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  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="nlm-ta">Arq Bras Cardiol</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">abc</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title>Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia</journal-title>
        <abbrev-journal-title abbrev-type="publisher">Arq. Bras. Cardiol.</abbrev-journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn pub-type="ppub">0066-782X</issn>
      <issn pub-type="epub">1678-4170</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia - SBC</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v3" pub-id-type="publisher-id">GsDMjvmDN8PMfRYpQFQFprf</article-id>
      <article-id specific-use="scielo-v2" pub-id-type="publisher-id">S0066-782X2021001401071</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">abc.20210823</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.36660/abc.20210823</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Minieditorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Algoritmos Artificiais Superam os Modelos Tradicionais na Predi&#231;&#227;o de Doen&#231;a Arterial Coronariana</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7768-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Askin</surname>
            <given-names>Lutfu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanr&#305;verdi</surname>
            <given-names>Okan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cetin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff1">
          <label>1</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Adiyaman Universitesi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ad&#305;yaman</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adiyaman Universitesi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Ad&#305;yaman - Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff2">
          <label>2</label>
          <institution content-type="orgname">Sanko University &#8211; Cardiology</institution>
          <institution content-type="orgdiv1">Cardiology</institution>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turquia</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanko University &#8211; Cardiology, Gaziantep &#8211; Turquia</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c1"><bold>Correspond&#234;ncia: Lutfu Askin</bold> &#8226; Adiyaman Universitesi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology - Ad&#305;yaman E&#287;itim Ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi Kardiyoloji B&#246;l&#252;m&#252; Ad&#305;yaman Centry 2230 &#8211; Turquia. E-mail: <email>lutfuaskin23@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="electronic">
        <day>03</day>
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection" publication-format="electronic">
        <month>12</month>
        <year>2021</year>
      </pub-date>
      <volume>117</volume>
      <issue>6</issue>
      <fpage>1071</fpage>
      <lpage>1072</lpage>
      <permissions>
        <license license-type="open-access" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xml:lang="en">
          <license-p>This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="pt">
        <title>Palavras-chave</title>
        <kwd>Doen&#231;a da Art&#233;ria Coronariana</kwd>
        <kwd>Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial</kwd>
        <kwd>Algor&#237;tmos</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiografia da Coron&#225;ria Computadorizada/m&#233;todos</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizado de M&#225;quina</kwd>
        <kwd>Aprendizado Profundo</kwd>
        <kwd>M&#225;quina de Vetores de Suporte</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <counts>
        <fig-count count="0"/>
        <table-count count="0"/>
        <equation-count count="0"/>
        <ref-count count="12"/>
        <page-count count="2"/>
      </counts>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body>
    <p>Recomenda&#231;&#245;es cl&#237;nicas recentes indicam que testes adicionais para avaliar aspectos anat&#244;micos (extens&#227;o, gravidade, morfologia) ou funcionais (fun&#231;&#227;o ventricular, presen&#231;a/extens&#227;o da isquemia) da doen&#231;a arterial coronariana (DAC) cr&#244;nica e sintom&#225;tica podem ser &#250;teis em certos casos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> M&#233;dicos do setor de emerg&#234;ncia devem determinar se devem liberar o paciente, fazer mais testes n&#227;o invasivos ou realizar angiografia invasiva em pacientes com desconforto tor&#225;cico agudo. Aceitar qualquer pessoa com dor tor&#225;cica pode ter efeitos indesejados em caso de alta com doen&#231;a coronariana inst&#225;vel.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> A probabilidade de DAC obstrutiva deve orientar as decis&#245;es m&#233;dicas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Algoritmos de aprendizado de m&#225;quina (<italic>machine learning</italic> &#8212; ML) podem complementar as capacidades diagn&#243;sticas e progn&#243;sticas dos m&#233;todos de regress&#227;o convencionais. A disparidade entre a aplicabilidade de tais m&#233;todos e os resultados alcan&#231;ados com eles se deve &#224;s plataformas de software de an&#225;lise de dados utilizadas.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
