250;mero foi muito alto (14%) em compara&#231;&#227;o com dados dos Estados Unidos (5,9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> O aumento absoluto no n&#250;mero de casos de IAM de 2010 a 2013 est&#225; de acordo com as proje&#231;&#245;es da Organiza&#231;&#227;o Mundial da Sa&#250;de,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> e deve crescer ainda mais nos pr&#243;ximos vinte anos. Neste estudo, o treinamento b&#225;sico para equipes de emerg&#234;ncia gerou uma redu&#231;&#227;o significativa no n&#250;mero de mortes causadas por IAM (1.022 vs 905), com redu&#231;&#227;o absoluta de 3,06%. Na verdade, o programa abordou duas grandes quest&#245;es no programa de treinamento: dificuldade de interpretar um eletrocardiograma; e medo de prescrever a terapia trombol&#237;tica devido &#224; possibilidade de sangramento cerebral. Sabemos que esses resultados devem ser mantidos, e consideramos que isso s&#243; ser&#225; poss&#237;vel com um programa de treinamento cont&#237;nuo direcionado a equipes da emerg&#234;ncia. Reconhecemos a possibilidade de que a estrat&#233;gia de tratar o IAM com tenecteplase, seguida da transfer&#234;ncia para um hospital de refer&#234;ncia, possa ter contribu&#237;do com a redu&#231;&#227;o observada nas taxas de mortalidade. Por&#233;m, como t&#237;nhamos pr&#233;-estabelecido o monitoramento em um hospital, foi poss&#237;vel observar uma redu&#231;&#227;o de mortalidade impressionante: de 23,7% para 13,9%, at&#233; antes do in&#237;cio da estrat&#233;gia com tenecteplase e apenas quatro meses ap&#243;s o in&#237;cio do treinamento. Os hospitais que n&#227;o tiveram o treinamento n&#227;o demostraram diferen&#231;as neste per&#237;odo, e alguns deles apresentaram maiores taxas de mortalidade. Infelizmente, as taxas de mortalidade continuam a crescer entre pacientes com IAMCSST em nossa cidade, e os esfor&#231;os para mudar este cen&#225;rio deveriam considerar a estrat&#233;gia de treinar equipes de emerg&#234;ncia e apoi&#225;-los por meio da tele-ecocardiografia e da telemedicina.</p>
      <sec>
        <title>Limita&#231;&#245;es do estudo</title>
        <p>O estudo teve algumas limita&#231;&#245;es. N&#227;o foi poss&#237;vel obter todos os dados que gostar&#237;amos, como n&#250;mero exato de profissionais treinados, n&#250;mero de profissionais que refizeram o treinamento, o in&#237;cio dos sintomas, os tempos de entrada do paciente e porta-bal&#227;o, assim como tempo de porta-tromb&#243;lise. Os dados s&#227;o de alguns anos atr&#225;s, mas hoje em dia hospitais p&#250;blicos que s&#227;o similares a este do estudo ainda n&#227;o possuem uma rotina de realiar a tromb&#243;lise ou de imediatamente transferir esses pacientes para hospitais com capacidade de ICP.</p>
      </sec>
    </sec>
    <sec sec-type="conclusions">
      <title>Conclus&#227;o</title>
      <p>Conclu&#237;mos que o treinamento de equipes de emerg&#234;ncia reduziu de forma significativa as taxas de mortalidade e morbidade hospitalar causadas por IAM. A estrat&#233;gia de implementar treinamento e reciclagem no treinamento de pessoal nos hospitais p&#250;blicos pode salvar vidas.</p>
    </sec>
  </body>
  <back>
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    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Vincula&#231;&#227;o acad&#234;mica</p>
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      </fn>
      <fn fn-type="other">
        <p>Aprova&#231;&#227;o &#233;tica e consentimento informado</p>
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      </fn>
    </fn-group>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="supported-by">
        <p>Fontes de financiamento: O presente estudo n&#227;o teve fontes de financiamento externas.</p>
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      <fn fn-type="other">
        <label>Errata</label>
        <p>
          <bold>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0</bold>
        </p>
        <p>No Artigo Original &#8220;Treinamento de N&#227;o-Cardiologistas pode Melhorar os Resultados do Tratamento de Infarto Agudo do Mioc&#225;rdio com Supra de ST&#8221;, com n&#250;mero de DOI: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200180">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200180</ext-link> , publicado em ahead of print no per&#237;odo Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0, incluir os autores Bruno Mahler Mioto e Pedro Silvio Farsky e suas respectivas institui&#231;&#245;es: InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil e Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil. O autor Bruno Mahler Mioto inserir ap&#243;s o autor Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira e o autor Pedro Silvio Farsky inserir ap&#243;s a autora Naide Aparecida de Oliveira.</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="TRen" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Original Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Training Non-Cardiologists Could Improve the Treatment Results of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-4436-1791</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Cesar</surname>
            <given-names>Luiz Antonio Machado</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0003-3051-1090</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Mansur</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio Padua</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ramos</surname>
            <given-names>Rui Fernando</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2001">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Magalh&#227;es</surname>
            <given-names>Carlos</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3001">
            <sup>3</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Ferreira</surname>
            <given-names>Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1001">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Mioto</surname>
            <given-names>Bruno Mahler</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Oliveira</surname>
            <given-names>Naide Aparecida de</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4001">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Farsky</surname>
            <given-names>Pedro Silvio</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>4</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Amaral</surname>
            <given-names>Amaury Zatorre</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>5</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name>
            <surname>Moreno</surname>
            <given-names>Antonio C&#233;lio Camargo</given-names>
          </name>
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            <sup>6</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff id="aff1001">
        <label>1</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff2001">
        <label>2</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff3001">
        <label>3</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Universidade Nove de Julho, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff4001">
        <label>4</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff5001">
        <label>5</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria Municipal da Sa&#250;de, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <aff id="aff6001">
        <label>6</label>
        <country country="BR">Brasil</country>
        <institution content-type="original">Secretaria de Gest&#227;o P&#250;blica, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brasil</institution>
      </aff>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c01001">Mailing Address: Luiz Antonio Machado Cesar &#8226; InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP - Av. Dr. En&#233;as Carvalho Aguiar, 44. Postal Code 05403-000, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil E-mail: dcllucesar@incor.usp.br</corresp>
        <fn fn-type="con">
          <p>Author Contributions</p>
          <p>Conception and design of the research: Cesar LAM, Ramos RF, Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA, Amaral AZ, Moreno ACC; Acquisition of data: Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA, Amaral AZ, Moreno ACC; Analysis and interpretation of the data and Statistical analysis: Cesar LAM, Mansur AP; Writing of the manuscript: Cesar LAM; Critical revision of the manuscript for intellectual content: Cesar LAM, Mansur AP, Ramos RF, Magalh&#227;es C, Ferreira JFM, Oliveira NA</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="conflict">
          <p>Potential Conflict of Interest</p>
          <p>No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.</p>
        </fn>
      </author-notes>
      <abstract>
        <title>Abstract</title>
        <sec>
          <title>Background</title>
          <p>According to the World Health Organization, emerging countries will have an enormous growth in the number of heart attacks and related deaths. The main medical issue in Brazil is mortality caused by acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The Society of Cardiology in the State of S&#227;o Paulo has never trained non-cardiologists as emergency personnel. Patients usually seek help from emergency departments instead of calling for an ambulance.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Objectives</title>
          <p>We aimed at reducing in-hospital death rates from acute myocardial infarction by training emergency personnel in the city of Sao Paulo.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Methods</title>
          <p>We used a training program for the personnel of five hospitals with &gt;100 patients admitted with STEMI per year, and at least 15% in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rate. We performed internet training, biannual-quarterly symposia for up to 400 participants, informative folders and handouts. Statistical analysis used the two proportion comparison test with p &lt;0.05.</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Results</title>
          <p>Nearly 200 physicians and 350 nurses attended at least one training from May 2010 to December 2013. Initially, many emergency physicians could not recognize an acute myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram, but tele-electrocardiography is used in some emergency departments to determine the diagnosis. The death rate in the five hospitals decreased from 25.6%, in 2009, to 18.2%, in 2010 (p=0.005). After the entire period of training, the STEMI-associated death rate in all public hospitals of S&#227;o Paulo decreased from 14.31%, in 2009, to 11.25%, in 2014 (p&lt;0.0001).</p>
        </sec>
        <sec>
          <title>Conclusion</title>