    <p>O ML pode usar recursos de sinal de fase tor&#225;cica para construir modelos matem&#225;ticos finais que avaliem a exist&#234;ncia de DAC importante. A an&#225;lise do espa&#231;o da fase card&#237;aca parece semelhante aos testes de estresse funcional mais amplamente utilizados e requer pouco tempo do paciente.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> Os resultados de 2 anos mostraram que a reserva de fluxo fracionada derivada da TC por <italic>deep learning</italic> (DL-FFRCT) pode ser usada para guiar a revasculariza&#231;&#227;o, com alta taxa de cancelamento e baixa taxa de eventos. Uma DL-FFRCT positiva para les&#245;es em tandem mostrou-se associada &#224; redu&#231;&#227;o de eventos cardiovasculares adversos maiores (ECAM) ap&#243;s 2 anos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> O escore de risco isqu&#234;mico por ML (ML-IRS) obtido pela angiotomografia coronariana quantitativa refor&#231;ou a predi&#231;&#227;o de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o futura e pode ser usado para identificar indiv&#237;duos com probabilidade de precisar de revasculariza&#231;&#227;o se encaminhados para cateterismo card&#237;aco. Esse escore de aprendizado de m&#225;quina est&#225; vinculado a medidas invasivas de reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR), fornecendo valida&#231;&#227;o externa entre dois centros e aumentando os modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o de risco cl&#237;nico.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Mesmo com aparelhos de tomografia computadorizada (TC) mais antigos, a nova vers&#227;o de reserva de fluxo fracionada derivada da TC (FFRCT) demonstrou excelente desempenho diagn&#243;stico para les&#245;es coron&#225;rias obstrutivas limitantes de fluxo, com uma redu&#231;&#227;o substancial nos casos de falsos positivos, podendo reduzir o n&#250;mero de pacientes encaminhados para mais testes. O significado cl&#237;nico desses resultados deve ser confirmado por pesquisas que avaliem os resultados cl&#237;nicos. Esse programa utiliza tecnologias avan&#231;adas de aprendizado de m&#225;quina para melhorar a acessibilidade, a velocidade e para economizar custos.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
    <p>Al&#8217;Aref et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> verificaram que a intelig&#234;ncia artificial (IA) alterou elementos fundamentais da exist&#234;ncia humana. O ML, um tipo de IA em que os computadores aprendem o conhecimento de forma aut&#244;noma, identificando padr&#245;es a partir de enormes conjuntos de dados, &#233; amplamente utilizado na medicina, principalmente em doen&#231;as cardiovasculares. Apresenta-se Uma breve introdu&#231;&#227;o aos m&#233;todos de ML para a constru&#231;&#227;o de modelos baseados em dados inferenciais e preditivos. Em particular, eles enfatizam t&#233;cnicas de imagem n&#227;o invasivas, como o escore de c&#225;lcio na art&#233;ria coron&#225;ria e angiotomografia coronariana (ATC). No final do estudo, eles discutem as limita&#231;&#245;es atuais dos algoritmos de ML na &#225;rea de doen&#231;as cardiovasculares.</p>
    <p>Devido &#224; sua capacidade de auxiliar na tomada de decis&#245;es e melhorar o desempenho diagn&#243;stico e progn&#243;stico, a IA est&#225; promovendo uma grande mudan&#231;a de paradigma em diversas especialidades m&#233;dicas, principalmente na Cardiologia. Apresenta-se aqui uma vis&#227;o geral n&#227;o sistem&#225;tica dos principais artigos publicados sobre IA na &#225;rea de Cardiologia, com foco em suas principais aplica&#231;&#245;es, efeitos e dificuldades.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Apesar de apresentar melhores desfechos, a reserva de fluxo fracionada (FFR) permanece subutilizada na pr&#225;tica di&#225;ria. Roguin et al.,<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> pretendiam verificar se um programa de FFR baseado em angiografia por IA automatizada (AutocathFFR) pode ajudar os cardiologistas intervencionistas na tomada de decis&#245;es. O AutocathFFR foi utilizado para tirar fotos angiogr&#225;ficas de pacientes submetidos a medi&#231;&#245;es de FFR com fio de press&#227;o. O ponto de corte FFR 0,8 foi computado como sensibilidade e especificidade. A identifica&#231;&#227;o autom&#225;tica da les&#227;o funcionou em todas as les&#245;es com FFR 0,8 ou inferior. Um FFR medido por fio de press&#227;o &gt;0,8 foi previsto com n&#237;vel de precis&#227;o de 90% e uma &#225;rea sob a curva de 0,91 pelo AutocathFFR. O AutocathFFR &#233; uma tecnologia promissora que pode ajudar as pessoas com doen&#231;a arterial coronariana a tomar melhores decis&#245;es e escolher melhores op&#231;&#245;es de tratamento.</p>