          <p>Even simple training programs for emergency personnel can greatly reduce acute myocardial infarction death rates in undeveloped countries.</p>
        </sec>
      </abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>Acute Coronary,Syndrome</kwd>
        <kwd>Myocardial Infarction/drug therapy</kwd>
        <kwd>Training</kwd>
        <kwd>Epidemiology</kwd>
        <kwd>Mortality</kwd>
        <kwd>Emergency Services</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <sec sec-type="intro">
        <title>Introduction</title>
        <p>Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of death in many countries. According to the World Health Organization, emerging countries will present an enormous growth in the number of heart attacks and, consequently, in the number of deaths.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> In 2010, Brazil, which had 200 million inhabitants, had an estimated incidence of 116 heart attacks per 100,000 people,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> compared to 294 per 100,000 in the United States.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> The main medical issue in Brazil is mortality caused by ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), which is no longer the case for developed countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup> The biggest city in Brazil, the S&#227;o Paulo metropolitan area, has nearly 18 million inhabitants, most of whom depend on the city&#8217;s public health system. Public authorities estimate that &#8805;70% of the population uses public health services, from primary care to specialized treatments. The city&#8217;s in-hospital mortality rate due to STEMI in 2009 was 14.1%,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> nearly twice as much as the percentage in developed countries. At that time, the available treatment for STEMI in most of the hospitals in S&#227;o Paulo was thrombolytic therapy with streptokinase. Currently, the public health system has 46 general hospitals, 139 emergency units for basic emergency care, and 400 ambulatory units. Out of the 46 general hospitals, only 6 can provide primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), and there is no organized system to transfer patients to these hospitals for PCI nor to submit patients to coronary angiography immediately after thrombolysis. The Society of Cardiology in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, which is part of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology, thought to improve the care addressed to these patients. The Society has trained cardiologists for many years, but cardiologists are not in the emergency rooms; instead, internal medicine physicians and specialists such as gynecologists and orthopedists compose the staff of the emergency units.</p>
        <p>Training, retraining, and revising are important tools for any medical update, but this may not be necessary for very basic training. Many similar initiatives have brought clear results in other countries.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref> - <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup> Even considering the relative simplicity of diagnosing and treating STEMI, it is uncertain whether or not basic training can substantially reduce mortality rates. In the public hospitals of S&#227;o Paulo, only those with specialized cardiology units can provide PCI, and STEMI-associated mortality is acceptable (6 to 7%) in these hospitals. Some of the 24 hospitals unable to provide interventional cardiology treatment had a &gt;15% STEMI-associated death rate in 2009, according to data from the Health Secretariat of the State of S&#227;o Paulo.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The Society of Cardiology in the State of S&#227;o Paulo has trained cardiologists, including for the diagnosis and treatment of STEMI, since 1976, but has never trained non-cardiologist emergency personnel. The residents of S&#227;o Paulo do not usually call 193 (similar to 911 in the United States) for acute chest pain, but instead go to emergency rooms, basic health units, and general hospitals in the city. Therefore, we aimed at reducing in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rates by providing a training program to emergency personnel (physicians, nurses and other staff) in the city of S&#227;o Paulo.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="methods">
        <title>Methods</title>
        <p>After three meetings with the heads of emergency units and hospital emergency departments, the Society of Cardiology, together with the Secretariat of Health in the State of S&#227;o Paulo and the Secretariat of Health in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, designed a training program.</p>
        <p>We pre-determined a first target: to teach personnel in the five hospitals with more than 100 STEMI patients per year and &#8805;15% in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rate. For these five hospitals, we performed on-site training on Saturdays. During the meetings, we observed that many participants feared starting thrombolytic therapy.</p>
        <p>Besides on-site training, we used internet tools for online training, had update meetings, such as symposia for up to 400 participants 2-4 times each year, created informative online folders and handouts. On-site meetings and the symposia included a four-hour training program with three seminars discussing differential diagnosis of chest pain, thoracic pain, and diagnosis and treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the emergency department. After each training, a Q&amp;A session was held. Physicians, nurses and other emergency personnel were invited.</p>
        <p>The main goal was to evaluate the effects of the training on in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rates. During this three-year period, streptokinase was replaced with tenecteplase in some hospitals. After treatment with the thrombolytic, aspirin, clopidogrel, and enoxaparin, patients were transferred to a tertiary hospital capable of providing interventional cardiology treatment and surgery. The incidence of AMI and associated death rate was updated every semester by the Secretariat of Health in the State of S&#227;o Paulo. This information came from public hospitals, which filled out forms including admission, discharge and in-hospital mortality rates.</p>
        <p>To evaluate the influence of both the training program and the strategy of tecnecteplase followed by transfer to a reference hospital on mortality rates, we specifically monitored one hospital in which tecnecteplase was introduced and evaluated mortality rates after four months of training, and then after the onset of the tenecteplase strategy along the years, after 2013 until 2015. Besides, we took the same data from five other hospitals with &#8805;15% in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rate as a control. An Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study, whose data was collected from the Secretariat of Health in the State of S&#227;o Paulo, Brazil.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Statistical Analysis</title>
          <p>For this study, we obtained data from the Secretariat of Health in the city of S&#227;o Paulo. The database contained data from each health unit where a patient had been admitted by generating an authorization for hospitalization. We used number of deaths (N) and mortality rates (%) to perform the two proportion comparison test, using the statistic software Primer of Biostatistics<sup>&#174;</sup>, version 4.02.9.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B14">14</xref></sup> P-value was significant when &lt; 0.05.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="results">
        <title>Results</title>
        <p>We provided on-site training to the emergency personnel in five hospitals and extended the training to three other hospitals in 2010. The same participants were retrained in online meetings and update symposia. Twelve emergency units also trained their staff. Many other hospitals trained their emergency and intensive care unit personnel from 2011 to 2013. In total, nearly 200 physicians and 350 nurses attended at least one training session from May, 2010, to December, 2013. We observed that many emergency physicians were unable to identify an AMI on the electrocardiogram. Nearly 50 emergency departments used tele-electrocardiography, causing a five-minute delay in diagnosis. Even in those departments, the emergency staff often feared starting thrombolytic therapy. The STEMI-associated death rates in the five pre-determined hospitals (numbered from 1 to 5) with on-site training reduced their rates from 25.9%, in 2009, to 18.3%, in 2010, with significant difference (p &lt; 0.001) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t1001">Table 1</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ). The five non-trained hospitals (numbered from 6 to 10) did not show differences in STEMI-associated death rates: from 17.8%, in 2009, to 21.2%, in 2010 (p=0.138) ( <xref ref-type="table" rid="t2001">Table 2</xref> and <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f02001">Figure 2</xref> ). After the entire training period, the in-hospital STEMI-associated death rates in all the public hospitals of S&#227;o Paulo decreased from 14.31%, in 2009 (July-December), to 11.25%, in 2013 (January-July) (p &lt; 0.0001, <xref ref-type="table" rid="t3001">Table 3</xref> ).</p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t1001">
            <label>Table 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequency, number of deaths and mortality rate from 2008-09 to 2010 in the five trained hospitals</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Frequency (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Number of Deaths (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortality rate (%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Hospital</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">112</td>
                  <td align="center">127</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">17</td>
                  <td align="center">23.2</td>
                  <td align="center">13.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">121</td>
                  <td align="center">138</td>
                  <td align="center">26</td>
                  <td align="center">25</td>
                  <td align="center">21.5</td>
                  <td align="center">18.1</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">142</td>
                  <td align="center">157</td>