    <p>A IA tem crescido constantemente devido aos avan&#231;os tecnol&#243;gicos. Para melhorar a qualidade da coleta e reconstru&#231;&#227;o de imagens integrando as informa&#231;&#245;es obtidas das imagens para construir modelos de predi&#231;&#227;o poderosos, muitos algoritmos de IA t&#234;m sido usados para a DAC. Na angiotomografia, a IA pode ajudar em muitos aspectos de an&#225;lise de placa, incluindo o grau de estenose e o formato da placa. Um n&#250;mero crescente de dados vincula algumas placas, denominadas placas de alto risco ou suscet&#237;veis, a eventos cardiovasculares, independentemente da estenose. O radiologista deve compreender e se envolver ativamente no desenvolvimento e implementa&#231;&#227;o da IA. Discutimos os m&#233;ritos, limites, novas aplica&#231;&#245;es e poss&#237;veis avan&#231;os do uso de IA para caracterizar placas usando TC nesta revis&#227;o de literatura.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
  </body>
  <back>
    <fn-group>
      <fn fn-type="other" id="fn1">
        <p>Minieditorial referente ao artigo: Valida&#231;&#227;o de um Algoritmo de Intelig&#234;ncia Artificial para a Predi&#231;&#227;o Diagn&#243;stica de Doen&#231;a Coronariana: Compara&#231;&#227;o com um Modelo Estat&#237;stico Tradicional</p>
      </fn>
    </fn-group>
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  </back>
  <sub-article article-type="translation" id="S01" xml:lang="en">
    <front-stub>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="heading">
          <subject>Short Editorial</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title>Artificial Algorithms Outperform Traditional Models in Predicting Coronary Artery Disease</article-title>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">0000-0001-7768-2562</contrib-id>
          <name>
            <surname>Askin</surname>
            <given-names>Lutfu</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
          <xref ref-type="corresp" rid="c2"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Tanr&#305;verdi</surname>
            <given-names>Okan</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3">
            <sup>1</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="editor">
          <name>
            <surname>Cetin</surname>
            <given-names>Mustafa</given-names>
          </name>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4">
            <sup>2</sup>
          </xref>
        </contrib>
        <aff id="aff3">
          <label>1</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Ad&#305;yaman</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Adiyaman Universitesi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology, Ad&#305;yaman - Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff id="aff4">
          <label>2</label>
          <addr-line>
            <named-content content-type="city">Gaziantep</named-content>
          </addr-line>
          <country country="TR">Turkey</country>
          <institution content-type="original">Sanko University &#8211; Cardiology, Gaziantep &#8211; Turkey</institution>
        </aff>
      </contrib-group>
      <author-notes>
        <corresp id="c2"><bold>Mailing Address: Lutfu Askin</bold> &#8226; Adiyaman Universitesi Egitim ve Arastirma Hastanesi &#8211; Cardiology - Ad&#305;yaman E&#287;itim Ve Ara&#351;t&#305;rma Hastanesi Kardiyoloji B&#246;l&#252;m&#252; Ad&#305;yaman Centry 2230 &#8211; Turkey. E-mail: <email>lutfuaskin23@gmail.com</email> </corresp>
      </author-notes>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>Coronary Artery Disease</kwd>
        <kwd>Artificial Intelligence</kwd>
        <kwd>Algorithms</kwd>
        <kwd>Angiography Coronary CT/methods</kwd>
        <kwd>Machine Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Deep Learning</kwd>
        <kwd>Support Vector Machine</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </front-stub>
    <body>
      <p>Recent clinical recommendations indicate that additional tests for assessing anatomical (extent, severity, morphology) or functional (ventricular function, presence/extent of ischemia) aspects of chronic and symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD) may be helpful in certain cases.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B1">1</xref></sup> Emergency physicians must determine whether to release the patient, do further non-invasive testing, or perform invasive angiography on patients with acute chest discomfort. Accepting anybody with chest pain may have unintended effects if discharged with unstable coronary disease.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B2">2</xref></sup> The likelihood of obstructive CAD should guide medical decisions.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B3">3</xref></sup> Machine learning (ML) algorithms can supplement the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of conventional regression methods. The disparity between the applicability of such methods and the outcomes achieved with them was due to the data analysis software platforms used.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B4">4</xref></sup></p>