                  <td align="center">42</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">29.6</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">185</td>
                  <td align="center">189</td>
                  <td align="center">50</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">27.0</td>
                  <td align="center">14.8</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">165</td>
                  <td align="center">174</td>
                  <td align="center">44</td>
                  <td align="center">46</td>
                  <td align="center">26.7</td>
                  <td align="center">26.4</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">725</td>
                  <td align="center">785</td>
                  <td align="center">188</td>
                  <td align="center">144</td>
                  <td align="center">25.9</td>
                  <td align="center">18.3</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f01001">
            <label>Figure 1</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mortality rate (%) in the first five hospitals attending the first training program. Comparison between 2008-2009 and 2010 (p-value for comparison). Columns: gray= before; and dash= after training. The numbers on the columns show the exact percentage death rate in each hospital.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1073-00180-gf01-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t2001">
            <label>Table 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequency, number of deaths and mortality rate from 2008-09 to 2010 in the five trained hospitals</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th colspan="2">Frequency (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Number of Deaths (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortality rate (%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal">Hospital</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2008-09</th>
                  <th style="font-weight:normal">2010</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>1</td>
                  <td align="center">112</td>
                  <td align="center">151</td>
                  <td align="center">19</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">13.9</td>
                  <td align="center">19.9</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>2</td>
                  <td align="center">214</td>
                  <td align="center">172</td>
                  <td align="center">34</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">15.9</td>
                  <td align="center">16.3</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>3</td>
                  <td align="center">107</td>
                  <td align="center">147</td>
                  <td align="center">28</td>
                  <td align="center">48</td>
                  <td align="center">26.2</td>
                  <td align="center">32.7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>4</td>
                  <td align="center">73</td>
                  <td align="center">86</td>
                  <td align="center">16</td>
                  <td align="center">23</td>
                  <td align="center">21.9</td>
                  <td align="center">26,7</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>5</td>
                  <td align="center">198</td>
                  <td align="center">194</td>
                  <td align="center">33</td>
                  <td align="center">30</td>
                  <td align="center">16.7</td>
                  <td align="center">15.5</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">729</td>
                  <td align="center">750</td>
                  <td align="center">130</td>
                  <td align="center">159</td>
                  <td align="center">17.8</td>
                  <td align="center">21.2</td>
                  <td align="center">0.138</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>
          <fig id="f02001">
            <label>Figure 2</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Mortality rate (%) in the five hospitals that did not receive the training program. Comparison between 2008-2009 and 2010 (p-value for comparison). Columns: gray= before; and dash= after. The number on the columns show the exact percentage death rate in each hospital.</title>
            </caption>
            <graphic xlink:href="1678-4170-abc-117-06-1073-00180-gf02-en.tif"/></fig>
        </p>
        <p>
          <table-wrap id="t3001">
            <label>Table 3</label>
            <caption>
              <title>&#8211; Frequency, number of deaths and mortality rate from 2010 to 2013 in all health units in the city of S&#227;o Paulo</title>
            </caption>
            <table frame="hsides" rules="groups">
              <colgroup>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
                <col/>
              </colgroup>
              <thead>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left">Age range (years)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Frequency (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Number of Deaths (N)</th>
                  <th colspan="2">Mortality rate (%)</th>
                  <th>p-value</th>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                  <th>2010</th>
                  <th>2013</th>
                  <th>2010</th>
                  <th>2013</th>
                  <th>2010</th>
                  <th>2013</th>
                  <th align="left" style="font-weight:normal"> </th>
                </tr>
              </thead>
              <tbody>
                <tr>
                  <td>up to 39</td>
                  <td align="center">290</td>
                  <td align="center">275</td>
                  <td align="center">20</td>
                  <td align="center">21</td>
                  <td align="center">6.9</td>
                  <td align="center">7.64</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>40-49</td>
                  <td align="center">909</td>
                  <td align="center">1,046</td>
                  <td align="center">70</td>
                  <td align="center">56</td>
                  <td align="center">7.70</td>
                  <td align="center">5.35</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>50-59</td>
                  <td align="center">1,955</td>
                  <td align="center">2,252</td>
                  <td align="center">183</td>
                  <td align="center">141</td>
                  <td align="center">9.36</td>
                  <td align="center">6.26</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>60-69</td>
                  <td align="center">1,900</td>
                  <td align="center">2,297</td>
                  <td align="center">229</td>
                  <td align="center">231</td>
                  <td align="center">12.05</td>
                  <td align="center">10.06</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>70-79</td>
                  <td align="center">1,384</td>
                  <td align="center">1,436</td>
                  <td align="center">280</td>
                  <td align="center">235</td>
                  <td align="center">20.23</td>
                  <td align="center">16.36</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>80and+</td>
                  <td align="center">705</td>
                  <td align="center">738</td>
                  <td align="center">240</td>
                  <td align="center">221</td>
                  <td align="center">34.04</td>
                  <td align="center">29.95</td>
                  <td> </td>
                </tr>
                <tr>
                  <td>Total</td>
                  <td align="center">7,143</td>
                  <td align="center">8,044</td>
                  <td align="center">1,022</td>
                  <td align="center">905</td>
                  <td align="center">14.31</td>
                  <td align="center">11.25</td>
                  <td align="center">&lt; 0.0001</td>
                </tr>
              </tbody>
            </table>
          </table-wrap>
        </p>
        <p>Over the three-year period, the number of diagnosed myocardial infarctions increased by 12.61%. However, the number of deaths decreased by 177, an absolute reduction of 3.06% and a relative risk reduction of 21.39%.</p>
        <p>Data from the monitored hospital were as follows: this hospital (number 1 in <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01001">Figure 1</xref> ) had a 23.7% mortality rate before training, and even had streptokinase that was not used. Four months after the beginning of the training, mortality rates decreased to 13.9%. After the educational program, the administration of tenecteplase was started in trained hospitals and mortality rates progressively decreased, reaching 6.7% in this monitored hospital in 2015.</p>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="discussion">
        <title>Discussion</title>
        <p>Although the reduced mortality rates we observed after training could have been affected by other factors, such as weather changes or <italic>H. influenza</italic> vaccination, we feel this is not the case. The median temperature was higher in 2013 than in 2010, especially in the winter, being 6% higher.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> We had previously found an influence of temperature on the number of AMI-associated deaths in the city of S&#227;o Paulo, showing a strong association between lower temperatures and increasing death rates. Compared to an average 24-hour day temperature of 22.6<sup>o</sup>C, an average of 13.7<sup>o</sup>C increased the number of deaths in 32.8%. On the other hand, we observed an increase of 11.8% in death rates when temperatures rose from 21.6-22.6&#186;C to 23.8-27.3<sup>o</sup>C.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> The temperature in S&#227;o Paulo had a 6% increase in 2013, in comparison to 2010, and this could not explain the reduction in death rates observed in this study, since such an increase was more evident in the summer, which should rise &#8211; and not reduce &#8211; the number of deaths according to our data. In fact, there was a very slight growth in the number of cases of AMI in 2014,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B15">15</xref></sup> but with lower death rates. In addition, the level of humidity was very similar between these two periods, so differences related to this factor could not have influenced the reduction of death rates. Another factor that could have had an impact on the results is the vaccine for the influenza virus; however, it has been available since 1998, and vaccination rates have been stable, &gt;70%, since 2000.