      <p>ML may use thoracic phase signal features to build final mathematical models that evaluate the existence of severe CAD. Cardiac phase space analysis seems similar to the most widely used functional stress tests and needs little patient time.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B5">5</xref></sup> The 2-year results showed that deep learning fractional flow reserve derived from CT (DL-FFRCT) may be used to guide revascularization, with high cancellation rate and low event rate. A positive DL-FFRCT for tandem lesions was linked with reduced major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) after 2 years.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B6">6</xref></sup> The ML-ischemia risk score (ML-IRS) obtained from quantitative coronary CT angiography enhanced the prediction of future revascularization and may be used to identify individuals who are likely to need revascularization if referred for cardiac catheterization. This machine learning score is linked with invasive fractional flow reserve (FFR) measures, providing external validation across two centers and augmenting clinical risk prediction models.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B7">7</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Even with older computed tomography (CT) scanners, the new version of fractional flow reserve derived from CT (FFRCT) demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance for flow-limiting obstructive coronary lesions, with a substantial reduction in false-positive instances, which may reduce the number of patients referred for further testing. The clinical significance of these results must be confirmed by research evaluating clinical outcomes. This program uses cutting-edge machine learning technologies to improve accessibility, speed, and save costs.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B8">8</xref></sup></p>
      <p>Al&#8217;Aref et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B9">9</xref></sup> found out that artificial intelligence (AI) has changed fundamental elements of human existence. ML, a type of AI in which computers autonomously learn knowledge by identifying patterns from huge datasets, is widely used in medicine, particularly in cardiovascular disease. A short introduction of ML methods for building inferential and predictive data-driven models is presented. In particular, they emphasize non-invasive imaging techniques such as coronary artery calcium scoring and coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA). In the end of their study, they discuss the current limitations of ML algorithms in the field of cardiovascular illness.</p>
      <p>Because of its capacity to assist decision-making and improve diagnostic and prognostic performance, AI is promoting a major paradigm change in a wide range of medical fields, especially in Cardiology. A non-systematic overview of the main articles published on AI in Cardiology is presented here, focusing on its primary applications, effects, and difficulties.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B10">10</xref></sup> Despite better patient outcomes, fractional flow reserve (FFR) remains underused in daily practice. Roguin et al.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B11">11</xref></sup> wanted to see whether an automated AI angiography-based FFR program (AutocathFFR) may help interventional cardiologists make decisions. AutocathFFR was used to take angiographic pictures of patients who had pressure wire FFR measurements. The FFR cut-off 0.8 was computed sensitivity and specificity. Automatic lesion identification worked on all lesions with FFR 0.8 or below. A wire-based FFR &gt;0.8 was predicted with accuracy level of 90% and an area under the curve of 0.91 by AutocathFFR. AutocathFFR is a promising technology that may help people with coronary artery disease make better decisions and choose better treatment options.</p>
      <p>AI has grown steadily owing to technological advancements. To enhance the quality of picture collection and reconstruction while integrating information obtained from the images to build powerful prediction models, many AI algorithms have been used for CAD. In CTA, AI can help with many aspects of plaque analysis, including stenosis degree and plaque shape. An increasing body of data links some plaques, termed high-risk or susceptible plaques, to cardiovascular events, regardless of stenosis. The radiologist must understand and actively engage in the development and implementation of AI. We discuss the merits, limits, new applications, and potential advancements of using AI to characterize plaques using CT in this current literature review.<sup><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="B12">12</xref></sup></p>
    </body>
    <back>
      <fn-group>
        <fn fn-type="other" id="fn2">
          <p>Short Editorial related to the article: Validation of an Artificial Intelligence Algorithm for Diagnostic Prediction of Coronary Disease: Comparison with a Traditional Statistical Model</p>
        </fn>
      </fn-group>
    </back>
  </sub-article>
</article>