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B16">16</xref></sup> Therefore, the expected reduction in cases of AMI due to vaccination had already occurred as of 1996-2006.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B17">17</xref></sup> The other confounding factor would be an increase in the number of primary angioplasty procedures performed in S&#227;o Paulo from 2010 to 2013, but this is not the case, according to the National Registry of Interventions<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B18">18</xref></sup> in public hospitals. Actually, the opposite was true, because the number of primary angioplasty procedures decreased from 503, in 2010, to 185, in 2013. Based on all of these data, we believe that the extreme reduction in mortality rates observed in this study was owed to the training program, which started in May, 2010.</p>
        <p>The percentage of deaths caused by AMI remained stable from 2002 to 2009.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> This number was very high (14%), compared to the data in the United States (5.9%).<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B13">13</xref></sup> The absolute increase in the number of cases of AMI from 2010 to 2013 is in accordance with the projections from the World Health Organization,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> and is supposed to grow even more in the next twenty years. In this study, basic training of emergency personnel caused a significant reduction in the number of deaths due to AMI (1,022 vs 905), with an absolute reduction of 3.06%. In fact, there were two main issues addressed by the training program: difficulty in interpreting an electrocardiogram; and fear of prescribing thrombolytic therapy due to the possibility of brain bleed. We know that these achieved results must be maintained, and we consider this will only be possible with a continuous training program directed to emergency personnel. We acknowledge the possibility that the strategy of treating AMI with tenecteplase, followed by transfer to a reference hospital, could have contributed with the observed reduction in mortality rates. However, as we had pre-established the monitoring of one hospital, it was possible to observe an impressive mortality reduction: from 23.7% to 13.9%, even before the beginning of the strategy with tenecteplase and just four months after the training had started. The non-trained hospitals did not show any differences in this period, and some of them even presented higher mortality rates instead. Unfortunately, mortality rates continue to rise among STEMI patients in our city, and efforts to change this scenario should strongly consider the strategy of training emergency personnel and giving support through tele- electrocardiography and telemedicine.</p>
        <sec>
          <title>Study limitations</title>
          <p>The study had some limitations. It was not possible to have all the data we wanted, such as the exact number of trained professionals, the number of retrained professionals, the onset of symptoms, the onset-to-door and door-to-balloon times, as well as door-to-thrombolysis time. The data were from a few years ago, but nowadays public hospitals that are similar to that in this study still do not have a routine to carry out thrombolysis or immediate transfer to hospitals that are capable of PCI.</p>
        </sec>
      </sec>
      <sec sec-type="conclusions">
        <title>Conclusion</title>
        <p>In conclusion, the training of emergency personnel significantly reduced AMI in-hospital morbidity and mortality rates. The strategy of implementing personnel training and retraining in public hospitals is life-saving.</p>
      </sec>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Study Association</p>
          <p>This study is not associated with any thesis or dissertation work.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <p>Ethics approval and consent to participate</p>
          <p>This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="supported-by">
          <p>Sources of Funding: There were no external funding sources for this study.</p>
        </fn>
        <fn fn-type="other">
          <label>Erratum</label>
          <p>
            <bold>Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0,</bold>
          </p>
          <p>In Original Article &#8220;Training Non-Cardiologists Could Improve the Treatment Results of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction&#8221;, with DOI number: <ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200180">https://doi.org/10.36660/abc.20200180</ext-link> , published in ahead of print in the Journal Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia, Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0, include the authors Bruno Mahler Mioto and Pedro Silvio Farsky and their respective institutions: InCor - Instituto do Cora&#231;&#227;o do Hospital das Cl&#237;nicas da FMUSP, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil and Secretaria da Sa&#250;de do Estado de S&#227;o Paulo, S&#227;o Paulo, SP - Brazil. The author Bruno Mahler Mioto insert after the author Jo&#227;o Fernando Monteiro Ferreira and the author Pedro Silvio Farsky insert after the author Naide Aparecida de Oliveira.</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
